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in</a></div></div><style>#gs_alrt{position:fixed;bottom:48px;left:16px;max-width:384px;z-index:1250;display:flex;justify-content:space-between;align-items:center;font-size:13px;line-height:16px;color:#e2e2e2;background:#333;text-align:left;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:0 3px 5px -1px rgba(0,0,0,.2),0 6px 10px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.14),0 1px 18px 0 rgba(0,0,0,.12);visibility:hidden;transform-origin:center;transform:scale(0.8,0.8) translate(0,100%);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt{bottom:0;left:0;width:100%;max-width:none;border-radius:0;box-shadow:none;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,100%);}#gs_alrt.gs_vis{visibility:visible;transform:scale(1,1) translate(0,0);}#gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .067s;}#gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .067s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_anm{transition:transform .084s cubic-bezier(.4,0,1,1),visibility 0s .084s;}.gs_el_ph #gs_alrt.gs_vis.gs_anm{transition:transform .1s cubic-bezier(0,0,.2,1);}#gs_alrt_m{display:block;padding:16px;}#gs_alrt_l{display:block;padding:8px;margin:0 8px 0 -8px;border-radius:3px;color:#fcc934;text-transform:uppercase;text-decoration:none;}#gs_alrt_l:hover{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.05)}#gs_alrt_l:active{background-color:rgba(255,255,255,.1)}#gs_alrt_l:empty{display:none}#gs_alrt_m a{padding:8px 0;color:#e2e2e2;text-decoration:underline;}#gs_alrt_m a:active{color:#f6aea9}</style><form action="" method="post" id="gs_alrt"><span id="gs_alrt_m"></span><span id="gs_alrt_h"></span><a id="gs_alrt_l" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_fm_s" data-fm="gs_alrt"></a></form><form id="gs_bdy_frm" action="/scholar_setprefs" method="GET"><input type=hidden name="inststart" value="0"><input type=hidden name="scisig" value="AFWwaeYAAAAAZ0Fq5rPyxqD84DnZyKVWAJcLtLk"><input type=hidden name="xsrf" value=""><input type="image" border="0" name="nosubmit" src="/scholar/images/cleardot.gif" tabindex="-1"><div id="gs_ab" class=" gs_nta gs_nph"><div id="gs_ab_ico" class="gs_btnGSL"><span class="gs_ico"></span></div><div id="gs_ab_ttl"><div class="gs_ab_mdw">Settings</div></div><div id="gs_ab_md"><div class="gs_ab_mdw"></div></div><div id="gs_ab_btns"></div></div><div id="gs_bdy"><div id="gs_bdy_sb" role="navigation"><div id="gs_bdy_sb_in"><ul id="gs_settings_tabs" class="gs_bdy_sb_sec" role="tablist"><li class="gs_ind gs_bdy_sb_sel" role="presentation"><a href="#0" role="tab" aria-controls="gs_settings_pnl_search" id="gs_settings_tab_search" aria-selected="true">Search results</a></li><li class="gs_ind" role="presentation"><a href="#1" role="tab" aria-controls="gs_settings_pnl_langs" id="gs_settings_tab_langs" aria-selected="false">Languages</a></li><li class="gs_ind" role="presentation"><a href="#2" role="tab" aria-controls="gs_settings_pnl_liblinks" aria-selected="false">Library links</a></li><li class="gs_ind" role="presentation"><a href="#3" role="tab" aria-controls="gs_settings_pnl_account" id="gs_settings_tab_account" aria-selected="false">Account</a></li><li class="gs_ind" role="presentation" id="gs_settings_promo_tab"><a href="#4" role="tab" aria-controls="gs_settings_pnl_promos" id="gs_settings_tab_extensions" aria-selected="false">Browser extensions</a></li></ul></div></div><div id="gs_bdy_ccl" role="main"><div id="gs_settings_ccl"><div class="gs_alrt">Your cookies seem to be disabled. <br> Setting preferences will not work until you enable cookies in your browser.<br><a href="//support.google.com/accounts/answer/61416?hl=en">How do I enable cookies?</a></div><div class="gs_settings_panel gs_vis" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="gs_settings_tab_search" id="gs_settings_pnl_search"><div class="gs_settings_section"><h3>Collections</h3><div class="gs_settings_value"><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_ra" onclick="void(0)"><input type="radio" name="as_sdt" value="0,5" id="gs_settings_sdt1" checked><label for="gs_settings_sdt1">Search articles</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span> (<span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="as_sdtp" id="gs_settings_sdtp" value=""><label for="gs_settings_sdtp">include patents</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span>).</div><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_ra" onclick="void(0)"><input type="radio" name="as_sdt" value="2006" id="gs_settings_sdt2"><label for="gs_settings_sdt2">Search case law</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span>.</div></div></div><div class="gs_settings_section"><h3>Results per page</h3><div class="gs_settings_value"><table cellpadding="0" id="gs_num_table"><tr><td><div id="gs_num-r" class="gs_md_r gs_md_ris"><input type="hidden" name="num" id="gs_num" value="10" class="gs_md_in"><button type="button" id="gs_num-b" aria-controls="gs_num-d" aria-haspopup="true" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" class=" gs_in_se gs_btn_lsb gs_press gs_md_tb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl" id="gs_num-bl">10</span><span class="gs_icm"></span></span></button><div id="gs_num-d" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_md_ulr" role="listbox" tabindex="-1"><div class="gs_md_ul"><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="10" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li gs_sel" aria-selected="true">10</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="20" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">20</a></div></div></div></td><td id="gs_num_help">Google's default (10 results) provides the fastest results.</td></tr></table></div></div><div class="gs_settings_section"><h3>Where results open</h3><div class="gs_settings_value gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="newwindow" id="gs_nw" value="1"><label for="gs_nw">Open each selected result in a new browser window</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div></div><div class="gs_settings_section"><h3>Bibliography manager</h3><div class="gs_settings_value"><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_ra" onclick="void(0)"><input type="radio" name="scis" value="no" id="gs_settings_import_none" checked><label for="gs_settings_import_none">Don't show any citation import links.</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div id="gs_sil" class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_ra" onclick="void(0)"><input type="radio" name="scis" value="yes" id="gs_settings_import_some"><label for="gs_settings_import_some">Show links to import citations into </label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span><div class="gs_ibl"><div id="gs_settings_impw"><div id="gs_settings_import-r" class="gs_md_r gs_md_ris"><input type="hidden" name="scisf" id="gs_settings_import" value="4" class="gs_md_in"><button type="button" id="gs_settings_import-b" aria-controls="gs_settings_import-d" aria-haspopup="true" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" class=" gs_in_se gs_btn_lsb gs_press gs_md_tb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl" id="gs_settings_import-bl">BibTeX</span><span class="gs_icm"></span></span></button><div id="gs_settings_import-d" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_md_ulr" role="listbox" tabindex="-1"><div class="gs_md_ul"><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="4" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li gs_sel" aria-selected="true">BibTeX</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="3" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">EndNote</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="2" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">RefMan</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="1" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">RefWorks</a></div></div></div></div>.</div><span></span></div></div></div></div><div class="gs_settings_panel" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="gs_settings_tab_langs" id="gs_settings_pnl_langs"><div class="gs_settings_section"><h3>For Google text</h3><div class="gs_settings_value"><div id="gs_settings_hl-r" class="gs_md_r gs_md_ris"><input type="hidden" name="hl" id="gs_settings_hl" value="en" class="gs_md_in"><button type="button" id="gs_settings_hl-b" aria-controls="gs_settings_hl-d" aria-haspopup="true" ontouchstart="gs_evt_dsp(event)" class=" gs_in_se gs_btn_lsb gs_press gs_md_tb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_lbl" id="gs_settings_hl-bl">English</span><span class="gs_icm"></span></span></button><div id="gs_settings_hl-d" class="gs_md_d gs_md_ds gs_md_ulr" role="listbox" tabindex="-1"><div class="gs_md_ul"><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="ca" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Català</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="cs" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Čeština</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="da" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Dansk</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="de" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Deutsch</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="en" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li gs_sel" aria-selected="true">English</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="es" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Español</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="tl" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Filipino</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="fr" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Français</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="hr" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Hrvatski</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="id" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Indonesia</a></div><div class="gs_md_ul"><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="it" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Italiano</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="lv" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Latviešu</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="lt" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Lietuvių</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="hu" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Magyar</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="nl" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Nederlands</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="no" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Norsk</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="pl" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Polski</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="pt-BR" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Português (Brasil)</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="pt-PT" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Português (Portugal)</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="ro" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Română</a></div><div class="gs_md_ul"><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="sk" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Slovenčina</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="sl" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Slovenščina</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="fi" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Suomi</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="sv" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Svenska</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="vi" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Tiếng Việt</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="tr" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Türkçe</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="el" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Ελληνικά</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="bg" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Български</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="ru" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Русский</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="sr" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Српски</a></div><div class="gs_md_ul"><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="uk" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">Українська</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="iw" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li"><span dir=rtl>עברית</span>‎</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="ar" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li"><span dir=rtl>ﺎﻠﻋﺮﺒﻳﺓ</span>‎</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="fa" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li"><span dir=rtl>ﻑﺍﺮﺳی</span>‎</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="hi" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">हिन्दी</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="th" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">ไทย</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="ko" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">한국어</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="zh-CN" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">中文 (简体)</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="zh-TW" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">中文 (繁體)</a><a role="option" tabindex="-1" data-v="ja" href="javascript:void(0)" class="gs_md_li">日本語</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="gs_settings_section"><h3>For search results</h3><div class="gs_settings_value"><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_ra" onclick="void(0)"><input type="radio" name="lang" value="all" id="gs_settings_lr_all" checked><label for="gs_settings_lr_all">Search for pages written in any language</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_ra" onclick="void(0)"><input type="radio" name="lang" value="some" id="gs_settings_lr_some"><label for="gs_settings_lr_some">Search only for pages written in these language(s): </label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><table id="gs_settings_langs_lr"><tr><td><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="lr" id="gs_lr_zh-CN" value="lang_zh-CN"><label for="gs_lr_zh-CN">Chinese (Simplified)</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="lr" id="gs_lr_zh-TW" value="lang_zh-TW"><label for="gs_lr_zh-TW">Chinese (Traditional)</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="lr" id="gs_lr_nl" value="lang_nl"><label for="gs_lr_nl">Dutch</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="lr" id="gs_lr_en" value="lang_en"><label for="gs_lr_en">English</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="lr" id="gs_lr_fr" value="lang_fr"><label for="gs_lr_fr">French</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div></td><td><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="lr" id="gs_lr_de" value="lang_de"><label for="gs_lr_de">German</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="lr" id="gs_lr_it" value="lang_it"><label for="gs_lr_it">Italian</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="lr" id="gs_lr_ja" value="lang_ja"><label for="gs_lr_ja">Japanese</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="lr" id="gs_lr_ko" value="lang_ko"><label for="gs_lr_ko">Korean</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="lr" id="gs_lr_pl" value="lang_pl"><label for="gs_lr_pl">Polish</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div></td><td><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="lr" id="gs_lr_pt" value="lang_pt"><label for="gs_lr_pt">Portuguese</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="lr" id="gs_lr_es" value="lang_es"><label for="gs_lr_es">Spanish</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="lr" id="gs_lr_tr" value="lang_tr"><label for="gs_lr_tr">Turkish</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div></td></tr></table></div></div></div><div class="gs_settings_panel" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="gs_settings_tab_liblinks" id="gs_settings_pnl_liblinks"><div class="gs_settings_section"><h3>Show library access links for (choose up to five libraries):</h3><div class="gs_settings_value"><div id="gs_settings_liblinks_find"><div class="gs_in_txtw gs_in_txtb"><input type="text" class="gs_in_txt" name="instq" value="" id="gs_instq" maxlength="80" autocapitalize="off" aria-label="Search"><div class="gs_in_txts"></div></div><button type="submit" name="instfind" aria-label="Find Library" class="gs_btnG gs_in_ib gs_btn_act gs_btn_lsb"><span class="gs_wr"><span class="gs_ico"></span><span class="gs_lbl"></span></span></button></div><div class="gs_gray">e.g., <i>Harvard</i></div><div id="gs_settings_liblinks_lst"><div class="gs_settings_ind"><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="inst" id="gs_lib_569367360547434339" value="569367360547434339" checked><label for="gs_lib_569367360547434339">Open WorldCat - Library Search</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></div></div><div role="navigation"><span></span></div><p>Online access to library subscriptions is usually restricted to patrons of that library. You may need to login with your library password, use a campus computer, or configure your browser to use a library proxy. Please visit your library's website or ask a local librarian for assistance.</p></div></div></div><div class="gs_settings_panel" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="gs_settings_tab_account" id="gs_settings_pnl_account"><div class="gs_settings_section"><h3>Account</h3><div class="gs_settings_value"><div>You're not signed in to your Google account.</div><ul id="gs_settings_account_links"><li><a href="https://accounts.google.com/Login?hl=en&continue=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_settings%3Fhl%3Den%233" class="gs_settings_account_link">Sign in</a></li><li><a href="/citations?view_op=delete_account_options&continue=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_settings%3Fhl%3Den%233&hl=en&oi=settings" class="gs_settings_account_link">Delete or recover your Scholar account</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="gs_settings_section"><h3><span class="gs_in_cb" onclick="void(0)"><input type="checkbox" name="boi_access" id="gs_boi_access" value="1" checked><label for="gs_boi_access">Signed-out off-campus access links</label><span class="gs_chk"></span><span class="gs_cbx"></span></span></h3><input type="hidden" name="has_boo_access" value="1"><input type="hidden" name="has_casa_opt_in" value="1"><div class="gs_settings_value"><span style="margin-right:24px">Use my on-campus library subscriptions to enable off-campus links.</span><a class="gs_settings_learn_more" href="/intl/en/scholar/help.html#access">Learn more</a></div></div></div><div class="gs_settings_panel" role="tabpanel" aria-labelledby="gs_settings_tab_extensions" id="gs_settings_pnl_promos"><div class="gs_settings_section"><style>#gs_ext_promo_ping{position:absolute;top:0;left:0;width:1px;height:1px;}.gs_el_ta #gs_top #gsr_promo,.gs_el_ph #gs_top 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height="13.2425" transform="rotate(30 15.6212 14.9478)" fill="#76a7fa"/></svg><p>Scholar PDF Reader</p></div></div><div id="gsr_promo_body"><div id="gsr_promo_reader"><div id="gsr_promo_reader_tb"><div id="gsr_promo_reader_tb_icons"><svg viewBox="0 0 6 6"><path d="M0.8 1.3H2.5V2.9L1.9 4.1L1.7 4.0L2.2 3.0H0.8V1.3Z"/><path d="M3 1.3H4.6V2.9L4 4.1L3.8 4.0L4.3 3.0H3.0V1.3Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 6 6"><path d="M3.7 3.2V3.8H1.2V3.2H0.8V3.8C0.8 4 1 4.2 1.2 4.2H3.7C4 4.2 4.1 4 4.1 3.8V3.2H3.7ZM3.5 2.4L3.2 2.1L2.7 2.6V1.0H2.3V2.6L1.7 2.1L1.4 2.4L2.5 3.4L3.5 2.4Z"/></svg><svg viewBox="0 0 6 6"><path d="M4.1 1.7V1.1H2.3V1.7H2.0V0.7H4.4V1.7H4.1ZM1.6 2.1C1.6 2.1 1.6 2.1 1.6 2.1C1.7 2.1 1.7 2.1 1.8 2.1H4.6C4.7 2.1 4.7 2.1 4.8 2.1C4.8 2.1 4.8 2.1 4.8 2.1H4.4H2H1.6ZM4.4 2.6C4.5 2.6 4.5 2.6 4.5 2.6C4.6 2.5 4.6 2.5 4.6 2.4C4.6 2.4 4.6 2.3 4.5 2.3C4.5 2.3 4.5 2.2 4.4 2.2C4.3 2.2 4.3 2.3 4.3 2.3C4.2 2.3 4.2 2.4 4.2 2.4C4.2 2.5 4.2 2.5 4.3 2.6C4.3 2.6 4.3 2.6 4.4 2.6ZM4.1 3.9V3.1H2.3V3.9H4.1ZM4.4 4.3H2.0V3.5H1.2V2.3C1.2 2.1 1.3 2 1.4 1.9C1.5 1.8 1.6 1.7 1.7 1.7H4.7C4.8 1.7 5 1.8 5.1 1.9C5.2 2 5.2 2.1 5.2 2.3V3.5H4.4V4.3ZM4.8 3.1V2.3C4.8 2.3 4.8 2.2 4.8 2.2C4.7 2.1 4.7 2.1 4.6 2.1H1.8C1.7 2.1 1.7 2.1 1.6 2.2C1.6 2.2 1.6 2.3 1.6 2.3V3.1H2V2.7H4.4V3.1H4.8Z"/></svg></div></div><div id="gsr_promo_reader_body"><div id="gsr_promo_reader_nav"><div id="gsr_promo_reader_nav_ot"><div class="gsr_promo_nav_line gsr_promo_nav_line_short"></div><div class="gsr_promo_nav_line gsr_promo_nav_line_long"></div><div id="gsr_promo_reader_nav_ot_dropdown"><svg viewBox="0 0 21 21"><path d="M15.498 8.561L14.5015 7.43988L10.4998 10.997L6.49805 7.43988L5.5015 8.561L10.4998 13.0039L15.498 8.561Z"/></svg><div class="gsr_promo_nav_line gsr_promo_nav_line_short"></div></div><div class="gsr_promo_nav_line gsr_promo_nav_line_long"></div><div class="gsr_promo_nav_line gsr_promo_nav_line_short"></div></div></div><div id="gsr_promo_reader_page"><div class="gsr_promo_page_para"><div class="gsr_promo_page_line"><div id="gsr_promo_citation_1"><div class="gsr_promo_citation">[1]</div></div></div><div class="gsr_promo_page_line"></div><div id="gsr_promo_line_end_1" class="gsr_promo_page_line"></div></div><div class="gsr_promo_page_para"><div class="gsr_promo_page_line"></div><div class="gsr_promo_page_line"><div id="gsr_promo_citation_2"><div class="gsr_promo_citation">[2]</div></div></div><div id="gsr_promo_line_end_2" class="gsr_promo_page_line"></div></div><div class="gsr_promo_page_para" id="gsr_promo_page_last_para"><div class="gsr_promo_page_line"></div><div class="gsr_promo_page_line"></div><div id="gsr_promo_line_end_3" class="gsr_promo_page_line"><div id="gsr_promo_citation_3"><div class="gsr_promo_citation">[1]</div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="gsr_promo_page_blur"></div></div><div id="gsr_promo_des"><div class="gsr_promo_des_item"><div class="gsr_promo_des_item_icon"><svg viewBox="0 0 18 18" fill="#4d90fe"><path d="M8.1 12.6H5.4C4.4 12.6 3.55 12.25 2.85 11.55C2.15 10.85 1.8 10 1.8 9C1.8 8 2.15 7.15 2.85 6.45C3.55 5.75 4.4 5.4 5.4 5.4H8.1V6.75H5.4C5 6.75 4 7 4 7.5C3.5 8 3.15 8.375 3.15 9C3.15 9.625 3.5 10 4 10.5C4 11.5 5 11.25 5.4 11.25H8.1V12.6ZM6.3 9.675V8.325H11.7V9.675H6.3ZM9.9 12.6V11.25H12.6C13.2 11.25 13.75 11.5 14 10.5C14.5 10 14.85 9.625 14.85 9C14.85 8.375 14.5 8 14 7.5C13.75 7 13.2 6.75 12.6 6.75H9.9V5.4H12.6C13.6 5.4 14.45 5.75 15.15 6.45C15.85 7.15 16.2 8 16.2 9C16.2 10 15.85 10.85 15.15 11.55C14.45 12.25 13.6 12.6 12.6 12.6H9.9Z"/></svg></div><div class="gsr_promo_des_item_txt">Follow references</div></div><div class="gsr_promo_des_item"><div class="gsr_promo_des_item_icon"><svg viewBox="0 0 18 18" fill="#777"><path d="M3 6.75C3.5 6.75 3.75 6.5 3.75 6C3.75 5.5 3.5 5.25 3 5.25C2.5 5.25 2.25 5.5 2.25 6C2.25 6.5 2.5 6.75 3 6.75ZM3.75 9C3.75 9.5 3.5 9.75 3 9.75C2.5 9.75 2.25 9.5 2.25 9C2.25 8.5 2.5 8.25 3 8.25C3.5 8.25 3.75 8.5 3.75 9ZM3.75 12C3.75 12.5 3.5 12.75 3 12.75C2.5 12.75 2.25 12.5 2.25 12C2.25 11.5 2.5 11.25 3 11.25C3.5 11.25 3.75 11.5 3.75 12ZM15.75 9.75H5.25V8.25H15.75V9.75ZM5.25 12.75H15.75V11.25H5.25V12.75ZM5.25 6.75V5.25H15.75V6.75H5.25Z"/></svg></div><div class="gsr_promo_des_item_txt">Skim outline</div></div><div class="gsr_promo_des_item"><div class="gsr_promo_des_item_icon"><svg viewBox="0 0 18 18" fill="#777"><path d="M2 4.5H8V10.5L6 14.5L5.25 14.5L7.5 11H2V4.5Z"/><path d="M10 4.5H16V10.5L13.75 14.5L13 14.5L14.7405 11H10V4.5Z"/></svg></div><div class="gsr_promo_des_item_txt">Cite and save</div></div></div></div><h3 class="gs_promos_header">Peruse PDF papers painlessly</h3><p class="gs_promos_info">Sorry, Scholar Reader is not available for this browser. It works in recent versions of <a href="https://chromewebstore.google.com/detail/google-scholar-pdf-reader/dahenjhkoodjbpjheillcadbppiidmhp?hl=en&utm_medium=web&utm_source=scholar&utm_campaign=st">Chrome</a> on desktop.</p></div><div id="gsb_promo" data-trk="/scholar_gsb_promo_trk?hl=en&ei=jmhBZ-WcK5236rQP5I_LyQE&loc=settings"><div id="gsb_promo_header"><div id="gsb_promo_title"><svg viewBox="-7.5 -7.5 35 35"><path d="M10 0L20 7.91667L10 15.8333L0 7.91667L10 0Z" fill="#4285f4"/><path opacity="0.2" d="M20 7.91667L10 0V15.8333L20 7.91667Z" fill="black"/><path d="M15.8333 14.1668C15.8333 17.3876 13.2208 20.0001 9.99997 20.0001C6.77914 20.0001 4.16664 17.3876 4.16664 14.1668C4.16664 10.9459 6.77914 8.33344 9.99997 8.33344C13.2208 8.33344 15.8333 10.9459 15.8333 14.1668Z" fill="#a0c3ff"/><path d="M15.2708 11.6668C14.3354 9.69594 12.3271 8.33344 9.99999 8.33344C7.67291 8.33344 5.66457 9.69594 4.72916 11.6668H15.2708Z" fill="#76a7fa"/></svg><p>Google Scholar Button</p></div></div><div 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