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rebellion subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Outbreak_of_the_rebellion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Capture_of_Delhi_by_the_rebels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capture_of_Delhi_by_the_rebels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Capture of Delhi by the rebels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capture_of_Delhi_by_the_rebels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mughal_restoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mughal_restoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Mughal restoration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mughal_restoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Company_moves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Company_moves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Company moves</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Company_moves-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Company moves subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Company_moves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_siege:_June_through_July" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_siege:_June_through_July"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The siege: June through July</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_siege:_June_through_July-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_siege:_August_to_September" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_siege:_August_to_September"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The siege: August to September</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_siege:_August_to_September-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_capture_of_Delhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_capture_of_Delhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The capture of Delhi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_capture_of_Delhi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The capture of Delhi subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_capture_of_Delhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_bombardment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_bombardment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The bombardment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_bombardment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparation_for_the_assault" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation_for_the_assault"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Preparation for the assault</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparation_for_the_assault-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_assault" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_assault"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>The assault</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_assault-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_capture_of_the_city" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_capture_of_the_city"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>The capture of the city</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_capture_of_the_city-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sie%C4%9Do_de_Delhio" title="Sieĝo de Delhio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sieĝo de Delhio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C" title="محاصره دهلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محاصره دهلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B9%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8B_%E0%AA%98%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B" title="દિલ્હીનો ઘેરો – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="દિલ્હીનો ઘેરો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" 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interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_(1857)" title="Осада Дели (1857) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Осада Дели (1857)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Опсада Делхија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Опсада Делхија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhin_piiritys" title="Delhin piiritys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Delhin piiritys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Conflict of the 1857 Indian Rebellion</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the siege during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War" title="Second Anglo-Maratha War">Second Anglo-Maratha War</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Delhi_(1804)" title="Siege of Delhi (1804)">Siege of Delhi (1804)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Delhi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Battle of Delhi (disambiguation)">Battle of Delhi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Siege of Delhi</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Indian wars">Anglo-Indian wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1857_cashmeri_gate_delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1857_cashmeri_gate_delhi.jpg/300px-1857_cashmeri_gate_delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1857_cashmeri_gate_delhi.jpg/450px-1857_cashmeri_gate_delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1857_cashmeri_gate_delhi.jpg/600px-1857_cashmeri_gate_delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="495" /></a></span><br /><i>Battle damage to the <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Gate,_Delhi" title="Kashmiri Gate, Delhi">Kashmiri Gate</a> in Delhi, 1857.</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>8 June – 21 September 1857</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a>-<a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">EIC</a> victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_(1801).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Captured_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%281857%29.png/23px-Captured_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%281857%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Captured_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%281857%29.png/35px-Captured_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%281857%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Captured_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%281857%29.png/46px-Captured_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%281857%29.png 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">Sepoy</a> <a href="/wiki/Mutiny" title="Mutiny">mutineers</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire"><img alt="British Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/George_Anson_(British_Army_officer,_born_1797)" title="George Anson (British Army officer, born 1797)">George Anson</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire"><img alt="British Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_William_Barnard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Henry William Barnard">Sir Henry William Barnard</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire"><img alt="British Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Archdale_Wilson" title="Archdale Wilson">Archdale Wilson</a></li><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_(1801).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Nicholson_(East_India_Company_officer)" title="John Nicholson (East India Company officer)">John Nicholson</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></li><li><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_(1801).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/William_Stephen_Raikes_Hodson" title="William Stephen Raikes Hodson">William Hodson</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire"><img alt="British Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/James_Hope_Grant" class="mw-redirect" title="James Hope Grant">James Hope Grant</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Captured_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%281857%29.png/23px-Captured_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%281857%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Captured_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%281857%29.png/35px-Captured_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%281857%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Captured_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%281857%29.png/46px-Captured_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%281857%29.png 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahadur Shah II">Bahadur Shah II</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Captured_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%281857%29.png/23px-Captured_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%281857%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Captured_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%281857%29.png/35px-Captured_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%281857%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Captured_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%281857%29.png/46px-Captured_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%281857%29.png 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Mughal" title="Mirza Mughal">Mirza Mughal</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Captured_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%281857%29.png/23px-Captured_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%281857%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Captured_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%281857%29.png/35px-Captured_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%281857%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Captured_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%281857%29.png/46px-Captured_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%281857%29.png 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Khizr_Sultan" title="Mirza Khizr Sultan">Mirza Khizr Sultan</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></span></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Captured_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%281857%29.png/23px-Captured_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%281857%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Captured_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%281857%29.png/35px-Captured_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%281857%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Captured_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%281857%29.png/46px-Captured_flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire_%281857%29.png 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 3,000 regular <br /> 6000 <a href="/wiki/Punjabis" title="Punjabis">Punjabis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gurkhas" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurkhas">Gurkhas</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />2,200 <a href="/wiki/Kashmir" title="Kashmir">Kashmiri</a> <a href="/wiki/Irregular_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Irregular army">irregulars</a><sup id="cite_ref-Roberts116_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roberts116-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />42 <a href="/wiki/Field_gun" title="Field gun">field guns</a><br />60 <a href="/wiki/Siege_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege gun">siege guns</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 12,000 <a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">sepoys</a>,<br />approx. 30,000 irregulars or <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujahideen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />approx. 100 guns</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 1,254 killed<br />4,493 wounded</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> approx. 5,000 killed and wounded</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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id="Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857"><span class="wrap">Indian Rebellion of 1857</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lucknow" title="Siege of Lucknow">1st Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cawnpore" title="Siege of Cawnpore">1st Cawnpore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badli-ki-Serai" title="Battle of Badli-ki-Serai">Badli-ki-Serai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chinhat" title="Battle of Chinhat">Chinhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jhelum_(1857)" title="Battle of Jhelum (1857)">Jhelum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aong" title="Battle of Aong">Aong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Arrah" title="Siege of Arrah">Arrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agra" title="Battle of Agra">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Najafgarh" title="Battle of Najafgarh">Najafgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Cawnpore" title="Second Battle of Cawnpore">2nd Cawnpore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Lucknow" title="Capture of Lucknow">2nd Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Indian_campaign_of_1858" title="Central Indian campaign of 1858">Central India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>siege of Delhi</b> was a decisive conflict of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a>. The rebellion against the authority of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> was widespread through much of Northern India, but was essentially sparked by the mass uprising by the <a href="/wiki/Sepoy" title="Sepoy">sepoys</a> of the Bengal Army, which the company had itself raised in its <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a> (which actually covered a vast area from <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> to borders of Delhi). Seeking a symbol around which to rally, the first sepoys to rebel sought to reinstate the power of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, which had ruled much of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> in the previous centuries. Lacking overall direction, many who subsequently rebelled also flocked to Delhi. </p><p>This made the siege decisive for two reasons. Firstly, large numbers of rebels were committed to the defence of a single fixed point, perhaps to the detriment of their prospects elsewhere, and their defeat at Delhi was thus a very major military setback. Secondly, the British recapture of Delhi and the refusal of the aged Mughal Emperor <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahadur Shah II">Bahadur Shah II</a> to continue the struggle deprived the rebellion of much of its national character. Although the rebels still held large areas, there was little co-ordination between them, and the British were able to <a href="/wiki/Defeat_in_detail" title="Defeat in detail">overcome them separately</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outbreak_of_the_rebellion">Outbreak of the rebellion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Delhi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Outbreak of the rebellion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After several years of increasing tension among the <a href="/wiki/Sepoys" class="mw-redirect" title="Sepoys">sepoys</a> (Indian soldiers) of the British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Army</a>, the sepoys at <a href="/wiki/Meerut" title="Meerut">Meerut</a>, 43 miles (69 km) northeast of Delhi, openly rebelled against their British officers. The flashpoint was the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Pattern_1853_Enfield" title="Pattern 1853 Enfield">Pattern 1853 Enfield</a> rifle. The cartridges for this were widely believed to be greased with a mixture of cow and pig fat, and to bite them open when loading the rifle (as required by the drill books) would defile both <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> soldiers. </p><p>Eighty-five men of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Bengal_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Bengal Cavalry">3rd Bengal Cavalry</a> stationed at Meerut refused to accept their cartridges. They were hastily <a href="/wiki/Court_martial" class="mw-redirect" title="Court martial">court martialled</a>, and on 9 May 1857 they were sentenced to long periods of imprisonment and were paraded in irons before the British and Bengal regiments in the garrison. On the evening of the following day, soldiers of the Bengal regiments (3rd Light Cavalry, 11th and 20th Infantry) rebelled, releasing the imprisoned troopers and killing their British officers and many British civilians in their cantonment.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The senior Company officers at Meerut were taken by surprise. Although they had ample warning of disaffection among the Bengal Army after earlier outbreaks of unrest at <a href="/wiki/Berhampur" title="Berhampur">Berhampur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barrackpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrackpur">Barrackpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ambala" title="Ambala">Ambala</a>, they had assumed that at Meerut, where the proportion of European to Indian troops was higher than anywhere else in India, the Bengal units would not risk open revolt. They were fortunate that they did not suffer disaster. The Bengal regiments broke into rebellion on Sunday, when European troops customarily attended evening <a href="/wiki/Church_parade" title="Church parade">church parade</a> without arms. Due to the increasingly hot summer weather, the church services on 10 May took place half an hour later than on previous weeks, and when the outbreak occurred, the British troops had not yet left their barracks and could quickly be mustered and armed.<sup id="cite_ref-Hibbert_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hibbert-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 82–90">: 82–90 </span></sup> </p><p>Other than defending their own barracks and armouries, the company's commanders at Meerut took little action, not even notifying nearby garrisons or stations. (The <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraph</a> had been cut, but dispatch riders could easily have reached Delhi before the sepoys, had they been sent immediately.) When they had rallied the British troops in the cantonment and prepared to disperse the sepoys on 11 May, they found that Meerut was quiet and the sepoys had marched off to Delhi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Capture_of_Delhi_by_the_rebels">Capture of Delhi by the rebels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Delhi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Capture of Delhi by the rebels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1858_Delhi_flag_tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1858_Delhi_flag_tower.jpg/220px-1858_Delhi_flag_tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1858_Delhi_flag_tower.jpg/330px-1858_Delhi_flag_tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1858_Delhi_flag_tower.jpg/440px-1858_Delhi_flag_tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Flagstaff_Tower" title="Flagstaff Tower">Flagstaff Tower</a>, Delhi, where the British survivors of the rebellion gathered on 11 May 1857</figcaption></figure> <p>Delhi was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a>, which had been reduced to insignificance over the preceding century. The emperor, <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahadur Shah II">Bahadur Shah II</a>, who was 82, had been informed by the East India Company that the title would die with him. At the time, Delhi was not a major centre of Company administration, although Company officials controlled the city's finances and courts. They and their families lived in the "<a href="/wiki/Civil_Lines,_Delhi" title="Civil Lines, Delhi">Civil Lines</a>" to the north of the city. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Delhi,_from_the_Palace_Gate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/View_of_Delhi%2C_from_the_Palace_Gate.jpg/220px-View_of_Delhi%2C_from_the_Palace_Gate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/View_of_Delhi%2C_from_the_Palace_Gate.jpg/330px-View_of_Delhi%2C_from_the_Palace_Gate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/View_of_Delhi%2C_from_the_Palace_Gate.jpg/440px-View_of_Delhi%2C_from_the_Palace_Gate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="873" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>View of Delhi, from the Palace Gate, 1858</figcaption></figure> <p>There were no units of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> or "European" units of the East India Company forces at Delhi. Three <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Native_Infantry" title="Bengal Native Infantry">Bengal Native Infantry</a> regiments (the 38th, 54th and 74th) were stationed in barracks 2 miles (3.2 km) north-west of the city. They provided guards, working parties and other details to a "Main Guard" building just inside the walls near the <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Gate_(Delhi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri Gate (Delhi)">Kashmiri Gate</a> on the northern circuit of walls, the arsenal in the city and other buildings. By coincidence, when the regiments paraded early in the morning of 11 May, their officers read out to them the <a href="/wiki/General_order" title="General order">general order</a> announcing the execution of sepoy <a href="/wiki/Mangal_Pandey" title="Mangal Pandey">Mangal Pandey</a>, who had attempted to start a rebellion near <a href="/wiki/Barrackpore" title="Barrackpore">Barrackpore</a> earlier in the year, and the disbandment of his regiment, the 34th Bengal Native Infantry. This produced much muttering in the ranks.<sup id="cite_ref-Hibbert_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hibbert-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 96">: 96 </span></sup> </p><p>Later in the morning, the rebels from Meerut arrived quite unexpectedly, crossing the <a href="/wiki/Pontoon_bridge" title="Pontoon bridge">bridge of boats</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Jumna_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Jumna River">Jumna River</a>. The leading <i>sowars</i> (troopers) of the 3rd Light Cavalry halted under the windows of the Palace and called on the Emperor to lead them. Bahadur Shah called for them to go to another palace outside the city, where their case would be heard later. Company officials then tried to close all the city gates, but were too late to prevent the <i>sowars</i> gaining entry through the Rajghat Gate to the south. Once inside, the <i>sowars</i> were quickly joined by mobs which began attacking Company officials and looting bazaars.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalrymple_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 155–156">: 155–156 </span></sup> </p><p>Some Company officers and civilians tried to take refuge in the Main Guard, but the sepoys there joined the revolt, and they were slaughtered. Other officers arrived from the barracks, accompanied by two field guns and several companies of sepoys who had not yet joined the rebellion, and recaptured the Main Guard, sending the bodies of the dead officers to the cantonments in a cart.<sup id="cite_ref-Hibbert_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hibbert-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 97–8">: 97–8 </span></sup> In the city meanwhile nine British officers from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Army_Ordnance_Corps" title="Royal Army Ordnance Corps">Ordnance Corps</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/George_Willoughby_(soldier)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Willoughby (soldier)">George Willoughby</a> were conducting the <a href="/wiki/The_Defence_of_the_Magazine_at_Delhi" title="The Defence of the Magazine at Delhi">Defence of the Magazine</a>, which contained artillery, stocks of firearms and ammunition. They found that their troops and labourers were deserting, using ladders provided from the palace to climb over the walls. The officers opened fire on their own troops and the mobs to prevent the arsenal falling intact into the rebels' hands. After five hours, they had run out of ammunition and blew up their magazine, killing many rioters and onlookers, and badly damaging nearby buildings. Only three of them escaped and received the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_Buckley_(soldier)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Buckley (soldier)">John Buckley</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Forrest_(VC)" title="George Forrest (VC)">George Forrest</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Raynor" title="William Raynor">William Raynor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after this, the troops at the Main Guard were ordered to withdraw. The sepoys there, who had hitherto remained aloof from the revolt, turned on their officers, a few of whom escaped after the sepoys left to join the looting.<sup id="cite_ref-Hibbert_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hibbert-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 100–101">: 100–101 </span></sup> </p><p>About half the European civilians in Delhi and in the cantonments and Civil Lines were able to flee, first to the Flagstaff Tower on the ridge to the north-west of Delhi where telegraph operators were trying to warn other British stations of the uprising. After it became clear that no help could arrive from Meerut or elsewhere, and the cart carrying the bodies of the officers killed at the Main Guard in the morning arrived at the tower by mistake,<sup id="cite_ref-Dalrymple_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 178">: 178 </span></sup> most of the Europeans fled to <a href="/wiki/Karnal" title="Karnal">Karnal</a>, several miles west. Some were helped by villagers on the way, others fell prey to plunderers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mughal_restoration">Mughal restoration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Delhi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mughal restoration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_of_Cavalry_in_Durbar_Procession_of_Mughal_Emperor_Akbar_II.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Painting_of_Cavalry_in_Durbar_Procession_of_Mughal_Emperor_Akbar_II.png/220px-Painting_of_Cavalry_in_Durbar_Procession_of_Mughal_Emperor_Akbar_II.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Painting_of_Cavalry_in_Durbar_Procession_of_Mughal_Emperor_Akbar_II.png/330px-Painting_of_Cavalry_in_Durbar_Procession_of_Mughal_Emperor_Akbar_II.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Painting_of_Cavalry_in_Durbar_Procession_of_Mughal_Emperor_Akbar_II.png/440px-Painting_of_Cavalry_in_Durbar_Procession_of_Mughal_Emperor_Akbar_II.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption>Cavalry in the Procession of the Mughal king under the British Resident</figcaption></figure> <p>On 12 May, Bahadur Shah held his first formal audience in several years. It was attended by several excited sepoys who treated him familiarly or even disrespectfully.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalrymple_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 212">: 212 </span></sup> Although Bahadur Shah was dismayed by the looting and disorder, he gave his public support to the rebellion. On 16 May, sepoys and palace servants killed 52 British who had been held prisoner within the palace or who had been discovered hiding in the city. The killings took place under a <a href="/wiki/Sacred_fig" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred fig">peepul tree</a> in front of the palace, despite Bahadur Shah's protests. The avowed aim of the killers was to implicate Bahadur Shah in the killings, making it impossible for him to seek any compromise with the company.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalrymple_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 223–5">: 223–5 </span></sup> </p><p>The administration of the city and its new occupying army was chaotic, although it continued to function haphazardly. The Emperor nominated his eldest surviving son, <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Mughal" title="Mirza Mughal">Mirza Mughal</a>, to be commander-in-chief of his forces, but Mirza Mughal had little military experience and was treated with little respect by the sepoys. Nor did the sepoys agree on any overall commander, with each regiment refusing to accept orders from any but their own officers. Although Mirza Mughal made efforts to put the civil administration in order, his writ extended no further than the city. Outside, <a href="/wiki/Gujjar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujjar">Gujjar</a> herders began levying their own tolls on traffic, and it became increasingly difficult to feed the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalrymple_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 145">: 145 </span></sup> </p><p>News of the rebellion at Meerut and the capture of Delhi spread rapidly throughout India. Rumours and envoys from the rebels spread the tidings fast and precipitated widespread rebellions and uprisings, but the Company learned of the events at Delhi even more quickly, thanks to the telegraph. Where the commanders of stations were energetic and distrustful of their sepoys, they were able to forestall some of the most dangerous revolts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Company_moves">Company moves</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Delhi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Company moves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1857_hindu_raos_house2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/1857_hindu_raos_house2.jpg/220px-1857_hindu_raos_house2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/1857_hindu_raos_house2.jpg/330px-1857_hindu_raos_house2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/1857_hindu_raos_house2.jpg/440px-1857_hindu_raos_house2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Rao" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Rao">Hindu Rao</a>'s house in Delhi, now a hospital, was extensively damaged in the fighting.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although there were several Company units available in the cool "hill stations" in the foothills of the Himalayas, it took time before any action could be taken to recapture Delhi. This was partly due to lack of transport and supplies. After the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Sikh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Anglo-Sikh War">Second Anglo-Sikh War</a>, the Bengal Army's transport units had been disbanded as an economy measure, and transport had to be improvised from scratch. Also, many of the senior British officers were widely regarded as dotards, far too senile to act decisively or sensibly. </p><p>Nevertheless, a Company force under General <a href="/wiki/George_Anson_(British_Army_officer,_born_1797)" title="George Anson (British Army officer, born 1797)">George Anson</a>, the commander-in-chief in India, was able to move from <a href="/wiki/Ambala" title="Ambala">Ambala</a> to Karnal starting on 17 May. On 7 June, they were joined at <a href="/wiki/Alipur,_Delhi" title="Alipur, Delhi">Alipur</a> by a force from Meerut, which had fought several skirmishes en route.<sup id="cite_ref-HCRE_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCRE-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 475">: 475 </span></sup> The Meerut force was led by Brigadier Archdale Wilson, who had conspicuously failed to prevent the rebel sepoys' move to Delhi on 11 May. Anson died of cholera at Karnal on 27 May. Under his successor, Major General <a href="/wiki/Henry_William_Barnard" title="Henry William Barnard">Henry Barnard</a>, the combined force advanced on Delhi. </p><p>On 8 June, they found the mutineers had entrenched themselves outside the city. They drove the large but disorganised rebel force from the field at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badli-ki-Serai" title="Battle of Badli-ki-Serai">Battle of Badli-ki-Serai</a> 6 miles (9.7 km) west of Delhi, and captured Delhi ridge 2 miles (3.2 km) north of the city<sup id="cite_ref-HCRE_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCRE-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 475">: 475 </span></sup> and the Bengal infantry barracks to the west of it. As a gesture of defiance and contempt, they set fire to the barracks. This was a senseless act, as it condemned the besiegers (and all their sick and wounded and noncombatants) to live in tents through the hot weather and <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> rain seasons. </p><p>The ridge was of hard rock, about 60 feet (18 m) high, and ran from a point only 1,200 yards (1,100 m) east of the Kabul Gate on the city walls to the <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a> River 3 miles (4.8 km) north of the city. Fortunately for the besiegers, a canal ran from the Yamuna west of their encampments, protecting the rear of their camp and also providing drinking water. The besiegers occupied various fortified posts along the top of the ridge. The nearest to the city and the most exposed was known as "Hindu Rao's house", defended by the <a href="/wiki/60th_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="60th Rifles">60th Rifles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkhas</a> of the <a href="/wiki/8th_(Sirmoor)_Local_Battalion" class="mw-redirect" title="8th (Sirmoor) Local Battalion">8th (Sirmoor) Local Battalion</a>. South of it was a maze of villages and walled gardens, called the Subzi Mundi, in which the rebel forces could gather before launching attacks on the British right. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_siege:_June_through_July">The siege: June through July</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Delhi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The siege: June through July"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Delhi-lond-illust-1858.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Delhi-lond-illust-1858.jpg/500px-Delhi-lond-illust-1858.jpg" decoding="async" width="500" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Delhi-lond-illust-1858.jpg/750px-Delhi-lond-illust-1858.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Delhi-lond-illust-1858.jpg/1000px-Delhi-lond-illust-1858.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2799" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>The City of <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> Before the Siege – The Illustrated London News 16 Jan 1858</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1857_ruins_jantar_mantar_observatory2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/1857_ruins_jantar_mantar_observatory2.jpg/220px-1857_ruins_jantar_mantar_observatory2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/1857_ruins_jantar_mantar_observatory2.jpg/330px-1857_ruins_jantar_mantar_observatory2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/1857_ruins_jantar_mantar_observatory2.jpg/440px-1857_ruins_jantar_mantar_observatory2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Jantar_Mantar" title="Jantar Mantar">Jantar Mantar</a> observatory in Delhi in 1858, damaged in the fighting.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1857_bank_of_delhi2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1857_bank_of_delhi2.jpg/220px-1857_bank_of_delhi2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1857_bank_of_delhi2.jpg/330px-1857_bank_of_delhi2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1857_bank_of_delhi2.jpg/440px-1857_bank_of_delhi2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Bank of Delhi was attacked by mortar and gunfire.</figcaption></figure> <p>It was quickly apparent that Delhi was too well-fortified and strongly held to fall to a <i><a href="/wiki/Coup_de_main" title="Coup de main">coup de main</a></i>. Barnard ordered a dawn assault on 13 June, but the orders were confused and failed to reach most of his subordinates in time. The attack had to be called off, amidst much recrimination. After this, it was accepted that the odds were too great for any assault to be successful until the besiegers were reinforced. </p><p>Large contingents of rebellious sepoys and volunteers continued to arrive in Delhi. The majority of no less than ten regiments of cavalry and fifteen of infantry of the Bengal Army rebelled and made their way to Delhi during June and July,<sup id="cite_ref-Amin_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amin-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with large numbers of irregulars, mainly Muslim <i>mujahaddin</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hibbert_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hibbert-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 279">: 279 </span></sup> As each new contingent arrived, the rebels made attacks on Hindu Rao's house and other outposts on several successive days. A major attack was mounted from three directions on 19 June, and nearly forced the exhausted besiegers to retreat, but the rebels did not know how close they came to success.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalrymple_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 174">: 174 </span></sup> Another major attack was made on 23 June, the centenary of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Battle of Plassey</a>. (It was believed that the presence of East India Company in India would end one hundred years after this famous battle). </p><p>Although all these attacks were beaten off, the besiegers were ground down through exhaustion and disease. Conditions on the ridge and in the encampment were extremely unhealthy and unpleasant.<sup id="cite_ref-HCRE_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCRE-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 477">: 477 </span></sup> General Barnard died of <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> on 5 July. His successor, Reed, was also stricken with cholera and forced to hand over command to Archdale Wilson, who was promoted to major general. Although Wilson made efforts to clear the unburied corpses and other refuse from the ridge and encampment and reorganise the outposts and reliefs, he himself was scarcely capable of exercising command, and in every letter he wrote, he complained of his exhaustion and prostration. Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Neville_Bowles_Chamberlain" title="Neville Bowles Chamberlain">Neville Chamberlain</a>, a much younger officer who might have provided better leadership, was severely wounded repelling a sortie on 14 July. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikh_officers_of_the_British_15th_Punjab_Infantry_regiment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Sikh_officers_of_the_British_15th_Punjab_Infantry_regiment.jpg/220px-Sikh_officers_of_the_British_15th_Punjab_Infantry_regiment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Sikh_officers_of_the_British_15th_Punjab_Infantry_regiment.jpg/330px-Sikh_officers_of_the_British_15th_Punjab_Infantry_regiment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Sikh_officers_of_the_British_15th_Punjab_Infantry_regiment.jpg/440px-Sikh_officers_of_the_British_15th_Punjab_Infantry_regiment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5029" data-file-height="3729" /></a><figcaption>Sikh officers of the British army by Felice Beato, 1858</figcaption></figure> <p>Meanwhile, in Delhi, there had been some loss of morale due to the failures of Mirza Moghul and Bahadur Shah's equally unmilitary grandson, Mirza Abu Bakr. A large party of reinforcements arrived from <a href="/wiki/Bareilly" title="Bareilly">Bareilly</a> under <a href="/wiki/Bakht_Khan" title="Bakht Khan">Bakht Khan</a>, a veteran artillery officer of the company's army. (In the British Indian artillery, North Indian Muslims were generaIIy preferred and had been the majority of the establishment.)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pleased with the loot they brought with them, Bahadur Shah made Bakht Khan the new commander-in-chief. Bakht Khan was able to replenish the city's finances and inspire the rebel soldiers to renewed efforts. Bahadur Shah however, was growing discouraged, and turned away offers of assistance from other rebel leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-Hibbert_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hibbert-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 227">: 227 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_siege:_August_to_September">The siege: August to September</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Delhi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The siege: August to September"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In one vital area of India, the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Punjab region">Punjab</a>, which had been annexed by the East India Company only eight years before, the Bengal Native units were quickly disarmed to prevent them rebelling or were defeated when they did rebel. Most of the available Company units were stationed there, along with units of the <a href="/wiki/Punjab_Irregular_Force" title="Punjab Irregular Force">Punjab Irregular Force</a>, which were formed from <a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">Sikhs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakhtun" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakhtun">Pakhtuns</a> who had little in common with the <a href="/wiki/Indian_caste_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian caste system">high caste Hindus</a> of the Bengal Native Infantry. </p><p>As the situation in the Punjab stabilised, units could be dispatched to reinforce the besiegers at Delhi. Also, the rulers of the states of <a href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhind" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhind">Jhind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nabha" title="Nabha">Nabha</a> were induced to support the East India Company, sending contingents of their armies to secure the lines of communication between the besiegers and the Punjab.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first reinforcements to arrive at Delhi, the <a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Guides_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corps of Guides (British India)">Corps of Guides</a>, made an epic forced march of several hundred miles through the hottest season of the year, which also coincided with the month of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>, during which their Muslim soldiers could neither eat nor drink during the day. They nevertheless went into action almost immediately when they arrived at the ridge. </p><p>The major force dispatched from the Punjab to Delhi were a "Flying Column" of 4,200 men under Brigadier <a href="/wiki/John_Nicholson_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Nicholson (general)">John Nicholson</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Siege_train" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege train">siege train</a>. Nicholson himself arrived on 14 August. The rebels had heard of the imminent arrival of the siege train and sent a force out of the city to intercept it. On 25 August, Nicholson led a force against their position at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Najafgarh" title="Battle of Najafgarh">Battle of Najafgarh</a>. Although the monsoon had broken and the roads and fields were flooded, Nicholson drove his force to make a rapid march and gained an easy victory, raising European morale and lowering that of the rebels. </p><p>The siege train arrived at the beginning of September, comprising six 24-pounders, eight <a href="/wiki/18-pounder_long_gun" title="18-pounder long gun">18-pounder long guns</a>, six 8 inch howitzers and four 10 inch mortars, with almost 600 ammunition carts. On 8 September a further four guns arrived.<sup id="cite_ref-HCRE_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCRE-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 477">: 477 </span></sup> With the guns already present, the besiegers had a total of 15 24-pounder guns, 20 18-pounder guns and 25 mortars and howitzers.<sup id="cite_ref-AHAmin_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHAmin-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_capture_of_Delhi">The capture of Delhi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Delhi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The capture of Delhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_bombardment">The bombardment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Delhi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The bombardment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_army_beseiging_Delhi,_1857.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/British_army_beseiging_Delhi%2C_1857.jpg/220px-British_army_beseiging_Delhi%2C_1857.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/British_army_beseiging_Delhi%2C_1857.jpg/330px-British_army_beseiging_Delhi%2C_1857.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/British_army_beseiging_Delhi%2C_1857.jpg/440px-British_army_beseiging_Delhi%2C_1857.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2063" data-file-height="2916" /></a><figcaption>The outline of the siege with the British camp (cantonment) just north of the city</figcaption></figure> <p>By early September, the British had assembled a force of some 9,000, which consisted of 3,000 regular troops and 6,000 Sikhs, Punjabis, and Ghurkas.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wilson's chief Engineer Officer, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Baird_Smith" title="Richard Baird Smith">Richard Baird Smith</a>, had drawn up a plan to breach the city walls and make an assault. Wilson was unwilling to risk any attack, but was urged by Nicholson to agree to Baird Smith's plan. There were moves among the British officers, in which Nicholson was prominent, to replace Wilson as commander if he failed to agree to make the attack. </p><p>As a preliminary step, on 6 September the Company forces constructed "Reid's Battery", or the "Sammy House Battery", of two 24-pounder and four 9-pounder guns, near the southern end of the ridge, to silence the guns on the Mori Bastion. Under cover of Reid's Battery, on 7 September the first siege battery proper was established, 700 yards (640 m) from the Mori Bastion. Opening fire on 8 September, four of its guns engaged the artillery on the Kashmir Bastion, while six guns and a heavy mortar silenced the rebels' guns on the Mori Bastion after a long duel. The direction of this attack also deceived the rebels into believing that the storming attempt would be made from the east, rather than the north.<sup id="cite_ref-AHAmin_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHAmin-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A second battery, consisting of nine 24-pounder guns, two 18-pounder guns and seven 8-inch howitzers, was set up near a flamboyantly designed house known as "<a href="/wiki/Ludlow_Castle,_Delhi" title="Ludlow Castle, Delhi">Ludlow Castle</a>" in the Civil Lines, and opened fire against the Kashmir Bastion on 10 September.<sup id="cite_ref-HCRE_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCRE-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 478">: 478 </span></sup> A third battery of six 18-pounder guns and 12 <a href="/wiki/Coehorn" title="Coehorn">Coehorn</a> mortars was set up near the old Custom House less than 200 yards (180 m) from the city walls, and opened fire against the Water Bastion near the Yamuna next day.<sup id="cite_ref-AHAmin_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHAmin-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fourth battery of ten heavy mortars was set up in cover near the Khudsia Bagh, opening fire on 11 September. Because the element of surprise had been lost and these batteries were being enfiladed from across the river,<sup id="cite_ref-HCRE_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCRE-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 478">: 478 </span></sup> the Indian sappers and pioneers who carried out much of the work of constructing the second and third batteries and moving the guns into position suffered over 300 casualties, but the batteries quickly made breaches in the bastions and walls. Fifty guns continued to fire day and night, and the walls began to crumble away.<sup id="cite_ref-HCRE_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCRE-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 478">: 478 </span></sup> </p><p>The opening of this phase of the siege seems to have coincided with the exhaustion of the ammunition the rebels had captured from the magazine, as the rebel fire became suddenly much less effective. By this time also, the rebels had become depressed through lack of supplies and money and by defeatist rumours which were spread by agents and spies organised by <a href="/wiki/William_Stephen_Raikes_Hodson" title="William Stephen Raikes Hodson">William Hodson</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparation_for_the_assault">Preparation for the assault</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Delhi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Preparation for the assault"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The attack was scheduled for 3 a.m. on 14 September. The storming columns moved into position during the night of 13 September. The future Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Roberts,_1st_Earl_Roberts" title="Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts">Lord Roberts</a>, then a junior staff officer, recorded their composition: </p> <dl><dd>1st Column – Brigadier General Nicholson <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Highlanders" title="Gordon Highlanders">75th Foot</a> – 300</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1st_Bengal_Fusiliers" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Bengal Fusiliers">1st Bengal Fusiliers</a><sup id="cite_ref-BengalFusiliers_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BengalFusiliers-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 250</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2nd_Punjab_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Punjab Infantry">2nd Punjab Infantry</a> (<i>Greene's Rifles</i>) – 450</dd> <dd>Total – 1000</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>2nd Column – Brigadier Jones <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/8th_(The_King%27s)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="8th (The King's) Regiment of Foot">8th Foot</a> – 250</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2nd_Bengal_Fusiliers" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Bengal Fusiliers">2nd Bengal Fusiliers</a><sup id="cite_ref-BengalFusiliers_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BengalFusiliers-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 250</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/54th_Sikhs_(Frontier_Force)" title="54th Sikhs (Frontier Force)">4th Sikhs</a> – 350</dd> <dd>Total – 850</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>3rd Column – Colonel Campbell<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/52nd_(Oxfordshire)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="52nd (Oxfordshire) Regiment of Foot">52nd Foot</a> – 200</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/3_Gorkha_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="3 Gorkha Rifles">Kumaon Battalion (Gurkhas)</a> – 250</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1st_Punjab_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Punjab Infantry">1st Punjab Infantry</a> (<i>Coke's Rifles</i>) – 500</dd> <dd>Total – 950</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>4th Column – <a href="/wiki/Charles_Reid_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Charles Reid (Indian Army officer)">Major Reid</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/2nd_King_Edward_VII%27s_Own_Gurkha_Rifles_(The_Sirmoor_Rifles)" title="2nd King Edward VII's Own Gurkha Rifles (The Sirmoor Rifles)">Sirmur Battalion (Gurkhas)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Corps_of_Guides_(British_India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Corps of Guides (British India)">Guides Infantry</a></dd> <dd>Collected picquets</dd> <dd>Total – 850</dd> <dd>Plus Kashmir contingent in reserve – 1000</dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd>5th Column – Brigadier Longfield <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/61st_(South_Gloucestershire)_Regiment_of_Foot" title="61st (South Gloucestershire) Regiment of Foot">61st Foot</a> – 250</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/4th_Punjab_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Punjab Infantry">4th Punjab Infantry</a> (<i>Wilde's Rifles</i>) – 450</dd> <dd>Baluch Battalion (one "wing" only) – 300</dd> <dd>Total – 1000</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Detachments of the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Royal_Rifle_Corps" title="King's Royal Rifle Corps">60th Rifles</a>, totalling 200, preceded all the columns, as skirmishers. Engineers and sappers were attached to lead each column.<sup id="cite_ref-HCRE_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCRE-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 479">: 479 </span></sup> </p><p>There was also a cavalry brigade in reserve under <a href="/wiki/James_Hope_Grant" class="mw-redirect" title="James Hope Grant">James Hope Grant</a>, which probably consisted of: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>6th Carbineers (one "wing" only)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/9th_Queen%27s_Royal_Lancers" title="9th Queen's Royal Lancers">9th Lancers</a></dd> <dd>Guides Cavalry</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/1st_Punjab_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Punjab Cavalry">1st Punjab Cavalry</a> (one squadron)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/2nd_Punjab_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Punjab Cavalry">2nd Punjab Cavalry</a> (one squadron)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/5th_Punjab_Cavalry" class="mw-redirect" title="5th Punjab Cavalry">5th Punjab Cavalry</a> (one squadron)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hodson%27s_Horse" class="mw-redirect" title="Hodson's Horse">Hodson's Horse</a> (irregular levies)</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_assault">The assault</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Delhi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The assault"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blowing_of_Kashmir_by_Sergeant_Carmichael.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Blowing_of_Kashmir_by_Sergeant_Carmichael.jpg/220px-Blowing_of_Kashmir_by_Sergeant_Carmichael.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Blowing_of_Kashmir_by_Sergeant_Carmichael.jpg/330px-Blowing_of_Kashmir_by_Sergeant_Carmichael.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Blowing_of_Kashmir_by_Sergeant_Carmichael.jpg/440px-Blowing_of_Kashmir_by_Sergeant_Carmichael.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="2720" /></a><figcaption>Blowing of Kashmir gate by Sergeant Carmichael</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PLAQUE_KASHMIRI_GATE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/PLAQUE_KASHMIRI_GATE.jpg/250px-PLAQUE_KASHMIRI_GATE.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="374" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/PLAQUE_KASHMIRI_GATE.jpg/375px-PLAQUE_KASHMIRI_GATE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/PLAQUE_KASHMIRI_GATE.jpg/500px-PLAQUE_KASHMIRI_GATE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="2967" /></a><figcaption>Plaque at <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_Gate_(Delhi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmiri Gate (Delhi)">Kashmiri Gate</a>, commemorating the attack on it on 14 September 1857</figcaption></figure> <p>The first three columns, under Nicholson's overall command, gathered in and behind a building known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khudsia_Bagh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khudsia Bagh (page does not exist)">Khudsia Bagh</a>, a former summer residence of the Mughal Kings, about a quarter of a mile from the north walls. The fourth column was intended to attack only when the Kabul Gate on the west of the city walls was opened from behind by the other columns. The fifth column and the cavalry were in reserve. </p><p>The attack was supposed to be launched at dawn, but the defenders had repaired some of the breaches overnight with sandbags, and further bombardment was required. Eventually, Nicholson gave the signal and the attackers charged. The first column stormed through the breach in the Kashmir Bastion and the second through that in the Water Bastion by the Jumna River, but this was not without difficulty, as most of the scaling ladders were broken before they could be emplaced.<sup id="cite_ref-HCRE_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCRE-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 481">: 481 </span></sup> </p><p>The third column attacked the Kashmiri Gate on the north wall. Two sapper officers, Lieutenants <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Charles_Home" class="mw-redirect" title="Duncan Charles Home">Home</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philip_Salkeld" title="Philip Salkeld">Salkeld</a> (both of whom subsequently won the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a>), led a suicidal mission, a small party of British and Indian sappers which placed four gunpowder charges and sandbags against the gate under fire from just 10 feet (3.0 m) away. Several of them were wounded or killed trying to light the fuse. The explosion demolished part of the gate, a bugler with the party signalled success and the third column charged in.<sup id="cite_ref-HCRE_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HCRE-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 480">: 480 </span></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the fourth column encountered a rebel force in the suburb of Kishangunj outside the Kabul Gate before the other columns attacked, and was thrown into disorder. Major <a href="/wiki/Charles_Reid_(Indian_Army_officer)" title="Charles Reid (Indian Army officer)">Reid</a>, its commander, was seriously injured, and the column retired. The rebels followed up, capturing four guns from the Kashmiri troops, and threatened to attack the British camp, which had been emptied of its guards to form the assault force. The artillery batteries at Hindu Rao's House (directed by Chamberlain from a <a href="/wiki/Palanquin" class="mw-redirect" title="Palanquin">doolie</a>) stopped them until Hope Grant's cavalry and horse artillery could move up to replace Reid's column. The cavalry remained in position under fire from guns on the Kabul Gate and suffered heavy casualties, until relieved by infantry. </p><p>In spite of this reverse, Nicholson was keen to press on into the city. He led a detachment down a narrow lane to try to capture the Burn Bastion, on the walls north of the Kabul Gate. Rebel soldiers held most of the flat rooftops and walled compounds, and guns mounted on the bastion fired grapeshot down the lanes between the houses. After two rushes were stopped with heavy casualties, Nicholson led a third charge and was mortally wounded. </p><p>Temporarily repulsed, the British now withdrew to the Church of Saint James, just inside the walls of the Kashmir Bastion. They had suffered 1,170 casualties in the attack. Archdale Wilson moved to the Church, and faced with the setback, he wished to order a withdrawal. When he heard of Wilson's indecision, the dying Nicholson threatened to shoot him. Eventually, Baird Smith, Chamberlain and other officers persuaded Wilson to hold on to the British gains. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_capture_of_the_city">The capture of the city</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Delhi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The capture of the city"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capture_of_Delhi,_1857..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Capture_of_Delhi%2C_1857..jpg/300px-Capture_of_Delhi%2C_1857..jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/Capture_of_Delhi%2C_1857..jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption>Capture of Delhi, 1857</figcaption></figure> <p>The British and Company forces were disordered. Many British officers had been killed or wounded, and their units were now in confusion. The British foothold included many of the liquor stores and over the next two days, many British soldiers became drunk and incapacitated on looted spirits. However, the rebel sepoy regiments had become discouraged by their defeats and lack of food, while the irregular <i>mujahhadin</i> defended their fortified compounds with great determination, but could not be organised to make a coordinated counter-attack. </p><p>Wilson eventually ordered all liquor to be destroyed, and discipline was restored. Slowly, the attackers began to clear the rebels from the city. They captured the magazine on 16 September. Another Victoria Cross was earned here, by Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Edward_Thackeray" title="Edward Thackeray">Thackerey</a> for extinguishing a fire in the magazine whilst under musket fire. Bahadur Shah and his entourage abandoned the palace on 18 September, and a British force captured the great mosque, the Jama Masjid, and the abandoned palace the next day. They also captured the Selimgarh Fort, attached to the palace and dominating the <a href="/wiki/Bridge_of_boats" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridge of boats">bridge of boats</a> over the River Yamuna. Most rebels who had not already left the city now did so before the Company forces captured all the gates and trapped them. </p><p>The city was finally declared to be captured on 21 September. John Nicholson died the next day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Delhi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Siege_of_Delhi" title="Special:EditPage/Siege of Delhi">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Capture_of_the_King_of_Delhi_by_Captain_Hodson%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%22Capture_of_the_King_of_Delhi_by_Captain_Hodson%22.jpg/220px-%22Capture_of_the_King_of_Delhi_by_Captain_Hodson%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%22Capture_of_the_King_of_Delhi_by_Captain_Hodson%22.jpg/330px-%22Capture_of_the_King_of_Delhi_by_Captain_Hodson%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/%22Capture_of_the_King_of_Delhi_by_Captain_Hodson%22.jpg/440px-%22Capture_of_the_King_of_Delhi_by_Captain_Hodson%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="934" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption>Capture of <a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah Zafar</a> and his sons by <a href="/wiki/William_Stephen_Raikes_Hodson" title="William Stephen Raikes Hodson">William Hodson</a> at <a href="/wiki/Humayun%27s_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Humayun's tomb">Humayun's tomb</a> on 20 September 1857</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Hill_Johnes,_VC,_Attacking_the_Enemy_(gcf03672).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/James_Hill_Johnes%2C_VC%2C_Attacking_the_Enemy_%28gcf03672%29.jpg/220px-James_Hill_Johnes%2C_VC%2C_Attacking_the_Enemy_%28gcf03672%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/James_Hill_Johnes%2C_VC%2C_Attacking_the_Enemy_%28gcf03672%29.jpg/330px-James_Hill_Johnes%2C_VC%2C_Attacking_the_Enemy_%28gcf03672%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/James_Hill_Johnes%2C_VC%2C_Attacking_the_Enemy_%28gcf03672%29.jpg/440px-James_Hill_Johnes%2C_VC%2C_Attacking_the_Enemy_%28gcf03672%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>Two British soldiers, <a href="/wiki/James_Hills-Johnes" title="James Hills-Johnes">James Hills-Johnes</a> (pictured) and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Tombs" title="Henry Tombs">Henry Tombs</a> were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Cross" title="Victoria Cross">Victoria Cross</a> for their part in the battle</figcaption></figure> <p>The cost to the British, Company, and loyal Indian armies in besieging Delhi from the start of the siege to the capture of the city was 1,254 killed, and 4,493 wounded, of which 992 were killed, 2,795 were wounded and 30 missing in action during the last six days of brutal fighting in the city during the final assault. Of that total of 3,817 casualties during the capture of the city, 1,677 were loyalist Indian soldiers. It is almost impossible to say how many rebels and their supporters were killed during the siege, but the number was far greater. Unofficial sources place the rebel casualties at over 5,000. </p><p>It is also impossible to estimate how many civilians died during the fighting in Delhi, which included those killed by the rebels, the British, or in the cross-fire. After the siege, many civilians were subsequently expelled from the city to makeshift camps in the nearby countryside, as there was no way of feeding them until order was restored to the entire area. The British, Sikh and Pakhtun soldiers were all fairly callous with regard to life. For four days, after the fall of the city, there was extensive looting, although many British soldiers were more interested in drink than material possessions. Prize agents later moved into the city behind the troops, and organised the search for concealed treasure on a more systematic basis. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_of_Delhi_and_his_suite_at_the_time_of_his_capture_by_the_English_army.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/King_of_Delhi_and_his_suite_at_the_time_of_his_capture_by_the_English_army.jpg/220px-King_of_Delhi_and_his_suite_at_the_time_of_his_capture_by_the_English_army.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/King_of_Delhi_and_his_suite_at_the_time_of_his_capture_by_the_English_army.jpg/330px-King_of_Delhi_and_his_suite_at_the_time_of_his_capture_by_the_English_army.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/King_of_Delhi_and_his_suite_at_the_time_of_his_capture_by_the_English_army.jpg/440px-King_of_Delhi_and_his_suite_at_the_time_of_his_capture_by_the_English_army.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2283" /></a><figcaption>King of Delhi and his suite at the time of his capture by the English army</figcaption></figure> <p>The British, eager to avenge the killing of several hundred of their countryfolk in Delhi, <a href="/wiki/Cawnpore" class="mw-redirect" title="Cawnpore">Cawnpore</a>, and elsewhere in India, were in no mood to take prisoners. Several hundred rebel prisoners as well as suspected rebels and sympathisers were subsequently hanged without trial or much legal process. In many cases, the officers of the "Queen's" Army were inclined to be lenient, but <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> officials such as <a href="/wiki/Sir_Theophilus_John_Metcalfe,_5th_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Theophilus John Metcalfe, 5th Baronet">Theophilus Metcalfe</a> were vengeful. </p><p>Bahadur Shah and three of his sons had taken refuge at <a href="/wiki/Humayun%27s_Tomb" title="Humayun's Tomb">Humayun's Tomb</a>, 6 miles (9.7 km) south of Delhi. Although he was urged to accompany Bakht Khan and rally more troops, the aged Emperor was persuaded that the British were seeking vengeance only against the sepoys they regarded as mutineers, and he would be spared. On 20 September, a party under William Hodson took him into custody on promise of clemency and brought him back to the city. The next day, Hodson also took prisoner two of Bahadur Shah's sons and a grandson, but with no guarantee of any sort. On the pretext that a mob was about to release them, Hodson executed the three princes at <i><a href="/wiki/Khooni_Darwaza" title="Khooni Darwaza">Khooni Darwaza</a></i> (Bloody Gate).<sup id="cite_ref-Dalrymple_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalrymple-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 400">: 400 </span></sup> Their heads were later presented to Bahadur Shah, who was subsequently put on trial by the British Military Commission.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He was exiled to <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Rangoon</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">British-controlled Burma</a> in 1858, after being convicted on several charges.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By recapturing the Indian capital city, the British and Company forces dealt the Indian Army mutineers a major military and psychological blow, while releasing troops to assist in the relief of Lucknow, thus contributing to another British victory. </p><p>A total of 29 Victoria Crosses were awarded to recipients for bravery in the Siege of Delhi. A Delhi clasp was authorised for the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Mutiny_Medal" title="Indian Mutiny Medal">Indian Mutiny Medal</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Delhi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Siege-of-Delhi">"Siege of Delhi | Summary"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Siege+of+Delhi+%7C+Summary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FSiege-of-Delhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Delhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatter2020" class="citation web cs1">Latter, Mick (14 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gurkhabde.com/delhi-day-gurkhas-at-the-siege-of-delhi-1857/">"Delhi Day – Gurkhas at the Siege of Delhi, 1857"</a>. <i>Welcome to the Gurkha Brigade Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Welcome+to+the+Gurkha+Brigade+Association&rft.atitle=Delhi+Day+%E2%80%93+Gurkhas+at+the+Siege+of+Delhi%2C+1857&rft.date=2020-09-14&rft.aulast=Latter&rft.aufirst=Mick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gurkhabde.com%2Fdelhi-day-gurkhas-at-the-siege-of-delhi-1857%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Delhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roberts116-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roberts116_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts (1893), p.116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalrymple" class="citation book cs1">Dalrymple, William. <i>The Last Mughal-Fall of a dynasty Delhi 1857</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. pp. 269–270.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Mughal-Fall+of+a+dynasty+Delhi+1857&rft.pages=269-270&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.aulast=Dalrymple&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Delhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070529220301/http://defencejournal.com/dec99/1857.htm">"Analysis of the 1857 War of Independence – Defence Journal"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defencejournal.com/dec99/1857.htm">the original</a> on 29 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Analysis+of+the+1857+War+of+Independence+%E2%80%93+Defence+Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defencejournal.com%2Fdec99%2F1857.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Delhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hibbert-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hibbert_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbert1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hibbert" title="Christopher Hibbert">Hibbert, Christopher</a> (1980). <i>The Great Mutiny – India 1857</i>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-004752-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-004752-2"><bdi>0-14-004752-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Mutiny+%E2%80%93+India+1857&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-14-004752-2&rft.aulast=Hibbert&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Delhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalrymple-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dalrymple_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalrymple_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalrymple_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalrymple_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalrymple_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalrymple_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dalrymple_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalrymple2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Dalrymple_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Dalrymple (historian)">Dalrymple, William</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wYW5J-jQn8QC"><i>The Last Mughal</i></a>. Viking Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-99925-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-99925-3"><bdi>0-670-99925-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Mughal&rft.pub=Viking+Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-670-99925-3&rft.aulast=Dalrymple&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwYW5J-jQn8QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Delhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070529220301/http://defencejournal.com/dec99/1857.htm">"Defence Journal"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defencejournal.com/dec99/1857.htm">the original</a> on 29 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Defence+Journal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defencejournal.com%2Fdec99%2F1857.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Delhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HCRE-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HCRE_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HCRE_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HCRE_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HCRE_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HCRE_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HCRE_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HCRE_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HCRE_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HCRE_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HCRE_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1889" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Maj Gen Whitworth (1889). <i>History of the Corps of Royal Engineers Vol I</i>. Chatham: The Institution of Royal Engineers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Corps+of+Royal+Engineers+Vol+I&rft.place=Chatham&rft.pub=The+Institution+of+Royal+Engineers&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Maj+Gen+Whitworth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Delhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amin-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Amin_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Major A. H. Amin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orbat.com/site/history/historical/india/bengalarmy1857.html">orbat.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070419214543/http://orbat.com/site/history/historical/india/bengalarmy1857.html">Archived</a> 19 April 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaushik_Roy2011" class="citation book cs1">Kaushik Roy (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&dq=hindustanis+artillery+muslims&pg=PA49"><i>War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740-1849</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136790874" title="Special:BookSources/9781136790874"><bdi>9781136790874</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War%2C+Culture+and+Society+in+Early+Modern+South+Asia%2C+1740-1849&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781136790874&rft.au=Kaushik+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzp0FbTniNaYC%26dq%3Dhindustanis%2Bartillery%2Bmuslims%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Delhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts (1893), p.57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AHAmin-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AHAmin_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHAmin_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AHAmin_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmin" class="citation web cs1">Amin, A.H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121009083400/http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/jan/dehli-campaign.htm">"Pakistan Army Defence Journal"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/jan/dehli-campaign.htm">the original</a> on 9 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pakistan+Army+Defence+Journal&rft.aulast=Amin&rft.aufirst=A.H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defencejournal.com%2F2000%2Fjan%2Fdehli-campaign.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Delhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Siege-of-Delhi">"Siege of Delhi | Summary"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Siege+of+Delhi+%7C+Summary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FSiege-of-Delhi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Delhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BengalFusiliers-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BengalFusiliers_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BengalFusiliers_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Bengal Fusiliers were "European" infantry, mainly Irish, raised by the <a href="/wiki/Honourable_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Honourable East India Company">Honourable East India Company</a>. They were later absorbed into the British Army</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Commanding officer of the 52nd Foot, not to be confused with Sir <a href="/wiki/Colin_Campbell,_1st_Baron_Clyde" title="Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde">Colin Campbell</a>, soon to be appointed Commander-in-chief in India</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBates2013" class="citation book cs1">Bates, Crispin (26 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VJ-HAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3"><i>Mutiny at the Margins: New Perspectives on the Indian Uprising of 1857: Volume I: Anticipations and Experiences in the Locality</i></a>. SAGE Publications India. pp. 3–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-321-1336-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-321-1336-2"><bdi>978-81-321-1336-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mutiny+at+the+Margins%3A+New+Perspectives+on+the+Indian+Uprising+of+1857%3A+Volume+I%3A+Anticipations+and+Experiences+in+the+Locality&rft.pages=3-4&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications+India&rft.date=2013-03-26&rft.isbn=978-81-321-1336-2&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=Crispin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVJ-HAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Delhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhatia" class="citation book cs1">Bhatia, H.S. <i>Justice System and Mutinies in British India</i>. p. 204.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Justice+System+and+Mutinies+in+British+India&rft.pages=204&rft.aulast=Bhatia&rft.aufirst=H.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Delhi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Delhi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllen2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Allen_(writer)" title="Charles Allen (writer)">Allen, Charles</a> (2000). <i>Soldier Sahibs</i>. Abacus. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-349-11456-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-349-11456-0"><bdi>0-349-11456-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soldier+Sahibs&rft.pub=Abacus&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-349-11456-0&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Delhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalrymple2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Dalrymple_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Dalrymple (historian)">Dalrymple, William</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wYW5J-jQn8QC"><i>The Last Mughal</i></a>. Viking Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-99925-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-99925-3"><bdi>0-670-99925-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Mughal&rft.pub=Viking+Penguin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-670-99925-3&rft.aulast=Dalrymple&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwYW5J-jQn8QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Delhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwardes1963" class="citation book cs1">Edwardes, Michael (1963). <i>Battles of the Indian Mutiny</i>. Pan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-02524-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-02524-4"><bdi>0-330-02524-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battles+of+the+Indian+Mutiny&rft.pub=Pan&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=0-330-02524-4&rft.aulast=Edwardes&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Delhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHibbert1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hibbert" title="Christopher Hibbert">Hibbert, Christopher</a> (1980). <i>The Great Mutiny – India 1857</i>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-004752-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-004752-2"><bdi>0-14-004752-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Mutiny+%E2%80%93+India+1857&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-14-004752-2&rft.aulast=Hibbert&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Delhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerkins1983" class="citation book cs1">Perkins, Roger (1983). <i>The Kashmir Gate: Lieutenant Home & the Delhi VCs</i>. Picton Publishing Chippenham. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0902633872" title="Special:BookSources/0902633872"><bdi>0902633872</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kashmir+Gate%3A+Lieutenant+Home+%26+the+Delhi+VCs&rft.pub=Picton+Publishing+Chippenham&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0902633872&rft.aulast=Perkins&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Delhi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerrett1993" class="citation book cs1">Perrett, Bryan (1993). "3: The Walls of Delhi, 1857". <i>At All Costs! Stories of Impossible Victories</i>. Arms and Armour Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85409-157-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85409-157-3"><bdi>1-85409-157-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3%3A+The+Walls+of+Delhi%2C+1857&rft.btitle=At+All+Costs%21+Stories+of+Impossible+Victories&rft.pub=Arms+and+Armour+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-85409-157-3&rft.aulast=Perrett&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Delhi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Delhi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070926231205/http://www.kapadia.com/NativeNarrative/NarrativeofMunshiJeewanLal.htm">Memoirs of an Indian translator for the East India Company</a> (archived 26 September 2007)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts1893" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, Frederick Sleigh (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/16528/16528-h/16528-h.htm">"Forty one years in India from subaltern to Field Marshal"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2021</span> – via Project Gutenberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forty+one+years+in+India+from+subaltern+to+Field+Marshal&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Sleigh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F16528%2F16528-h%2F16528-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Delhi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="30x27px&#124;link=Flags_of_the_Mughal_EmpireMughal_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire.png/30px-Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire.png/45px-Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire.png/60px-Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="905" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughal Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal emperors">Emperors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humayun" title="Humayun">Humayun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar" title="Akbar">Akbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahangir" title="Jahangir">Jahangir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahryar_Mirza" title="Shahryar Mirza">Shahryar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan" title="Shah Jahan">Shah Jahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurangzeb" title="Aurangzeb">Aurangzeb (Alamgir I)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Azam_Shah" title="Muhammad Azam Shah">Muhammad Azam Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_I" title="Bahadur Shah I">Bahadur Shah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahandar_Shah" title="Jahandar Shah">Jahandar Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farrukhsiyar" title="Farrukhsiyar">Farrukhsiyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_ud-Darajat" title="Rafi ud-Darajat">Rafi ud-Darajat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_II" title="Shah Jahan II">Shah Jahan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Shah" title="Muhammad Shah">Muhammad Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Bahadur" title="Ahmad Shah Bahadur">Ahmad Shah Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamgir_II" title="Alamgir II">Alamgir II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_III" title="Shah Jahan III">Shah Jahan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam_II" title="Shah Alam II">Shah Alam II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_Bahadur" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Shah Bahadur">Shah Jahan IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar_II" title="Akbar II">Akbar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahadur_Shah_Zafar" title="Bahadur Shah Zafar">Bahadur Shah II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_dynasty" title="Timurid dynasty">Dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_family_tree" title="Timurid family tree">family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Economy of the Mughal Empire">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Mughal_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the Mughal Empire">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Government of the Mughal Empire">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Army of the Mughal Empire">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_artillery" title="Mughal artillery">Mughal artillery</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Provinces" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><b><a href="/wiki/Subah" title="Subah">Provinces</a></b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Subah" title="Agra Subah">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajmer_Subah" title="Ajmer Subah">Ajmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awadh_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Awadh Subah">Awadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Subah" title="Bengal Subah">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berar_Subah" title="Berar Subah">Berar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihar_Subah" title="Bihar Subah">Bihar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Subah" title="Gujarat Subah">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delhi_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Delhi Subah">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_Subah" title="Hyderabad Subah">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Subah" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Subah">Lahore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malwa_Subah" title="Malwa Subah">Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subah_of_Multan" title="Subah of Multan">Multan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sira_Subah" title="Sira Subah">Sira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal-Rajput_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal-Rajput wars">Mughal-Rajput wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_conquest_of_Malwa" title="Mughal conquest of Malwa">Mughal conquest of Malwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akbar%27s_conquest_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar's conquest of Gujarat">Gujarat conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Safavid_war_(1622%E2%80%931623)" title="Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)">Mughal–Safavid war (1622–1623)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Safavid_war_(1649%E2%80%931653)" title="Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)">Mughal–Safavid war (1649–1653)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokula#Battle_of_Tilpat" title="Gokula">Suppression of Tilpat rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahom%E2%80%93Mughal_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahom–Mughal conflicts">Ahom–Mughal conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet%E2%80%93Ladakh%E2%80%93Mughal_war" title="Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war">Tibet–Ladakh–Mughal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Maratha_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal–Maratha wars">Mughal–Maratha wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child%27s_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Child's war">Child's war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_wars" title="Carnatic wars">Carnatic wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Bengal war">Bengal war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Rebellion_of_1857" title="Indian Rebellion of 1857">Indian Rebellion of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_between_Mughals_and_Sikhs" title="List of battles between Mughals and Sikhs">Mughal–Sikh wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" title="Mughal–Portuguese conflicts">Mughal–Portuguese conflicts</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Category:Battles involving the Mughal Empire">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Agra" title="Battle of Agra">Agra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badli-ki-Serai" title="Battle of Badli-ki-Serai">Badli-ki-Serai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bhuchar_Mori" title="Battle of Bhuchar Mori">Bhuchar Mori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buxar" title="Battle of Buxar">Buxar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chanderi" title="Battle of Chanderi">Chanderi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chausa" title="Battle of Chausa">Chausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghaghra" title="Battle of Ghaghra">Ghagra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Haldighati" title="Battle of Haldighati">Haldighati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karnal" title="Battle of Karnal">Karnal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khajwa" title="Battle of Khajwa">Khajwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khanwa" title="Battle of Khanwa">Khanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Najafgarh" title="Battle of Najafgarh">Najafgarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Panipat" title="First Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1526)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Second Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1556)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat" title="Third Battle of Panipat">Panipat (1761)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">Plassey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raj_Mahal" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Raj Mahal">Raj Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samugarh" title="Battle of Samugarh">Samugarh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sirhind_(1555)" title="Battle of Sirhind (1555)">Sirhind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thanesar_(1567)" title="Battle of Thanesar (1567)">Thanesar (1567)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thanesar_(1710)" title="Battle of Thanesar (1710)">Thanesar (1710)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tukaroi" title="Battle of Tukaroi">Tukaroi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Bakla" title="Conquest of Bakla">Bakla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Bhulua" title="Conquest of Bhulua">Bhulua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sieges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bijapur" title="Siege of Bijapur">Bijapur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Chittorgarh_(1567%E2%80%931568)" title="Siege of Chittorgarh (1567–1568)">Chittorgarh</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daman_(1638%E2%80%931639)" title="Siege of Daman (1638–1639)">Daman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Daulatabad_(1633)" title="Siege of Daulatabad (1633)">Daulatabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Golconda" title="Siege of Golconda">Golconda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hooghly" title="Siege of Hooghly">Hooghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jinji" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jinji">Jinji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kandahar_(1605%E2%80%9306)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Kandahar (1605–06)">Kandahar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Purandhar" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Purandhar">Purandhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Ranthambore_(1568)" title="Siege of Ranthambore (1568)">Ranthambore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sambhal" title="Siege of Sambhal">Sambhal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adversaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baro-Bhuyan#Baro-Bhuiyans_of_Bengal" title="Baro-Bhuyan">Baro-Bhuyan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isa_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Isa Khan">Isa Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Usman" title="Khwaja Usman">Khwaja Usman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayazid_of_Sylhet" title="Bayazid of Sylhet">Bayazid of Sylhet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Khan_of_Bengal" title="Musa Khan of Bengal">Musa Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratapaditya" title="Pratapaditya">Pratapaditya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Lodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibrahim Lodi">Ibrahim Lodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rana_Sanga" title="Rana Sanga">Rana Sanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sher_Shah_Suri" title="Sher Shah Suri">Sher Shah Suri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemu" title="Hemu">Hemu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharana_Pratap" title="Maharana Pratap">Maharana Pratap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Ambar" title="Malik Ambar">Malik Ambar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokula" title="Gokula">Gokula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivaji" title="Shivaji">Shivaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachit_Borphukan" title="Lachit Borphukan">Lachit Borphukan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khushal_Khattak" title="Khushal Khattak">Khushal Khattak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Child,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir John Child, 1st Baronet">Josiah Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Every" title="Henry Every">Henry Every</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajirao_I" title="Bajirao I">Bajirao I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nader_Shah" title="Nader Shah">Nader Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hector_Munro,_8th_laird_of_Novar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hector Munro, 8th laird of Novar">Hector Munro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Architecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forts and palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agra_Fort" title="Agra Fort">Agra Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Fort" title="Lahore Fort">Lahore Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalbagh_Fort" title="Lalbagh Fort">Lalbagh Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Fort" title="Red Fort">Red Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahangir_Mahal,_Orchha" title="Jahangir Mahal, Orchha">Jahangir Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheesh_Mahal_(Lahore_Fort)" title="Sheesh Mahal (Lahore Fort)">Sheesh Mahal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_mosques" title="Category:Mughal mosques">Mosques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alamgir_Mosque,_Aurangabad" title="Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad">Alamgir Mosque, Aurangabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jama_Masjid,_Delhi" title="Jama Masjid, Delhi">Jama Masjid (Delhi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawk_Mosque" title="Chawk Mosque">Chawk Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badshahi_Mosque" title="Badshahi Mosque">Badshahi Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Jahan_Mosque,_Thatta" title="Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta">Shah Jahan Mosque, Thatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunehri_Masjid,_Lahore" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunehri Masjid, Lahore">Sunehri Masjid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wazir_Khan_Mosque" title="Wazir Khan Mosque">Wazir Khan Mosque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_tombs" title="Category:Mughal tombs">Tombs and mausoleums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Akbar_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Akbar the Great">Akbar's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibi_Ka_Maqbara" title="Bibi Ka Maqbara">Bibi Ka Maqbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Babur" title="Gardens of Babur">Gardens of Babur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humayun%27s_Tomb" title="Humayun's Tomb">Humayun's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Jahangir" title="Tomb of Jahangir">Jahangir's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Salim_Chishti" title="Tomb of Salim Chishti">Tomb of Salim Chishti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Aurangzeb" title="Tomb of Aurangzeb">Tomb of Aurangzeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Nur_Jahan" title="Tomb of Nur Jahan">Tomb of Nur Jahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tombs_of_Mughal_Empire" title="List of tombs of Mughal Empire">List of tombs of Mughal Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatehpur_Sikri" title="Fatehpur Sikri">Fatehpur Sikri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalimar_Gardens,_Lahore" title="Shalimar Gardens, Lahore">Shalimar Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achabal_Gardens" title="Achabal Gardens">Achabal Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahi_Bridge,_Jaunpur" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahi Bridge, Jaunpur">Shahi Bridge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Mughal_architecture" title="Category:Mughal architecture">more</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_clothing" title="Mughal clothing">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian language in South Asia">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_painting" title="Mughal painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persians_in_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Persians in the Mughal Empire">Persian Mughals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal tribe">Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_weapons" title="Mughal weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Mughal_Empire" title="Foreign relations of the Mughal Empire">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successor states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sur_Empire" title="Sur Empire">Sur Empire</a> (<i>interrupted</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajput states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jat people">Jats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawabs_of_Bengal_and_Murshidabad" class="mw-redirect" title="Nawabs of Bengal and Murshidabad">Nawabs of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawab_of_Awadh" title="Nawab of Awadh">Nawabs of Awadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_State" title="Hyderabad State">Nizam of Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic state">Carnatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohilkhand" title="Rohilkhand">Rohilkhand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority 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