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</div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_oc.wikipedia.org&uselang=oc" class=""><span>Far un don</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_un_compte&returnto=Iran" title="Vos es conselhat de crear un compte e de vos connectar ; pasmens, es pas obligatòri" class=""><span>Crear un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Nom_d%27utilizaire&returnto=Iran" title="Sètz 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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Se connectar</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aisinas personalas" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aisinas personalas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú d'usuari" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_oc.wikipedia.org&uselang=oc"><span>Far un don</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crear_un_compte&returnto=Iran" title="Vos es conselhat de crear un compte e de vos connectar ; pasmens, es pas obligatòri"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Crear un compte</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Nom_d%27utilizaire&returnto=Iran" title="Sètz convidat(ada) a vos identificar, mas es pas obligatòri. 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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Somari" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Somari</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Començament</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Istòria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istòria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Istòria</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Istòria-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Istòria</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Istòria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_Preïstòria_e_l'Antiquitat_anciana" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_Preïstòria_e_l'Antiquitat_anciana"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>La Preïstòria e l'Antiquitat anciana</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_Preïstòria_e_l'Antiquitat_anciana-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_migracion_dei_pòbles_iranians_vèrs_lo_plan_iranian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_migracion_dei_pòbles_iranians_vèrs_lo_plan_iranian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>La migracion dei pòbles iranians vèrs lo plan iranian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_migracion_dei_pòbles_iranians_vèrs_lo_plan_iranian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'Empèri_Aquemenida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'Empèri_Aquemenida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>L'Empèri Aquemenida</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'Empèri_Aquemenida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_conquista_d'Alexandre_lo_Grand_e_la_formacion_de_l'Empèri_Seleucida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_conquista_d'Alexandre_lo_Grand_e_la_formacion_de_l'Empèri_Seleucida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>La conquista d'Alexandre lo Grand e la formacion de l'Empèri Seleucida</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_conquista_d'Alexandre_lo_Grand_e_la_formacion_de_l'Empèri_Seleucida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'Empèri_Part" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'Empèri_Part"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>L'Empèri Part</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'Empèri_Part-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'Empèri_Sassanida" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'Empèri_Sassanida"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>L'Empèri Sassanida</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'Empèri_Sassanida-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_conquista_e_la_dominacion_aràbias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_conquista_e_la_dominacion_aràbias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>La conquista e la dominacion aràbias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_conquista_e_la_dominacion_aràbias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_conquista_Seljoquida_e_la_formacion_dau_Sultanat_de_Khwarezm" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_conquista_Seljoquida_e_la_formacion_dau_Sultanat_de_Khwarezm"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>La conquista Seljoquida e la formacion dau Sultanat de Khwarezm</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_conquista_Seljoquida_e_la_formacion_dau_Sultanat_de_Khwarezm-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_conquista_mongòla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_conquista_mongòla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>La conquista mongòla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_conquista_mongòla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_periòde_de_Tamburlan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_periòde_de_Tamburlan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Lo periòde de Tamburlan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_periòde_de_Tamburlan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'Empèri_Safavida_e_l'introduccion_dau_chiisme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'Empèri_Safavida_e_l'introduccion_dau_chiisme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>L'Empèri Safavida e l'introduccion dau chiisme</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'Empèri_Safavida_e_l'introduccion_dau_chiisme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_Dinastia_Qajara" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_Dinastia_Qajara"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>La Dinastia Qajara</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_Dinastia_Qajara-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_revolucion_constitucionala_e_lei_temptativas_de_modernizacion_dau_país_dei_Pahlavi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_revolucion_constitucionala_e_lei_temptativas_de_modernizacion_dau_país_dei_Pahlavi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>La revolucion constitucionala e lei temptativas de modernizacion dau país dei Pahlavi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_revolucion_constitucionala_e_lei_temptativas_de_modernizacion_dau_país_dei_Pahlavi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_Revolucion_e_la_Republica_Islamica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_Revolucion_e_la_Republica_Islamica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14</span> <span>La Revolucion e la Republica Islamica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_Revolucion_e_la_Republica_Islamica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geografia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geografia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Geografia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_geografia_fisica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_geografia_fisica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>La geografia fisica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_geografia_fisica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_clima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_clima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lo clima</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_clima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_demografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_demografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>La demografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_demografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organizacions_politica_e_territòriala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organizacions_politica_e_territòriala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organizacions politica e territòriala</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organizacions_politica_e_territòriala-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Organizacions politica e territòriala</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organizacions_politica_e_territòriala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-La_forma_de_l'estat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_forma_de_l'estat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>La forma de l'estat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_forma_de_l'estat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_poder_executiu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_poder_executiu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Lo poder executiu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_poder_executiu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_poder_legislatiu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_poder_legislatiu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Lo poder legislatiu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_poder_legislatiu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lo_poder_judiciari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lo_poder_judiciari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Lo poder judiciari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lo_poder_judiciari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'organizacion_territòriala" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'organizacion_territòriala"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>L'organizacion territòriala</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'organizacion_territòriala-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afaires_estrangiers_e_fòrças_armadas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afaires_estrangiers_e_fòrças_armadas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Afaires estrangiers e fòrças armadas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Afaires_estrangiers_e_fòrças_armadas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Afaires estrangiers e fòrças armadas</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Afaires_estrangiers_e_fòrças_armadas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leis_afaires_estrangiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leis_afaires_estrangiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Leis afaires estrangiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leis_afaires_estrangiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lei_fòrças_armadas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lei_fòrças_armadas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Lei fòrças armadas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lei_fòrças_armadas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Economia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-L'organizacion_de_l'economia_per_l'Estat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'organizacion_de_l'economia_per_l'Estat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>L'organizacion de l'economia per l'Estat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'organizacion_de_l'economia_per_l'Estat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'agricultura_e_lei_ressorsas_naturalas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'agricultura_e_lei_ressorsas_naturalas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>L'agricultura e lei ressorsas naturalas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'agricultura_e_lei_ressorsas_naturalas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-L'indústria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#L'indústria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>L'indústria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-L'indústria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lei_servicis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lei_servicis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Lei servicis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lei_servicis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-La_recèrca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#La_recèrca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>La recèrca</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_recèrca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lengas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lengas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Lengas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lengas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cultura</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultura-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Cultura</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cultura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arquitectura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arquitectura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Arquitectura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arquitectura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Literatura</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filosofia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filosofia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Filosofia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Filosofia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Musica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Musica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Musica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Musica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinèma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinèma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Cinèma</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinèma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Annèxas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Annèxas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Annèxas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Annèxas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Annèxas</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Annèxas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligams_intèrns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligams_intèrns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Ligams intèrns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligams_intèrns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ligams_extèrnes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ligams_extèrnes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Ligams extèrnes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ligams_extèrnes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nòtas_e_referéncias"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Nòtas e referéncias</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nòtas_e_referéncias-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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</nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Iran</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 287 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-287" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">287 lengas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Џьамтәыла - abkhaz" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Џьамтәыла" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="abkhaz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - atjeh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="atjeh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран - adigué" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="adigué" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - aleman de Soïssa" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="aleman de Soïssa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8B%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B5" title="ፋርስ - amaric" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፋርስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1n" title="Irán - aragonés" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Irán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persealand" title="Persealand - anglès antic" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Persealand" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="anglès antic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ईरान - angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ईरान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="إيران - arabi" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيران" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%9D%DC%AA%DC%90%DC%A2" title="ܐܝܪܐܢ - arameu" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܝܪܐܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="arameu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="إيران - arabe marocain" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إيران" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="arabe marocain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ايران - àrab egipci" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايران" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="àrab egipci" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ইৰান - assamès" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইৰান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1n" title="Irán - asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Irán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран - àvar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="àvar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irana" title="Irana - kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Irana" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="इरान - awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="इरान" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran" title="İran - azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İran" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ایران - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایران" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - balinés" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - bavarès" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bavarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irans" title="Irans - samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Irans" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Іран - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іран" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Іран - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Іран" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран - bulgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ईरान - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ईरान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ইরান - bengalin" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইরান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="ཡི་ལང་། - tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡི་ལང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ইরান - bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ইরান" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - bosniac" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%88" title="ᨕᨗᨈ - buginés" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨕᨗᨈ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="buginés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1n" title="Irán - Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Irán" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран - chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - cebuan" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="cebuan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A2%E1%8E%B4%E1%8F%82" title="ᎢᎴᏂ - cheroqui" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎢᎴᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="cheroqui" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئێران - kurd central" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێران" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurd central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranu" title="Iranu - còrs" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Iranu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="còrs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran" title="İran - tàtar de Crimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İran" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="tàtar de Crimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dr%C3%A1n" title="Írán - chèc" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Írán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="chèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - caixubi" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="caixubi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран - chovash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="chovash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - danés" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - alemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran" title="İran - Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İran" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - baix sòrab" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="baix sòrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - dusun central" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="dusun central" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="इरान - Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="इरान" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A9%DE%83%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%B0" title="އީރާން - divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އީރާން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B" title="ཨི་རཱན་ - dzongka" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཨི་རཱན་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="dzongka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ཇོང་ཁ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Ιράν - grèc" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιράν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A0n" title="Iràn - Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Iràn" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - anglés" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irano" title="Irano - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Irano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1n" title="Irán - espanhòl" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Irán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanhòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraan" title="Iraan - estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iraan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1n" title="Irán - extremeny" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Irán" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="extremeny" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ایران - perse" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - ful" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="ful" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bons articles"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - finlandés" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraan" title="Iraan - võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Iraan" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - feroés" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="feroés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - francés" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - francoprovençal" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="francoprovençal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraan" title="Iraan - frisó septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Iraan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisó septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - frisó occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisó occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Iar%C3%A1in" title="An Iaráin - irlandés" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Iaráin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran" title="İran - gagaús" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="İran" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="gagaús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗 - xinès gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="伊朗" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="xinès gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - créole guyanais" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="créole guyanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ior%C3%A0n" title="Ioràn - gaelic escossés" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ioràn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaelic escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1n" title="Irán - galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Irán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ايران - gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ايران" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="ईराण - concani de Goa" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="ईराण" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="concani de Goa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD" title="𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 - gòtic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gòtic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="ઈરાન - gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈરાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Eeraan" title="Yn Eeraan - manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Eeraan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - haussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="haussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - xinès hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="xinès hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBIlana" title="ʻIlana - hawaià" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻIlana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="hawaià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9F" title="איראן - ebrèu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איראן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebrèu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ईरान - Indi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईरान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Indi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - hindi de Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="hindi de Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - naut sorab" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="naut sorab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - crioll d’Haití" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioll d’Haití" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1n" title="Irán - ongrés" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Irán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ongrés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Իրան - armèni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իրան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armèni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Իրան - arménien occidental" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Իրան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="arménien occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - ilocano" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="ilocano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="ХӀиран - ingúix" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ХӀиран" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingúix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dran" title="Íran - islandés" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Íran" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3" title="イラン - japonés" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イラン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - crioll anglès de Jamaica" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="crioll anglès de Jamaica" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/iran" title="iran - lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="iran" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - javanés" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ირანი - georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ირანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - karakalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%E1%B9%9Ban" title="Iṛan - cabil" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Iṛan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="cabil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Къажэрей - kabardí" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Къажэрей" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="kabardí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%C9%A9" title="Iranɩ - Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Iranɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - kikuiu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="kikuiu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран - cazac" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="cazac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B" title="អ៊ីរ៉ង់ - cambojian" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អ៊ីរ៉ង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="cambojian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇರಾನ್ - kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇರಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%9E%80" title="이란 - corean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이란" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="corean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран - komi-permiac" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="komi-permiac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран - karatxai-balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karatxai-balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%96%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ایٖران - cashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ایٖران" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="cashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Eran" title="Îran - curd" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îran" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="curd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран - komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - cornic" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irania" title="Irania - latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Irania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - ladin" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - luxemborgés" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemborgés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран - Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран - lesguià" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lesguià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - limburguès" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - lígur" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="lígur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - llombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="llombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%A3%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ປະເທດອິຫຣ່ານ - laosian" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດອິຫຣ່ານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranas" title="Iranas - lituan" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Iranas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C4%81na" title="Irāna - leton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Irāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="leton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - madurès" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="madurès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="इरान - maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इरान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран - mordovià moksa" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mordovià moksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A0na" title="Iràna - malgash" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Iràna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран - Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAr%C4%81na" title="Īrāna - maòri" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Īrāna" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maòri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран - macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="ഇറാൻ - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇറാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран - mongòl" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongòl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯏꯔꯥꯟ - manipurí" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯔꯥꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipurí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="इराण - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इराण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран - mari occidental" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="mari occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - maltés" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiran" title="Eiran - mirandés" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eiran" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အီရန်နိုင်ငံ - birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီရန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Иран Мастор - mordovià erza" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Иран Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="mordovià erza" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="ایرون - mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایرون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - napolità" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolità" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - baix saxó" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="baix saxó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="इरान - nepalés" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इरान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="इरान - newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इरान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - neerlandés" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - norvegian nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegian nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - norvegian bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegian bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8C%DF%99%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%AB" title="ߌߙߊ߲߫ - n’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߌߙߊ߲߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="n’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - sotho septentrional" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiik%CA%BCi_D%C3%A9%C3%ADbaal%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Tsiikʼi Déíbaalí Bikéyah - navaho" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsiikʼi Déíbaalí Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navaho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraan" title="Iraan - oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Iraan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ଇରାନ - oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇରାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран - osseta" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osseta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਈਰਾਨ - punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਈਰਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - papiament" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="papiament" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraen" title="Iraen - alemany pennsilvanià" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Iraen" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="alemany pennsilvanià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ईरान - pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="ईरान" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eraan" title="Eraan - Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Eraan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - polonés" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - piemontès" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ایران - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایران" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ايران - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ايران" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="articles de qualitat"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A3" title="Irã - portugués" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Irã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugués" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - romanch" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="romanch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irani" title="Irani - rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Irani" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - romanés" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - aromanès" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Іран - ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Іран" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irani" title="Irani - ruandès" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Irani" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="ruandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ईरान - sanscrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ईरान" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanscrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ираан - iacut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ираан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iacut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱤᱨᱟᱱ - santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱨᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - sard" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - escossés" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="escossés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ايران - sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايران" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - sami septentrional" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="sami septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="sango" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sängö</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - taixelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="taixelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းဢီႇရၢၼ်း - xan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢီႇရၢၼ်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="xan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉරානය - singalès" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉරානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1n" title="Irán - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Irán" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ایران - Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ایران" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - eslovèn" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - sami d’Inari" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="sami d’Inari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irani" title="Irani - shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Irani" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iiraan" title="Iiraan - somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Iiraan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irani" title="Irani - albanés" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Irani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - sranan" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="sranan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Irani" title="I-Irani - swazi" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="I-Irani" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="swazi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - soto del sud" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="soto del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroan" title="Iroan - saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Iroan" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - sondanès" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sondanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - suedés" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uajemi" title="Uajemi - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uajemi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - silesià" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silesià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஈரான் - tamol" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஈரான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇರಾನ್ - toulou" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಇರಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="toulou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఇరాన్ - telogó" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇరాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telogó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraun" title="Iraun - tètum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Iraun" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="tètum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эрон - tajic" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Эрон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tajic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศอิหร่าน - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศอิหร่าน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%95" title="ኢራን - tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኢራን" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ትግርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%BDran" title="Eýran - turcmèn" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Eýran" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turcmèn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron" title="Iron - talix" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Iron" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBIlaani" title="ʻIlaani - tongalès" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻIlaani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="tongalès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran" title="İran - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İran" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран - tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран - tuvinià" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuvinià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран - udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئىران - oigor" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىران" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="oigor" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Іран - ucrainés" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іран" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucrainés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ایران - ordó" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایران" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ordó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eron" title="Eron - ozbèc" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eron" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ozbèc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - vènet" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vènet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - vepse" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="vepse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - vietnamian" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - flamenc occidental" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="flamenc occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lir%C3%A4n" title="Lirän - volapuc" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lirän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapuc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - való" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="való" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraan" title="Iraan - wòlof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Iraan" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wòlof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊朗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIran" title="IIran - xhòsa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IIran" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="xhòsa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ირანი - mingrelià" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ირანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9F" title="איראן - yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איראן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cr%C3%A1n%C3%AC" title="Ìránì - yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìránì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - zelandès" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zelandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵉⵔⴰⵏ - amazic estàndard marroquí" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⵔⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="amazic estàndard marroquí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗 - chinés" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊朗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗 - xinès clàssic" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="伊朗" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="xinès clàssic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗 - cantonés" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊朗" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonés" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Irani" title="I-Irani - zólo" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="I-Irani" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="zólo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q794#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modificar los ligams interlenga" class="wbc-editpage">Modificar los ligams</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espacis de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Veire l’article [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discutir:Iran" rel="discussion" title="Discussion a prepaus d'aquesta pagina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">occitan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Afichatges"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Iran"><span>Legir</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit" title="Modificar aquela pagina [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificar</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit" title="Modificar lo còdi font d'aquela pagina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=history" title="Los autors e versions precedentas d'aquesta pagina. 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wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q794" title="Ligam cap a l’element de referencial de las donadas connectadas [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aparença"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aparença</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mòu a la barra laterala</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">Escondre</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-1000_articles_fondamentals" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span title="Tièra de 1000 articles que totas las Wikipèdias deurián aver."><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a 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vertical-align: top"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Articles_de_qualitat" title="Wikipèdia:Articles de qualitat"><img alt="Wikipèdia:Articles de qualitat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/15px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/23px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg/30px-Article_de_qualit%C3%A9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> </td> <td style="font-style: italic;font-size: 12px;">Legissètz un «<i><a href="/wiki/Wikip%C3%A8dia:Articles_de_qualitat" title="Wikipèdia:Articles de qualitat">article de qualitat</a></i>» </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r2444490">.mw-parser-output .infobox{background:#f9f9f9;color:#000;font-size:90%;line-height:1.6em;float:right;clear:right;margin:.5em 0 .5em 1em;width:23.7em;border:1px solid #c2c2c1;border-spacing:5px}.mw-parser-output .infobox td,.mw-parser-output .infobox th{vertical-align:super;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered th{border:1px solid #c2c2c1}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless th{border:0}@media only screen and (max-width:600px){.mw-parser-output .infobox{border:1px solid #e7e7e7}}.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton button,.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton .mw-collapsible-text{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow th{border:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow th{border:0;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia{border:1px solid #ccd2d9;text-align:left;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia .mergedtoprow,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia .mergedtoprow{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia .mergedrow,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia .mergedrow{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia .mergedbottomrow,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia .mergedbottomrow{border-top:0;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geografia .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-geografia-text{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-geografia-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-geografia-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r2444490"> <table class="infobox infobox geografia vcard" style="border-spacing:3.8px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;">Iran</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"><small><i>جمهوری اسلامی ایران<br /> <small></small></i><small>Jomhuri-ye Eslāmi-ye Irān<i><br /></i></small></small></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"> <div style="display:grid; grid-template-columns:auto 50%; align-items:center; text-align:center;"> <div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Flag_of_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/120px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/180px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/240px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Emblem_of_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/75px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/113px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></span> </div> <div><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q126622" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q126622">Bandièra</a></div> <div><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q188028" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q188028">Escut d'armas</a></div></div> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Localizacion"><img alt="Localizacion" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Iran_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/270px-Iran_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Iran_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/405px-Iran_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Iran_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/540px-Iran_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; text-align:left;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold">Capitala<div class="ib-geografia-text">e ciutat mai granda</div></div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right"><a href="/wiki/Teheran" title="Teheran">Teheran</a><br /><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion" title="Mapas, vistas aerianas, etc."><a class="external text" href="http://tools.wmflabs.org/geohack/geohack.php?language=oc&pagename=Iran&params=32_N_53_E_"><span class="h-geo geo-dms"><data class="p-latitude" value="32">32° N</data>, <data class="p-longitude" value="53">53° E</data></span></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; text-align:left;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold">Forma de govèrn</div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Republica_Islamica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Republica Islamica (la pagina existís pas)">Republica Islamica</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; text-align:left; border: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccd2d9; padding:1px 10px 3px 10px;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold"><div class="ib-geografia-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guida_supr%C3%A8ma_d%27Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guida suprèma d'Iran (la pagina existís pas)">Guida suprèma</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=President_d%27Iran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="President d'Iran (la pagina existís pas)">President</a></div></div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a> (سید علی خامنه‌ای)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Raisi" title="Ebrahim Raisi">Ebrahim Raisi</a> (ابراهیم رئیسی سید)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; text-align:left;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Superf%C3%ADcia" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Superfícia">Superfícia</a></div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right"><a href="/wiki/Lista_dels_pa%C3%AFses_per_superf%C3%ADcia" title="Lista dels païses per superfícia"> 18<sup>en</sup></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; text-align:left; border: transparent; padding:1px 10px 3px 10px;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold"><div class="ib-geografia-text">• Totala </div></div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right">1 648 195 <abbr title="quilometre(s) carrat(s)">km²</abbr></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; text-align:left; border: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccd2d9; padding:1px 10px 3px 10px;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold"><div class="ib-geografia-text">• Aiga </div></div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right"><span class="nowrap">0,7 %</span> %</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; text-align:left;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Populacion" title="Populacion">Populacion</a></div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right"><a href="/wiki/Lista_dels_pa%C3%AFses_per_populacion" title="Lista dels païses per populacion">17<sup>en</sup></a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; text-align:left; border: transparent; padding:1px 10px 3px 10px;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold"><div class="ib-geografia-text">• Totala (2015)</div></div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right">80'012'423<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ab.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; text-align:left; border: transparent; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccd2d9; padding:1px 10px 3px 10px;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold"><div class="ib-geografia-text">• <a href="/wiki/Densitat_de_populacion" title="Densitat de populacion">Densitat</a></div></div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right">48.81 ab./<abbr title="quilometre(s) carrat(s)">km²</abbr></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; text-align:left;"><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:left; align:left; font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Domeni_de_primi%C3%A8r_niv%C3%A8l" title="Domeni de primièr nivèl">Domeni internet</a></div><div style="width:50%; display:block; float:right; align:right"><a href="/wiki/.ir" title=".ir">.ir</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px #AAAAAA solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;"><a class="external text" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=0"><span style="color:#555;">modificar</span></a></span> <span title="Consultatz la documentacion del modèl"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8l:Infodoc" title="Consultatz la documentacion del modèl"><img alt="Consultatz la documentacion del modèl" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/12px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/18px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/24px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Iran</b> (en <a href="/wiki/Persan" title="Persan">persan</a>: ايران), oficialament la <b>Republica Islamica d'Iran</b>, es un país de l'<a href="/wiki/Orient_Mejan" title="Orient Mejan">Orient Mejan</a>. Fins a <a href="/wiki/1935" class="mw-redirect" title="1935">1935</a> èra conegut coma <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8rsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pèrsia">Pèrsia</a>. </p><p>Fa frontièra amb los païses seguents: <a href="/wiki/Turcmenistan" title="Turcmenistan">Turcmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan">Afganistan</a> e <a href="/wiki/Paquistan" title="Paquistan">Paquistan</a> a l'èst; <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia">Turquia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaitjan" title="Azerbaitjan">Azerbaitjan</a> e <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> a l'oèst. Al nòrd es banhat per la <a href="/wiki/Mar_Caspiana" title="Mar Caspiana">Mar Caspiana</a> e al sud pel <a href="/wiki/Golf_Persic" title="Golf Persic">Golf Persic</a>, que s'i trapa l'<a href="/wiki/Estrech_d%27Ormuz" title="Estrech d'Ormuz">estrech d'Ormuz</a>. </p><p>La capitala es <a href="/wiki/Teheran" title="Teheran">Teheran</a>. </p><p>Lo gentilici es <b>iranian -a</b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istòria"><span id="Ist.C3.B2ria"></span>Istòria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modificar la seccion : Istòria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=1" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Istòria"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/Ist%C3%B2ria_d%27Iran" title="Istòria d'Iran">Istòria d'Iran</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_Preïstòria_e_l'Antiquitat_anciana"><span id="La_Pre.C3.AFst.C3.B2ria_e_l.27Antiquitat_anciana"></span>La Preïstòria e l'Antiquitat anciana</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modificar la seccion : La Preïstòria e l'Antiquitat anciana" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=2" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La Preïstòria e l'Antiquitat anciana"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Elam.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Elam.png/220px-Elam.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Elam.png/330px-Elam.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Elam.png/440px-Elam.png 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>Localizacion d'Elam durant l'Antiquitat.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lei vestigis pus ancians d'ocupacion umana descubèrts en Iran datan de 800 000 ans e son situats dins lo sud-èst dau país. Puei, unei vestigis neolitics mostran l'emergéncia progressiva d'una societat agricòla a partir dei millenis VII e VI avC. La metallurgia sembla aparéisser vèrs la fin dau milleni V avC dins la region de Susa que va venir lo centre de la civilizacion <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">elamita</a>. L'<a href="/wiki/Escritura" title="Escritura">escritura</a> e lei premierei vilas apareguèron, totjorn dins la region de Susa, au milleni III avC. </p><p>L'Empèri Elamita venguèt una poissança importanta de la region. Fins a sa destruccion per leis <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Assirian" title="Empèri Assirian">Assirians</a> au sègle VII avC, aguèt de relacions mai o mens conflictualas ambé lei civilizacions de <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. Èra dominat per lei vilas de Susa e d'Anshan. Mai d'un còp, leis Elamitas capitèron d'ocupar una partida de Mesopotamia e aguèron un ròtle important dins l'afondrament de la <a href="/wiki/Tresena_dinastia_d%27Ur" title="Tresena dinastia d'Ur">Tresena dinastia</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Ur" class="mw-disambig" title="Ur">Ur</a> en <a href="/wiki/-2004" class="mw-redirect" title="-2004">2004 avC</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ò dins la disparicion de la dinastia kasita de <a href="/wiki/Babil%C3%B2nia_(reialme)" title="Babilònia (reialme)">Babilònia</a> au sègle XII avC<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pasmens, fuguèron tanben de còps vencuts e parcialament ocupats per lei Mesopotamians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_migracion_dei_pòbles_iranians_vèrs_lo_plan_iranian"><span id="La_migracion_dei_p.C3.B2bles_iranians_v.C3.A8rs_lo_plan_iranian"></span>La migracion dei pòbles iranians vèrs lo plan iranian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modificar la seccion : La migracion dei pòbles iranians vèrs lo plan iranian" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=3" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La migracion dei pòbles iranians vèrs lo plan iranian"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aprofichant l'afebliment elamita, divèrsei pòbles migrèron vèrs lo plan iranian dins lo corrent dei premiers sègles dau milleni I avC. Ansin, vèrs lo sègle VII avC, lei Medes ocupèron la màger part de la region e venguèron una poissança importanta enemiga deis Assirians que dominavan Mesopotamia. Aliats ai Babilonians, capitèron de conquistar e de destrurre l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Assirian" title="Empèri Assirian">Empèri Assirian</a> entre <a href="/wiki/-614" class="mw-redirect" title="-614">614</a> e <a href="/wiki/-609" class="mw-redirect" title="-609">609</a> avC e formèron lo premier empèri centrat sus lo plan iranian<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. De combats còntra leis Escites permetèron de conquistar lo nòrd-oèst de l'Iran modèrne<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> fuguèt finalament partejada ambé lei Lidians<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pasmens, en <a href="/wiki/-559" class="mw-redirect" title="-559">559</a>, un còp d'estat menat per lo Pèrsa <a href="/wiki/Cir_II_lo_Gran" title="Cir II lo Gran">Cir II lo Gran</a>, rèi d'Anshan e vassau dei Medes, entraïnèt la fin de la dinastia dei Medes e son remplaçament per leis Aquemenidas<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Una partida de l'aristocràcia dei Medes deviá probablament sostenir lo complòt car gardèt son influéncia sus leis afaires de l'estat. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'Empèri_Aquemenida"><span id="L.27Emp.C3.A8ri_Aquemenida"></span>L'Empèri Aquemenida</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modificar la seccion : L'Empèri Aquemenida" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=4" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'Empèri Aquemenida"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Aquemenida" title="Empèri Aquemenida">Empèri Aquemenida</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Emp%C3%A8ri_P%C3%A8rs_a_l%27apog%C3%A8u_de_Cir_II.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emp%C3%A8ri_P%C3%A8rs_a_l%27apog%C3%A8u_de_Cir_II.png/220px-Emp%C3%A8ri_P%C3%A8rs_a_l%27apog%C3%A8u_de_Cir_II.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emp%C3%A8ri_P%C3%A8rs_a_l%27apog%C3%A8u_de_Cir_II.png/330px-Emp%C3%A8ri_P%C3%A8rs_a_l%27apog%C3%A8u_de_Cir_II.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emp%C3%A8ri_P%C3%A8rs_a_l%27apog%C3%A8u_de_Cir_II.png/440px-Emp%C3%A8ri_P%C3%A8rs_a_l%27apog%C3%A8u_de_Cir_II.png 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption>Empèri Aquemenida a la fin dau rèine de <a href="/wiki/Cir_II_lo_Gran" title="Cir II lo Gran">Cir II lo Gran</a> (559-529 avC).</figcaption></figure> <p>Lo rèine de <a href="/wiki/Cir_II_lo_Gran" title="Cir II lo Gran">Cir II lo Gran</a> (vèrs <a href="/wiki/-559" class="mw-redirect" title="-559">559</a>-<a href="/wiki/-529" class="mw-redirect" title="-529">529</a> avC) permetèt d'unificar l'empèri mede e de fondar lo premier <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_P%C3%A8rsa" title="Empèri Pèrsa">Empèri Pèrsa</a> après lei conquistas de Lidia, de Babilònia e d'una partida de l'Asia Centrala. Au contrari deis Assirians, lei Pèrsas s'ocupèron d'integrar lei pòbles vencuts au sen de l'administracion imperiala e laissèron una autonòmia importanta ais autoritats localas<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aquò limitèt un pauc lei revòutas — fòrça frequentas durant lo periòde assirian — e permetèt ai successors de Cir II de contuniar una politica d'expansion territòriala. A son apogèu, l'Empèri s'estendiguèt sus leis estats actuaus d'Iran, d'<a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, d'<a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, d'<a href="/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan">Afganistan</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia">Turquia</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, d'<a href="/wiki/Isra%C3%A8l" title="Israèl">Israèl</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Liban" title="Liban">Liban</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Jordania" title="Jordania">Jordania</a>, d'<a href="/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte">Egipte</a>, de <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a> e sus una partida de <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8cia" title="Grècia">Grècia</a>, d'<a href="/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita">Arabia Saudita</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Paquistan" title="Paquistan">Paquistan</a>. Pasmens, lei desfachas còntra lei <a href="/wiki/Ciutat-estat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciutat-estat">ciutats-estats</a> <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8cia_antica" title="Grècia antica">grègas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rras_Medicas" title="Guèrras Medicas">Guèrras Medicas</a>) marquèron lei limits de la poissança d'un empèri que fuguèt finalament pas capable d'unificar d'un biais eficaç de soudats d'origina diferenta e tanben pas capable de dominar un pòble refusant la senhoriá — de còps solament teorica en causa de l'alunchament — dau poder centrau pèrsa<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. A partir dau rèine de <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_Ier" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes Ier">Xerxes I<sup>èr</sup></a> (<a href="/wiki/-486" class="mw-redirect" title="-486">486</a>-<a href="/wiki/-465" class="mw-redirect" title="-465">465</a> avC), leis Aquemenidas fuguèron subretot obligats de defendre l'empèri còntra quauquei revòutas localas e leis expedicions militaras organizadas per lei Grècs o leis Escites, <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ris_nomadas" title="Empèris nomadas">pòble nomada</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/Asia_Centrala" title="Asia Centrala">Asia Centrala</a>. Divèrsei complòts au sen de la dinastia imperiala e de la Cort aumentèron lei dificultats de la dinastia que son poder declinèt pauc a pauc dins lo corrent dau sègle IV avC<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_conquista_d'Alexandre_lo_Grand_e_la_formacion_de_l'Empèri_Seleucida"><span id="La_conquista_d.27Alexandre_lo_Grand_e_la_formacion_de_l.27Emp.C3.A8ri_Seleucida"></span>La conquista d'Alexandre lo Grand e la formacion de l'Empèri Seleucida</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modificar la seccion : La conquista d'Alexandre lo Grand e la formacion de l'Empèri Seleucida" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=5" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La conquista d'Alexandre lo Grand e la formacion de l'Empèri Seleucida"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Formacion_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_d%27Alexandre_lo_Grand.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Formacion_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_d%27Alexandre_lo_Grand.png/220px-Formacion_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_d%27Alexandre_lo_Grand.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Formacion_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_d%27Alexandre_lo_Grand.png/330px-Formacion_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_d%27Alexandre_lo_Grand.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Formacion_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_d%27Alexandre_lo_Grand.png/440px-Formacion_de_l%27Emp%C3%A8ri_d%27Alexandre_lo_Grand.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Formacion de l'Empèri d'Alexandre lo Grand.</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Seleucida" class="mw-redirect" title="Empèri Seleucida">Empèri Seleucida</a>.</div> <p>L'Empèri Aquemenida s'afondrèt de <a href="/wiki/-334" class="mw-redirect" title="-334">334</a> a <a href="/wiki/-330" class="mw-redirect" title="-330">330</a> en fàcia de l'invasion dei tropas macedonianas d'<a href="/wiki/Alexandre_lo_Grand" title="Alexandre lo Grand">Alexandre lo Grand</a>. D'efèct, ja afeblit per de divisions intèrnas, <a href="/wiki/Darius_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius III">Darius III</a> (<a href="/wiki/-336" class="mw-redirect" title="-336">336</a>-<a href="/wiki/-330" class="mw-redirect" title="-330">330 avC</a>) deviá totjorn faciar la dificultat d'assemblar de pòbles diferents per formar una armada coerenta e èra presonier de concepcions tacticas perimidas còntra la falanja grèga. Ansin, la conquista de la mitat occidentala de l'Empèri fuguèt quasi una promenada militara que necessitèt solament tres batalhas importantas (<a href="/wiki/Batalha_dau_Granic" title="Batalha dau Granic">Lo Granic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batalha_d%27Issos" title="Batalha d'Issos">Issos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batalha_de_Gaugam%C3%A8las" title="Batalha de Gaugamèlas">Gaugamèlas</a>) e un sètge malaisat (<a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8tge_de_Tir_(332_avC)" title="Sètge de Tir (332 avC)">Tir</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La màger part dei governadors pèrsas, franc d'aquelei de Caucàs que venguèron independents, preferiguèron negociar ambé lo venceire e capitulèron rapidament. Ansin, après la revirada de la resisténcia desesperada de sei darrierei fòrças ai <a href="/wiki/Batalha_dei_Portaus_Persics" title="Batalha dei Portaus Persics">Portaus Persics</a>, Darius III fuguèt assassinat e Alexandre poguèt se proclamar son successor<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>De <a href="/wiki/-330" class="mw-redirect" title="-330">330</a> a <a href="/wiki/-324" class="mw-redirect" title="-324">324</a> avC, la conquista de la mitat orientala de l'Empèri Aquemenida fuguèt pus malaisada car certanei populacions i opausèron una resisténcia vertadiera. Ansin, <a href="/wiki/Bactriana" title="Bactriana">Bactriana</a> fuguèt parcialament conquistada e Alexandre poguèt solament s'assegurar dau contraròtle dei vilas principalas<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Puei, de lòng d'Indus, sei tropas subiguèron de pèrdas importantas per arrestar lei cargas deis <a href="/wiki/Elephantidae" title="Elephantidae">elefants</a> indians durant la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batalha_de_l%27Hidaspes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batalha de l'Hidaspes (la pagina existís pas)">batalha de l'Hidaspes</a>. Alexandre deguèt finalament se contentar d'establir sa senhoriá sus la region e de se retirar. Moriguèt a Babilònia en <a href="/wiki/-323" class="mw-redirect" title="-323">323 avC</a>. </p><p>Son empèri fuguèt partejat entre sei generaus. La màger part de l'Empèri Aquemenida, levat d'Egipte e d'una partida d'Anatolia, venguèt lo reiaume de <a href="/wiki/Seleuc_Ier" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleuc Ier">Seleuc Nicator</a> que fondèt l'Empèri Seleucida. Tre sa fondacion, aquel estat aguèt de dificultats per contraròtlar lo plan iranian e lei províncias orientalas de l'empèri<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. De mai, franc d'<a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%ADoc_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Antíoc III">Antíoc III</a> (<a href="/wiki/-223" class="mw-redirect" title="-223">223</a>-<a href="/wiki/-187" class="mw-redirect" title="-187">187 avC</a>), la màger part dei sobeirans seleucidas fuguèron afeblits per de crisis de succession e per de guèrras entre estats grècs. Lei regions orientalas de l'empèri fuguèron donc pauc a pauc conquistadas per lei Parts e, en <a href="/wiki/-160" class="mw-redirect" title="-160">160 avC</a>, l'Empèri Seleucida èra vengut un reiaume <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">sirian</a> que subreviquèt fins <a href="/wiki/-64" class="mw-redirect" title="-64">64 avC</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'Empèri_Part"><span id="L.27Emp.C3.A8ri_Part"></span>L'Empèri Part</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modificar la seccion : L'Empèri Part" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=6" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'Empèri Part"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Part" title="Empèri Part">Empèri Part</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Orient_Mejan_v%C3%A8rs_100.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Orient_Mejan_v%C3%A8rs_100.png/220px-Orient_Mejan_v%C3%A8rs_100.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Orient_Mejan_v%C3%A8rs_100.png/330px-Orient_Mejan_v%C3%A8rs_100.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Orient_Mejan_v%C3%A8rs_100.png/440px-Orient_Mejan_v%C3%A8rs_100.png 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>Orient Mejan e <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Part" title="Empèri Part">Empèri Part</a> vèrs 100.</figcaption></figure> <p>Au sègle III avC, l'<a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A8pa" title="Estèpa">estèpa</a> asiatica conoguèt una tièra de migracions intèrnas e certanei <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ris_nomadas" title="Empèris nomadas">pòbles nomadas</a> se dirigiguèron vèrs lo plan iranian. Lei Parts fuguèron lo pus important. S'installèron au nòrd-èst de l'Iran actuau e aprofichèron lo declin progressiu de l'Empèri Seleucida per s'estendre pauc a pauc vèrs l'oèst. Lo plan iranian fuguèt totalament ocupat a partir dau sègle II avC. Pasmens, aquò fuguèt la fin dei grandei conquistas partas e lei frontieras s'estabilizéron au sègle I avC. </p><p>Au sègle I avC, l'arribada dei Romans dins lei regions orientalas de la <a href="/wiki/Mar_Mediterran%C3%A8a" title="Mar Mediterranèa">Mar Mediterranèa</a> marquèt la fin dei progrès parts vèrs l'oèst. Dins lei regions orientalas de l'Empèri, de migracions novèlas de pòbles nomadas asiatics entraïnèt una pression militara importanta e s'acabèt per l'abandon de l'Afganistan modèrn. Lo plan iranian venguèt donc lo centre de l'Empèri Part qu'installèt sa capitala a <a href="/wiki/Ctesifont" title="Ctesifont">Ctesifont</a> per susvelhar sa frontiera occidentala. D'efèct, unei guèrras se debanèron entre lei Romans e lei Parts, magerament per lo contraròtle d'<a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>. Dins aquò, maugrat de batalhas resclantissentas, coma la <a href="/wiki/Batalha_de_Carrhes" title="Batalha de Carrhes">batalha de Carrhes</a> en <a href="/wiki/-53" class="mw-redirect" title="-53">53 avC</a> ò la campanha de Mesopotamia de <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> de <a href="/wiki/116" class="mw-redirect" title="116">116</a>, lei dos camps mau capitèron d'averar una victòria decisiva e, fin finala, lo limit entre lei dos empèris demorèt establa. </p><p>Relativament mau conegut en causa de la manca de documents escrichs<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, lo periòde part veguèt la fondacion, o la refondacion, d'unei vilas novèlas coma Merv, Ctesifont e Firuzabad, la perseguida de l'evolucion de l'art ellenistic introduch per la conquista macedoniana e lo desvolopament de divèrsei corrents religiós o filosics que venguèron importants durant lo periòde sassanida<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lo sègle II veguèt lo declin de la dinastia parta en causa de complòts intèrns e de la contuniacion dei guèrras còntra lei Romans<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. De 224 a 226, la revòuta d'<a href="/wiki/Ardachir_Ier" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardachir Ier">Ardachir I<sup>èr</sup></a> (<a href="/wiki/224" class="mw-redirect" title="224">224</a>-<a href="/wiki/241" class="mw-redirect" title="241">241</a>), vassau poderós dei regions de Susa e d'Isfahan, entraïnèt la casuda de la dinastia e son remplaçament per lei Sassanidas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'Empèri_Sassanida"><span id="L.27Emp.C3.A8ri_Sassanida"></span>L'Empèri Sassanida</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modificar la seccion : L'Empèri Sassanida" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=7" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'Empèri Sassanida"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Sassanida" title="Empèri Sassanida">Empèri Sassanida</a>.</div> <p>Lo remplaçament dei Parts per lei Sassanidas entraïnèt una contuniacion de la politica estrangiera e lo començament d'una tièra de reformas intèrnas<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ansin, se debanèron de guèrras novèlas còntra l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Empèri Roman">Empèri Roman</a> que s'acabèron per lo mantenement dau <i>statu quo</i> maugrat la <a href="/wiki/Batalha_d%27Edessa_(260)" title="Batalha d'Edessa (260)">victòria d'Edessa</a> en <a href="/wiki/260" class="mw-redirect" title="260">260</a> e la captura de l'emperaire <a href="/wiki/Valerian" title="Valerian">Valerian</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. En revènge, sus lei frontieras orientalas, lei Sassanidas prenguèron pauc a pauc l'avantatge sus lei Kochans e vassalizèron lei regions entre lo limit oèst dau plan orientau e l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndia" title="Índia">Índia</a> modèrna. Enfin, au sen de l'empèri, <a href="/wiki/Shapur_Ier" title="Shapur Ier">Shapur I<sup>èr</sup></a> (<a href="/wiki/241" class="mw-redirect" title="241">241</a>-<a href="/wiki/272" class="mw-redirect" title="272">272</a>), segond sobeiran sassanida, reorganizèt l'administracion e leis afaires religiós. </p><p>Lei successors de <a href="/wiki/Shapur_Ier" title="Shapur Ier">Shapur I<sup>èr</sup></a> fuguèron mens capables e lei Romans aprofichèron la situacion per impausar la signatura d'un tractat de patz de quaranta annadas en <a href="/wiki/298" class="mw-redirect" title="298">298</a> durant lo rèine de <a href="/wiki/Nars%C3%A8s" title="Narsès">Narsès</a> (<a href="/wiki/293" class="mw-redirect" title="293">293</a>-<a href="/wiki/302" class="mw-redirect" title="302">302</a>). <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a> (<a href="/wiki/309" class="mw-redirect" title="309">309</a>-<a href="/wiki/379" class="mw-redirect" title="379">379</a>) capitèt de redreiçar la poissança de l'Empèri gràcias a sei victòrias còntra lei Kochans e a sa resisténcia ai Romans arribats dins la region de Ctesifont en <a href="/wiki/363" class="mw-redirect" title="363">363</a>. </p><p>A partir dau sègle V, lo començament deis invasions dei <a href="/wiki/Huns_Blancs" title="Huns Blancs">Huns Blancs</a> venguèron una menaça novèla e <a href="/wiki/Peroz_Ier" title="Peroz Ier">Peroz I<sup>èr</sup></a> (<a href="/wiki/457" class="mw-redirect" title="457">457</a>-<a href="/wiki/484" class="mw-redirect" title="484">484</a>) deguèt se defendre. Pasmens, fuguèt capturat en 466 e, après sa liberacion, finalament tuat en <a href="/wiki/484" class="mw-redirect" title="484">484</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Afganistan, la region de Merv e una partida de Khorasan fuguèron abandonats après aquelei reviradas e fins au començament dau sègle VI, lei Sassanidas deguèron pagar un tribút important ais envaïsseires. La segonda mitat dau sègle V fuguèt tanben caracterizada per una tièra de crisis intèrnas coma la famina de 464-471. Aquò entraïnèt una insureccion de la populacion e una crisi de succession en 497-499<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Lo darrier redreiçament de l'Empèri Sassanida se debanèt durant lo rèine de <a href="/wiki/Cosrau_Ier" title="Cosrau Ier">Cosrau I<sup>èr</sup></a> (<a href="/wiki/531" class="mw-redirect" title="531">531</a>-<a href="/wiki/578" class="mw-redirect" title="578">578</a>). Militarament, obtenguèt un tribút de l'emperaire <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Bizantin" title="Empèri Bizantin">bizantin</a> <a href="/wiki/Justinian_Ier" title="Justinian Ier">Justinian I<sup>èr</sup></a> (<a href="/wiki/527" class="mw-redirect" title="527">527</a>-<a href="/wiki/565" class="mw-redirect" title="565">565</a>) en cambi d'una trèva e s'alièt ambé lei Tujues per destrurre lei Huns Blancs entre <a href="/wiki/562" class="mw-redirect" title="562">562</a> e <a href="/wiki/568" class="mw-redirect" title="568">568</a>. Pasmens, aquela aliança èra fragila e Sassanidas e Tujues, sostenguts per lei Bizantins, venguèron rapidament enemics<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. De 588 a 589, leis invasions dei Tujues fuguèron arrestats e, en <a href="/wiki/602" class="mw-redirect" title="602">602</a>, acomencèt una guèrra lònga e acarnada còntra lei Bizantins. En <a href="/wiki/614" class="mw-redirect" title="614">614</a>, lei Sassanidas ocupèron Jerusalèm e intrèron en Egipte e en Anatolia onte Constantinòple deguèt faciar un <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8tge_de_Constantin%C3%B2ple_(626)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sètge de Constantinòple (626)">sètge malaisat en 626</a>. Dins aquò, l'emperaire bizantin <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a> (<a href="/wiki/610" class="mw-redirect" title="610">610</a>-<a href="/wiki/641" class="mw-redirect" title="641">641</a>) reorganizèt sei territòris e aprofichèt lei divisions entre lei princes de l'Anatolia orientala per formar una armada importanta e esquichar lei Sassanidas a Niniva a <a href="/wiki/628" class="mw-redirect" title="628">628</a>. La guèrra s'acabèt per la restauracion dei frontieras de 602 e per un afebliment major dei dos empèris que devián faciar lei premiereis invasions deis Arabis musulmans<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_conquista_e_la_dominacion_aràbias"><span id="La_conquista_e_la_dominacion_ar.C3.A0bias"></span>La conquista e la dominacion aràbias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modificar la seccion : La conquista e la dominacion aràbias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=8" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La conquista e la dominacion aràbias"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/Califat_abbassida" title="Califat abbassida">Califat abbassida</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Orient_Mejan_(premiera_mitat_dau_s%C3%A8gle_VII).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Orient_Mejan_%28premiera_mitat_dau_s%C3%A8gle_VII%29.png/220px-Orient_Mejan_%28premiera_mitat_dau_s%C3%A8gle_VII%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Orient_Mejan_%28premiera_mitat_dau_s%C3%A8gle_VII%29.png/330px-Orient_Mejan_%28premiera_mitat_dau_s%C3%A8gle_VII%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Orient_Mejan_%28premiera_mitat_dau_s%C3%A8gle_VII%29.png/440px-Orient_Mejan_%28premiera_mitat_dau_s%C3%A8gle_VII%29.png 2x" data-file-width="889" data-file-height="622" /></a><figcaption>Evolucion de l'Orient Mejan durant la premiera mitat dau sègle VII.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Orient_Mejan_v%C3%A8rs_970.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Orient_Mejan_v%C3%A8rs_970.png/220px-Orient_Mejan_v%C3%A8rs_970.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Orient_Mejan_v%C3%A8rs_970.png/330px-Orient_Mejan_v%C3%A8rs_970.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Orient_Mejan_v%C3%A8rs_970.png/440px-Orient_Mejan_v%C3%A8rs_970.png 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Orient Mejan vèrs 970.</figcaption></figure> <p>La conquista arabia de Pèrsia acomencèt après la repression dei revòutas consecutivas a la mòrt de <a href="/wiki/Maomet" title="Maomet">Maomet</a>. Fòrça afeblit per la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gu%C3%A8rra_Bizantinosassanida_de_602-628&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guèrra Bizantinosassanida de 602-628 (la pagina existís pas)">guèrra Bizantinosassanida de 602-628</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Sassanida" title="Empèri Sassanida">Empèri Sassanida</a> fuguèt rapidament en dificultat<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Tre 633, lei tribús arabias vassalas fuguèron somesas per leis armadas <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">musulmanas</a> que contunièron d'avançar en direccion de Pèrsia. Inicialament blocats, leis Arabis fuguèron venceires a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batalha_de_Buwayd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batalha de Buwayd (la pagina existís pas)">Buwayd</a> (<a href="/wiki/635" class="mw-redirect" title="635">635</a>) e an <a href="/wiki/Batalha_d%27al-Qadisiyya" title="Batalha d'al-Qadisiyya">al-Qadisiyya</a> (<a href="/wiki/636" class="mw-redirect" title="636">636</a>). Ctesifont tombèt en <a href="/wiki/637" class="mw-redirect" title="637">637</a> e lei darrierei fòrças sassanidas importantas fuguèron anientadas a <a href="/wiki/Batalha_de_Nehavend" title="Batalha de Nehavend">Nehavend</a> en <a href="/wiki/642" class="mw-redirect" title="642">642</a>. Après aquela revirada, lo darrier sobeiran sassanida, <a href="/wiki/Yazdgart_III" title="Yazdgart III">Yazdgart III</a> (<a href="/wiki/632" class="mw-redirect" title="632">632</a>-<a href="/wiki/651" class="mw-redirect" title="651">651</a>), fugiguèt per assaiar d'organizar una armada novèla mai, coma Darius III còntra Alexandre, fuguèt finalament assassinat per un vassau a Merv<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Après aqueu succès, lei Musulmans fuguèron ocupats per la succession d'Ali e la guèrra civila entre lei partisans deis Omeias — que formèron lei sunitas — e lei deis eiretiers d'Ali — que formèron lei chiitas. Mesopotomia e la mitat occidentala de Pèrsia fuguèron lo teatre principau d'aquelei guèrras civilas<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aquò fragilizèt la dominacion arabia sus lo plan iranian que venguèt lo refugi de divèrseis opausants e lo luòc de revòutas quasi continualas. L'insureccion decisiva acomencèt en genier de <a href="/wiki/748" class="mw-redirect" title="748">748</a> quand <a href="/wiki/Abu_Muslim_al-Khurasani" title="Abu Muslim al-Khurasani">Abu Muslim</a> capitèt d'unificar lei maucontents e de conquistar Merv au profiech deis <a href="/wiki/Califat_abbassida" title="Califat abbassida">Abbassidas</a>. En <a href="/wiki/750" class="mw-redirect" title="750">750</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Batalha_de_Zab" title="Batalha de Zab">batalha de Zab</a> entraïnèt la destruccion dau Califat Omeia e l'instauracion dau <a href="/wiki/Califat_abbassida" title="Califat abbassida">Califat abbassida</a>. </p><p>Pasmens, lei revòutas contunièron car Abu Muslim, vengut fòrça poderós, fuguèt assassinat en <a href="/wiki/755" class="mw-redirect" title="755">755</a> per leis Abbassidas. Aquò entraïnèt una tièra de revòutas fins a 783 que son dichas lei <a href="/wiki/Rev%C3%B2utas_dei_Companhons_d%27Abu_Muslim" title="Revòutas dei Companhons d'Abu Muslim">Revòutas dei Companhons d'Abu Muslim</a>. Pasmens, la fin d'aquelei movements marquèt pas la fin dei revòutas iranianas e, maugrat l'installacion de la capitala abbassida a <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a>, lo contraròtle arabi sus Pèrsia demeniguèt pauc a pauc<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. A la fin dau sègle IX, la region èra devesida entre divèrsei dinastias localas e, en <a href="/wiki/945" class="mw-redirect" title="945">945</a>, leis Abbassidas esperelei fuguèron plaçats sota lo protectorat dei Boidas chiitas<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_conquista_Seljoquida_e_la_formacion_dau_Sultanat_de_Khwarezm">La conquista Seljoquida e la formacion dau Sultanat de Khwarezm</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modificar la seccion : La conquista Seljoquida e la formacion dau Sultanat de Khwarezm" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=9" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La conquista Seljoquida e la formacion dau Sultanat de Khwarezm"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Seldjokidas_-_Esqu%C3%A8ma_generau.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Seldjokidas_-_Esqu%C3%A8ma_generau.png/220px-Seldjokidas_-_Esqu%C3%A8ma_generau.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Seldjokidas_-_Esqu%C3%A8ma_generau.png/330px-Seldjokidas_-_Esqu%C3%A8ma_generau.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Seldjokidas_-_Esqu%C3%A8ma_generau.png/440px-Seldjokidas_-_Esqu%C3%A8ma_generau.png 2x" data-file-width="1613" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>Territòris ocupats per lei Seldjokidas.</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/Turcs_Seldjokidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Turcs Seldjokidas">Turcs Seldjokidas</a>.</div> <p>Lo periòde de division de Pèrsia durèt aperaquí un sègle que veguèt l'establiment — jamai definitiu — de plusors empèris sus la màger part dau plan iranian. Aguèron per consequéncia de permetre lo retorn de populacions iranianas desplaçadas dins l'èst de Pèrsia per lei combats de la conquista arabia e l'arribada de pòbles turcs. Aquò entraïnèt una restauracion de la lenga e de la cultura persanas e una demenicion rapida de l'arabizacion de la region. </p><p>A partir de la mitat dau sègle XI, Pèrsia fuguèt atacada per lei Turcs Seldjokidas que venián, coma la màger part deis envaïsseires d'Iran, de l'<a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A8pa" title="Estèpa">estèpa</a> <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">asiatica</a>. Fondèron un principat dins la region de Korasan e ocupèron pauc a pauc lo rèsta de la region fins a la conquista de <a href="/wiki/Bagdad" title="Bagdad">Bagdad</a> en <a href="/wiki/1055" class="mw-redirect" title="1055">1055</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Après aquelei victòrias, <a href="/wiki/Alp_Arslan" title="Alp Arslan">Alp Arslan</a> (<a href="/wiki/1063" class="mw-redirect" title="1063">1063</a>-<a href="/wiki/1072" class="mw-redirect" title="1072">1072</a>) fuguèt lo fondator vertadier de l'estat Seljoquida gràcias a son òbra administrativa e a la neutralizacion de la menaça <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Bizantin" title="Empèri Bizantin">bizantina</a> a <a href="/wiki/Batalha_de_Manzikert" class="mw-redirect" title="Batalha de Manzikert">Manzikert</a> (<a href="/wiki/1071" class="mw-redirect" title="1071">1071</a>). Son fiu <a href="/wiki/Malik_Chah_Ier" title="Malik Chah Ier">Malik Chah I<sup>èr</sup></a> (<a href="/wiki/1072" class="mw-redirect" title="1072">1072</a>-<a href="/wiki/1092" class="mw-redirect" title="1092">1092</a>) acabèt l'unificacion de Pèrsia après la conquista de Sogdiana en <a href="/wiki/1074" class="mw-redirect" title="1074">1074</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pasmens, après sa mòrt, l'autoritat dei Seldjokidas demeniguèt e sei vassaus venguèron lei caps vertadiers de l'empèri<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Per exemple, de <a href="/wiki/1180" class="mw-redirect" title="1180">1180</a> a <a href="/wiki/1225" class="mw-redirect" title="1225">1225</a>, lo <a href="/wiki/Califat_abbassida" title="Califat abbassida">Califat abbassida</a> restaurèt son independéncia a l'entorn de Bagdad. En <a href="/wiki/1141" class="mw-redirect" title="1141">1141</a>, lei Seldjokidas fuguèron esquichats a <a href="/wiki/Batalha_de_Katwan" title="Batalha de Katwan">Katwan</a> per lei Karakitais. Lei regions orientalas dau plan iranian fuguèron envaïdas per divèrsei nomadas e lei Seldjokidas fuguèron definitivament anientats en <a href="/wiki/1194" class="mw-redirect" title="1194">1194</a>. Lei venceires venguèron lei senhors dau Sultanat de Khwarezm e capitèron d'ocupar lo plan iranian mai pas Mesopotamia que demorèt sota contraròtle abbassida<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_conquista_mongòla"><span id="La_conquista_mong.C3.B2la"></span>La conquista mongòla</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modificar la seccion : La conquista mongòla" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=10" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La conquista mongòla"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Mong%C3%B2l" title="Empèri Mongòl">Empèri Mongòl</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Orient_Mejan_(s%C3%A8gles_XIII-XIV).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Orient_Mejan_%28s%C3%A8gles_XIII-XIV%29.png/220px-Orient_Mejan_%28s%C3%A8gles_XIII-XIV%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Orient_Mejan_%28s%C3%A8gles_XIII-XIV%29.png/330px-Orient_Mejan_%28s%C3%A8gles_XIII-XIV%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Orient_Mejan_%28s%C3%A8gles_XIII-XIV%29.png/440px-Orient_Mejan_%28s%C3%A8gles_XIII-XIV%29.png 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Evolucion de l'Orient Mejan durant lei sègles XIII e XIV.</figcaption></figure> <p>Quauquei decennis après la destruccion dau Sultanat Seldjokide, lo Sultanat de Khwarezm s'estendiguèt vèrs l'Asia Centrala onte deguèt faciar lei tropas mongòlas de <a href="/wiki/Genghis_Khan" title="Genghis Khan">Genghis Khan</a>. Un acòrd de patz fuguèt conclut mai lo chaple d'una caravana marchanda protegida per lei Mongòls entraïnèt una guèrra novèla a partir de <a href="/wiki/1219" class="mw-redirect" title="1219">1219</a>. Lei Mongòls ocupèron Samarcanda en març de 1220 e pilhèron sensa dificultat la region que sei fòrças èran tròp dispersadas per resistir<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. A partir de <a href="/wiki/1222" class="mw-redirect" title="1222">1222</a>, leis expedicions de pilhatge se transformèron en campanhas d'annexion e Korasan fuguèt integrat a l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Mong%C3%B2l" title="Empèri Mongòl">Empèri Mongòl</a>. </p><p>D'autreis expedicions se debanèron dins la region iraniana en 1229-1230, en 1243 e en 1258-1260. Entraïnèron la conquista mongòla de la màger part de l'Orient Mejan e de destruccions majoras coma lei dau sac de Bagdad e dau <a href="/wiki/Califat_abbassida" title="Califat abbassida">Califat abbassida</a> en <a href="/wiki/1258" class="mw-redirect" title="1258">1258</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Après la division de l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Mong%C3%B2l" title="Empèri Mongòl">Empèri Mongòl</a>, la region faguèt partida de l'<a href="/wiki/Ilkhanat" title="Ilkhanat">Ilkhanat</a>. Aquel estat deguèt faciar divèrsei crisis intèrnas. Premier, l'introduccion de l'<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a> au sen de son elèit se turtèt a l'oposicion d'una partida de l'aristocràcia mongòla e causèt mai d'un còp d'estat avans son acceptacion definitiva au començament dau sègle XIV. Pasmens, aquò permetèt pas d'estabilizar l'autoritat dau khan que deguèt luchar còntra lei temptativas secessionistas de sei vassaus, compres sei generaus e sei ministres<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ansin, après <a href="/wiki/1327" class="mw-redirect" title="1327">1327</a>, l'Ilkhanat s'afondrèt e dispareguèt finalament en <a href="/wiki/1336" class="mw-redirect" title="1336">1336</a>. </p><p>Aqueu periòde causèt la migracion d'unei pòbles e aguèt una influéncia fòrça importanta sus lo poblament de l'Iran modèrn. Confirmèt tanben l'implantacion de l'islam en Pèrsia gràcias a la conversion rapida deis envaïsseires e ai movements de reaccion nacionalista còntra la dominacion mongòla<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ansin, mai d'una granda mosqueta fuguèt bastida a partir de la fin dau sègle XIV per leis estats successors de l'Ilkhanat : <a href="/wiki/Turcomans_dau_Moton_Negre" title="Turcomans dau Moton Negre">Turcomans dau Moton Negre</a> e <a href="/wiki/Turcomans_dau_Moton_Blanc" title="Turcomans dau Moton Blanc">Turcomans dau Moton Blanc</a> en Mesopotamia Auta e <a href="/wiki/Muzaffaridas" title="Muzaffaridas">Muzaffaridas</a> dins lo centre de Pèrsia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lo_periòde_de_Tamburlan"><span id="Lo_peri.C3.B2de_de_Tamburlan"></span>Lo periòde de Tamburlan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo periòde de Tamburlan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=11" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo periòde de Tamburlan"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/Tamburlan" title="Tamburlan">Tamburlan</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Emp%C3%A8ri_Timurida.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Emp%C3%A8ri_Timurida.png/220px-Emp%C3%A8ri_Timurida.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Emp%C3%A8ri_Timurida.png/330px-Emp%C3%A8ri_Timurida.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Emp%C3%A8ri_Timurida.png/440px-Emp%C3%A8ri_Timurida.png 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>Formacion de l'Empèri Timurida e extension en 1405.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lo periòde de division de Pèrsia après l'afondrament de l'<a href="/wiki/Ilkhanat" title="Ilkhanat">Ilkhanat</a> durèt gaire e la region fuguèt tornarmai unificada per <a href="/wiki/Tamburlan" title="Tamburlan">Tamburlan</a> (vèrs <a href="/wiki/1370" class="mw-redirect" title="1370">1370</a> - <a href="/wiki/1405" class="mw-redirect" title="1405">1405</a>). Senhor d'origina turcomongòla, installèt sa capitala a Samarcada en <a href="/wiki/1369" class="mw-redirect" title="1369">1369</a> e acomencèt una tièra de campanhas militaras<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. En <a href="/wiki/1381" class="mw-redirect" title="1381">1381</a>, èra lo cap de tot lo plan iranian puei contunièt seis ofensivas còntra lo <a href="/wiki/Khanat_de_l%27%C3%92rda_d%27Aur" title="Khanat de l'Òrda d'Aur">Khanat de l'Òrda d'Aur</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndia" title="Índia">Índia</a> e lei principats de l'Asia Centrala<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aquò entraïnèt de destruccions majoras dins lei regions ocupadas<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. En particular, la destruccions dei canaus d'aigatge causèt lo declin economic de regions importantas dau centre d'Asia. Pasmens, après lei combats, Tamburlan favorizèt lo redreiçament de sei possessions e Samarcanda conoguèt un desvolopament economic e culturau fòrça important<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Après sa mòrt, son empèri deguèt faciar una tièra de crisis intèrnas (complòt per la succession, revòutas...) e extèrnas (guèrras...)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. En <a href="/wiki/1469" class="mw-redirect" title="1469">1469</a>, perdiguèt sei regions occidentalas au profiech dei <a href="/wiki/Turcomans_dau_Moton_Blanc" title="Turcomans dau Moton Blanc">Turcomans dau Moton Blanc</a> e dispareguèt definitivament en <a href="/wiki/1507" class="mw-redirect" title="1507">1507</a>. La dinastia subrevisquèt a la tèsta de principats situada en Asia Centrala e, subretot, a la tèsta de l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Mog%C3%B2l" title="Empèri Mogòl">Empèri Mogòl</a> fondat per <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> dins leis annadas 1520. En revènge, lo plan iranian fuguèt perdut e una dinastia locala i prenguèt lo poder fondant l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Safavida" title="Empèri Safavida">Empèri Safavida</a> en <a href="/wiki/1501" class="mw-redirect" title="1501">1501</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'Empèri_Safavida_e_l'introduccion_dau_chiisme"><span id="L.27Emp.C3.A8ri_Safavida_e_l.27introduccion_dau_chiisme"></span>L'Empèri Safavida e l'introduccion dau chiisme</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modificar la seccion : L'Empèri Safavida e l'introduccion dau chiisme" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=12" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'Empèri Safavida e l'introduccion dau chiisme"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Safavida" title="Empèri Safavida">Empèri Safavida</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Emp%C3%A8ri_Safavida.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Emp%C3%A8ri_Safavida.png/220px-Emp%C3%A8ri_Safavida.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Emp%C3%A8ri_Safavida.png/330px-Emp%C3%A8ri_Safavida.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Emp%C3%A8ri_Safavida.png/440px-Emp%C3%A8ri_Safavida.png 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="557" /></a><figcaption>Evolucion de l'Empèri Safavida.</figcaption></figure> <p>La conquista dau poder per lei Safavidas se debanèt de <a href="/wiki/1500" class="mw-redirect" title="1500">1500</a> a <a href="/wiki/1510" class="mw-redirect" title="1510">1510</a> quand <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Ier" title="Ismail Ier">Ismail I<sup>èr</sup></a> (<a href="/wiki/1501" class="mw-redirect" title="1501">1501</a>-<a href="/wiki/1524" class="mw-redirect" title="1524">1524</a>), un senhor locau de l'<a href="/wiki/Azerbaitjan" title="Azerbaitjan">Azerbaitjan</a> actuau, reüniguèt una armada e acomencèt d'unificar la region sota son autoritat. Tre <a href="/wiki/1501" class="mw-redirect" title="1501">1501</a>, prenguèt <a href="/wiki/Bak%C3%B3" title="Bakó">Bakó</a> e creèt la dinastia dei Safavidas. La confederacion dau Moton Blanc mau capitèt de s'opausar a sei conquistas e, en <a href="/wiki/1503" class="mw-redirect" title="1503">1503</a>, perdiguèt una batalha dins lo nòrd de Mesopotamia que s'acabèt per la pèrda d'<a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> e de la vila de Fars. Lo rèsta de la conquista dau plan iranian rescontrèt per la seguida mens de resisténcia e se finiguèt en <a href="/wiki/1510" class="mw-redirect" title="1510">1510</a>. Aquela unificacion de Pèrsia per una dinastia d'origina locala marquèt la naissença de l'Iran modèrne<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>En lucha còntra l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman" title="Empèri Otoman">Empèri Otoman</a> e desfach en <a href="/wiki/1514" class="mw-redirect" title="1514">1514</a> a <a href="/wiki/Batalha_de_Chaldiran" title="Batalha de Chaldiran">Chaldiran</a>, la dinastia novèla adoptèt lo <a href="/wiki/Chiisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiisme">chiisme</a> coma religion d'estat e l'impausèt per fòrça<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Venguèt un factor d'unitat fòrça poderós que permetèt de demenir lei tensions entre pòbles diferents au profiech de la defensa de la causa religiosa comuna<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aquò permetèt ai Safavidas de resistir a la tièra de conflictes que se debanèron durant lo sègle XVI : còntra leis Otomans a l'oèst, còntra lei <a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Mog%C3%B2l" title="Empèri Mogòl">Mogòls</a> a l'èst, còntra leis <a href="/wiki/Ozbequistan" title="Ozbequistan">Ozbècs</a> ò lei <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Rus</a> au nòrd e enfin còntra leis Europèus, especialament lei <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugués</a> au sud. A la fin dau sègle, lei progrès otomans e ozbècs èran venguts una menaça mai lo rèine de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abbas_Ier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abbas Ier (la pagina existís pas)">Abbas I<sup>èr</sup></a> (<a href="/wiki/1588" class="mw-redirect" title="1588">1588</a>-<a href="/wiki/1629" class="mw-redirect" title="1629">1629</a>) permetèt de redreiçar la situacion<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/1588" class="mw-redirect" title="1588">1588</a>, lei Safavidas s'alièron ambé leis <a href="/wiki/Reialme_Unit" title="Reialme Unit">Anglés</a> que reorganizèron l'armada pèrsa. En <a href="/wiki/1622" class="mw-redirect" title="1622">1622</a>, leis Anglés reconquistèron Ormuz en cambi dau drech de fondar una basa navala a Bander Abbas. Capitèron tanben d'equilibrar lei relacions ambé leis Otomans e lei Mogòls. En <a href="/wiki/1639" class="mw-redirect" title="1639">1639</a>, la frontiera fuguèt finalament definida ambé l'Empèri Otoman : Pèrsia perdiguèt la màger part de Mesopotamia mai gardèt lo contraròtle de l'Armenia Orientala e d'Azerbaitjan<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. En fòra dei guèrras, lo periòde veguèt tanben l'adopcion d'una politica de desvolopament economic ambé, per exemple, la bastida d'obradors de produccion de tapís e lo transferiment de la capitala a Isfahan. </p><p>Lo declin de la dinastia acomencèt après la mòrt de Chah Abbas. Mens capables e de còps gaire interessats per leis afaires dau govèrn, sei successors adoptèron una politica religiosa pus dura còntra lo sunisme, especialament durant lo rèine de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chah_Sultan_Husain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chah Sultan Husain (la pagina existís pas)">Chah Sultan Husain</a> (<a href="/wiki/1694" class="mw-redirect" title="1694">1694</a>-<a href="/wiki/1722" class="mw-redirect" title="1722">1722</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aquò entraïnèt de tensions grèvas dins certanei províncias e finalament una revòuta generala d'Afganistan en <a href="/wiki/1707" class="mw-redirect" title="1707">1707</a>. L'armada safavida fuguèt batuda e Isfahan pilhada en <a href="/wiki/1722" class="mw-redirect" title="1722">1722</a> marcant la fin de la dinastia<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_Dinastia_Qajara">La Dinastia Qajara</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modificar la seccion : La Dinastia Qajara" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=13" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La Dinastia Qajara"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Iran_-_Frontieras_ai_s%C3%A8gles_XIX_e_XX.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Iran_-_Frontieras_ai_s%C3%A8gles_XIX_e_XX.png/220px-Iran_-_Frontieras_ai_s%C3%A8gles_XIX_e_XX.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Iran_-_Frontieras_ai_s%C3%A8gles_XIX_e_XX.png/330px-Iran_-_Frontieras_ai_s%C3%A8gles_XIX_e_XX.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Iran_-_Frontieras_ai_s%C3%A8gles_XIX_e_XX.png/440px-Iran_-_Frontieras_ai_s%C3%A8gles_XIX_e_XX.png 2x" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>Evolucion dei frontieras iranianas durant la dinastia qajara.</figcaption></figure> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/wiki/Dinastia_Qajara" title="Dinastia Qajara">Dinastia Qajara</a>.</div> <p>La conquista de la capitala per l'insureccion <a href="/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan">afgana</a> entraïnèt l'afondrament totala de l'autoritat centrala. D'un caire, lei províncias refusèron de reconóisser lo poder afgan e preferiguèron venir independentas. D'autre caire, leis estats vesins, especialament l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Otoman" title="Empèri Otoman">Empèri Otoman</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Empèri Rus</a> e lei <a href="/wiki/Reialme_Unit" title="Reialme Unit">Britanics</a> aprofichèron lo caòs intèrn per ocupar certanei zònas frontalieras<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Aquela situacion malaisada fuguèt aprofichat per <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nadir_Chah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nadir Chah (la pagina existís pas)">Nadir Chah</a> que capitèt de reünir una armada e d'obtenir lo sostèn dau darrier senhor safavida — sobeiran teoric de Pèrsia — per legitimar son poder après la reconquista d'Isfahan. Puei, reversèt oficialament la dinastia e se proclamèt chah en <a href="/wiki/1736" class="mw-redirect" title="1736">1736</a>. Fins a son assassinat en <a href="/wiki/1747" class="mw-redirect" title="1747">1747</a>, obliguèt leis Otomans (<a href="/wiki/1736" class="mw-redirect" title="1736">1736</a>) e lei Rus (1739) de se retirar dau territòri iranian, vassalizèt lei Khanats Ozbècs (<a href="/wiki/1739" class="mw-redirect" title="1739">1739</a>) e dirigiguèt una campanha victoriosa còntra l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Mog%C3%B2l" title="Empèri Mogòl">Empèri Mogòl</a> que sa capitala fuguèt pilhada en <a href="/wiki/1739" class="mw-redirect" title="1739">1739</a>. </p><p>Sa mòrt dubriguèt un periòde novèu de caòs e entraïnèt l'independéncia d'<a href="/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan">Afganistan</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. L'unificacion fuguèt l'òbra de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karim_Khan_Zarim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karim Khan Zarim (la pagina existís pas)">Karim Khan Zarim</a> (<a href="/wiki/1750" class="mw-redirect" title="1750">1750</a>-<a href="/wiki/1779" class="mw-redirect" title="1779">1779</a>), governador de Chiraz, que fondèt la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinastia_Zand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinastia Zand (la pagina existís pas)">dinastia Zand</a>. Pasmens, a sa mòrt, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agha_Mohammad_Chah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agha Mohammad Chah (la pagina existís pas)">Agha Mohammad Chah</a> contestèt l'autoritat de sei successors, creèt la <a href="/wiki/Dinastia_Qajara" title="Dinastia Qajara">Dinastia Qajara</a> e acomencèt d'estendre sa dominacion sus lo plan iranian. Se proclamèt chah en <a href="/wiki/1787" class="mw-redirect" title="1787">1787</a> e conquistèt Isfahan e Chiraz en <a href="/wiki/1796" class="mw-redirect" title="1796">1796</a>. Utilizèt de metòdes feroç durant sa conquista per limitar lo risc de revòuta coma, per exemple, la mutilacion de la màger deis òmes de la vila de Kirman en <a href="/wiki/1794" class="mw-redirect" title="1794">1794</a>. Aquò favorizèt la pacificacion de Pèrsia<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pasmens, en Georgia, aquò permetèt ais abitants de demandar l'ajuda de Russia qu'ocupèt la region en <a href="/wiki/1797" class="mw-redirect" title="1797">1797</a>. </p><p>Lo començament dau sègle XIX marquèt lo començament dau declin de la poissança iraniana que perdiguèt divèrsei territòris e fuguèt partejada en zònas d'influéncia. Ansin, en <a href="/wiki/1813" class="mw-redirect" title="1813">1813</a> e en <a href="/wiki/1828" class="mw-redirect" title="1828">1828</a>, Pèrsia deguèt abandonar una partida de Caucàs, divèrsei territòris au sud de la <a href="/wiki/Mar_Caspiana" title="Mar Caspiana">Mar Caspiana</a> e la region de Merv au profiech de <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>. Puei, a partir deis annadas 1840, lei progrès britanics en Índia menacèron lei regions orientalas e Teheran deguèt reconóisser la pèrda d'unei territòris ais Afgans o ai Britanics. En revènge, l'afebliment dau Sultanat d'Oman permetèt ais Iranians de reconquistar tota la zòna litorala dau sud-èst dau país ocupada a partir de 1780. </p><p>En <a href="/wiki/1907" class="mw-redirect" title="1907">1907</a>, l'Empèri Rus e l'Empèri Britanic trobèron un <a href="/wiki/Convencion_Anglorussa_de_1907" title="Convencion Anglorussa de 1907">acòrd de partiment</a> deis influéncias respectivas dins la region e Iran fuguèt partejat entre una zòna russa au nòrd, una zòna britanica au sud-èst e una zòna neutra au centre. Aquò permetèt au país de demorar independent mai empachèt pas d'intervencions regularas d'estats europèus dins seis afaires intèrns. De mai, causèt la formacion de movements nacionalistas, fòrça ostils ais estrangiers, a l'origina de revòutas còntra leis interès estrangiers o lo poder<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. L'afebliment dau govèrn centrau contunièt donc fins a la <a href="/wiki/Primi%C3%A8ra_Gu%C3%A8rra_Mondiala" title="Primièra Guèrra Mondiala">Premiera Guèrra Mondiala</a> (<a href="/wiki/1914" class="mw-redirect" title="1914">1914</a>-<a href="/wiki/1918" class="mw-redirect" title="1918">1918</a>). Tròp feble per participar au conflicte, lo país fuguèt parcialament ocupat per leis Otomans puei per lei Rus e lei Britanics en <a href="/wiki/1917" class="mw-redirect" title="1917">1917</a>. Aquela ocupacion veguèt la descomposicion dei rèstas dau poder e la retirada britanica marquèt lo declin finau dei Qajaras<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_revolucion_constitucionala_e_lei_temptativas_de_modernizacion_dau_país_dei_Pahlavi"><span id="La_revolucion_constitucionala_e_lei_temptativas_de_modernizacion_dau_pa.C3.ADs_dei_Pahlavi"></span>La revolucion constitucionala e lei temptativas de modernizacion dau país dei Pahlavi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modificar la seccion : La revolucion constitucionala e lei temptativas de modernizacion dau país dei Pahlavi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=14" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La revolucion constitucionala e lei temptativas de modernizacion dau país dei Pahlavi"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tre lo retirament dei fòrças anglesas, una tropa comandada per lo <a href="/wiki/Coron%C3%A8u" title="Coronèu">coronèu</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reza_Pahlavi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reza Pahlavi (la pagina existís pas)">Reza Pahlavi</a> ocupèt la capitala lo 22 de febrier de 1921 e i prenguèt lo poder<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Venguèt oficialament Ministre de la Guèrra en <a href="/wiki/1921" class="mw-redirect" title="1921">1921</a> puei Premier Ministre en <a href="/wiki/1923" class="mw-redirect" title="1923">1923</a>. Enfin, en 1925, obtenguèt l'abolicion de la dinastia qajara<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e fuguèt coronat chah lo 25 d'abriu de 1926. Assaièt de modernizar lo país segon un modèl occidentau<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Per aquò, acomencèt de restablir l'òrdre e de crear una armada modèrna per assegurar l'autoritat dau govèrn centrau<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Desvolopèt tanben un programa de creacion d'escòlas e assaièt de limitar l'influéncia de l'islam ò de bastir d'infrastructuras novèlas<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Pasmens, aquelei projèctes conoguèron de dificultats importantas, especialament lei de desvolopament economic o educatiu en causa de la manca de personaus competents. Ansin, en 1935, lei progrès èran febles e la Segonda Guèrra Mondiala va entraïnar un novèu periòde de caòs dins lo país<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. D'efèct, en causa de sa posicion estrategica per leis Aliats, fuguèt ocupat lo 25 d'aost de 1941 per lei <a href="/wiki/Reialme_Unit" title="Reialme Unit">Britanics</a> e lei <a href="/wiki/URSS" class="mw-redirect" title="URSS">Sovietics</a>. Aquò entraïnèt l'abdicacion dau chah au profiech de son fiu lo 15 de setembre e una tièra de dificultats economicas en causa de l'ocupacion e dau conflicte mondiau<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Puei, a la fin de la guèrra en 1945, Iran venguèt provisòriament un enjòc dei premiereis annadas de la <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_Freja" title="Guèrra Freja">Guèrra Freja</a> e lei Sovietics i sostenguèron la creacion d'estats independents dins lo nòrd-oèst dau país e i demandèron un drech d'esplecha deis idrocarburs<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pasmens, una reaccion diplomatica determinada de Londres e de Washington causèt l'abandon de l'ajuda sovietica ai revòutas e Iran fuguèt tornarmai unificat en 1946<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Pasmens, lei crisis intèrnas contunièron au començament deis annadas 1950 quand lo chah, sostengut per leis Estats Units e lo Reiaume Unit, rebutèt lo Premier Ministre Mossadegh, sospichat de simpatia comunista en causa de sa politica favorabla a la nacionalizacion dei ressorsas petrolieras iranianas, en 1953<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lo chah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (la pagina existís pas)">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> assaièt sensa succès vertadier de contuniar la politica de modernizacion de son paire. A partir de 1972, lei dificultats economicas e la lentor dei progrès de la politica de desvolopament entraïnèt una division de la populacion entre comunistas, republicans, defensors dau comèrci tradicionau e islamistas<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. En 1975, lo caòs politic entraïnèt l'adopcion de mesuras fòrça repressivas per lo govèrn. Pasmens, la situacion contunièt de se desgradar e la Revolucion Islamica de 1979 causèt la disparicion de la monarquia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_Revolucion_e_la_Republica_Islamica">La Revolucion e la Republica Islamica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modificar la seccion : La Revolucion e la Republica Islamica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=15" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La Revolucion e la Republica Islamica"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Gu%C3%A8rra_Iran_Iraq_(1980-1988).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gu%C3%A8rra_Iran_Iraq_%281980-1988%29.png/220px-Gu%C3%A8rra_Iran_Iraq_%281980-1988%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gu%C3%A8rra_Iran_Iraq_%281980-1988%29.png/330px-Gu%C3%A8rra_Iran_Iraq_%281980-1988%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gu%C3%A8rra_Iran_Iraq_%281980-1988%29.png/440px-Gu%C3%A8rra_Iran_Iraq_%281980-1988%29.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Guèrra Iran Iraq (1980-1988).</figcaption></figure> <p>Après de mes de protestacions popularas còntra son regim, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi (la pagina existís pas)">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> quitèt Iran lo 16 de genier de 1979. Après la proclamacion de la neutralitat dei fòrças armadas, l'islamista <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rouhollah_Khomeini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rouhollah Khomeini (la pagina existís pas)">Rouhollah Khomeini</a> declarèt la fin de la monarquia lo 11 de febrier e la formacion d'un govèrn provisori. Ben organizats, leis islamistas capitèron d'eliminar leis autrei faccions revolucionàrias e la Republica Islamica d'Iran fuguèt proclamada lo 1<sup>èr</sup> d'abriu de 1979. Pasmens, lei premiereis annadas fuguèron malaisadas en causa de la crisi deis ostatges de l'ambaissada <a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">estatsunidenca</a> (4 de novembre de 1979 - 20 de genier de 1981) causada per l'acuèlh dau chah exilat per Washington e, subretot, per l'invasion iraquiana de 1980 qu'entraïnèt la lònga <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_Iran-Iraq" title="Guèrra Iran-Iraq">guèrra Iran-Iraq</a> (<a href="/wiki/1980" title="1980">1980</a>-<a href="/wiki/1988" title="1988">1988</a>). </p><p>Finalament, la crisi deis ostatges fuguèt reglada per un acòrd secrèt ambé l'administracion Reagan (en cambi d'armas per luchar còntra Iraq) e la guèrra còntra Bagdad s'acabèt per un mantenement dau <i>statu quo ante</i> en 1988<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pasmens, lo conflicte fuguèt saunós<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> per una armada iraniana mau equipada que deguèt adoptar de tacticas murtrieras d'ondas umanas per assaiar de rompre lei linhas d'una armada iraquiana sostenguda per l'URSS e lei país occidentaus e utilizant d'armas quimicas. </p><p>En 1989, la mòrt de Khomeini e son remplaçament per Ali Khamenei coma Guida de la Revolucion demostrèt la soliditat deis institucions maugrat quauquei modificacions de la constitucion. En <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a>, Iran fuguèt neutre durant la <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_de_Kuwait_(1990-1991)" title="Guèrra de Kuwait (1990-1991)">Guèrra de Kuwait (1990-1991)</a><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Durant aqueu periòde, lo redreiçament economic après leis annadas de guèrra venguèt la prioritat d'un govèrn dirigit per de religiós moderats<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pasmens, la revirada economica dei moderats permetèt ai conservadors de se renfòrçar e d'averar leis eleccions de 2005 ambé la victòria de <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Fins a 2013, sa presidéncia fuguèt caracterizada per la restauracion d'un discors nacionalista opausat ais Estats Units d'America e a seis aliats. Son ponch centrau es lo desvolopament d'un programa nuclear civiu, sospichat de desvolopar en secrèt d'aplicacions militaras per leis Occidentaus e <a href="/wiki/Isra%C3%A8l" title="Israèl">Israèl</a>. Aquò entraïnèt l'adopcion d'una tièra de sancions internacionalas còntra Iran. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geografia">Geografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modificar la seccion : Geografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=16" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Geografia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_geografia_fisica">La geografia fisica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modificar la seccion : La geografia fisica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=17" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La geografia fisica"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Iran_Geografia_fisica.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Iran_Geografia_fisica.png/220px-Iran_Geografia_fisica.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Iran_Geografia_fisica.png/330px-Iran_Geografia_fisica.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Iran_Geografia_fisica.png/440px-Iran_Geografia_fisica.png 2x" data-file-width="672" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Geografia fisica d'Iran.</figcaption></figure> <p>Iran es lo dètz-e-uechen país pus estendut de la <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A8rra" title="Tèrra">planeta</a> amb una superficia de 1 648 195 <a href="/wiki/Quilom%C3%A8tre_carrat" title="Quilomètre carrat">km²</a>. Son territòri se situa entre lei <a href="/wiki/Latitud" title="Latitud">latituds</a> 24° e 40°N e entre lei <a href="/wiki/Longitud" title="Longitud">longituds</a> 44 e 64°E. A de frontieras amb <a href="/wiki/Azerbaitjan" title="Azerbaitjan">Azerbaitjan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia">Turquia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paquistan" title="Paquistan">Paquistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan">Afganistan</a> e <a href="/wiki/Turcmenistan" title="Turcmenistan">Turcmenistan</a>. Au nòrd, es tanben en contact ambé la <a href="/wiki/Mar_Caspiana" title="Mar Caspiana">Mar Caspiana</a> e au sud ambé lo <a href="/wiki/Golf_Persic" title="Golf Persic">Golf Persic</a> e lo <a href="/wiki/Golf_d%27Oman" title="Golf d'Oman">Golf d'Oman</a>. </p><p>Franc dei costats de lòng de la <a href="/wiki/Mar_Caspiana" title="Mar Caspiana">Mar Caspiana</a> e de la província de <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan" title="Khuzestan">Khuzestan</a>, Iran es compausat d'un platèu <a href="/wiki/Montanha" title="Montanha">montanhós</a> format de bacins e de plans separats per de cadenas de <a href="/wiki/Montanha" title="Montanha">montanhas</a><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Lei cimas son pus autas dins la partida occidentala dau país ambé lei montanhas de <a href="/wiki/Cauc%C3%A0s" title="Caucàs">Caucàs</a>, dei <a href="/wiki/Monts_Zagros" title="Monts Zagros">Monts Zagros</a> e dei <a href="/wiki/Monts_Alborz" title="Monts Alborz">Monts Alborz</a>. Lo ponch culminant d'Iran es lo <a href="/wiki/Mont_Damavand" title="Mont Damavand">Mont Damavand</a> (5 671 m) qu'es un <a href="/wiki/Volcan" title="Volcan">volcan</a> amorçat dei Monts Alborz. Lei plans pus importants son situats au nòrd e a l'èst dau platèu e son ocupats per lei <a href="/wiki/Des%C3%A8rt" title="Desèrt">desèrts</a> de <a href="/wiki/Des%C3%A8rt_de_Kavir" title="Desèrt de Kavir">Kavir</a> e de <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A8sert_de_Lut" class="mw-redirect" title="Dèsert de Lut">Lut</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lo_clima">Lo clima</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo clima" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=18" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo clima"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Iran_-_Clima.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Iran_-_Clima.png/220px-Iran_-_Clima.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Iran_-_Clima.png/330px-Iran_-_Clima.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Iran_-_Clima.png/440px-Iran_-_Clima.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>Esquèma dau clima iranian.</figcaption></figure> <p>Lo <a href="/wiki/Clima" title="Clima">clima</a> d'Iran es magerament de tipe arid o semiarid franc de la zòna litorala caspiana, dei montanhós pus autas e d'una faissa occidentala de <a href="/wiki/Clima_mediterran%C3%A8u" title="Clima mediterranèu">tipe mediterranèu</a>. Au nòrd-oèst, leis ivèrns son caracterizats per de temperaturas bassas e de precipitacions importantas e leis estius son secs. Dins lo rèsta dau país, leis ivèrns son generalament doç e leis estius cauds e secs. Lei temperaturas pus importantas son mesuradas dins lei regions orientalas. Lei precipitacions son rarament superiors a 250 mm e pòdon èsser inferioras a 100 mm dins certanei bacins desertics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_demografia">La demografia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Modificar la seccion : La demografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=19" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La demografia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:IranProvPopDen.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/IranProvPopDen.PNG/220px-IranProvPopDen.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/IranProvPopDen.PNG/330px-IranProvPopDen.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/IranProvPopDen.PNG/440px-IranProvPopDen.PNG 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption>Densitat de populacion per província en Iran.</figcaption></figure> <p>Dins lo corrent dau sègle XX, Iran conoguèt un desvolopament demografic major amb una aumentacion de sa populacion de 10 milions d'abitants vèrs 1900 a 77 milions en 2010. Maugrat una baissa dau taus de feconditat (1,89 en 2010), la proporcion febla d'ancians entraïna un mantenement d'aquela aumentacion e la populacion devriá s'estabilizar vèrs 2050 a l'entorn de 100 milions d'abitants. Aquela populacion es urbana a 70% e l'urbanizacion contunia amb una demenicion anuala de la populacion rurala egala a 0,7%. Lei zònas pus pobladas son situadas au nòrd e a l'oèst dau país. En <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>, sièis vilas avián mai d'un milion d'abitants : <a href="/wiki/Teheran" title="Teheran">Teheran</a> (7,8 milions), Mashhad (2,5 milions), Isfahan (1,6 milions), Tabriz (1,4 milions), Karaj (1,4 milions) e Chiraz (1,2 milions). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizacions_politica_e_territòriala"><span id="Organizacions_politica_e_territ.C3.B2riala"></span>Organizacions politica e territòriala</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Modificar la seccion : Organizacions politica e territòriala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=20" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Organizacions politica e territòriala"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_forma_de_l'estat"><span id="La_forma_de_l.27estat"></span>La forma de l'estat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Modificar la seccion : La forma de l'estat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=21" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La forma de l'estat"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'organizacion dau poder de la Republica Islamica d'Iran es defenida per la Constitucion de 1979. Es una <a href="/wiki/Teocracia" title="Teocracia">teocracia</a> que seis institucions religiosas son associadas a un sistèma de representacion d'institucions democraticas elegidas au <a href="/wiki/Sufragi_universal" title="Sufragi universal">sufragi universau</a>. Pasmens, lo poder religiós a un drech de veto sus lei decisions adoptadas per lo poder democratic. De mai, lo multipartisme es parciau car lei candidaturas ais eleccions pus importantas son examinadas per un conseu qu'a lo drech d'anullar aquelei jutjadas incompatiblas ambé l'<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a>. Enfin, certaneis eleccions, especialament leis eleccions presidencialas de 2009, fuguèron contestadas en causa d'acusacions de fraudas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lo_poder_executiu">Lo poder executiu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo poder executiu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=22" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo poder executiu"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo poder executiu es partejat entre lo Guida de la Revolucion, cap suprèm de l'estat e deis institucions religiosas, e lo President de la Republica, cap deis institucions civilas. Lo premier es elegit per l'Assemblada deis expèrts per una durada indeterminada. Es cargat de la supervision dei politicas generalas d'Iran. Es tanben lo comandant dei fòrças armadas, lo cap dei servicis d'ensenhament militar e de seguritat e es l'unica persona que pòu declarar la guèrra. A tanben lo drech de destituir lo president. </p><p>Lo segond es definit coma la segonda autoritat pus importanta d'Iran après lo Guida. Es elegit au sufragi universau per un periòde de quatre ans. Es cargat de l'aplicacion de la constitucion dau país, de l'exercici dei poders executius — franc dei poders dau Guida — de la nominacion dau cap dau govèrn, de la coordinacion de la politica dau govèrn e de la seleccion dei projèctes de lèi transmès au Parlament. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lo_poder_legislatiu">Lo poder legislatiu</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo poder legislatiu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=23" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo poder legislatiu"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo poder legislatiu es devesit entre quatre organs principaus que son la <i>Majles</i> (« Assemblada consultativa islamica »), l'Assemblada deis expèrts, lo Conseu dei gardians e lo Conseu de destriament de l'interès superior dau regim. La premiera es l'assemblada unica deis institucions civilas. Es compausada de 290 deputats elegits per quatre annadas. En <a href="/wiki/2006" title="2006">2006</a>, cinc sètis èran reservats ai minoritats. Es cargada dau vòte de la legislacion, de la ratificacion dei tractats internacionaus e dau vòte dau budget nacionau. </p><p>L'Assemblada deis expèrts es compausada de 86 religiós elegits au sufragi universau per uech annadas. Non permanenta, aquela assemblada es cargada de validar lei candidaturas e d'elegir lo Guida de la Revolucion. A tanben lo drech de lo destituir. Pasmens, dempuei 1979, l'Assemblada deis expèrts s'es jamai opausada ai decisions dau Guida. </p><p>Lo Conseu dei Gardians es compausat de dotze juristas. Sièis son nomats dirèctament per lo Guida e sièis per lo cap dau poder judiciari (après una nominacion oficiala per la <i>Majles</i>). Es cargat d'interpretar la constiticion e a lo drech d'opausar un veto ai decisions de l'Assemblada consultativa. </p><p>Enfin, lo Conseu de destriament de l'interès superior dau regim es compausat de sièis membres religiós dau Conseu dei Gardians, dei caps dei poders legislatiu, judiciari e executiu e dau ministre en carga dei questions estudiadas. Es cargat de la mediacion entre lei diferenteis institucions, especialament entre l'Assemblada consultativa e lo Conseu dei Gardians, e pòu servir d'organ de consultacion au Guida. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lo_poder_judiciari">Lo poder judiciari</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Modificar la seccion : Lo poder judiciari" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=24" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lo poder judiciari"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lo poder judiciari es devesit entre unei tipes de tribunaus especializats. Lo Guida de la Revolucion noma lo cap dau poder judiciari que noma lo cap de la Cort Suprèma. Existís unei tipes de tribunaus coma lei tribunaus publics en carga deis afaires civius e criminaus o lei tribunaus revolucionaris en carga deis afaires regardant la seguritat nacionala. Se fau tanben nòtar l'existéncia dau tribunau especiau dau clergat plaçat sota l'autoritat unica dau Guida. Lei lèis son inspiradas de la legislacion votada per lo poder legislatiu mai la constitucion permet tanben de jutjar segon lo drech islamic. Aquò entraïna una variacion importanta dei penas segon la fònt utilizada. Per exemple, es lo cas de la lapidacion per adultèr dispareguda dau còde penau dempuei 2012 mai totjorn autorizada per lo drech islamic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'organizacion_territòriala"><span id="L.27organizacion_territ.C3.B2riala"></span>L'organizacion territòriala</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Modificar la seccion : L'organizacion territòriala" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=25" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'organizacion territòriala"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Iran_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Iran_location_map.svg/220px-Iran_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Iran_location_map.svg/330px-Iran_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Iran_location_map.svg/440px-Iran_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1071" /></a><figcaption>Províncias iranianas.</figcaption></figure> <p>Iran es devesit en províncias, en comtats, en districtes e en sosdistrictes. Lei conseus locaus son elegits au sufragi universau per de mandats de quatre ans. Son cargats de l'eleccion dei consòls, de la supervision deis activitats municipalas, de l'estudi dei besonhs locaus sociaus o economics e participan a l'aplicacion dei politicas nacionalas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Afaires_estrangiers_e_fòrças_armadas"><span id="Afaires_estrangiers_e_f.C3.B2r.C3.A7as_armadas"></span>Afaires estrangiers e fòrças armadas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Modificar la seccion : Afaires estrangiers e fòrças armadas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=26" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Afaires estrangiers e fòrças armadas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leis_afaires_estrangiers">Leis afaires estrangiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Modificar la seccion : Leis afaires estrangiers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=27" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Leis afaires estrangiers"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iran es un membre de la màger part deis institucions internacionalas principalas coma l'<a href="/wiki/ONU" class="mw-redirect" title="ONU">ONU</a> o l'<a href="/wiki/OPEP" class="mw-redirect" title="OPEP">OPEP</a>. Poissança regionala<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> de l'Orient Mejan amb <a href="/wiki/Isra%C3%A8l" title="Israèl">Israèl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte">Egipte</a> e l'<a href="/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita">Arabia Saudita</a>, sa politica estrangiera es definida per son oposicion ais <a href="/wiki/Estats_Units_d%27America" title="Estats Units d'America">Estats Units d'America</a> e au « <a href="/wiki/Sionisme" title="Sionisme">sionisme</a> » <a href="/wiki/Isra%C3%A8l" title="Israèl">israelian</a>, per sa volontat de rompre son isolament diplomatic e per divèrsei sostèns ai movements chiitas o opausats a Israèl. </p><p>Lei relacions son donc fòrça marridas ambé leis Estats Units e ambé leis aliats estatsunidencs de la region. En particular, lei relacions amb <a href="/wiki/Isra%C3%A8l" title="Israèl">Israèl</a> son fòrça degradadas dempuei leis annadas 2000 e lei dos país se menaçan regularament d'una ataca. La possibilitat de desvolopament d'un <a href="/wiki/Arma_nucleara" title="Arma nucleara">armament nuclear</a> es un ponch centrau d'aquelei tensions e es, a l'ora d'ara, una question centrala dei relacions internacionalas. D'autra part, Teheran es tanben implicat dins un conflicte territòriau ambé leis <a href="/wiki/Emirats_Arabis_Units" title="Emirats Arabis Units">Emirats Arabis Units</a> per lo contraròtle de doas illas dau Golf Persic. </p><p>En revènge, lo país a de relacions melhoras ambé l'Union Europèa, que certanei membres (<a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7a" title="França">França</a>, <a href="/wiki/It%C3%A0lia" title="Itàlia">Itàlia</a>...) son de practicas importantas deis exportacions de <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B2li" title="Petròli">petròli</a> iranian, e ambé Russia, China e d'estats non alinhats. Leis objectius d'aquelei relacions son comerciaus — leis exportacions de petròli son lo còr de l'economia — e diplomatics per assaiar de rompre l'isolament de Teheran. Enfin, per assaiar d'equilibrar l'influéncia estatsunidenca au Pròche Orient, Iran es un sostèn important de movements chiitas (insureccions chiitas d'Iemèn, Hezbollah) e d'advèrsaris deis Estats Units coma <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a>. Assaia tanben d'estendre son influéncia dins lei regions chiitas d'<a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lei_fòrças_armadas"><span id="Lei_f.C3.B2r.C3.A7as_armadas"></span>Lei fòrças armadas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei fòrças armadas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=28" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lei fòrças armadas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/2007" class="mw-redirect" title="2007">2007</a>, lo budget militar iranian èra de 7,3 milions de dolars (25<sup>en</sup> reng mondiau) e representava 2,6% dau <a href="/wiki/PIB" class="mw-redirect" title="PIB">PIB</a>. Lei fòrças armadas de la Republica Islamica d'Iran son devesidas entre diferentei fòrças militaras o paramilitaras. La premiera es compausada dei fòrças regularas (420 000 òmes) organizadas segon una fòrça terrèstra, una fòrça aeriana, una fòrça navala e una fòrça de defensa antiaeriana. La segonda es facha dei Gardians de la Revolucion Islamica (130 000) que son tanben organizats sus un modèl de fòrças terrèstras, aerianas e navalas. Pasmens, gropan tanben lei fòrças especialas iranianas. Enfin, existís una tresena fòrça, paramilitara, dicha <i>Basij</i> formada de volontaris. Es plaçada sota lo contraròtle dei Gardians de la Revolucion. L'estimacion de seis efectius es fòrça malaisada e varia entre 90 000 e 12,6 milions. Dempuei la Revolucion de 1979, la guèrra de 1980-1988 e leis embargos internacionaus, Iran a creat una indústria militara pron importanta per assegurar la màger part de sei besonhs. Pasmens, durant lo periòde de desvolopament d'aquela indústria, lo país adoptèt divèrseis armaments d'origina occidentala avans 1979 puei d'origina sovietica, russa, chinesa o nòrd-coreans. Una partida d'aquelei partenariats son totjorn actius. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economia">Economia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Modificar la seccion : Economia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=29" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Economia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>De veire: <a href="/wiki/Economia_d%27Iran" title="Economia d'Iran">Economia d'Iran</a>.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'organizacion_de_l'economia_per_l'Estat"><span id="L.27organizacion_de_l.27economia_per_l.27Estat"></span>L'organizacion de l'economia per l'Estat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Modificar la seccion : L'organizacion de l'economia per l'Estat" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=30" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'organizacion de l'economia per l'Estat"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'economia iraniana es caracterizada per un dirigisme estatic important e per l'existéncia d'un sector public desvolopat. D'efèct, segon la Constitucion, l'economia es devesida en tres sectors. Lo premier es dich public e gropa leis <a href="/wiki/Ind%C3%BAstria" title="Indústria">indústrias</a> de basa, lo comèrci exterior, lei minas, la <a href="/wiki/Banca" title="Banca">banca</a>, leis asseguranças, l'energia, lei restancas e lei rets d'<a href="/wiki/Aiga" title="Aiga">aiga</a>, la <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A0dio" title="Ràdio">ràdio</a> e la <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, l'aviacion, lei linhas maritimas e lei rets de rotas o de camins de fèrre. Lo segond sector es dich cooperatiu e gropa de companhiás cooperativas creadas segon lei principis <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islamics</a>. Enfin, lo darrier sector es dich privat e gropa leis activitats de l'<a href="/wiki/Agricultura" title="Agricultura">agricultura</a>, lo rèsta de l'indústria, lo comèrci e lo rèsta dei servicis </p><p>Lo dirigisme de l'Estat fuguèt renfòrçat durant la <a href="/wiki/Gu%C3%A8rra_Iran-Iraq" title="Guèrra Iran-Iraq">guèrra còntra Iraq</a> per assegurar l'avitalhament dei fòrças armadas. Lo sector cooperatiu fuguèt creat per favorizar una redistribucion dei revenguts dau <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B2li" title="Petròli">petròli</a> ai classas pus pauras o ai familhas dei tuats de la guèrra. A l'origina, èra format de fondacions religiosas. D'ara endavant, aquelei fondacions an format de consortiums pus importants plaçats sota l'autoritat dirècta dau Guida de la Revolucion. Lei <a href="/wiki/Sindicat" title="Sindicat">sindicats</a> son teoricament autorizats en Iran mai fòrça rars en realitat. Enfin, lo drech de grèva existís mai son utilizacion pòu entraïnar una repression violenta. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'agricultura_e_lei_ressorsas_naturalas"><span id="L.27agricultura_e_lei_ressorsas_naturalas"></span>L'agricultura e lei ressorsas naturalas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=31" title="Modificar la seccion : L'agricultura e lei ressorsas naturalas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=31" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'agricultura e lei ressorsas naturalas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Iran_-_Ressorsas_naturalas.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Iran_-_Ressorsas_naturalas.png/220px-Iran_-_Ressorsas_naturalas.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Iran_-_Ressorsas_naturalas.png/330px-Iran_-_Ressorsas_naturalas.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Iran_-_Ressorsas_naturalas.png/440px-Iran_-_Ressorsas_naturalas.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>Ressorsas naturalas d'Iran.</figcaption></figure> <p>En causa dei condicions <a href="/wiki/Clima" title="Clima">climatics</a> desfavorablas, la superficia dei zònas agricòlas cultivadas es limitada a 11% de la superficia totala dau país. La màer part d'aquelei zònas son situadas au nòrd e l'oèst dau país e necessitan l'utilizacion de l'<a href="/wiki/Irrigacion" title="Irrigacion">aigatge</a> per foncionar. Ansin, l'agricultura iraniana es un sector fòrça sostengut per l'Estat per se modernizar e melhorar lo rendement. Dins aquò, lo país es pas encara totalament autosufisent e 10% de la <a href="/wiki/Noiridura" class="mw-redirect" title="Noiridura">norridura</a> de basa es importada. D'autra part, dempuei <a href="/wiki/1979" title="1979">1979</a>, se desvolopa un sector agricòla que sei produccions son destinadas a l'exportacion (<a href="/wiki/Pistacha" title="Pistacha">pistachas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%A8cia_(cosina)" title="Espècia (cosina)">espècias</a>...). En <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>, representava un quart deis exportacions non petrolieras d'Iran. </p><p>La produccion miniera representava à 0,6% dau <a href="/wiki/Produch_interior_brut" title="Produch interior brut">PIB</a> de <a href="/wiki/2011" class="mw-redirect" title="2011">2011</a>. Lo país a de resèrvas importantas de <a href="/wiki/Coire" title="Coire">coire</a> (2<sup>en</sup> reng mondiau), de <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>, de <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A8rre" title="Fèrre">fèrre</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%B2me" title="Cròme">cròme</a>. Pasmens, la produccion demora limitada en causa dei dificultats geograficas e de la feblessa deis infrastructuras iranianas. Per exemple, en <a href="/wiki/2008" class="mw-redirect" title="2008">2008</a>, maugrat sei resèrvas, lo país deviá importar entre 10 e 15% de sa consomacion de <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a>. Ansin, dempuei la fin deis annadas 2010, divèrsei plans de desvolopament de la produccion miniera fuguèron adoptats per assaiar d'aumentar certanei produccions, especialament aquela de coire. </p><p>Enfin, lei ressorsas d'<a href="/wiki/Idrocarbur" title="Idrocarbur">idrocarburs</a>, descubèrtas en <a href="/wiki/1908" class="mw-redirect" title="1908">1908</a><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, representan la fònt principala de revenguts de l'estat. En <a href="/wiki/2008" class="mw-redirect" title="2008">2008</a>, teniá 10% dei resèrvas mondialas de petròli e 15% d'aquelei de <a href="/wiki/Gas_natural" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas natural">gas natural</a>. Lei jaciments principaus son situats dins lo sud-oèst dau país. En 2004, Iran èra lo quatren país productor de <a href="/wiki/Petr%C3%B2li" title="Petròli">petròli</a> amb una produccion annuala de 4,3 miliards de barils que 2,5 fuguèron exportats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="L'indústria"><span id="L.27ind.C3.BAstria"></span>L'indústria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=32" title="Modificar la seccion : L'indústria" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=32" title="Edita el codi de la secció: L'indústria"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/2012" class="mw-redirect" title="2012">2012</a>, l'indústria representava 38% dau PIB e 31% de la man d'òbra.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Iran a una indústria de basa desvolopada e diversificada que permet au país de produrre localament divèrsei produchs impossible d'importar en causa dei sancions internacionalas. De mai, aquela indústria conoguèt tanben una creissença importanta dins lo corrent de la guèrra de 1980-1988 per assegurar l'avitalhament de l'armada. Ansin, en <a href="/wiki/2003" title="2003">2003</a>, Iran aviá d'indústrias petroquimica, quimica, siderurgica, <a href="/wiki/Automobila" title="Automobila">automobila</a>, textila, militara e de produccion de materiaus de construccion importantas e èra considerat coma una poissança industriala emergenta. Lei centres industriaus principaus son situats au nòrd, au centre e au sud dau país. Pasmens, maugrat son importància, l'indústria iraniana dèu faciar una tièra de problemas importants coma la manca d'investiments, la manca de personaus qualificats o una corrupcion favorizada per lei dificultats entraïnadas per l'embargo internacionau. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lei_servicis">Lei servicis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=33" title="Modificar la seccion : Lei servicis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=33" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lei servicis"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En <a href="/wiki/2012" class="mw-redirect" title="2012">2012</a>, lo sector dei servicis representava 50,6% dau PIB iranian e 45% de la man d'òbra e sa part aumenta dempuei leis annadas 1990<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Es basat sus lei servicis necessaris a l'indústria, a l'armada o a l'urbanizacion creissenta (comèrci...) e sus lo <a href="/wiki/Torisme" title="Torisme">torisme</a>. </p><p>Lo comèrci intèrn despend ret de companhiás cooperativas o de marchands independents installats dins lei bazars. Lei supermercats son encara rars maugrat la creacion de companhiás nacionalas coma Refah en <a href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</a>. Lo torisme es en aumentacion regulara amb 1,6 milions de personas en <a href="/wiki/2004" title="2004">2004</a> e 2,3 milions en <a href="/wiki/2009" class="mw-redirect" title="2009">2009</a>. Lei motivacions dei toristas son fòrça variablas (romavatge dins lei luòcs sants, visita dei vestigis antics o de monuments...). Enfin, lo ret de transpòrt d'Iran es magerament basat sus l'<a href="/wiki/Automobila" title="Automobila">automobila</a> e, subretot, l'<a href="/wiki/Autob%C3%BAs" title="Autobús">autobús</a> per lei liasons entre lei ciutats. Existís tanben un ret de camin de fèrre e una companhiá aeriana. La modernizacion e lo melhorament dau sector dei transpòrts, especialament dins lei vilas pus importantas e lei pòrts comerciaus, es un aspèct important de l'economia actuala d'Iran e lo sector representava 9% dau PIB en <a href="/wiki/2008" class="mw-redirect" title="2008">2008</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_recèrca"><span id="La_rec.C3.A8rca"></span>La recèrca</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=34" title="Modificar la seccion : La recèrca" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=34" title="Edita el codi de la secció: La recèrca"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La recèrca scientifica es una tradicion anciana de la region iraniana que fuguèt un centre intellectuau major durant l'Edat Mejana. Uei, lo país presenta de sectors scientifics fòrça avançats en <a href="/wiki/Quimia" title="Quimia">quimia</a> e en <a href="/wiki/Farmacologia" title="Farmacologia">farmacologia</a> e d'autrei sectors coma lei <a href="/wiki/Matematicas" title="Matematicas">matematicas</a> son relativament ben desvolopats. Pasmens, maugrat l'aumentacion fòrça importanta dau nombre de publicacions iranianas dins de revistas prestigiosas dempuei 1996, lo país dèu totjorn faciar de budgets tròp limitats que representavan 0,9% dau PIB còntra 1,4% per lei país desvolopats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=35" title="Modificar la seccion : Religion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=35" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Religion"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Iran_-_Religions.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iran_-_Religions.png/220px-Iran_-_Religions.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iran_-_Religions.png/330px-Iran_-_Religions.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Iran_-_Religions.png/440px-Iran_-_Religions.png 2x" data-file-width="1083" data-file-height="970" /></a><figcaption>Religions en Iran.</figcaption></figure> <p>La màger part d'Iran es <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">musulman</a>. 89% deis abitants se reclaman dau <a href="/wiki/Chiisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiisme">chiisme</a> duodeciman qu'es la religion pus escampada au sen de la populacion. Aquò es una caracteristica dau país que fa partida dei quatre país musulmans (amb <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaitjan" title="Azerbaitjan">Azerbaitjan</a> e <a href="/wiki/Bahrayn" title="Bahrayn">Bahrayn</a>) que sa populacion es majoritàriament chiita e dos sanctuaris chiitas importants son situats sus lo territòri iranian a Mashad e a Qom. Lo <a href="/wiki/Sunisme" title="Sunisme">sunisme</a> es la religion de 9% de la populacion. </p><p>Lo rèsta es compausat de minoritats <a href="/wiki/Cristianisme" title="Cristianisme">crestianas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juda%C3%AFsme" title="Judaïsme">josievas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrisme" title="Zoroastrisme">zoroastrianas</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baha%27isme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baha'isme (la pagina existís pas)">bahaistas</a>. La libertat e lei drechs religiós dei tres premierei minoritats religiosas son assegurats per l'article 14 de la Constitucion e lei tensions religiosas son feblas<sup id="cite_ref-E/CN.4/1996/95/Add.2_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E/CN.4/1996/95/Add.2-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. La situacion dei bahaistas es mens aisada. Lo govèrn respecta lei drechs religiós dei fidèus individuaus mai considera leis organizacions religiosas coma d'organizacions politicas ostilas<sup id="cite_ref-E/CN.4/1996/95/Add.2_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E/CN.4/1996/95/Add.2-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Pasmens, dins totei lei cas, la natura teocratica de l'estat iranian entraïnèt una discriminacion importanta dins certanei domenis professionaus per lei non musulmans<sup id="cite_ref-E/CN.4/1996/95/Add.2_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-E/CN.4/1996/95/Add.2-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Per exemple, l'intrada dins lo sistèma judiciari, cargat d'aplicar de <a href="/wiki/Lei" title="Lei">lèis</a> inspiradas per lo drech islamic, o dins lei fòrças armadas es fòrça, cargadas de defendre la revolucion, es fòrça malaisada per lei minoritats<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lengas">Lengas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=36" title="Modificar la seccion : Lengas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=36" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Lengas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La lenga oficiala d'Iran es lo <a href="/wiki/Persan" title="Persan">persan</a> qu'es parlat per la màger part de la populacion. Pasmens, leis invasions successivas dau plan iranian formèron divèrsei minoritats lingüisticas non negligiblas. Lei principalei son l'<a href="/wiki/Az%C3%A8ri" title="Azèri">azèri</a> (16%), lo <a href="/wiki/Curd" title="Curd">curd</a> (10%), lo <a href="/wiki/Lori" title="Lori">lori</a> (6%), lo balochi (2%) e lo <a href="/wiki/Turcm%C3%A8n" title="Turcmèn">turcmèn</a> (2%). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultura">Cultura</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=37" title="Modificar la seccion : Cultura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=37" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Cultura"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arquitectura">Arquitectura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=38" title="Modificar la seccion : Arquitectura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=38" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Arquitectura"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arquitectura_iraniana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arquitectura iraniana (la pagina existís pas)">Arquitectura iraniana</a>.</div> <p>Dins lo corrent dei sègles de son istòria, Pèrsia e Iran an desvolopat un patrimòni arquitectura fòrça important e fòrça variat de l'<a href="/wiki/Antiquitat" title="Antiquitat">Antiquitat</a> ai sègles modèrns<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Sièis periòdes principaus son generalament definidas per lo descriure. Lei dos premiers, de l'Antiquitat a l'an <a href="/wiki/600" class="mw-redirect" title="600">600</a>, son dichs estil parsi e estil part e gropan lei monuments bastits durant lei periòdes aquemenida, seulecid, part e sassanida. D'exemples son lei vestigis dei ciutats de <a href="/wiki/Pers%C3%A8polis" title="Persèpolis">Persèpolis</a> e de <a href="/wiki/Ctesifont" title="Ctesifont">Ctesifont</a> o lo palais sassanida de Sarvestan. Lei quatre periòdes seguents apareguèron après la conquista arabia e son dichs islamics. Son compausats deis estils khorasani, razi, azari e isfahani. Son caracterizats per l'aparicion de monuments religiós <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islamics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mosqueta" title="Mosqueta">mosqueta</a> coma la <a href="/wiki/Mosqueta_Goharshad" title="Mosqueta Goharshad">Mosqueta Goharshad</a>) e per un melhorament d'infrastructuras o de complèxs urbans ja coneguts coma de <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B2nt" title="Pònt">pònts</a> o de <a href="/wiki/Bazar" title="Bazar">bazars</a>. </p><p>La geometria es un element important de l'arquitectura iraniana e l'utilizacion de formas puras (<a href="/wiki/Cercle" title="Cercle">ceucle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carrat_(geometria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrat (geometria)">carrat</a>) es frequenta. L'art islamic gardèt aquela geometria e i faguèt intervenir de formas geometricas repetitivas e de superficias decoradas de <a href="/wiki/Ceramica" title="Ceramica">ceramica</a>, de stuc, de <a href="/wiki/Brica" class="mw-disambig" title="Brica">bricas</a> formant generalament de motius decoratius, <a href="/wiki/Calligrafia" title="Calligrafia">calligrafics</a> o iconografics. Lo dòma e lei bastiments circulars son donc una caracteristica majora de l'arquitectura iraniana. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Persepolis001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vestigis de la vila de Persèpolis, capitala de l'Empèri Aquemenida."><img alt="Vestigis de la vila de Persèpolis, capitala de l'Empèri Aquemenida." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Persepolis001.jpg/120px-Persepolis001.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Persepolis001.jpg/180px-Persepolis001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Persepolis001.jpg/240px-Persepolis001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vestigis de la vila de <a href="/wiki/Pers%C3%A8polis" title="Persèpolis">Persèpolis</a>, capitala de l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Aquemenida" title="Empèri Aquemenida">Empèri Aquemenida</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Hatra_ruins.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vestigis de la vila de Hatra"><img alt="Vestigis de la vila de Hatra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Hatra_ruins.jpg/120px-Hatra_ruins.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Hatra_ruins.jpg/180px-Hatra_ruins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Hatra_ruins.jpg/240px-Hatra_ruins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="396" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vestigis de la vila de Hatra</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Sarvestan_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Palais sassanida de Sarvestan."><img alt="Palais sassanida de Sarvestan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sarvestan_Palace.jpg/120px-Sarvestan_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sarvestan_Palace.jpg/180px-Sarvestan_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sarvestan_Palace.jpg/240px-Sarvestan_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Palais sassanida de Sarvestan.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Kharaghan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mausolèus seldjokids de Kharaghan."><img alt="Mausolèus seldjokids de Kharaghan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kharaghan.jpg/120px-Kharaghan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kharaghan.jpg/180px-Kharaghan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Kharaghan.jpg/240px-Kharaghan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="606" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mausolèus seldjokids de Kharaghan.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Khalvat_Karimkhani_Golestan2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior dau Palais de Goleslan."><img alt="Interior dau Palais de Goleslan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Khalvat_Karimkhani_Golestan2.jpg/120px-Khalvat_Karimkhani_Golestan2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Khalvat_Karimkhani_Golestan2.jpg/180px-Khalvat_Karimkhani_Golestan2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Khalvat_Karimkhani_Golestan2.jpg/240px-Khalvat_Karimkhani_Golestan2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior dau Palais de Goleslan.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Khaneh-abbasi_bassin_kashan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior de l'Ostau Abbassiana."><img alt="Interior de l'Ostau Abbassiana." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Khaneh-abbasi_bassin_kashan.jpg/90px-Khaneh-abbasi_bassin_kashan.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Khaneh-abbasi_bassin_kashan.jpg/135px-Khaneh-abbasi_bassin_kashan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Khaneh-abbasi_bassin_kashan.jpg/180px-Khaneh-abbasi_bassin_kashan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior de l'Ostau Abbassiana.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Jamkaran_Mosque-3855.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jamkaran."><img alt="Jamkaran." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Jamkaran_Mosque-3855.jpg/120px-Jamkaran_Mosque-3855.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Jamkaran_Mosque-3855.jpg/180px-Jamkaran_Mosque-3855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Jamkaran_Mosque-3855.jpg/240px-Jamkaran_Mosque-3855.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4672" data-file-height="3104" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jamkaran.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Mausoleum_Mir_haydar_amoli.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Amol."><img alt="Amol." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mausoleum_Mir_haydar_amoli.JPG/106px-Mausoleum_Mir_haydar_amoli.JPG" decoding="async" width="106" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mausoleum_Mir_haydar_amoli.JPG/160px-Mausoleum_Mir_haydar_amoli.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mausoleum_Mir_haydar_amoli.JPG/213px-Mausoleum_Mir_haydar_amoli.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2631" data-file-height="2967" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Amol.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literatura">Literatura</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=39" title="Modificar la seccion : Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=39" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Literatura"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Literatura_iraniana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literatura iraniana (la pagina existís pas)">Literatura iraniana</a>.</div> <p>La literatura iraniana apareguèt durant l'<a href="/wiki/Antiquitat" title="Antiquitat">Antiquitat</a> vèrs <a href="/wiki/-500" class="mw-redirect" title="-500">500 avC</a> dins lei regions de <a href="/wiki/Lenga" title="Lenga">lenga</a> <a href="/wiki/Persan" title="Persan">persana</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Aquemenida" title="Empèri Aquemenida">Empèri Aquemenida</a>. Es escricha en <a href="/wiki/Persan" title="Persan">persan</a> e, segon lei periòdes istorics, en <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8c_(lenga)" title="Grèc (lenga)">grèc</a> o en <a href="/wiki/Arabi" title="Arabi">arabi</a>. Pasmens, en causa de la disparicion de la màger part dei tèxtes preislamics, la màger part deis òbras coneguts a l'ora d'ara fuguèron escrichas après la conquista arabia dau sègle VII. Après la presa dau poder <a href="/wiki/Califat_abbassida" title="Califat abbassida">abbassida</a>, l'administracion dau Califat fuguèt dominada per de letruts pèrsas e la literatura, especialament la <a href="/wiki/Poesia" title="Poesia">poesia</a>, prenguèt una gròssa importància dins la cultura iraniana. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Filosofia">Filosofia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=40" title="Modificar la seccion : Filosofia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=40" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Filosofia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">filosofia</a> iraniana apareguèt durant l'Antiquitat. Lei fònts pus ancianas coneguts a l'ora d'ara son aquelei de l'<a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a>, tèxte religiós sacrat dau <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrisme" title="Zoroastrisme">Zoroastrisme</a>. Pasmens, la data d'escritura dei partidas pus vièlhas d'aqueu tèxte es fòrça coneguda. Per la seguida, l'invasion d'<a href="/wiki/Alexandre_lo_Grand" title="Alexandre lo Grand">Alexandre lo Grand</a> e la formacion dei reiaumes ellenics permetèron de difusar l'òbra dei filosòfs <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A8cia_antica" title="Grècia antica">grècs ancians</a> dins lei regions pèrsas. Enfin, la region èra tanben sota l'influéncia de la filosofia chinesa venguda de l'èst. Ansin, la fin de l'Antiquitat veguèt l'emergéncia d'unei corrents filosofics e religiós importants coma la filosofia grecopèrsa, lo <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maniqueisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maniqueisme (la pagina existís pas)">Maniqueisme</a> o lo <a href="/wiki/Zervanisme" title="Zervanisme">Zervanisme</a>. Après la conversion de Pèrsia a l'<a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, aquelei filosofias participèron au desvolopament de la filosofia musulmana e la region, especialament Bagdad, venguèt un centre intellectuau major dau mond musulman ambé d'autors coma <a href="/wiki/Avicena" title="Avicena">Avicena</a> (<a href="/wiki/980" class="mw-redirect" title="980">980</a>-<a href="/wiki/1037" class="mw-redirect" title="1037">1037</a>). Leis invasions mongòlas entraïnèron un declin de l'importància intellectuala de Pèrsia. Dins aquò, la filosofia iraniana dispareguèt pas e es totjorn fòrça activa, especialament sus de subjèctes regardant dirèctament l'organizacion de la Revolucion Islamica coma l'estudi dei relacions entre la religion musulmana e lei corrents politics modèrns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Musica">Musica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=41" title="Modificar la seccion : Musica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=41" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Musica"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Musica_iraniana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musica iraniana (la pagina existís pas)">Musica iraniana</a>.</div> <p>La cultura <a href="/wiki/Musica" title="Musica">musicala</a> de Pèrsia es similara ai sistèmas musicaus de l'<a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> Centrala e Occidentala. Pasmens, a gardat de trachs dinstintius e fuguèt tanben influenciada per la musica indiana e, dempuei la mitat dau sègle XIX, per de corrents artististics venguts d'<a href="/wiki/Eur%C3%B2pa" title="Euròpa">Euròpa</a> o d'<a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. Son origina es mau coneguda mai leis istorians grècs depintèron tre lo sègle V l'importància de la musica au sen de la Cort Aquemenida. Après l'invasion arabia, la musica iraniana gardèt un ròtle important (influéncia sus la musica medievala espanhòla) mai fuguèt de còps considerada d'un biais negatiu per leis autoritats religiosas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinèma"><span id="Cin.C3.A8ma"></span>Cinèma</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=42" title="Modificar la seccion : Cinèma" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=42" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Cinèma"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-section bandeau-niveau-detail loupe">Article detalhat: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cin%C3%A8ma_iranian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinèma iranian (la pagina existís pas)">Cinèma iranian</a>.</div> <p>Lo <a href="/wiki/Cin%C3%A8ma" title="Cinèma">cinèma</a> apareguèt en Iran tre <a href="/wiki/1900" class="mw-redirect" title="1900">1900</a> a la Cort reiala. Maugrat lo contraròtle e la censura per leis autoritats successivas, venguèt rapidament fòrça popular dins lo país e una produccion iraniana importanta se desvolopèt dins lo corrent dau sègle XX. Dempuei leis annadas 1990, sa qualitat es reconeguda au nivèu internacionau e divèrsei actors o realizators iranians an ganhat de recompensas prestigiosas, compres d'<a href="/wiki/Oscar" title="Oscar">Oscars</a>. De mai, s'organiza d'ara endavant de festivaus unicament consacrat au cinèma iranian. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Annèxas"><span id="Ann.C3.A8xas"></span>Annèxas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=43" title="Modificar la seccion : Annèxas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=43" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Annèxas"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=44" title="Modificar la seccion : Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=44" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Bibliografia"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Gérard Chalian, <i>Les empires nomades</i>, Perrin (2006).</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Pierre Digard, Bernard Hourcade e Yann Richard, <i>L'Iran au XX<sup>ème</sup> siècle</i>, Fayard (1996).</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ligams_intèrns"><span id="Ligams_int.C3.A8rns"></span>Ligams intèrns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=45" title="Modificar la seccion : Ligams intèrns" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=45" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Ligams intèrns"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-4" style="column-count: 4; -moz-column-count: 4; -webkit-column-count: 4; list-style-type:decimal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_lo_Grand" title="Alexandre lo Grand">Alexandre lo Grand</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Califat_abbassida" title="Califat abbassida">Califat abbassida</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Califat_Omeia" title="Califat Omeia">Califat Omeia</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cir_II_lo_Gran" title="Cir II lo Gran">Cir II lo Gran</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinastia_Qajara" title="Dinastia Qajara">Dinastia Qajara</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Aquemenida" title="Empèri Aquemenida">Empèri Aquemenida</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Mong%C3%B2l" title="Empèri Mongòl">Empèri Mongòl</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Part" title="Empèri Part">Empèri Part</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Safavida" title="Empèri Safavida">Empèri Safavida</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Sassanida" title="Empèri Sassanida">Empèri Sassanida</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%A8ri_Seleucida" class="mw-redirect" title="Empèri Seleucida">Empèri Seleucida</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanat" title="Ilkhanat">Ilkhanat</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolucion_Iraniana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolucion Iraniana (la pagina existís pas)">Revolucion Iraniana</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamburlan" title="Tamburlan">Tamburlan</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turcs_Seldjokids" class="mw-redirect" title="Turcs Seldjokids">Turcs Seldjokids</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ligams_extèrnes"><span id="Ligams_ext.C3.A8rnes"></span>Ligams extèrnes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=46" title="Modificar la seccion : Ligams extèrnes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=46" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Ligams extèrnes"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nòtas_e_referéncias"><span id="N.C3.B2tas_e_refer.C3.A9ncias"></span>Nòtas e referéncias</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&veaction=edit&section=47" title="Modificar la seccion : Nòtas e referéncias" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=47" title="Edita el codi de la secció: Nòtas e referéncias"><span>Modificar lo còdi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist references-column-count references-column-count-5" style="column-count: 5; -moz-column-count: 5; -webkit-column-count: 5; list-style-type:decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.farsnews.ir/newstext.php?nn=13911203000204">http://www.farsnews.ir/newstext.php?nn=13911203000204</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Georges Roux, <i>La Mésopotamie:</i> essai d'histoire politique, économique et culturelle<i>, Seuil (1985), p. 160.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Paul Garelli e André Lemaire, <i>Le Proche-Orient Asiatique, tome 2 : Les empires mésopotamiens, Israël</i>, PUF (2001), pp. 44-45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Gérard Chalian, <i>Les empires nomades</i>, Perrin (2006), p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), pp. 152-153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), pp. 182-185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 197.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Gérard Chalian, <i>Les empires nomades</i>, Perrin (2006), p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), pp. 203-204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), pp. 207-208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Gérard Chalian, <i>Les empires nomades</i>, Perrin (2006), pp. 82-83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), pp. 253-254.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), pp. 280-281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Gérard Chalian, <i>Les empires nomades</i>, Perrin (2006), p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 308.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Gérard Chalian, <i>Les empires nomades</i>, Perrin (2006), p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Gérard Chalian, <i>Les empires nomades</i>, Perrin (2006), pp. 126-127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 345.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), pp. 346-350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Gérard Chalian, <i>Les empires nomades</i>, Perrin (2006), p. 145.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 363.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Gérard Chalian, <i>Les empires nomades</i>, Perrin (2006), p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), pp. 370-371.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 388.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 391.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 392.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 400.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 402.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 407.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), pp. 407-408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 408.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), pp. 410-411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 411.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), pp. 418-419 e 423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Pierre Digard, Bernard Hourcade e Yann Richard, <i>L'Iran au XX<sup>ème</sup> siècle</i>, Fayard (1996), pp. 53-54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Pierre Digard, Bernard Hourcade e Yann Richard, <i>L'Iran au XX<sup>ème</sup> siècle</i>, Fayard (1996), p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Pierre Digard, Bernard Hourcade e Yann Richard, <i>L'Iran au XX<sup>ème</sup> siècle</i>, Fayard (1996), p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-59">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), pp. 425-426.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-60">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Pierre Digard, Bernard Hourcade e Yann Richard, <i>L'Iran au XX<sup>ème</sup> siècle</i>, Fayard (1996), p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Pierre Digard, Bernard Hourcade e Yann Richard, <i>L'Iran au XX<sup>ème</sup> siècle</i>, Fayard (1996), pp. 72-85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 426.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-63">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 427.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Patrice Touchard (dir.), Christine Bermond-Bousquet, Patrick Cabanel, Maxime Lefebvre, <i>Le siècle des excès - Le XX<sup>ème</sup> siècle de 1870 à nos jours</i>, PUF (1992), pp. 251-252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-65">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Pierre Digard, Bernard Hourcade e Yann Richard, <i>L'Iran au XX<sup>ème</sup> siècle</i>, Fayard (1996), pp. 102-104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Patrice Touchard (dir.), Christine Bermond-Bousquet, Patrick Cabanel, Maxime Lefebvre, <i>Le siècle des excès - Le XX<sup>ème</sup> siècle de 1870 à nos jours</i>, PUF (1992), p. 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Mark Gasiorowski, <i>Quand la CIA complotait en Iran</i>, <i>Le Monde Diplomatique</i> (octòbre de 2000).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Pierre Digard, Bernard Hourcade e Yann Richard, <i>L'Iran au XX<sup>ème</sup> siècle</i>, Fayard (1996), pp. 110-113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-69">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Paul Roux, <i>Histoire de l'Iran et des Iraniens</i>, Fayard (2006), p. 430.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Pierre Digard, Bernard Hourcade e Yann Richard, <i>L'Iran au XX<sup>ème</sup> siècle</i>, Fayard (1996), p. 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Razoux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Razoux (la pagina existís pas)">Pierre Razoux</a>, <i>La guerre Iran-Iraq Première guerre du Golfe 1980-1988</i>, Edicions Perrin, 2013, p. 572 : lo bilanç uman es estimat a 500 000 tuats e disparatus e 1 300 000 bleçats.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Pierre Digard, Bernard Hourcade e Yann Richard, <i>L'Iran au XX<sup>ème</sup> siècle</i>, Fayard (1996), p. 216.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Laurent Lamote, <i>L’heure de la reconstruction tarde à venir en Iran</i>, <i>Le Monde Diplomatique</i> (aost de 1992).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-74">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Alexandre Leroi-Ponant, <i>L’Iran du président Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</i>, <i>Le Monde Diplomatique</i> (decembre de 2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-75">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Pierre Digard, Bernard Hourcade e Yann Richard, <i>L'Iran au XX<sup>ème</sup> siècle</i>, Fayard (1996), pp. 14-15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-76">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Pierre Digard, Bernard Hourcade e Yann Richard, <i>L'Iran au XX<sup>ème</sup> siècle</i>, Fayard (1996), p. 381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-77">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Jean-Pierre Digard, Bernard Hourcade e Yann Richard, <i>L'Iran au XX<sup>ème</sup> siècle</i>, Fayard (1996), p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA_World_Factbook-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_78-0">78,0</a></sup> et <sup><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_World_Factbook_78-1">78,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> CIA -— The World Factbook <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120203093100/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-E/CN.4/1996/95/Add.2-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-E/CN.4/1996/95/Add.2_79-0">79,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-E/CN.4/1996/95/Add.2_79-1">79,1</a></sup> et <sup><a href="#cite_ref-E/CN.4/1996/95/Add.2_79-2">79,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> Nacions Unidas, <i>Rapport présenté par M. Abdelfattah Amor, rapporteur spécial, conformément à la résolution 1995/23 de la Commission des droits de l'homme</i>, E/CN.4/1996/95/Add.2, 9 de febrier de 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-80">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A9s" title="Anglés">(en)</a></b> <i>Discrimination against religious minorities in IRAN</i>, FIDH, aost de 2003.<i></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-81">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><b><a href="/wiki/Franc%C3%A9s" title="Francés">(fr)</a></b> I. Bahnam, <i>L’archéologie et l’art de l’Iran</i>, <i>Le Monde Diplomatique</i> (decembre de 1965).</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><br style="clear:both;line-height:0.5em;" /> </p> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" data-autocollapse-group="paleta" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #ffe524; color: #000000;"><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand nowrap tnavbar" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:#000000;"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8l:Pa%C3%AFses_d%27Asia/Tabl%C3%A8u" title="Modèl:Païses d'Asia/Tablèu"><abbr class="abbr" title="Veire aqueste modèl.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8l:Pa%C3%AFses_d%27Asia/Tabl%C3%A8u&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modificar aqueste modèl. Mercé de previsualizar abans de salvar.">m</abbr></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:LocationAsia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/LocationAsia.png/45px-LocationAsia.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/LocationAsia.png/68px-LocationAsia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/LocationAsia.png/90px-LocationAsia.png 2x" data-file-width="2759" data-file-height="1404" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Lista_dels_pa%C3%AFses_del_mond" class="mw-redirect" title="Lista dels païses del mond"><span style="background-color: #ffe524; color: #000000;">Païses</span></a> d'<a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><span style="background-color: #ffe524; color: #000000;">Asia</span></a></span></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"><br style="clear:both;line-height:0.5em;" /> <table width="100%" align="center" border="1px" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="border-collapse:collapse;margin-bottom:1em;border:1px solid #999999;background:#CCCCCC;"> <tbody><tr align="center" style="background:#FFFFFF;font-size:90%;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Asia_Centrala" title="Asia Centrala">Asia Centrala</a></b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Map_Central_Asia.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Map_Central_Asia.PNG/110px-Map_Central_Asia.PNG" decoding="async" width="110" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Map_Central_Asia.PNG/165px-Map_Central_Asia.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Map_Central_Asia.PNG/220px-Map_Central_Asia.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a></span> </td> <td width="40%"><a href="/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan">Afganistan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cazacstan" title="Cazacstan">Cazacstan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Quirguizstan" title="Quirguizstan">Quirguizstan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ozbequistan" title="Ozbequistan">Ozbequistan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> ¹ • <a href="/wiki/Tatgiquistan" title="Tatgiquistan">Tatgiquistan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Turcmenistan" title="Turcmenistan">Turcmenistan</a> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Asia_de_l%27%C3%88st" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia de l'Èst">Asia de l'Èst</a></b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Map-World-East-Asia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Map-World-East-Asia.png/110px-Map-World-East-Asia.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Map-World-East-Asia.png/165px-Map-World-East-Asia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Map-World-East-Asia.png/220px-Map-World-East-Asia.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a></span> </td> <td width="40%"><a href="/wiki/Republica_Populara_de_China" title="Republica Populara de China">China</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cor%C3%A8a_del_N%C3%B2rd" title="Corèa del Nòrd">Corèa del Nòrd</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cor%C3%A8a_del_Sud" title="Corèa del Sud">Corèa del Sud</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Japon" title="Japon">Japon</a> • <a href="/wiki/Republica_de_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republica de China">Republica de China</a> (Taiwan) </td></tr> <tr align="center" style="background:#FFFFFF;font-size:90%;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Asia_Occidentala" title="Asia Occidentala">Asia Occidentala</a></b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Map-World-Middle-East.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Map-World-Middle-East.png/110px-Map-World-Middle-East.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Map-World-Middle-East.png/165px-Map-World-Middle-East.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Map-World-Middle-East.png/220px-Map-World-Middle-East.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Saudita" title="Arabia Saudita">Arabia Saudita</a> • <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> ¹ • <a href="/wiki/Azerbaitjan" title="Azerbaitjan">Azerbaitjan</a> ¹ • <a href="/wiki/Bahrayn" title="Bahrayn">Bahrayn</a> • <a href="/wiki/Egipte" title="Egipte">Egipte</a> ¹ • <a href="/wiki/Emirats_Arabis_Units" title="Emirats Arabis Units">Emirats Arabis Units</a> • <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(Cauc%C3%A0s)" title="Georgia (Caucàs)">Georgia</a> ¹ • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a> • <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> • <a href="/wiki/Isra%C3%A8l" title="Israèl">Israèl</a> • <a href="/wiki/Jordania" title="Jordania">Jordania</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kowait" title="Kowait">Kowait</a> • <a href="/wiki/Liban" title="Liban">Liban</a> • <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a> • <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a> • <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siria</a> • <a href="/wiki/Turquia" title="Turquia">Turquia</a> ¹• <a href="/wiki/Iem%C3%A8n" title="Iemèn">Iemèn</a> </td> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Asia_del_Sud-%C3%88st" title="Asia del Sud-Èst">Asia del Sud-Èst</a></b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Map-World-Southeast-Asia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Map-World-Southeast-Asia.png/110px-Map-World-Southeast-Asia.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Map-World-Southeast-Asia.png/165px-Map-World-Southeast-Asia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Map-World-Southeast-Asia.png/220px-Map-World-Southeast-Asia.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Birmania" title="Birmania">Birmania</a> (Myanmar) • <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> • <a href="/wiki/Camb%C3%B2tja" title="Cambòtja">Cambòtja</a> • <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%A0isia" title="Malàisia">Malàisia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Filipinas" title="Filipinas">Filipinas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Singapor" title="Singapor">Singapor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tail%C3%A0ndia" title="Tailàndia">Tailàndia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Tim%C3%B2r_%C3%88st" title="Timòr Èst">Timòr Èst</a> ¹ • <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center" style="background:#FFFFFF;font-size:90%;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Asia_del_Sud" title="Asia del Sud">Asia del Sud</a></b><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichi%C3%A8r:Map-World-South-Asia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Map-World-South-Asia.png/110px-Map-World-South-Asia.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Map-World-South-Asia.png/165px-Map-World-South-Asia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Map-World-South-Asia.png/220px-Map-World-South-Asia.png 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Banglad%C3%A8sh" title="Bangladèsh">Bangladèsh</a> • <a href="/wiki/Botan" title="Botan">Botan</a> • <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndia" title="Índia">Índia</a> • <a href="/wiki/Maldivas" title="Maldivas">Maldivas</a> • <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paquistan" title="Paquistan">Paquistan</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> </td> <td><b>Autras entitats<br />politicas</b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Autoritat_Palestiniana" title="Autoritat Palestiniana">Autoritat Palestiniana</a> • <a href="/wiki/Federacion_Democratica_del_N%C3%B2rd_de_Siria" class="mw-redirect" title="Federacion Democratica del Nòrd de Siria">Rojava</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center" style="background:#FFFFFF;font-size:90%;"> <td colspan="4"><small>¹ parcialament asiatic</small> </td></tr></tbody></table></td> </tr> </tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Recuperada de « <a dir="ltr" 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