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href="#Designating_sanctuary_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Designating sanctuary sites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Designating_sanctuary_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_U.S._National_Marine_Sanctuaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_U.S._National_Marine_Sanctuaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>List of U.S. National Marine Sanctuaries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_U.S._National_Marine_Sanctuaries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of U.S. National Marine Sanctuaries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_U.S._National_Marine_Sanctuaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Zone in US waters designated for special protection</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Office of National Marine Sanctuaries</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-NationalMarineSanctuariesProgram-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/US-NationalMarineSanctuariesProgram-Logo.svg/150px-US-NationalMarineSanctuariesProgram-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/US-NationalMarineSanctuariesProgram-Logo.svg/225px-US-NationalMarineSanctuariesProgram-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/US-NationalMarineSanctuariesProgram-Logo.svg/300px-US-NationalMarineSanctuariesProgram-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">October 23, 1972<span class="noprint">; 52 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1972-10-23</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">United States federal government</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">1305 East-West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">350</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data">$50 million (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_Blue_Book_2017_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA_Blue_Book_2017-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">John Armor, Director of The Office of National Marine Sanctuaries<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/">sanctuaries.noaa.gov</a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_National_Marine_Sanctuary_global_system_map.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/US_National_Marine_Sanctuary_global_system_map.gif/220px-US_National_Marine_Sanctuary_global_system_map.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/US_National_Marine_Sanctuary_global_system_map.gif/330px-US_National_Marine_Sanctuary_global_system_map.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/US_National_Marine_Sanctuary_global_system_map.gif/440px-US_National_Marine_Sanctuary_global_system_map.gif 2x" data-file-width="445" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption>Global view of National Marine Sanctuaries extant in 2008.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_California_Marine_Sanctuaries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Central_California_Marine_Sanctuaries.jpg/220px-Central_California_Marine_Sanctuaries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="302" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Central_California_Marine_Sanctuaries.jpg/330px-Central_California_Marine_Sanctuaries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Central_California_Marine_Sanctuaries.jpg/440px-Central_California_Marine_Sanctuaries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="658" /></a><figcaption>Undated diagram from 2013 or earlier illustrating the orientation of the then-three marine sanctuaries of Central California: <a href="/wiki/Cordell_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordell Bank">Cordell Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_the_Farallones" title="Gulf of the Farallones">Gulf of the Farallones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Monterey_Bay_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary">Monterey Bay</a>. In October 2024, a fourth sanctuary, <a href="/wiki/Chumash_Heritage_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuary">Chumash Heritage</a>, was created.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Marine_Sanctuary_staff_Sanctuary_Sam_2008.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/National_Marine_Sanctuary_staff_Sanctuary_Sam_2008.png/300px-National_Marine_Sanctuary_staff_Sanctuary_Sam_2008.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/National_Marine_Sanctuary_staff_Sanctuary_Sam_2008.png/450px-National_Marine_Sanctuary_staff_Sanctuary_Sam_2008.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/National_Marine_Sanctuary_staff_Sanctuary_Sam_2008.png/600px-National_Marine_Sanctuary_staff_Sanctuary_Sam_2008.png 2x" data-file-width="893" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption>The Office of National Marine Sancturies headquarters staff poses in 2008 with the office's flag and the sanctuary system <a href="/wiki/Mascot" title="Mascot">mascot</a>, Sanctuary Sam.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>U.S. National Marine Sanctuary</b> is a federally designated area within <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> waters that protects areas of the marine environment with special conservation, <a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">recreational</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecological</a>, historical, cultural, <a href="/wiki/Archeology" class="mw-redirect" title="Archeology">archeological</a>, scientific, educational, or aesthetic qualities.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The program was established in 1972 by the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Protection,_Research,_and_Sanctuaries_Act_of_1972" title="Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972">Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act</a> and is currently administered by the <a href="/wiki/National_Ocean_Service" title="National Ocean Service">National Ocean Service</a> through the National Marine Sanctuaries Act (NMSA).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While National Marine Sanctuaries are multiple-use areas, the NMSA emphasizes that one of the express purposes of a sanctuary is to “maintain the natural biological communities” and to “protect and, where appropriate, restore and enhance natural habitats, populations, and ecological processes.” The National Marine Sanctuary System consists of 17 <a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">marine protected areas</a> that encompass about 785,000 square miles (2,030,000 km<sup>2</sup>). Individual areas range from less than 1 to 583,000 square miles (3 to 1,509,963 km<sup>2</sup>).<sup id="cite_ref-sanctuaries.noaa.gov_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanctuaries.noaa.gov-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Office of National Marine Sanctuaries (ONMS), a division of the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> (NOAA), administers the 17 national marine sanctuaries. The program began after the <a href="/wiki/1969_Santa_Barbara_oil_spill" title="1969 Santa Barbara oil spill">1969 Santa Barbara oil spill</a> off the coast of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> brought the plight of marine <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a> to national attention. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> responded in 1972 with the <a href="/wiki/Marine_Protection,_Research_and_Sanctuaries_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act">Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act</a> which allowed for the creation of marine sanctuaries. The resources protected by U.S. national marine sanctuaries range from <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reef</a> ecosystems in <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, to shipwrecks in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Casserley2009_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Casserley2009-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The NMSP also is involved in the administration of the <a href="/wiki/Papah%C4%81naumoku%C4%81kea_Marine_National_Monument" title="Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument">Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rose_Atoll_Marine_National_Monument" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose Atoll Marine National Monument">Rose Atoll Marine National Monument</a>, although they are not U.S. national marine sanctuaries. The NMSP jointly administers the Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument in conjunction with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">United States Fish and Wildlife Service</a> and the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Hawaii">State of Hawaii</a>, and it jointly administers the Rose Atoll Marine National Monument with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scope_of_protection">Scope of protection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Marine_Sanctuary&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Scope of protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Designation as a National Marine Sanctuary does not automatically prohibit fishing and other activities. Recreational and commercial fishing is allowed in some sanctuaries. It is possible to restrict consumptive or destructive activities through the initial designation process and NMSP actions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There are restrictions in some sanctuaries that are enforced by other governing agencies. For example, current regulations restricting fishing in <a href="/wiki/Stellwagen_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellwagen Bank">Stellwagen Bank</a> were not issued by the NMSP, but rather by <a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">National Marine Fisheries Service</a> (NOAA Fisheries) and the New England Fishery Management Council, which have jurisdiction in federal waters off the <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> coast generally.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The private <a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">nonprofit organization</a> <a href="/wiki/Marine_Conservation_Institute" title="Marine Conservation Institute">Marine Conservation Institute</a> has compiled fact sheets for each sanctuary listing activities which are directly regulated by the NMSP.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Designating_sanctuary_sites">Designating sanctuary sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Marine_Sanctuary&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Designating sanctuary sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Site selection is done under the auspices of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Regional teams of marine scientists identify geographically representative sites for potential marine sanctuaries. NOAA then selects candidate sites and meets with <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">state</a> or <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">territorial</a> resource managers and/or the state or territorial <a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">governor's</a> staff to determine the local level of interest in establishing a sanctuary. If there is mutually satisfactory interest, the candidate sites are evaluated through a process of public and legislative review and validated by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> and state or territorial governments. NOAA initiates the designation by the preparation of a Draft <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_statement" title="Environmental impact statement">Environmental Impact Statement</a> (DEIS) and a proposed management plan, then publishes a notice of its plans in the <i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a></i>. NOAA sponors regional meetings and public hearings to gather comments. The U.S. Congress receives the draft statements and may conduct its own hearings. NOAA prepares a Final Environmental Impact Statement (FEIS) that addresses the concerns raised in the DEIS process and distributes it for comment. Finally, upon approval of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">United States Secretary of Commerce</a>, who oversees NOAA, designates the area as a National Marine Sanctuary. The U.S. Congress and the governor of the state or territory then may formally object to or appeal the designation.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_U.S._National_Marine_Sanctuaries">List of U.S. National Marine Sanctuaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Marine_Sanctuary&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: List of U.S. National Marine Sanctuaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Location</th> <th data-sort-type="number">Area</th> <th>Designated </th></tr> <tr> <th data-sort-value="American Samoa"><a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Sanctuary_of_American_Samoa" title="National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa">National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> </td> <td>13,581 sq mi (35,175 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001986-04-29-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">April 29, 1986</span><sup id="cite_ref-designationsepansions_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-designationsepansions-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary">Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> </td> <td>1,470 sq mi (3,807 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001980-10-02-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">October 2, 1980</span><sup id="cite_ref-designationsepansions_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-designationsepansions-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Chumash_Heritage_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuary">Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuary</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> </td> <td>4,543 sq mi (11,766 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002024-10-11-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">October 11, 2024</span><sup id="cite_ref-:0_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Bank_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary">Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> </td> <td>1,286 sq mi (3,331 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001989-05-24-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">May 24, 1989</span><sup id="cite_ref-designationsepansions_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-designationsepansions-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Florida_Keys_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary">Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a>, <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></span> </td> <td>3,840 sq mi (9,946 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001990-11-16-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">November 16, 1990</span><sup id="cite_ref-sanctuarieshistory_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanctuarieshistory-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thesanctuary_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thesanctuary-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Flower_Garden_Banks_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary">Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> </td> <td>160 sq mi (414 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001992-01-17-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 17, 1992</span><sup id="cite_ref-designationsepansions_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-designationsepansions-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Reef_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary">Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> </td> <td>22 sq mi (57 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001981-01-16-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 16, 1981</span><sup id="cite_ref-designationsepansions_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-designationsepansions-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Greater_Farallones_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary">Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> </td> <td>3,295 sq mi (8,534 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001981-01-16-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 16, 1981</span><sup id="cite_ref-designationsepansions_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-designationsepansions-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands_Humpback_Whale_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary">Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> </td> <td>1,400 sq mi (3,626 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001992-11-14-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">November 14, 1992</span><sup id="cite_ref-designationsepansions_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-designationsepansions-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Lake Ontario National Marine Sanctuary">Lake Ontario National Marine Sanctuary</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> </td> <td>1,722 sq mi (4,460 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002024-09-06-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">September 6, 2024</span><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mallows_Bay%E2%80%93Potomac_River_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Mallows Bay–Potomac River National Marine Sanctuary">Mallows Bay–Potomac River National Marine Sanctuary</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> </td> <td>18 sq mi (47 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002019-09-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">September 3, 2019</span><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Monitor_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Monitor National Marine Sanctuary">Monitor National Marine Sanctuary</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> </td> <td>0.785 sq mi (2.03 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001975-02-05-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">February 5, 1975</span><sup id="cite_ref-designationsepansions_10-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-designationsepansions-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Monterey_Bay_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary">Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> </td> <td>6,094 sq mi (15,780 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001992-09-18-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">September 18, 1992</span><sup id="cite_ref-designationsepansions_10-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-designationsepansions-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Coast_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary">Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific</a> </td> <td>3,189 sq mi (8,260 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001994-05-11-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">May 11, 1994</span><sup id="cite_ref-designationsepansions_10-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-designationsepansions-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Stellwagen_Bank_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary">Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> </td> <td>842 sq mi (2,180 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001992-11-14-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">November 14, 1992</span><sup id="cite_ref-designationsepansions_10-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-designationsepansions-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary">Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> </td> <td>4,300 sq mi (11,137 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002000-06-22-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">June 22, 2000</span><sup id="cite_ref-designationsepansions_10-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-designationsepansions-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Shipwreck_Coast_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary">Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> </td> <td>726 sq mi (1,880 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002021-10-09-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">October 9, 2021</span><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>NOTES:</b> The National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa originally was named the Fagatelle Bay National Marine Sanctuary.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary originally was named the Gulf of the Farallones National Marine Sanctuary.<sup id="cite_ref-designationsepansions_10-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-designationsepansions-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_sanctuaries">Former sanctuaries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Marine_Sanctuary&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Former sanctuaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Location</th> <th data-sort-type="number">Area</th> <th>Designated </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Key_Largo_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Key Largo National Marine Sanctuary">Key Largo National Marine Sanctuary</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> </td> <td>103 sq mi (267 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001975-12-18-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">December 18, 1975</span><sup id="cite_ref-sanctuarieshistory_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanctuarieshistory-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thesanctuary_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thesanctuary-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Looe_Key_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary">Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> </td> <td>7.04 sq mi (18.2 km<sup>2</sup>) </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001981-01-16-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">January 16, 1981</span><sup id="cite_ref-designationsepansions_10-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-designationsepansions-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sanctuarieshistory_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanctuarieshistory-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thesanctuary_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thesanctuary-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>NOTE:</b> These sanctuaries were subsumed by the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Keys_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary">Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary</a> on November 16, 1990, <sup id="cite_ref-sanctuarieshistory_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sanctuarieshistory-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thesanctuary_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thesanctuary-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but continued to operate until July 1, 1997, when they were integrated into the Florida Keys sanctuary and redesignated as Existing Management Areas.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_designation_process">In designation process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Marine_Sanctuary&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In designation process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Lake Erie National Marine Sanctuary</li> <li>Hudson Canyon National Marine Sanctuary</li> <li>Pacific Remote Islands National Marine Sanctuary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papah%C4%81naumoku%C4%81kea_Marine_National_Monument" title="Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument">Papahanamokuakea National Marine Sanctuary</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Marine_Sanctuary&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Marine_Sanctuary&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+of+National+Marine+Sanctuaries+Leadership&rft.atitle=Leadership+%26%23124%3B+Office+of+National+Marine+Sanctuaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsanctuaries.noaa.gov%2Fabout%2Fleadership.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Marine+Sanctuary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMPP_12007" class="citation journal cs1">MPP 1, Angela M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOAA&rft.atitle=Sanctuary+Designations+%26+Expansions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsanctuaries.noaa.gov%2Fabout%2Fdesignations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Marine+Sanctuary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/chumash-heritage/">"Proposed Designation of Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuary | Office of National Marine Sanctuaries"</a>. <i>sanctuaries.noaa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 14,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sanctuaries.noaa.gov&rft.atitle=Proposed+Designation+of+Chumash+Heritage+National+Marine+Sanctuary+%7C+Office+of+National+Marine+Sanctuaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsanctuaries.noaa.gov%2Fchumash-heritage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Marine+Sanctuary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mercurynews.com/2024/09/06/california-to-get-first-new-national-marine-sanctuary-in-32-years-banning-offshore-oil-drilling-along-more-than-100-miles-of-coastline/">"California's first new national marine sanctuary in 32 years to ban offshore oil drilling along 100 miles of coastline"</a>. <i>The Mercury News</i>. September 6, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Mercury+News&rft.atitle=California%E2%80%99s+first+new+national+marine+sanctuary+in+32+years+to+ban+offshore+oil+drilling+along+100+miles+of+coastline&rft.date=2024-09-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mercurynews.com%2F2024%2F09%2F06%2Fcalifornia-to-get-first-new-national-marine-sanctuary-in-32-years-banning-offshore-oil-drilling-along-more-than-100-miles-of-coastline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Marine+Sanctuary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sanctuarieshistory-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sanctuarieshistory_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sanctuarieshistory_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sanctuarieshistory_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sanctuarieshistory_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nmssanctuarieseus2-uat.azurewebsites.net/about/history/">"National Marine Sanctuaries History Timeline"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> <a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Marine_Sanctuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of National Marine Sanctuaries">Office of National Marine Sanctuaries</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Marine+Sanctuaries+History+Timeline&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration+Office+of+National+Marine+Sanctuaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnmssanctuarieseus2-uat.azurewebsites.net%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Marine+Sanctuary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thesanctuary-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thesanctuary_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thesanctuary_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thesanctuary_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thesanctuary_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://floridakeys.noaa.gov/about/sanctuary.html">"Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary: The Sanctuary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> <a href="/wiki/Office_of_National_Marine_Sanctuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of National Marine Sanctuaries">Office of National Marine Sanctuaries</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Florida+Keys+National+Marine+Sanctuary%3A+The+Sanctuary&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration+Office+of+National+Marine+Sanctuaries&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffloridakeys.noaa.gov%2Fabout%2Fsanctuary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Marine+Sanctuary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/lake-ontario/">"Underwater sanctuary plan aims to preserve Lake Michigan shipwrecks off Wisconsin"</a>. <i>National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft.atitle=Underwater+sanctuary+plan+aims+to+preserve+Lake+Michigan+shipwrecks+off+Wisconsin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsanctuaries.noaa.gov%2Flake-ontario%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Marine+Sanctuary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/09/26/2019-20608/designation-of-mallows-bay-potomac-river-national-marine-sanctuary-notification-of-effective-date">"Designation of Mallows Bay-Potomac River National Marine Sanctuary"</a>. <i>www.federalregister.gov</i>. September 9, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.federalregister.gov&rft.atitle=Designation+of+Mallows+Bay-Potomac+River+National+Marine+Sanctuary&rft.date=2019-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.federalregister.gov%2Fdocuments%2F2019%2F09%2F26%2F2019-20608%2Fdesignation-of-mallows-bay-potomac-river-national-marine-sanctuary-notification-of-effective-date&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Marine+Sanctuary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriscoe" class="citation news cs1">Briscoe, Tony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/local/breaking/ct-lake-michigan-marine-sanctuary-shipwrecks-met-20170915-story.html">"Advisory Council Meeting for proposed Lake Ontario National Marine Sanctuary to meet virtually June 10"</a>. <i>chicagotribune.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=chicagotribune.com&rft.atitle=Advisory+Council+Meeting+for+proposed+Lake+Ontario+National+Marine+Sanctuary+to+meet+virtually+June+10&rft.aulast=Briscoe&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Flocal%2Fbreaking%2Fct-lake-michigan-marine-sanctuary-shipwrecks-met-20170915-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Marine+Sanctuary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://americansamoa.noaa.gov">http://americansamoa.noaa.gov</a> <i>National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa.</i> NOAA.gov. Retrieved 1 January 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-1997-01-30/html/97-1870.htm">"Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary; Final Rule"</a>. <i>govinfo.gov</i>. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a>, Vol. 62, No. 20, 4578–4622. January 30, 1997<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=govinfo.gov&rft.atitle=Florida+Keys+National+Marine+Sanctuary%3B+Final+Rule&rft.date=1997-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.govinfo.gov%2Fcontent%2Fpkg%2FFR-1997-01-30%2Fhtml%2F97-1870.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Marine+Sanctuary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://floridakeys.noaa.gov/mgmtplans/2007.html">"Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary Revised Management Plan"</a>. <i>NOAA</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>. December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 22,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOAA&rft.atitle=Florida+Keys+National+Marine+Sanctuary+Revised+Management+Plan&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffloridakeys.noaa.gov%2Fmgmtplans%2F2007.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Marine+Sanctuary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/special/wellwood/project.html">"Wellwood Reef Restoration: The Project"</a>. <i>NOAA</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>. September 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOAA&rft.atitle=Wellwood+Reef+Restoration%3A+The+Project&rft.date=2023-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsanctuaries.noaa.gov%2Fspecial%2Fwellwood%2Fproject.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Marine+Sanctuary" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore, p. 143.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Marine_Sanctuary&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore2022" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Elizabeth (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/about/history/"><i>Time and Tide: A History of the National Maritime Sanctuary System</i></a>. Washington, D.C.: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Office of National Marine Sanctuaries<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Time+and+Tide%3A+A+History+of+the+National+Maritime+Sanctuary+System&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration+Office+of+National+Marine+Sanctuaries&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsanctuaries.noaa.gov%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANational+Marine+Sanctuary" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=National_Marine_Sanctuary&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sanctuaries.noaa.gov/welcome.html">Sanctuaries.noaa.gov: Official <b>National Marine Sanctuaries</b> website</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#bbeb85;;background:#abdb75;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output 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4em"><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Protected areas of the United States">Federal protected areas in the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservation_Area" title="National Conservation Area">Conservation Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Estuarine_Research_Reserve" title="National Estuarine Research Reserve">Estuarine Research Reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_forest_(United_States)" title="National forest (United States)">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_grassland" title="National grassland">Grasslands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Site_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historic Site (United States)">Historical parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_lakeshores_and_seashores_of_the_United_States" title="List of national lakeshores and seashores of the United States">Lakeshores and seashores</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Marine Sanctuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)" title="National monument (United States)">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Natural_Landmark" title="National Natural Landmark">Natural Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outstanding_Natural_Area" title="Outstanding Natural Area">Outstanding Natural Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_United_States" title="List of national parks of the United States">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Parkway" title="National Parkway">Parkways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_preserve" title="National preserve">Preserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_recreation_area" title="National recreation area">Recreation Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_Natural_Area" title="Research Natural Area">Research Natural Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_River" class="mw-redirect" title="National River">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Scenic_Area_(United_States)" title="National Scenic Area (United States)">Scenic Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Scenic_Trail" class="mw-redirect" title="National Scenic Trail">Scenic Trails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wild_and_Scenic_Rivers_System" title="National Wild and Scenic Rivers System">Wild and Scenic Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wilderness_Preservation_System#Wilderness_areas" title="National Wilderness Preservation System">Wilderness Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness_study_area" title="Wilderness study area">Wilderness Study Areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wildlife_Refuge" title="National Wildlife Refuge">Wildlife Refuges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_National_Marine_Sanctuaries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_marine_sanctuaries_of_the_United_States" title="Template:National marine sanctuaries of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_marine_sanctuaries_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:National marine sanctuaries of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_marine_sanctuaries_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National marine sanctuaries of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_National_Marine_Sanctuaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">United States <a class="mw-selflink selflink">National Marine Sanctuaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Existing sanctuaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Sanctuary_of_American_Samoa" title="National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa">American Samoa</a> (ex-Fagatele Bay)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_Heritage_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Chumash Heritage National Marine Sanctuary">Chumash Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Bank_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Cordell Bank National Marine Sanctuary">Cordell Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Keys_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary">Florida Keys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_Garden_Banks_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Flower Garden Banks National Marine Sanctuary">Flower Garden Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray%27s_Reef_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary">Gray's Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Farallones_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Greater Farallones National Marine Sanctuary">Greater Farallones</a> (ex-Gulf of the Farallones)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands_Humpback_Whale_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary">Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Ontario_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Lake Ontario National Marine Sanctuary">Lake Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mallows_Bay%E2%80%93Potomac_River_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Mallows Bay–Potomac River National Marine Sanctuary">Mallows Bay–Potomac River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Monitor National Marine Sanctuary">Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monterey_Bay_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary">Monterey Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Coast_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary">Olympic Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellwagen_Bank_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary">Stellwagen Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Bay_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Thunder Bay National Marine Sanctuary">Thunder Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Shipwreck_Coast_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast National Marine Sanctuary">Wisconsin Shipwreck Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former sanctuaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Key_Largo_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Key Largo National Marine Sanctuary">Key Largo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Looe_Key_National_Marine_Sanctuary" title="Looe Key National Marine Sanctuary">Looe Key</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marine_protected_areas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marine_protected_areas" title="Template:Marine protected areas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marine_protected_areas" title="Template talk:Marine protected areas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marine_protected_areas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marine protected areas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marine_protected_areas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine protected areas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marine protected areas by nation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_protected_areas" title="List of marine protected areas">List of marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_marine_parks" title="Australian marine parks">Australia</a></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Canada" title="Marine Protected Areas of Canada">MPAs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Conservation_Area" title="National Marine Conservation Area">NMCAs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_areas_of_South_Africa" title="Marine protected areas of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Conservation_Zone" title="Marine Conservation Zone">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Protected_Areas_in_Scotland" title="Marine Protected Areas in Scotland">Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_protected_areas_of_Alaska" title="List of marine protected areas of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_protected_areas_of_California" title="List of marine protected areas of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_protected_areas_of_Hawaii" title="List of marine protected areas of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_protected_areas_of_Oregon" title="List of marine protected areas of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_marine_protected_areas_of_Washington" title="List of marine protected areas of Washington">Washington</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International<br />marine conservation<br />organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature">International Union for Conservation of Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">World Wide Fund for Nature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biodiversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine biodiversity">Marine biodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a 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