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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تنوين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تنوين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunaci%C3%B3n" title="Nunación – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nunación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нунация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нунация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunadur" title="Nunadur – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Nunadur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunation" title="Nunation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nunation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunaci%C3%B3n" title="Nunación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nunación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunacio" title="Nunacio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nunacio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="تنوین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تنوین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunation" title="Nunation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nunation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Թանվին – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թանվին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanwin" title="Tanwin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tanwin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunazione" title="Nunazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nunazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9F" title="תנווין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תנווין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanwin" title="Tanwin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tanwin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нунация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нунация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanw%C3%ADn" title="Tanwín – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tanwín" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of Arabic diacritic</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Nu-Nation" title="Nu-Nation">Nu-Nation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nutation" title="Nutation">nutation</a>.</div> <p><b>Nunation</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تَنوِين</span>, <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">tanwīn</i></span></i>), in some <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Literary Arabic</a>, is the addition of one of three vowel diacritics (<i><a href="/wiki/%E1%B8%A4arak%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Ḥarakāt">ḥarakāt</a></i>) to a <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a>. </p><p>This is used to indicate the word ends in an <a href="/wiki/Dental,_alveolar_and_postalveolar_nasals" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental, alveolar and postalveolar nasals">alveolar nasal</a> without the addition of the letter <i><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">nūn</a></i>. The noun phrase is fully <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">declinable</a> and syntactically unmarked for <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definiteness</a>, identifiable in speech. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_Arabic">Literary Arabic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nunation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Literary Arabic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When writing Literary Arabic in full diacritics, there are three nunation diacritics, which indicate the suffixes <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">-un</i></span></i> (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>: /-un/) (<a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative case</a>), <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">-in</i></span></i> /-in/ (<a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a>), and <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">-an</i></span></i> /an/ (<a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">accusative</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthographical</a> rules for nunation with the <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">fatḥah</i></span> sign <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـً</span>‎ is by an additional <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ا</span>‎ <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">alif</i></span></i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">اً</span>‎, diacritic above alif; or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ـًا</span>‎, diacritic before alif; see below), above <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ةً</span>‎ (<i><a href="/wiki/Ta%27_marbuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta' marbuta"><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">tāʾ marbūṭah</i></span></a></i> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تاء مربوطة</span></span>) or above <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">ءً</span>‎ (<i><a href="/wiki/Hamza" title="Hamza"><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">hamzah</i></span></a></i> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">همزة</span></span>). </p><p>In most dialects of <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Arabic" title="Varieties of Arabic">spoken Arabic</a>, nunation only exists in words and phrases borrowed from the literary language, especially those that are declined in the accusative (that is, with <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">-an</i></span>). It is still used in some <a href="/wiki/Bedouin_Arabic" title="Bedouin Arabic">Bedouin dialects</a> in its genitive form <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">-in</i></span>, such as in <a href="/wiki/Najdi_Arabic" title="Najdi Arabic">Najdi Arabic</a>. </p><p>Since Arabic has no <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Indefinite article">indefinite article</a>, nouns that are nunated (except for proper nouns) are indefinite, and so the absence of the definite article <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ʼal</i></span> triggers nunation in all nouns and substantives except diptotes (that is, derivations with only two cases in the indefinite state, -u in the nominative and -a in the accusative and genitive). A given name, if it is not a diptote, is also nunated when declined, as in <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّدًا رَسُولُ الله</span></span> (<i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Shahadah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahadah">ashhadu</a> anna Muḥammadan rasūlu l-lāh(i)</i></span></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʔaʃ.ha.du<span class="wrap"> </span>ʔan.na<span class="wrap"> </span>mu.ħam.ma.dan<span class="wrap"> </span>ra.suː.lul.laː(.hi)/</span> "I bear witness that <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> is the messenger of Allah."), in which the word <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">محمد</span></span> <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Muḥammad</i></span></i>, a given name derived from the passive participle of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF" class="extiw" title="wikt:حمد">حَمَّدَ</a> ("to praise"), is nunated to <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مُحَمَّدًا</span></span> <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">Muḥammadan</i></span> to signal that it is in the accusative case, as it is the grammatical subject of a sentence introduced by <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أنَّ</span></span> ("that"). </p> <div style="padding: 0pt 3pt 0pt 3pt"> <table class="wikitable" style="align:left;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Nunation - <i>tanwīn</i> تَنْوِين </th></tr> <tr> <th>Symbol </th> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"><br /><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ـٌ </span>‎</span><br /><br /> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"><br /><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ـٍ </span>‎</span><br /><br /> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"><br /><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ـً </span>‎</span><br /><br /> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>Transliteration </th> <td colspan="1"><br /><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">-un</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="1"><br /><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">-in</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="1"><br /><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">-an</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Case </th> <td colspan="1"><br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Nom</div> </td> <td rowspan="1"><br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Gen</div> </td> <td rowspan="1"><br /><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Acc</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Example on the word <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA#Arabic" class="extiw" title="wikt:بيت">بيت</a></span></span> <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">bayt</i></span> </th> <td><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">بيتٌ</span>‎</span> </td> <td><br /><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">بيتٍ</span>‎</span><br /> </td> <td><br /><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">بيتًا</span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Transliteration </th> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">baytun</i></span> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">baytin</i></span> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">baytan</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Example on the word <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A9#Arabic" class="extiw" title="wikt:دودة">دودة</a></span></span> <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">dūdah</i></span> </th> <td><br /><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> دودةٌ </span>‎</span> </td> <td><br /><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> دودةٍ </span>‎</span><br /> </td> <td><br /><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> دودةً </span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Transliteration </th> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">dūdatun</i></span> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">dūdatin</i></span> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">dūdatan</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Example on the word <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A1#Arabic" class="extiw" title="wikt:هدوء">هدوء</a></span></span> <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">hudūʼ</i></span> </th> <td><br /><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> هدوءٌ </span>‎</span> </td> <td><br /><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> هدوءٍ </span>‎</span><br /> </td> <td><br /><span style="font-size:160%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> هدوءًا </span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Transliteration </th> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">hudūʼun</i></span> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">hudūʼin</i></span> </td> <td><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">hudūʼan</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>In Levantine Arabic, it is standard to write <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">fatḥatān</i></span> on the <span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">alif</i></span>, rather than on the previous letter:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span style="font-size:160%;line-height:normal;""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> بيتاً - هدوءاً </span>‎</span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Xiao'erjing"><span id="Xiao.27erjing"></span>Xiao'erjing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nunation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Xiao'erjing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></div> <p>Xiao'erjing is a Perso-Arabic script adopted for writing of <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> (especially the <a href="/wiki/Lanyin_Mandarin" title="Lanyin Mandarin">Lanyin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhongyuan_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhongyuan Mandarin">Zhongyuan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Mandarin" title="Northeastern Mandarin">Northeastern</a> dialects) or the <a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan language</a>. This writing system is unique (compared to other Arabic-based writing systems) in that all vowels, long and short, are explicitly marked at all times with Arabic diacritics. In this script, the three nunations are used extensively to represent the alveolar (front) nasal sounds <i>("-n")</i>, and also sometimes to represent velar (back) nasal sounds <i>("-ng")</i>. </p> <div style="padding: 0pt 3pt 0pt 3pt"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5">Nunation - <i>tanwīn</i> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Symbol </th> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"><br /><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ـًا </span>‎</span><br /><br /> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"><br /><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ـٌ </span>‎</span><br /><br /> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"><br /><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ـٍ </span>‎</span><br /><br /> </td> <td style="line-height:180%;padding:10px;"><br /><span style="font-size:250%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> ْـٍ </span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th>Transliteration </th> <td colspan="1"><br /><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">-an</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="1"><br /><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">-un</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="1"><br /><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">-en</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="1"><br /><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">-eng</i></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Example on a word </th> <td><br /><span style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> بًا </span>‎</span> </td> <td><br /><span style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> جٌ </span>‎</span> </td> <td><br /><span style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> مٍ </span>‎</span> </td> <td><br /><span style="font-size:150%;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> مٍْ </span>‎</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Chinese Character </th> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: 200%; line-height: 1em;"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">半</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: 200%; line-height: 1em;"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">准</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: 200%; line-height: 1em;"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">们</span></span> </td> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: 200%; line-height: 1em;"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">梦</span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Pinyin </th> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1em;"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">bàn</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1em;"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">zhǔn</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1em;"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">mén</i></span> </td> <td style="text-align: center; font-size: 120%; line-height: 1em;"><span title="ISO 7098 Chinese (Chinese language) transliteration"><i lang="zh-Latn">mèng</i></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Akkadian_language">Akkadian language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nunation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Akkadian language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nunation may also refer to the <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">-n</i></span></i>  ending of <a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">duals</a> in <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> (until it was dropped in the Old Babylonian period).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Character_encodings">Character encodings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nunation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Character encodings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable template-charmap" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Character information </caption> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center"> <th scope="row">Preview</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">ً</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">ٌ</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">ٍ</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">ࣰ</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">ࣱ</th> <th colspan="2" style="font-size:150%">ࣲ </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1061632564">.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child{height:50px}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]{height:100%}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div{height:100%;display:flex;justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div>div{display:flex;flex-direction:column;padding:0 0.5em}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap tr:first-child th[colspan]>div>div>span:nth-child(2){margin:auto;padding:10px 0;font-size:150%;line-height:1}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap .smallcaps-cm{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap td:first-child{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output table.template-charmap .template-charmap-numchr td:nth-child(n/**/+2){font-size:90%;padding:2px}</style>Unicode name </th> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">ARABIC FATHATAN </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">ARABIC DAMMATAN </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">ARABIC KASRATAN </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">ARABIC OPEN FATHATAN </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">ARABIC OPEN DAMMATAN </td> <td colspan="2" class="smallcaps-cm">ARABIC OPEN KASRATAN </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">Encodings</th> <th>decimal</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex</th> <th>dec</th> <th>hex </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></td> <td>1611</td> <td>U+064B</td> <td>1612</td> <td>U+064C</td> <td>1613</td> <td>U+064D</td> <td>2288</td> <td>U+08F0</td> <td>2289</td> <td>U+08F1</td> <td>2290</td> <td>U+08F2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UTF-8" title="UTF-8">UTF-8</a></td> <td>217 139</td> <td>D9 8B</td> <td>217 140</td> <td>D9 8C</td> <td>217 141</td> <td>D9 8D</td> <td>224 163 176</td> <td>E0 A3 B0</td> <td>224 163 177</td> <td>E0 A3 B1</td> <td>224 163 178</td> <td>E0 A3 B2 </td></tr> <tr class="template-charmap-numchr"> <td><a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">Numeric character reference</a></td> <td>&#1611;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x64B;<wbr /></td> <td>&#1612;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x64C;<wbr /></td> <td>&#1613;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x64D;<wbr /></td> <td>&#2288;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x8F0;<wbr /></td> <td>&#2289;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x8F1;<wbr /></td> <td>&#2290;<wbr /></td> <td>&#x8F2;<wbr /> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nunation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_diacritics" title="Arabic diacritics">Arabic diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimation" title="Mimation">Mimation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCI%CA%BBr%C4%81b" class="mw-redirect" title="ʼIʻrāb"><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">iʿrāb</i></span></a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nunation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ektebsa7.com/?p=2553">"تنوين الفتح.. على الألف أم على الحرف الذي يسبقه؟"</a>. 21 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86+%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AD..+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%81+%D8%A3%D9%85+%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D9%81+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%8A+%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%87%D8%9F&rft.date=2016-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ektebsa7.com%2F%3Fp%3D2553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANunation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sron.nl/~jheise/akkadian/words.html#mimmation">Akkadian grammar: morphology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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