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> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Webcam" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Webcam" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_development_(early_1990s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_development_(early_1990s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early development (early 1990s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_development_(early_1990s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entering_the_mainstream_(late_1990s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entering_the_mainstream_(late_1990s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Entering the mainstream (late 1990s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entering_the_mainstream_(late_1990s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s–2019" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s–2019"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>2000s–2019</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s–2019-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020–present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020–present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>2020–present</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020–present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Image_sensor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Image_sensor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Image sensor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Image_sensor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Optics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Optics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Optics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Optics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Internal software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interface_and_external_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interface_and_external_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Interface and external software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interface_and_external_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Videotelephony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Videotelephony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Videotelephony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Videotelephony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monitoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monitoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Monitoring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monitoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Astrophotography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astrophotography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Astrophotography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astrophotography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laser_beam_profiling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laser_beam_profiling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Laser beam profiling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laser_beam_profiling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Privacy_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privacy_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Privacy concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privacy_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Webcam</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="كاميرا الويب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كاميرا الويب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1mara_web" title="Cámara web – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cámara web" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vebkamera" title="Vebkamera – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vebkamera" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="ওয়েবক্যাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়েবক্যাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B5%D0%B1_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Уеб камера – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уеб камера" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veb-kamera" title="Veb-kamera – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Veb-kamera" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A0mera_web" title="Càmera web – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Càmera web" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webov%C3%A1_kamera" title="Webová kamera – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Webová kamera" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Webcam" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Webcam" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veebikaamera" title="Veebikaamera – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Veebikaamera" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_camera" title="Web camera – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Web camera" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A1mara_web" title="Cámara web – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cámara web" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retfotilo" title="Retfotilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Retfotilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_kamera" title="Web kamera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Web kamera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86" title="وب‌بین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وب‌بین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Webcam" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Webcam" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Webcam" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%B9%EC%BA%A0" title="웹캠 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="웹캠" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%A2-%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AD%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%AF" title="Վեբ-տեսախցիկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վեբ-տեսախցիկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE" title="वेबकैम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वेबकैम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera_web" title="Kamera web – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kamera web" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vefmyndav%C3%A9l" title="Vefmyndavél – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vefmyndavél" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Webcam" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%AA" title="מצלמת רשת – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מצלמת רשת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera_w%C3%A8b" title="Kamera wèb – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kamera wèb" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B5%D0%B1-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Уеб-камера – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Уеб-камера" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera_pembuzi" title="Kamera pembuzi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kamera pembuzi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Веб-камера – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Веб-камера" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%ABmek%C4%BCkamera" title="Tīmekļkamera – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tīmekļkamera" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internetin%C4%97_vaizdo_kamera" title="Internetinė vaizdo kamera – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Internetinė vaizdo kamera" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Webcam" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webkamera" title="Webkamera – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Webkamera" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Мрежна камера – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мрежна камера" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82" title="വെബ്ക്യാം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വെബ്ക്യാം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera_web" title="Kamera web – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kamera web" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Webcam" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A1%E3%83%A9" title="Webカメラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Webカメラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nettkamera" title="Nettkamera – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nettkamera" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web-kamera" title="Web-kamera – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Web-kamera" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%82-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Вот-камер – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Вот-камер" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veb-kamera" title="Veb-kamera – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Veb-kamera" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%AE" title="ਵੈੱਬਕੈਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵੈੱਬਕੈਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A8_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%87" title="ویب کامره – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ویب کامره" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera_internetowa" title="Kamera internetowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kamera internetowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Webcam" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camer%C4%83_web" title="Cameră web – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cameră web" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Веб-камера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Веб-камера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamera_ueb" title="Kamera ueb – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kamera ueb" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Webcam" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webkamera" title="Webkamera – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Webkamera" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spletna_kamera" title="Spletna kamera – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Spletna kamera" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8E%D8%A8_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="وێب کام – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وێب کام" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Веб-камера – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Веб-камера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_kamera" title="Web kamera – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Web kamera" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkkokamera" title="Verkkokamera – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Verkkokamera" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webbkamera" title="Webbkamera – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Webbkamera" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF" title="இணையப் படக்கருவி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இணையப் படக்கருவி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D" title="వెబ్‌క్యామ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వెబ్‌క్యామ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%9A%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1" title="เว็บแคม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เว็บแคม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Webcam" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Вебкамера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вебкамера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%A8_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ویب کیمرا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ویب کیمرا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Webcam" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Webcam" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wepkam" title="Wepkam – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Wepkam" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%84%E5%83%8F%E5%A4%B4" title="摄像头 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="摄像头" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B6%B2%E7%B5%A1%E6%94%9D%E5%BD%B1%E6%A9%9F" title="網絡攝影機 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="網絡攝影機" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%91%84%E5%83%8F%E5%A4%B4" title="摄像头 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="摄像头" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q29576#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Video camera connected to a computer or network</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logicool_StreamCam_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Small box with a lens inside" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Logicool_StreamCam_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Logicool_StreamCam_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Logicool_StreamCam_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Logicool_StreamCam_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Logicool_StreamCam_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Logicool_StreamCam_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2300" data-file-height="2300" /></a><figcaption>A Logitech-branded webcam attached to a laptop.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>webcam</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Video_camera" title="Video camera">video camera</a> which is designed to record or stream to a <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> or <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer network</a>. They are primarily used in <a href="/wiki/Video_telephony" class="mw-redirect" title="Video telephony">video telephony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Live_streaming" title="Live streaming">live streaming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">security</a>. Webcams can be <a href="/wiki/Built-in_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Built-in function">built-in</a> computer hardware or <a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripheral devices</a>, and are commonly connected to a device using <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> or <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">wireless protocols</a>. </p><p>Webcams have been used on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> as early as 1993, and the first widespread commercial one became available in 1994. Early webcam usage on the Internet was primarily limited to stationary shots streamed to web sites. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a> clients added support for webcams, increasing their popularity in video conferencing. Computer manufacturers later started integrating webcams into <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptop</a> hardware. In 2020, the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> caused a shortage of webcams due to the increased number of people <a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">working from home</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">History of videotelephony</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_development_(early_1990s)"><span id="Early_development_.28early_1990s.29"></span>Early development (early 1990s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early development (early 1990s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trojan_Room_coffee_pot_xcoffee.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b8/Trojan_Room_coffee_pot_xcoffee.png" decoding="async" width="142" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="159" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Trojan_Room_coffee_pot" title="Trojan Room coffee pot">Trojan Room coffee pot</a>, as displayed in XCoffee</figcaption></figure><p> First developed in 1991, a webcam was pointed at the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_Room_coffee_pot" title="Trojan Room coffee pot">Trojan Room coffee pot</a> in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge University</a> Computer Science Department (initially operating over a local network instead of the web). The camera was finally switched off on August 22, 2001. The final image captured by the camera can still be viewed at its homepage.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oldest continuously operating webcam, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_State_University" title="San Francisco State University">San Francisco State University</a>'s <a href="/wiki/FogCam" title="FogCam">FogCam</a>, has run since 1994 and is still operating as of September 2024.<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> It updates every 20 seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silicon_Graphics_camera_IMG_4205.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Silicon_Graphics_camera_IMG_4205.jpg/220px-Silicon_Graphics_camera_IMG_4205.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Silicon_Graphics_camera_IMG_4205.jpg/330px-Silicon_Graphics_camera_IMG_4205.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Silicon_Graphics_camera_IMG_4205.jpg/440px-Silicon_Graphics_camera_IMG_4205.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption>SGI IndyCam</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/SGI_Indy" title="SGI Indy">SGI Indy</a>, released in 1993, is the first commercial computer to have a standard video camera,<sup id="cite_ref-MD_camera_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MD_camera-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first SGI computer to have standard video inputs.<sup id="cite_ref-ED_Video_input_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ED_Video_input-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The maximum supported input resolution is 640×480 for <a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a> or 768×576 for <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>. A fast machine is required to capture at either of these resolutions, though; an Indy with slower <a href="/wiki/R4600" title="R4600">R4600PC</a> CPU, for example, may require the input resolution to be reduced before storage or processing. However, the Vino hardware is capable of <a href="/wiki/Direct_memory_access" title="Direct memory access">DMAing</a> video fields directly into the frame buffer with minimal CPU overhead. </p><p>The first widespread commercial webcam, the black-and-white <a href="/wiki/QuickCam" title="QuickCam">QuickCam</a>, entered the marketplace in 1994, created by the U.S. computer company <a href="/wiki/Connectix" title="Connectix">Connectix</a>. QuickCam was available in August 1994 for the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Macintosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Macintosh">Apple Macintosh</a>, connecting via a <a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">serial port</a>, at a cost of $100. Jon Garber, the designer of the device, had wanted to call it the "Mac-camera", but was overruled by Connectix's marketing department; a version with a PC-compatible parallel port and software for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> was launched in October 1995. The original Quick Cam provided 320x240-pixel resolution with a grayscale depth of 16 shades at 60 frames per second, or 256 shades at 15 frames per second.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cam were tested on several <a href="/w/index.php?title=Delta_II_launch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delta II launch (page does not exist)">Delta II launch</a> using a variety of communication protocols including CDMA, TDMA, GSM and HF. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Videoconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconferencing">Videoconferencing</a> via computers already existed, and at the time <a href="/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model">client-server</a> based videoconferencing software such as <a href="/wiki/CU-SeeMe" title="CU-SeeMe">CU-SeeMe</a> had started to become popular. </p><p>The first widely known laptop with integrated webcam option, at a pricepoint starting at US$ 12,000, was an IBM <a href="/wiki/RS/6000" class="mw-redirect" title="RS/6000">RS/6000</a> 860 laptop<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its related <a href="/wiki/ThinkPad_850" class="mw-redirect" title="ThinkPad 850">ThinkPad 850</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> released in 1996. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entering_the_mainstream_(late_1990s)"><span id="Entering_the_mainstream_.28late_1990s.29"></span>Entering the mainstream (late 1990s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Entering the mainstream (late 1990s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ISights_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cylindrical metal camera mounted on a laptop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/ISights_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-ISights_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/ISights_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-ISights_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/ISights_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-ISights_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ISight" title="ISight">iSight</a> webcam, released in 2003</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the most widely reported-on webcam sites was <a href="/wiki/JenniCam" class="mw-redirect" title="JenniCam">JenniCam</a>, created in 1996, which allowed Internet users to observe the life of its namesake constantly, in the same vein as the reality TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Big_Brother_(TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Brother (TV series)">Big Brother</a></i>, launched four years later.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other cameras are mounted overlooking bridges, public squares, and other public places, their output made available on a public web page in accordance with the original concept of a "webcam". Aggregator websites have also been created, providing thousands of live video streams or up-to-date still pictures, allowing users to find live video streams based on location or other criteria. </p><p>In the late 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_NetMeeting" title="Microsoft NetMeeting">Microsoft NetMeeting</a> was the only videoconferencing software on PC in widespread use, making use of webcams.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the following years, <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a> clients started adding webcam support: <a href="/wiki/Yahoo_Messenger" title="Yahoo Messenger">Yahoo Messenger</a> introduced this with version 5.5 in 2002, allowing video calling in 20 frames per second using a webcam.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/MSN_Messenger" title="MSN Messenger">MSN Messenger</a> gained this in version 5.0 in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2000s–2019"><span id="2000s.E2.80.932019"></span>2000s–2019</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2000s–2019"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around the turn of the 21st century, computer hardware manufacturers began building webcams directly into <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptop</a> and desktop screens, thus eliminating the need to use an external USB or <a href="/wiki/FireWire" class="mw-redirect" title="FireWire">FireWire</a> camera. Gradually webcams came to be used more for telecommunications, or <a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">videotelephony</a>, between two people, or among several people, than for offering a view on a Web page to an unknown public. </p><p>For less than US$100 in 2012, a <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-dimensional">three-dimensional space</a> webcam became available, producing videos and photos in 3D <a href="/wiki/Anaglyph_image" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaglyph image">anaglyph image</a> with a resolution up to 1280 × 480 pixels. Viewers must use 3D glasses to see the effect of three dimensional image.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020–present"><span id="2020.E2.80.93present"></span>2020–present</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2020–present"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With <a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">remote work</a> entering the mainstream, the built-in cameras of average laptops were sometimes considered inadequate. Consequently, during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, a shortage of external webcams in retail occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most laptops before and during the pandemic were made with cameras capping out at 720p recording quality at best, compared to the industry standard of 1080p or 4K seen in smartphones and televisions from the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The backlog on new developments for built-in webcams is the result of a design flaw with laptops being too thin to support the 7mm camera modules to fit inside, instead resorting to ~2.5mm.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also the camera components are more expensive and not a high level of demand for this feature, <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Smartphones started to be used as a backup option or webcam replacement, with kits including lighting and tripods or downloadable apps.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Image_sensor">Image sensor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Image sensor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Webcam_CCD_closeup.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Webcam_CCD_closeup.jpg/220px-Webcam_CCD_closeup.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Webcam_CCD_closeup.jpg/330px-Webcam_CCD_closeup.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Webcam_CCD_closeup.jpg/440px-Webcam_CCD_closeup.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">Charge-coupled device</a> (CCD) image sensor of a webcam</figcaption></figure> <p>Image sensors can be <a href="/wiki/CMOS" title="CMOS">CMOS</a> or <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a>, the former being dominant for low-cost cameras, but CCD cameras do not necessarily outperform CMOS-based cameras in the low-price range. Most consumer webcams are capable of providing <a href="/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array">VGA</a>-resolution video at a <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frame rate</a> of 30 frames per second. Many newer devices can produce video in multi-<a href="/wiki/Megapixel" class="mw-redirect" title="Megapixel">megapixel</a> resolutions, and a few can run at high frame rates such as the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Eye" title="PlayStation Eye">PlayStation Eye</a>, which can produce <a href="/wiki/Quarter_VGA" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarter VGA">320×240</a> video at 120 frames per second.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most image sensors are sourced from <a href="/wiki/Omnivision" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnivision">Omnivision</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>. </p><p>As webcams evolved simultaneously with display technologies, USB interface speeds and broadband internet speeds, the resolution went up from gradually from 320×240, to 640×480, and some now even offer 1280×720 (aka <a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p</a>) or 1920×1080 (aka <a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p</a>) resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the low cost, the <a href="/wiki/Image_resolution" title="Image resolution">resolution</a> offered as of 2019 is impressive, with now the low-end webcams offering resolutions of <a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p</a>, mid-range webcams offering <a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p</a> resolution, and high-end webcams offering 4K resolution at 60 fps. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Optics">Optics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Optics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Board_Lens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Board_Lens.jpg/220px-Board_Lens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Board_Lens.jpg/330px-Board_Lens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Board_Lens.jpg/440px-Board_Lens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2052" data-file-height="2052" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/S-mount_(CCTV_lens)" title="S-mount (CCTV lens)">S-mount</a> lens, designed to attach to the webcam's <a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">PCB</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Various lenses are available, the most common in consumer-grade webcams being a plastic <a href="/wiki/Lens_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (optics)">lens</a> that can be manually moved in and out to focus the camera. <a href="/wiki/Fixed-focus_lens" title="Fixed-focus lens">Fixed-focus lenses</a>, which have no provision for adjustment, are also available. As a camera system's <a href="/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">depth of field</a> is greater for small image formats and is greater for lenses with a large <a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">f-number</a> (small aperture), the systems used in webcams have a sufficiently large depth of field that the use of a fixed-focus lens does not impact image sharpness to a great extent. </p><p>Most models use simple, focal-free optics (fixed focus, factory-set for the usual distance from the monitor to which it is fastened to the user) or manual focus. </p><p>Webcams can come with different presets and <a href="/wiki/Field_of_view" title="Field of view">fields of view</a>. Individual users can make use of less than 90° horizontal FOV for home offices and live streaming. Webcams with as much as 360° horizontal FOV can be used for small- to medium-sized rooms (sometimes even large rooms). Depending on the users' purposes, webcams in the market can display the whole room or just the general vicinity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_software">Internal software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Internal software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the <a href="/wiki/Bayer_filter" title="Bayer filter">bayer filter</a> is proprietary, any webcam contains some built-in <a href="/wiki/Image_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Image processing">image processing</a>, separate from compression. Digital video streams are represented by huge amounts of data, burdening its transmission (from the image sensor, where the data is continuously created) and storage alike. Most if not all cheap webcams come with built-in <a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">ASIC</a> to do <a href="/wiki/Video_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Video compression">video compression</a> in real-time. </p><p>Support electronics read the image from the sensor and transmit it to the host computer. Most webcams come with a controller that translates video over <a href="/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Serial Bus">USB</a> from Sonix, Suyin, <a href="/wiki/Ricoh" title="Ricoh">Ricoh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Realtek" title="Realtek">Realtek</a> or others. Typically, each frame is transmitted uncompressed in <a href="/wiki/RGB" class="mw-redirect" title="RGB">RGB</a> or <a href="/wiki/YUV" class="mw-redirect" title="YUV">YUV</a> or compressed as <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a>. Some cameras, such as <a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">mobile-phone cameras</a>, use a CMOS sensor with supporting electronics "on die", i.e. the sensor and the support electronics are built on a single <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">silicon chip</a> to save space and manufacturing costs. Most webcams feature built-in <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphones</a> to make <a href="/wiki/Videotelephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Videotelephone">video calling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Videoconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconferencing">videoconferencing</a> more convenient. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interface_and_external_software">Interface and external software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Interface and external software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1975_Alvarez_guitar_(2010-10-18_03.14.15_by_fenderfish).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Very noisy image, filled with color specks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/1975_Alvarez_guitar_%282010-10-18_03.14.15_by_fenderfish%29.jpg/220px-1975_Alvarez_guitar_%282010-10-18_03.14.15_by_fenderfish%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/1975_Alvarez_guitar_%282010-10-18_03.14.15_by_fenderfish%29.jpg/330px-1975_Alvarez_guitar_%282010-10-18_03.14.15_by_fenderfish%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/1975_Alvarez_guitar_%282010-10-18_03.14.15_by_fenderfish%29.jpg/440px-1975_Alvarez_guitar_%282010-10-18_03.14.15_by_fenderfish%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A picture taken by a webcam in 2010, showing a large amount of noise</figcaption></figure><p>Typical <a href="/wiki/Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">interfaces</a> used by articles marketed as a "webcam" are <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> and <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11</a> (denominated as <a href="/wiki/IP_camera" title="IP camera">IP camera</a>). Further interfaces such as e.g. <a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">Composite video</a>, <a href="/wiki/S-Video" title="S-Video">S-Video</a> or <a href="/wiki/FireWire" class="mw-redirect" title="FireWire">FireWire</a> were also available. The <a href="/wiki/USB_video_device_class" title="USB video device class">USB video device class</a> (UVC) specification allows inter-connectivity of webcams to computers without the need for proprietary device drivers. </p><p>Various proprietary as well as free and open-source software is available to handle the UVC stream. One could use <a href="/wiki/Guvcview" title="Guvcview">Guvcview</a> or <a href="/wiki/GStreamer" title="GStreamer">GStreamer</a> and GStreamer-based software to handle the UVC stream. Another could use multiple USB cameras attached to the host computer the software resides on, and broadcast multiple streams at once over (Wireless) Ethernet, such as MotionEye. MotionEye can either be installed onto a Raspberry Pi as MotionEyeOs, or afterwards on Raspbian as well. MotionEye can also be set up on Debian, Raspbian is a variant of Debian. MotionEye V4.1.1 ( Aug '21 ) can only run on Debian 10 Buster ( oldstable ) and Python 2.7. Newer versions such as 3.X are not supported at this point of time according to Ccrisan, foundator and author of MotionEye. </p><p>Various software tools in wide use can be employed to take video and pictures, such as <a href="/wiki/PicMaster" title="PicMaster">PicMaster</a> and Microsoft's Camera app (for use with <a href="/wiki/Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows">Windows</a> operating systems), <a href="/wiki/Photo_Booth" title="Photo Booth">Photo Booth</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mac_(computer)" title="Mac (computer)">Mac</a>), or <a href="/wiki/Cheese_(software)" title="Cheese (software)">Cheese</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> systems). For a more complete list see <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_webcam_software" title="Comparison of webcam software">Comparison of webcam software</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most popular use of webcams is the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">video links</a>, permitting computers to act as <a href="/wiki/Videophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Videophone">videophones</a> or <a href="/wiki/Video_conferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Video conferencing">videoconference stations</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>'s <a href="/wiki/ISight" title="ISight">iSight</a> camera, which is built into Apple laptops, iMacs and a majority of <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhones</a>, can be used for video chat sessions, using the <a href="/wiki/Messages_(Apple)" title="Messages (Apple)">Messages</a> instant messaging program. Other popular uses include security surveillance, <a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">computer vision</a>, video broadcasting, and for recording social videos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Videotelephony">Videotelephony</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Videotelephony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TJ_Cox_talks_with_Caruthers_Unified_and_CSBA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Six people talking" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/TJ_Cox_talks_with_Caruthers_Unified_and_CSBA.jpg/220px-TJ_Cox_talks_with_Caruthers_Unified_and_CSBA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/TJ_Cox_talks_with_Caruthers_Unified_and_CSBA.jpg/330px-TJ_Cox_talks_with_Caruthers_Unified_and_CSBA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/TJ_Cox_talks_with_Caruthers_Unified_and_CSBA.jpg/440px-TJ_Cox_talks_with_Caruthers_Unified_and_CSBA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="773" /></a><figcaption>A video call session with use of webcams</figcaption></figure> <p>Webcams can be added to <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a>, text chat services such as <a href="/wiki/AOL_Instant_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="AOL Instant Messenger">AOL Instant Messenger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/VoIP" class="mw-redirect" title="VoIP">VoIP</a> services such as <a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a>, one-to-one live video communication over the Internet has now reached millions of mainstream <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">PC</a> users worldwide. Improved video quality has helped webcams encroach on traditional video conferencing systems. New features such as automatic lighting controls, real-time enhancements (retouching, wrinkle smoothing and vertical stretch), automatic <a href="/wiki/Facial_motion_capture" title="Facial motion capture">face tracking</a> and autofocus, assist users by providing substantial ease-of-use, further increasing the popularity of webcams. </p><p>Webcams can also encourage <a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">remote work</a>, enabling people to work remotely via the Internet. This usage was crucial to the survival of many businesses during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, when in-person office work was discouraged. Businesses, schools, and individuals have relied on video conferencing instead of spending on business travel for meetings. Moreover, the number of video conferencing cameras and software have multiplied since then due to their popularity. </p><p>Webcam features and performance can vary by <a href="/wiki/Computer_program" title="Computer program">program</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">computer operating system</a>, and also by the computer's <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">processor</a> capabilities. Video calling support has also been added to several <a href="/wiki/List_of_video_telecommunication_services_and_product_brands#Software_clients_–free_instant_messaging_programs" title="List of video telecommunication services and product brands">popular instant messaging programs</a>. </p><p>Webcams allow for inexpensive, real-time <a href="/wiki/Video_chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Video chat">video chat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Webcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Webcasting">webcasting</a>, in both amateur and professional pursuits. They are frequently used in <a href="/wiki/Online_dating" title="Online dating">online dating</a> and for online personal services offered mainly by women when <a href="/wiki/Camgirl" class="mw-redirect" title="Camgirl">camgirling</a>. However, the ease of webcam use through the Internet for video chat has also caused issues. For example, moderation system of various video chat websites such as <a href="/wiki/Omegle" title="Omegle">Omegle</a> has been criticized as being ineffective, with sexual content still rampant.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2013 case, the transmission of nude photos and videos via Omegle from a teenage girl to a schoolteacher resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Child_pornography" title="Child pornography">child pornography</a> charge.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The popularity of webcams among teenagers with Internet access has raised concern about the use of webcams for <a href="/wiki/Cyber-bullying" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber-bullying">cyber-bullying</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Webcam recordings of teenagers, including underage teenagers, are frequently posted on popular Web forums and <a href="/wiki/Imageboard" title="Imageboard">imageboards</a> such as <a href="/wiki/4chan" title="4chan">4chan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monitoring">Monitoring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Monitoring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Webcam_(5282372873).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Webcam_%285282372873%29.jpg/220px-Webcam_%285282372873%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Webcam_%285282372873%29.jpg/330px-Webcam_%285282372873%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Webcam_%285282372873%29.jpg/440px-Webcam_%285282372873%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Webcam mounted on a building, used as a <a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">CCTV</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Webcams can be used as <a href="/wiki/Security_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Security camera">security cameras</a>. Software is available to allow PC-connected cameras to watch for movement and sound, recording both when they are detected. These recordings can then be saved to the computer, e-mailed, or uploaded to the Internet. In one well-publicised case,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a computer e-mailed images of the burglar during the theft of the computer, enabling the owner to give police a clear picture of the burglar's face even after the computer had been stolen. </p><p>In December 2011, Russia announced that 290,000 Webcams would be installed in 90,000 polling stations to monitor the <a href="/wiki/2012_Russian_presidential_election" title="2012 Russian presidential election">2012 Russian presidential election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Webcams may be installed at places such as childcare centres, offices, shops and private areas to monitor security and general activity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Astrophotography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3rd_quarter_plus_12hrs_-_Flickr_-_chipdatajeffb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/3rd_quarter_plus_12hrs_-_Flickr_-_chipdatajeffb.jpg/220px-3rd_quarter_plus_12hrs_-_Flickr_-_chipdatajeffb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/3rd_quarter_plus_12hrs_-_Flickr_-_chipdatajeffb.jpg/330px-3rd_quarter_plus_12hrs_-_Flickr_-_chipdatajeffb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/3rd_quarter_plus_12hrs_-_Flickr_-_chipdatajeffb.jpg/440px-3rd_quarter_plus_12hrs_-_Flickr_-_chipdatajeffb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1706" /></a><figcaption>An image of the <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> created by <a href="/wiki/Image_stitching" title="Image stitching">stitching images</a> from a webcam</figcaption></figure> <p>With very-low-light capability, a few specific models of webcams are very popular to photograph the night sky by astronomers and astro photographers. Mostly, these are manual-focus cameras and contain an old CCD array instead of comparatively newer CMOS array. The lenses of the cameras are removed and then these are attached to telescopes to record images, video, still, or both. In newer techniques, videos of very faint objects are taken for a couple of seconds and then all the frames of the video are "stacked" together to obtain a still image of respectable contrast.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laser_beam_profiling">Laser beam profiling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Laser beam profiling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A webcam's CCD response is linearly proportional to the incoming light.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, webcams are suitable to record laser beam profiles, after the lens is removed. The resolution of a <a href="/wiki/Laser_beam_profiler" title="Laser beam profiler">laser beam profiler</a> depends on the pixel size. Commercial webcams are usually designed to record color images. The size of a webcam's color pixel depends on the model and may lie in the range of 5 to 10 μm. However, a color pixel consists of four black and white pixels each equipped with a color filter (for details see <a href="/wiki/Bayer_filter" title="Bayer filter">Bayer filter</a>). Although these color filters work well in the visible, they may be rather transparent in the near infrared. By switching a webcam into the Bayer-mode it is possible to access the information of the single pixels and a resolution below 3 μm was possible.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Privacy_concerns">Privacy concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Privacy concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tape_over_laptop_webcam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="see caption" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tape_over_laptop_webcam.jpg/220px-Tape_over_laptop_webcam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tape_over_laptop_webcam.jpg/330px-Tape_over_laptop_webcam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tape_over_laptop_webcam.jpg/440px-Tape_over_laptop_webcam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Tape over the built-in laptop webcam to block spies from viewing activities</figcaption></figure> <p>Many users do not wish the continuous exposure for which webcams were originally intended, but rather prefer privacy.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such privacy is lost when <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a> allow <a href="/wiki/Hacker_(computer_security)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacker (computer security)">malicious hackers</a> to activate the webcam without the user's knowledge, providing the hackers with a live video and audio feed.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is a particular concern on many laptop computers, as such cameras normally cannot be physically disabled if hijacked by such a <a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse" title="Trojan Horse">Trojan Horse</a> program or other similar <a href="/wiki/Spyware" title="Spyware">spyware</a> programs. </p><p>Cameras such as <a href="/wiki/Apple_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Computer">Apple</a>'s older external <a href="/wiki/ISight" title="ISight">iSight</a> cameras include lens covers to thwart this. Some webcams have built-in hardwired <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">LED</a> indicators that light up whenever the camera is active, sometimes only in video mode.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is possible, depending on the circuit design of a webcam, for <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a> to circumvent the indicator and activate the camera surreptitiously, as researchers demonstrated in the case of a <a href="/wiki/MacBook" title="MacBook">MacBook</a>'s built-in camera in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various companies sell sliding lens covers and stickers that allow users to retrofit a computer or smartphone to close access to the camera lens as needed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One such company reported having sold more than 250,000 such items from 2013 to 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, any opaque material will work just as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The process of attempting to hack into a person's webcam and activate it without the webcam owner's permission has been called <a href="/wiki/Camfecting" title="Camfecting">camfecting</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of <i>cam</i> and <i>infecting</i>. The remotely activated webcam can be used to watch anything within the webcam's field of vision. Camfecting is most often carried out by infecting the victim's computer with a <a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">computer virus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_camera" title="Action camera">Action camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IP_camera" title="IP camera">IP camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_telecommunication_services_and_product_brands" title="List of video telecommunication services and product brands">List of video telecommunication services and product brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Trail camera">Trail camera</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output 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class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/static/popup/coffeecam/cam2.html">"Trojan Room Coffee Pot – SPIEGEL ONLINE"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925043554/http://www.spiegel.de/static/popup/coffeecam/cam2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trojan+Room+Coffee+Pot+%E2%80%93+SPIEGEL+ONLINE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Fstatic%2Fpopup%2Fcoffeecam%2Fcam2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWebcam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-49408335">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'World's oldest webcam' to be switched off"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 20 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190820170350/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-49408335">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=%27World%27s+oldest+webcam%27+to+be+switched+off&rft.date=2019-08-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Ftechnology-49408335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWebcam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MD_camera-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MD_camera_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/217148786">"Low-cost, high-speed SGI Indy comes with camera"</a></span>. <i>Machine Design</i>. Vol. 65, no. 16. August 13, 1993. p. 84. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/217148786">217148786</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210713165154/https://www.proquest.com/docview/217148786">Archived</a> from the original on July 13, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Machine+Design&rft.atitle=Low-cost%2C+high-speed+SGI+Indy+comes+with+camera&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=84&rft.date=1993-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fdocview%2F217148786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWebcam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ED_Video_input-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ED_Video_input_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDB1993" class="citation magazine cs1">DB (July 22, 1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web-b-ebscohost-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/ehost/detail/detail?vid=0&sid=d6805b5a-27de-4991-a527-b8d1649e6b8e%40pdc-v-sessmgr01&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%3d%3d#AN=9311156271&db=f6h">"Video input becoming workstation standard"</a></span>. <i>Electronic Design</i>. Vol. 41, no. 15. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-4872">0013-4872</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819104536/https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/?next_url=/ezproxy/r/ezp.2aHR0cHM6Ly93ZWIuYi5lYnNjb2hvc3QuY29tL2Vob3N0L2RldGFpbC9kZXRhaWw.dmlkPTAmc2lkPWQ2ODA1YjVhLTI3ZGUtNDk5MS1hNTI3LWI4ZDE2NDllNmI4ZSU0MHBkYy12LXNlc3NtZ3IwMSZiZGF0YT1Kbk5wZEdVOVpXaHZjM1F0YkdsMlpRJTNEJTNE#AN=9311156271&db=f6h">Archived</a> from the original on August 19, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2021</span> – via <a href="/wiki/EBSCO" class="mw-redirect" title="EBSCO">EBSCO</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Electronic+Design&rft.atitle=Video+input+becoming+workstation+standard.&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=30&rft.date=1993-07-22&rft.issn=0013-4872&rft.au=DB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb-b-ebscohost-com.wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org%2Fehost%2Fdetail%2Fdetail%3Fvid%3D0%26sid%3Dd6805b5a-27de-4991-a527-b8d1649e6b8e%2540pdc-v-sessmgr01%26bdata%3DJnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ%253d%253d%23AN%3D9311156271%26db%3Df6h&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWebcam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edwards, Benj. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcworld.com/article/199112/victorian_scifi.html">History of Video Calls: From Fantasy to Flops to Facetime</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111010182111/http://www.pcworld.com/article/199112/victorian_scifi.html">Archived</a> 2011-10-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/PC_World_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="PC World (magazine)">PC World Magazine</a>, June 17, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ps-2.kev009.com/aixtp/Brochure/4249-860.pdf">"RS/6000 Notebook 860"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>kev009.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225170148/http://ps-2.kev009.com/aixtp/Brochure/4249-860.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2021-02-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kev009.com&rft.atitle=RS%2F6000+Notebook+860&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fps-2.kev009.com%2Faixtp%2FBrochure%2F4249-860.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWebcam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/rep_sm/0/897/ENUS7249-860/index.html">"US - IBM RS/6000 Notebook 860 Model 860"</a>. <i>www-01.ibm.com</i>. 2000-06-28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919231326/https://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/rep_sm/0/897/ENUS7249-860/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-09-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www-01.ibm.com&rft.atitle=US+-+IBM+RS%2F6000+Notebook+860+Model+860&rft.date=2000-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-01.ibm.com%2Fcommon%2Fssi%2Frep_sm%2F0%2F897%2FENUS7249-860%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWebcam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/printableversion.wss?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_ca/8/877/ENUSZG96-0188/index.html&request_locale=en">"IBM ThinkPad Power Series 820 and 850"</a>. <i>www-01.ibm.com</i>. 1996-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www-01.ibm.com&rft.atitle=IBM+ThinkPad+Power+Series+820+and+850&rft.date=1996-07-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-01.ibm.com%2Fcommon%2Fssi%2Fprintableversion.wss%3FdocURL%3D%2Fcommon%2Fssi%2Frep_ca%2F8%2F877%2FENUSZG96-0188%2Findex.html%26request_locale%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWebcam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,,1115262,00.html">"Plug pulled on live website seen by millions"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220819104528/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2004/jan/03/usnews.internationalnews">Archived</a> 2022-08-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Oliver Burkeman in <i>The Guardian</i>, January 3, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-05-24-9905240145-story.html">"Video-Conference Program Allows More Private Face-To-Face Time"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i>. 24 May 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220421193845/https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1999-05-24-9905240145-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-04-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-07-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Tribune&rft.atitle=Video-Conference+Program+Allows+More+Private+Face-To-Face+Time&rft.date=1999-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fnews%2Fct-xpm-1999-05-24-9905240145-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWebcam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerweekly.com/news/2240047061/Yahoo-instant-messenger-unveils-broadband-Webcam">"Yahoo! Instant messenger unveils broadband Webcam"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183222/https://www.computerweekly.com/news/2240047061/Yahoo-instant-messenger-unveils-broadband-Webcam">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Webcams+have+become+impossible+to+find%2C+and+prices+are+skyrocketing&rft.date=2020-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2020%2F4%2F9%2F21199521%2Fwebcam-shortage-price-raise-logitech-razer-amazon-best-buy-ebay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWebcam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techradar.com/news/computing-components/peripherals/what-webcam-5-reviewed-and-rated-1027972">"Best webcams 2021: Top picks for working from home"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TechRadar" title="TechRadar">TechRadar</a></i>. 5 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506195713/https://www.techradar.com/news/computing-components/peripherals/what-webcam-5-reviewed-and-rated-1027972">Archived</a> from the original on 6 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechRadar&rft.atitle=Best+webcams+2021%3A+Top+picks+for+working+from+home&rft.date=2021-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techradar.com%2Fnews%2Fcomputing-components%2Fperipherals%2Fwhat-webcam-5-reviewed-and-rated-1027972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWebcam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/25/17050098/huawei-matebook-x-pro-webcam-mwc-2018">"Huawei's new laptop has a mechanical pop-up webcam in the keyboard"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a></i>. 25 February 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504002531/https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/25/17050098/huawei-matebook-x-pro-webcam-mwc-2018">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=Huawei%27s+new+laptop+has+a+mechanical+pop-up+webcam+in+the+keyboard&rft.date=2018-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2018%2F2%2F25%2F17050098%2Fhuawei-matebook-x-pro-webcam-mwc-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWebcam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/laptops-need-better-webcams/">"In the Age of Zoom, Bad Laptop Webcams Are a Big Problem"</a>. 8 April 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504002532/https://www.digitaltrends.com/computing/laptops-need-better-webcams/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+the+Age+of+Zoom%2C+Bad+Laptop+Webcams+Are+a+Big+Problem&rft.date=2020-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitaltrends.com%2Fcomputing%2Flaptops-need-better-webcams%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWebcam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macrumors.com/2021/10/18/new-macbook-pro-1080p-facetime-camera/">"New MacBook Pro Finally Features a 1080p Webcam Within a Notch"</a>. <i>MacRumors</i>. 18 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MacRumors&rft.atitle=New+MacBook+Pro+Finally+Features+a+1080p+Webcam+Within+a+Notch&rft.date=2021-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macrumors.com%2F2021%2F10%2F18%2Fnew-macbook-pro-1080p-facetime-camera%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWebcam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imore.com/macbook-air-2020-so-much-love-except-crappy-facetime-camera">"Dear Apple, please stop putting crummy cameras on your MacBooks"</a>. 19 March 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210504002533/https://www.imore.com/macbook-air-2020-so-much-love-except-crappy-facetime-camera">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dear+Apple%2C+please+stop+putting+crummy+cameras+on+your+MacBooks&rft.date=2020-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imore.com%2Fmacbook-air-2020-so-much-love-except-crappy-facetime-camera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWebcam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/story/use-your-phone-as-webcam/">"How to Turn Your Smartphone into a Webcam"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513121455/https://www.wired.com/story/use-your-phone-as-webcam/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Picking a Webcam"</a>. <i>eBay</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150704045758/http://www.ebay.com/gds/How-Much-Resolution-is-Enough-Picking-a-Webcam-/10000000177742678/g.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eBay&rft.atitle=How+Much+Resolution+is+Enough%3F+Picking+a+Webcam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebay.com%2Fgds%2FHow-Much-Resolution-is-Enough-Picking-a-Webcam-%2F10000000177742678%2Fg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWebcam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Knoder2013" class="citation web cs1">Jonathan Knoder (9 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webcam-review.toptenreviews.com/1080p-2.0-mega-pixels-understanding-webcam-technical-terms.html">"1080p, 2.0 Mega Pixels? Understanding Webcam Technical Terms"</a>. <i>Top Ten Reviews</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150810121755/http://webcam-review.toptenreviews.com/1080p-2.0-mega-pixels-understanding-webcam-technical-terms.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lifehacker&rft.atitle=Five+Best+Webcams&rft.date=2012-11-18&rft.au=Alan+Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flifehacker.com%2F5961369%2Ffive-best-webcams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWebcam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130903121614/http://www.omeglegirlschat.com/omegle-controversy">"The Problems with Omegle Girls and Free Chat Services"</a>. OmegleGirlsChat. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Problems+with+Omegle+Girls+and+Free+Chat+Services&rft.pub=OmegleGirlsChat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omeglegirlschat.com%2Fomegle-controversy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWebcam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jconline.com/article/20130426/NEWS03/304260027/child-porn-former-teacher-nude-photos">"Ex-band teacher pleads guilty to porn charge with girl, 16"</a>. jconline.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ex-band+teacher+pleads+guilty+to+porn+charge+with+girl%2C+16&rft.pub=jconline.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jconline.com%2Farticle%2F20130426%2FNEWS03%2F304260027%2Fchild-porn-former-teacher-nude-photos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWebcam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Poeter, Damon. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2401701,00.asp">Webcam Peeper Convicted in Rutgers Cyberbullying Case</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810211439/https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2401701,00.asp">Archived</a> 2017-08-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," <i><a href="/wiki/PC_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="PC Magazine">PC Magazine</a>,</i> March 16, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thesmokinggun.com/buster/4chan-reports-child-pornographer-769123">Tip From 4chan Leads To Arrest Of Site Visitor On Child Porn Charges</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120328075524/http://www.thesmokinggun.com/buster/4chan-reports-child-pornographer-769123">Archived</a> 2012-03-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," <i><a href="/wiki/The_Smoking_Gun" title="The Smoking Gun">The Smoking Gun</a>,</i> February 27, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goodin, Dan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/10/13/predator_indictment/">Feds: bald man posing as 17-year-old secretly taped teens</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171210191631/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/10/13/predator_indictment">Archived</a> 2017-12-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," <i><a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a></i> (UK), October 13, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cambridgeshire/4272041.stm">Serial burglar caught on webcam</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061209131938/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/cambridgeshire/4272041.stm">Archived</a> 2006-12-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, February 16, 2005, retrieved January 3, 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.wsj.com/emergingeurope/2012/01/16/russia-election-webcams-linked-to-site-blamed-for-piracy/">Russia Election Webcams</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922011049/https://blogs.wsj.com/emergingeurope/2012/01/16/russia-election-webcams-linked-to-site-blamed-for-piracy/">Archived</a> 2017-09-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>The Wall Street Journal</i>, January 16, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth2007" class="citation book cs1">North, Gerald (2007). <i>Observing the Moon: The modern astronomer's guide</i> (2nd ed.). 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Webcam as a light probe beam profiler. Appl. Spectrosc. 58, (2004), 1372.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Langer et al., A webcam in Bayer-mode as a light beam profiler for the near infrared, Optics and Lasers in Engineering 51 (2013) 571–575</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://br.noticias.yahoo.com/jogador-esquece-webcam-ligada-transmite-sexo-namorada.html">"Jogador esquece webcam ligada e transmite sexo com namorada"</a>. <i>Yahoo Notícias</i>. 13 November 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151126181746/https://br.noticias.yahoo.com/jogador-esquece-webcam-ligada-transmite-sexo-namorada.html">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yahoo+Not%C3%ADcias&rft.atitle=Jogador+esquece+webcam+ligada+e+transmite+sexo+com+namorada&rft.date=2012-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbr.noticias.yahoo.com%2Fjogador-esquece-webcam-ligada-transmite-sexo-namorada.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWebcam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2009" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Leon (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B2utHHdYJOcC&q=ivacy+is+lost+when+Trojan+horse+programs+allow+malicious+hackers+to+activate+the+webcam+&pg=PA5"><i>Virtual crime! : solving cybercrime</i></a>. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0766033764" title="Special:BookSources/978-0766033764"><bdi>978-0766033764</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210724230054/https://books.google.com/books?id=B2utHHdYJOcC&q=ivacy+is+lost+when+Trojan+horse+programs+allow+malicious+hackers+to+activate+the+webcam+&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Virtual+crime%21+%3A+solving+cybercrime&rft.place=Berkeley+Heights%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Enslow+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0766033764&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Leon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB2utHHdYJOcC%26q%3Divacy%2Bis%2Blost%2Bwhen%2BTrojan%2Bhorse%2Bprograms%2Ballow%2Bmalicious%2Bhackers%2Bto%2Bactivate%2Bthe%2Bwebcam%2B%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWebcam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_38-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadron2016" class="citation web cs1">Yadron, Danny (2016-06-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/06/surveillance-camera-laptop-smartphone-cover-tape">"Why is everyone covering up their laptop cameras?"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190413165025/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/jun/06/surveillance-camera-laptop-smartphone-cover-tape">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-04-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+is+everyone+covering+up+their+laptop+cameras%3F&rft.date=2016-06-06&rft.aulast=Yadron&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2016%2Fjun%2F06%2Fsurveillance-camera-laptop-smartphone-cover-tape&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWebcam" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMühlbachBöckerPrussog1995" class="citation journal cs1">Mühlbach, Lothar; Böcker, A; Prussog, A (June 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7642183/">"Telepresence in Videocommunications: A Study on Stereoscopy and Individual Eye Contact"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Human_Factors_(journal)" title="Human Factors (journal)">Human Factors</a></i>. <b>37</b> (2): 290–305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1518%2F001872095779064582">10.1518/001872095779064582</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-7208">0018-7208</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7642183">7642183</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31369406">31369406</a>. Gale Document Number: GALE|A18253819.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Factors&rft.atitle=Telepresence+in+Videocommunications%3A+A+Study+on+Stereoscopy+and+Individual+Eye+Contact&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=290-305&rft.date=1995-06&rft.issn=0018-7208&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31369406%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7642183&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1518%2F001872095779064582&rft.aulast=M%C3%BChlbach&rft.aufirst=Lothar&rft.au=B%C3%B6cker%2C+A&rft.au=Prussog%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F7642183%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWebcam" class="Z3988"></span> Accessed December 23, 2011 via General Science eCollection (subscription).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Webcam&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Webcams" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Webcams">Webcams</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer-mediated_communication" title="Template:Computer-mediated communication"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer-mediated_communication" title="Template talk:Computer-mediated communication"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer-mediated_communication" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer-mediated communication"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Computer-mediated_communication" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">Computer-mediated communication</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_chat" title="Online chat">Online chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_discussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Online discussion">Online discussion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_software" title="Communication software">Communication software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_software" title="Collaborative software">Collaborative software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Social network service">Social network service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_learning_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual learning environment">Virtual learning environment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_conferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Asynchronous conferencing">Asynchronous conferencing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_mailing_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic mailing list">Electronic mailing list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">Internet forum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textboard" title="Textboard">Textboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imageboard" title="Imageboard">Imageboard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">Bulletin board system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guestbook" title="Guestbook">Online guestbook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_conferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronous conferencing">Synchronous conferencing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_conferencing" title="Data conferencing">Data conferencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Relay Chat">Internet Relay Chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAN_messenger" title="LAN messenger">LAN messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talker" title="Talker">Talker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videoconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconferencing">Videoconferencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">Voice over IP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voice_chat_in_online_gaming" title="Voice chat in online gaming">Voice chat in online gaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Web chat">Web chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_conferencing" title="Web conferencing">Web conferencing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Microblogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">Wiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Basic_computer_components" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_computer_components" title="Template:Basic computer components"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_computer_components" title="Template talk:Basic computer components"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basic_computer_components" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic computer components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Basic_computer_components" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Basic <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Input_device" title="Input device">Input devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pointing_device" title="Pointing device">Pointing devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">Graphics tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_controller" title="Game controller">Game controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pen" title="Light pen">Light pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">Mouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_mouse" title="Optical mouse">Optical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_trackpad" title="Optical trackpad">Optical trackpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointing_stick" title="Pointing stick">Pointing stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchpad" title="Touchpad">Touchpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">Touchscreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trackball" title="Trackball">Trackball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">Image scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">Sound chip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Webcam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Softcam" title="Softcam">Softcam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Output_device" title="Output device">Output devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">Monitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_visual_display" title="Electronic visual display">Screen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printer_(computing)" title="Printer (computing)">Printer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plotter" title="Plotter">Plotter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_speakers" title="Computer speakers">Speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Removable_media" title="Removable media">Removable <br /> data storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disk_pack" title="Disk pack">Disk pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">Memory card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_case" title="Computer case">Computer case</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">Motherboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">Memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonvolatile_BIOS_memory" title="Nonvolatile BIOS memory">BIOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Data storage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">HDD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a> (<a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">SATA</a> / <a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVMe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_hybrid_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-state hybrid drive">SSHD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_supply_unit_(computer)" title="Power supply unit (computer)">Power supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Switched-mode_power_supply" title="Switched-mode power supply">SMPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">Power MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage_regulator_module" title="Voltage regulator module">VRM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">Network interface controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax_modem" title="Fax modem">Fax modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">Expansion card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_port_(hardware)" title="Computer port (hardware)">Ports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phone_connector_(audio)" title="Phone connector (audio)">Analog audio jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Obsolete</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">FireWire</a> (IEEE 1394)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">Parallel port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">Serial port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_port" title="Game port">Game port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PS/2_port" title="PS/2 port">PS/2 port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA#eSATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">eSATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware" title="History of computing hardware">History of computing hardware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware_(1960s%E2%80%93present)" title="History of computing hardware (1960s–present)">History of computing hardware (1960s–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pioneers_in_computer_science" title="List of pioneers in computer science">List of pioneers in computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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