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window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":95062017,"created_at":"2023-01-15T22:29:18.851-08:00","from_world_paper_id":225402689,"updated_at":"2024-11-27T19:11:24.573-08:00","_data":{"publisher":"Johns Hopkins University Press","ai_title_tag":"Caste and Community Markers in Eastern Nepal Village Dialogues","grobid_abstract":"This study sets out to detect the various markers that express forms of caste and community belonging, and, more generally, hierarchies in the language used in ordinary social interactions in villages in the hills of eastern Nepal, and how the somewhat rigid codes of civility that govern village society and language have recently evolved. The study is carried out from a socio-anthropological perspective rather than a linguistic or a literary one. 1 Before discussing the topic in detail, I characterize the site of my research, which is the Khotang District. Firstly, it is a mixed society: the autochthonous Chamling Rai represent 39 percent of the population, Chetris 22 percent, Brahmans 9 percent, Newars, Magars, and other Himalayan communities about 5 percent each, and Dalits also 5 percent. The identity of the Chamling Rai has been preserved by their specific religious rituals and an exclusive relationship with their ancestral land. Other indigenous \"Himalayan\" communities (Magars, Tamangs, Gurungs, and Newars) have their own identity and rituals but they are not regarded (and they do not consider themselves) as autochthonous in Khotang. 2 Like caste people (Brahmins, Chetri, and the craftsmen caste), they are \"guests\" in a land that is not \"theirs.\" Brahmin-Chetris, who are numerically equal to Chamling Rais in a large number of Village Development Committees (VDCs), draw strength from their comfortable economic position and centuries-old cultural and religious affinities with the elite who wield power in Kathmandu. This local diversity is reflected in their language: caste people speak only Nepali while indigenous communities, who use their Oral Tradition, 30/2 (2016): 387-408 1 I am grateful to the Fernand Braudel International Fellowships for Experienced Researchers Fellowship (Braudel-IFER) for giving me the opportunity to continue my research on religious practice in Nepal at Oxford for one year-the first draft of this paper was written during the Fellowship tenure. I am also thankful to Marie Lecomte-Tilouine and Anne de Sales for their comments as well as to Bernadette Sellers (Centre national de la researche scientifique, CNRS) for proofreading the draft. 2 According to the official terminology, a distinction is made between Adivasi Janajati, or \"indigenous\" ethnic groups, and the Brahmins-Chetri and Dalits, who are not regarded as \"indigenous.\" Although commonly used, this wording is rather unsatisfactory in the local context: in VDCs in the Sapsu Khola valley where fieldwork was conducted, it appears-if one is to believe the genealogical data kept by priests on the lineage cult and marriages is correct-that Chetri from neighboring localities, followed by their Brahmin priests and craftsmen, settled there twelve or thirteen generations ago, in the seventeenth century; the Magars arrived at the end of the eighteenth century, and the Newars in the late nineteenth century. Only the Rai are \"autochthonous\"; the other groups whether they be \"indigenous\" (the Adivasi Janajati) or \"Indo-Nepalese\" are regarded locally as \"latecomers.\" While I prefer the term \"Himalayan communities\" to characterize the Adivasi Janajati, I will respect common usage, despite its ambiguity.","publication_date":"2016,,","publication_name":"Oral Tradition","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"97347918"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Authority, Status, and Caste Markers in Everyday Village Conversations: The Example of Eastern Nepal","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [1367608]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":97347918,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Authority, Status, and Caste Markers in Everyday Village Conversations: The Example of Eastern Nepal”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/97347918/mini_magick20230116-1-p630k8.png?1673850680" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Authority, Status, and Caste Markers in Everyday Village Conversations: The Example of Eastern Nepal</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1367608" href="https://ehess.academia.edu/PustakGhimire"><img alt="Profile image of Pustak Ghimire" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1367608/11043825/14601284/s65_pustak.ghimire.jpg" />Pustak Ghimire</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2016, Oral Tradition</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">22 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 95062017; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=95062017"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This study sets out to detect the various markers that express forms of caste and community belonging, and, more generally, hierarchies in the language used in ordinary social interactions in villages in the hills of eastern Nepal, and how the somewhat rigid codes of civility that govern village society and language have recently evolved. The study is carried out from a socio-anthropological perspective rather than a linguistic or a literary one. 1 Before discussing the topic in detail, I characterize the site of my research, which is the Khotang District. Firstly, it is a mixed society: the autochthonous Chamling Rai represent 39 percent of the population, Chetris 22 percent, Brahmans 9 percent, Newars, Magars, and other Himalayan communities about 5 percent each, and Dalits also 5 percent. The identity of the Chamling Rai has been preserved by their specific religious rituals and an exclusive relationship with their ancestral land. Other indigenous "Himalayan" communities (Magars, Tamangs, Gurungs, and Newars) have their own identity and rituals but they are not regarded (and they do not consider themselves) as autochthonous in Khotang. 2 Like caste people (Brahmins, Chetri, and the craftsmen caste), they are "guests" in a land that is not "theirs." Brahmin-Chetris, who are numerically equal to Chamling Rais in a large number of Village Development Committees (VDCs), draw strength from their comfortable economic position and centuries-old cultural and religious affinities with the elite who wield power in Kathmandu. This local diversity is reflected in their language: caste people speak only Nepali while indigenous communities, who use their Oral Tradition, 30/2 (2016): 387-408 1 I am grateful to the Fernand Braudel International Fellowships for Experienced Researchers Fellowship (Braudel-IFER) for giving me the opportunity to continue my research on religious practice in Nepal at Oxford for one year-the first draft of this paper was written during the Fellowship tenure. I am also thankful to Marie Lecomte-Tilouine and Anne de Sales for their comments as well as to Bernadette Sellers (Centre national de la researche scientifique, CNRS) for proofreading the draft. 2 According to the official terminology, a distinction is made between Adivasi Janajati, or "indigenous" ethnic groups, and the Brahmins-Chetri and Dalits, who are not regarded as "indigenous." Although commonly used, this wording is rather unsatisfactory in the local context: in VDCs in the Sapsu Khola valley where fieldwork was conducted, it appears-if one is to believe the genealogical data kept by priests on the lineage cult and marriages is correct-that Chetri from neighboring localities, followed by their Brahmin priests and craftsmen, settled there twelve or thirteen generations ago, in the seventeenth century; the Magars arrived at the end of the eighteenth century, and the Newars in the late nineteenth century. Only the Rai are "autochthonous"; the other groups whether they be "indigenous" (the Adivasi Janajati) or "Indo-Nepalese" are regarded locally as "latecomers." While I prefer the term "Himalayan communities" to characterize the Adivasi Janajati, I will respect common usage, despite its ambiguity.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":97347918,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/95062017/Authority_Status_and_Caste_Markers_in_Everyday_Village_Conversations_The_Example_of_Eastern_Nepal"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":97347918,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/95062017/Authority_Status_and_Caste_Markers_in_Everyday_Village_Conversations_The_Example_of_Eastern_Nepal"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-control"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-control"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-ctas" data-impression-entity-id="95062017" data-impression-entity-type="2" data-impression-source="signup-banner"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><h4 class="ds2-5-heading-serif-sm">Sign up for access to the world's latest research</h4><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"signup-banner"}">Sign up for free<span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">arrow_forward</span></button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-divider"></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons"><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get notified about relevant papers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to use in your research</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Join the discussion with peers</span></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-reasons-item"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 24px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact</span></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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In Ethnic activism and Civil Society in South Asia. D. Gellner ed. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2009. p.291-336.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="23437114" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/MarieLecomteTilouine">Marie Lecomte-Tilouine</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ruling Social Groups—from Species to Nations: Reflections on Changing Conceptualizations of Caste and Ethnicity in Nepal. In Ethnic activism and Civil Society in South Asia. D. Gellner ed. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 2009. p.291-336.","attachmentId":35941083,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9759962/Ruling_Social_Groups_from_Species_to_Nations_Reflections_on_Changing_Conceptualizations_of_Caste_and_Ethnicity_in_Nepal_In_Ethnic_activism_and_Civil_Society_in_South_Asia_D_Gellner_ed_New_Delhi_Sage_Publications_2009_p_291_336","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9759962/Ruling_Social_Groups_from_Species_to_Nations_Reflections_on_Changing_Conceptualizations_of_Caste_and_Ethnicity_in_Nepal_In_Ethnic_activism_and_Civil_Society_in_South_Asia_D_Gellner_ed_New_Delhi_Sage_Publications_2009_p_291_336"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="43470954" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43470954/Too_many_stars_and_not_enough_sky_Language_and_ethnicity_among_the_Thakali_of_Nepal">Too many stars and not enough sky: Language and ethnicity among the Thakali of Nepal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="161226438" href="https://ubc.academia.edu/MarkTurin">Mark Turin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Contributions to Nepalese Studies, 1997</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Too many stars and not enough sky: Language and ethnicity among the Thakali of Nepal","attachmentId":63779134,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43470954/Too_many_stars_and_not_enough_sky_Language_and_ethnicity_among_the_Thakali_of_Nepal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43470954/Too_many_stars_and_not_enough_sky_Language_and_ethnicity_among_the_Thakali_of_Nepal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="88140601" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/88140601/Caste_in_Nepal">Caste in Nepal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3486299" href="https://pahs.academia.edu/MadhusudanSubedi">Madhusudan Subedi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This publication is sponsored by the Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung with funds of the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development of the Federal Republic of Germany. This publication or parts of it can be used by others for free as long as they provide a proper reference to the original publication. The content of the publication is the sole responsibility of the FCD Nepal, in general and respective authors, in particular and does not necessarily reflect a position of RLS.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Caste in Nepal","attachmentId":92174013,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/88140601/Caste_in_Nepal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/88140601/Caste_in_Nepal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="89788977" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/89788977/On_comparative_ethnography_in_the_Himalayas_and_beyond">On comparative ethnography in the Himalayas – and beyond</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="130637546" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MOppitz">Michael Oppitz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"On comparative ethnography in the Himalayas – and beyond","attachmentId":93533070,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/89788977/On_comparative_ethnography_in_the_Himalayas_and_beyond","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/89788977/On_comparative_ethnography_in_the_Himalayas_and_beyond"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="60736061" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/60736061/Notes_on_an_ethnonym_from_East_Nepal">Notes on an ethnonym from East Nepal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40727964" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/BMichailovsky">Boyd Michailovsky</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">A Festschrift for Werner Winter on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday, 2003</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The largest of the Tibeto-Burman speaking ethnic groups of East Nepal, whose languages were surveyed by the Nepal Linguistic Survey (1980-1986) under the direction of Werner Winter, is known as Limbu in Nepali but has the autonym Yakthung. This latter name has piqued the imagination of etymologists, of whom one of the most distinguished is cited in the Linguistic Survey of India, in the article on the closely related Yakha (Grierson 1908: 305): According to Sir Herbert Risley, the tribe call themselves yak-thomba or yakherds, with reference to the tradition that this was their characteristic occupation before they crossed the Himalaya into Eastern Nepal. Compare the denomination yak-thung-ba which the Limbus apply to themselves.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Notes on an ethnonym from East Nepal","attachmentId":74044912,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/60736061/Notes_on_an_ethnonym_from_East_Nepal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/60736061/Notes_on_an_ethnonym_from_East_Nepal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="9816884" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/9816884/Reflections_on_Kingship_Mediumism_and_Territory_in_the_Central_Himalayas_In_Bards_and_mediums_History_Culture_and_Politics_in_the_Central_Himalayan_Kingdoms_M_Lecomte_Tilouine_ed_Almora_Almora_Book_Depot_2009_p_11_25">Reflections on Kingship, Mediumism and Territory in the Central Himalayas. In Bards and mediums. History, Culture and Politics in the Central Himalayan Kingdoms, M. Lecomte-Tilouine ed. Almora: Almora Book Depot, 2009. p. 11-25.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="23437114" href="https://cnrs.academia.edu/MarieLecomteTilouine">Marie Lecomte-Tilouine</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Reflections on Kingship, Mediumism and Territory in the Central Himalayas. In Bards and mediums. History, Culture and Politics in the Central Himalayan Kingdoms, M. Lecomte-Tilouine ed. Almora: Almora Book Depot, 2009. p. 11-25.","attachmentId":35986678,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/9816884/Reflections_on_Kingship_Mediumism_and_Territory_in_the_Central_Himalayas_In_Bards_and_mediums_History_Culture_and_Politics_in_the_Central_Himalayan_Kingdoms_M_Lecomte_Tilouine_ed_Almora_Almora_Book_Depot_2009_p_11_25","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/9816884/Reflections_on_Kingship_Mediumism_and_Territory_in_the_Central_Himalayas_In_Bards_and_mediums_History_Culture_and_Politics_in_the_Central_Himalayan_Kingdoms_M_Lecomte_Tilouine_ed_Almora_Almora_Book_Depot_2009_p_11_25"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="43470922" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43470922/Ethnonyms_and_other_nyms_Linguistic_Anthropology_among_the_Thangmi_of_Nepal">Ethnonyms and other-nyms: Linguistic Anthropology among the Thangmi of Nepal</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="161226438" href="https://ubc.academia.edu/MarkTurin">Mark Turin</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Territory and identity in Tibet and the Himalayas, 2002</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Ethnonyms and other-nyms: Linguistic Anthropology among the Thangmi of Nepal","attachmentId":63779097,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43470922/Ethnonyms_and_other_nyms_Linguistic_Anthropology_among_the_Thangmi_of_Nepal","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43470922/Ethnonyms_and_other_nyms_Linguistic_Anthropology_among_the_Thangmi_of_Nepal"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":97347918,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":97347918,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_97347918" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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