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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_stock_photo_companies_(1920–1930s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_stock_photo_companies_(1920–1930s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>First stock photo companies (1920–1930s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_stock_photo_companies_(1920–1930s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_indexing_systems_and_growth_(1940s–1980s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_indexing_systems_and_growth_(1940s–1980s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>New indexing systems and growth (1940s–1980s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_indexing_systems_and_growth_(1940s–1980s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion_and_transition_online_(1980s–1990s)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion_and_transition_online_(1980s–1990s)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Expansion and transition online (1980s–1990s)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion_and_transition_online_(1980s–1990s)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_developments_(2000–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_developments_(2000–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Recent developments (2000–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_developments_(2000–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Description</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Description subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Styles_and_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Styles_and_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Styles and trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Styles_and_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_stock_photo_licenses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_stock_photo_licenses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types of stock photo licenses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_stock_photo_licenses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of stock photo licenses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_stock_photo_licenses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_domain_(PD)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_domain_(PD)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Public domain (PD)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_domain_(PD)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royalty-free_(RF)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royalty-free_(RF)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Royalty-free (RF)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royalty-free_(RF)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rights-managed_(RM)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rights-managed_(RM)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Rights-managed (RM)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rights-managed_(RM)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Stock photography</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages"> <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografia_de_stock" title="Fotografia de stock – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fotografia de stock" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billedbureau" title="Billedbureau – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Billedbureau" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockfotografie" title="Stockfotografie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stockfotografie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotograf%C3%ADa_de_stock" title="Fotografía de stock – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fotografía de stock" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%8C" title="عکاسی آرشیوی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="عکاسی آرشیوی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banque_d%27images" title="Banque d'images – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Banque d'images" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%86%A1_%EC%82%AC%EC%A7%84" title="스톡 사진 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스톡 사진" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80" title="स्टॉक फोटोग्राफी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्टॉक फोटोग्राफी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografi_stok" title="Fotografi stok – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fotografi stok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_fot%C3%B3" title="Stock fotó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Stock fotó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotografi_stok" title="Fotografi stok – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Fotografi stok" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockfotografie" title="Stockfotografie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stockfotografie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E5%86%99%E7%9C%9F" title="ストック写真 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ストック写真" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockfoto" title="Stockfoto – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stockfoto" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Стоковая фотография – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стоковая фотография" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%B4_%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94" title="ඡායාරූප එකතු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඡායාරූප එකතු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_photography" title="Stock photography – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Stock photography" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockfoto" title="Stockfoto – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stockfoto" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Стокова фотографія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стокова фотографія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1634416#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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For the securities valuation tool, see <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_valuation" title="Stock valuation">stock valuation</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frog_on_palm_frond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241122234026im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Frog_on_palm_frond.jpg/220px-Frog_on_palm_frond.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241122234026im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Frog_on_palm_frond.jpg/330px-Frog_on_palm_frond.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241122234026im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Frog_on_palm_frond.jpg/440px-Frog_on_palm_frond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"/></a><figcaption>A <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> stock photo titled "frog on palm frond"</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Stock photography</b> is the supply of <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographs" class="mw-redirect" title="Photographs">photographs</a> that are often licensed for specific uses.<sup id="cite_ref-fbookonstockphotography_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fbookonstockphotography-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stock photo industry, which began to gain hold in the 1920s,<sup id="cite_ref-fbookonstockphotography_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fbookonstockphotography-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has established models including traditional macrostock photography,<sup id="cite_ref-imacrostock_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imacrostock-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> midstock photography,<sup id="cite_ref-hgrunbaum_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hgrunbaum-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microstock_photography" title="Microstock photography">microstock photography</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-06-05-07_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-06-05-07-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conventional stock agencies charge from several hundred to several thousand US dollars per image, while microstock photography may sell for around US$0.25 cents.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-06-05-07_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-06-05-07-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professional stock photographers traditionally place their images with one or more stock agencies on a <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_(remuneration)" title="Commission (remuneration)">contractual basis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-fbookonstockphotography_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fbookonstockphotography-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while stock agencies may accept the high-quality photos of amateur photographers through online submission.<sup id="cite_ref-lstockphoto_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lstockphoto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Themes for stock photos are diverse, although Megan Garber of <i><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i> wrote in 2012 that "one of the more wacky/wondrous elements of stock photos is the manner in which, as a genre, they've developed a unifying editorial sensibility. To see a stock image is... to <i>know</i> you're seeing a stock image."<sup id="cite_ref-lstockphoto_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lstockphoto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically notable traditional stock photo agencies have included <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RobertStock" class="mw-redirect" title="RobertStock">RobertStock</a>, the <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettman_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="Bettman Archive">Bettman Archive</a> in New York,<sup id="cite_ref-fbookonstockphotography_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fbookonstockphotography-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulton_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulton Archive">Hulton Archive</a> in the United Kingdom,<sup id="cite_ref-getty_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-getty-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among many others.<sup id="cite_ref-dalamaybrief_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dalamaybrief-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1990s companies such as <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodisc" class="mw-redirect" title="Photodisc">Photodisc</a> in <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle, Washington</a>, began selling <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_ROM" class="mw-redirect" title="CD ROM">CD ROMs</a> with packs of images, pioneering the <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalty-free" title="Royalty-free">royalty-free</a> licensing system at a time when <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rights_Managed" title="Rights Managed">Rights Managed</a> licensing was the norm in the stock industry.<sup id="cite_ref-dalamaybrief_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dalamaybrief-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a great amount of consolidation among stock photo agencies<sup id="cite_ref-Howto16_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howto16-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-page8MichaelHeron_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-page8MichaelHeron-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between 1990 and the mid-2000s, particularly through <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branded_Entertainment_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Branded Entertainment Network">Corbis</a> and <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getty_Images" title="Getty Images">Getty Images</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-fbookonstockphotography_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fbookonstockphotography-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early microstock company <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IStockphoto" class="mw-redirect" title="IStockphoto">iStockphoto</a> was founded in May 2000,<sup id="cite_ref-ST-05-28-07_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ST-05-28-07-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by companies such as <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamstime" title="Dreamstime">Dreamstime</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Microstock_Insider_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microstock_Insider-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FotoLibra" title="FotoLibra">fotoLibra</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-news:picture_perfect_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news:picture_perfect-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-news:new_approach_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news:new_approach-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can_Stock_Photo" title="Can Stock Photo">Can Stock Photo</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-about_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/123RF" title="123RF">123RF</a>, <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutterstock" title="Shutterstock">Shutterstock</a>, JumpStory and <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adobe_Stock" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Stock">Adobe Stock</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_Money_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN_Money-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stock_photography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_stock_photo_companies_(1920–1930s)"><span id="First_stock_photo_companies_.281920.E2.80.931930s.29"></span>First stock photo companies (1920–1930s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stock_photography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First stock photo companies (1920–1930s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1911_Solvay_conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241122234026im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/1911_Solvay_conference.jpg/220px-1911_Solvay_conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241122234026im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/1911_Solvay_conference.jpg/330px-1911_Solvay_conference.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241122234026im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/1911_Solvay_conference.jpg/440px-1911_Solvay_conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1362"/></a><figcaption>A stock photograph, now in the archive of <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getty_Images" title="Getty Images">Getty Images</a>, showing the 1911 <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solvay_Conference" title="Solvay Conference">Solvay Conference</a> in Belgium. Many stock photos document historical events.</figcaption></figure> <p>Newspapers and magazines were first able to reproduce photographs instead of <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_art" title="Line art">line art</a> in the mid-1880s with the invention of the <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-tone" class="mw-redirect" title="Half-tone">half-tone</a> and its use on a <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Howto13_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howto13-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially starting with staff photographers, independent free-lance photographers eventually took over.<sup id="cite_ref-Howto13_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howto13-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the first examples of a stock photo was circa 1920 when American photographer <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrofile" title="Retrofile">H. Armstrong Roberts</a> ensured that the people photographed in "Group in Front of Tri-Motor Airplane" all signed model releases. This allowed the photograph and others like it to be commercially viable.<sup id="cite_ref-fbookonstockphotography_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fbookonstockphotography-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an effort to save the cost of hiring photographers for commission-based <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photo_shoots" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo shoots">photo shoots</a>, publishers and advertisers began to consider stock photos as a less risky alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-dalamaybrief_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dalamaybrief-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RobertStock" class="mw-redirect" title="RobertStock">first major stock photography libraries</a><sup id="cite_ref-dalamaybrief_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dalamaybrief-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was founded in 1920 by H. Armstrong Roberts. </p><p>The <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettmann_Archive" title="Bettmann Archive">Bettmann Archive</a> in New York is an example of an early traditional stock agency,<sup id="cite_ref-fbookonstockphotography_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fbookonstockphotography-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the company delivering photos upon 24-hour request to magazines such as <i><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Look_(American_magazine)" title="Look (American magazine)">Look</a></i> and <i><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-fbookonstockphotography_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fbookonstockphotography-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Founded in 1936 by <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Bettmann" title="Otto Bettmann">Otto Bettmann</a>, a <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">curator</a> who emigrated to the United States in 1935,<sup id="cite_ref-journalfilmquarl_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journalfilmquarl-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Bettman Archive began with Bettmann's personal collection of 15,000 images which he brought with him in suitcases when he escaped from <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ah-goodbye_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ah-goodbye-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He actively expanded his collection by placing ads in magazines for stills and photos.<sup id="cite_ref-journalfilmquarl_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journalfilmquarl-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A different early pioneer with the stock industry was photographer Tony Stone, whose portfolio of mountain scenes proved popular with chocolate advertisers. Stone's stock library eventually reached 20,000 images, each selected for its likelihood to sell multiple copies.<sup id="cite_ref-dalamaybrief_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dalamaybrief-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_indexing_systems_and_growth_(1940s–1980s)"><span id="New_indexing_systems_and_growth_.281940s.E2.80.931980s.29"></span>New indexing systems and growth (1940s–1980s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stock_photography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: New indexing systems and growth (1940s–1980s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Known as a stock resource for newspapers and magazines, the <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulton_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulton Archive">Hulton Archive</a> started as the photographic archive of <i><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_Post" title="Picture Post">Picture Post</a></i>. As the archive expanded through <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, it became clear that its vast collection of photographs and negatives were becoming an important historical documentary resource. In 1945, <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_George_Warris_Hulton" title="Edward George Warris Hulton">Sir Edward Hulton</a> set up the Hulton Press Library as a semi-independent operation and commissioned <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gibbs-Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Gibbs-Smith">Charles Gibbs-Smith</a> of the <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a> to catalogue the entire archive using a system of keywords and classifications. The Gibbs-Smith system claims to be the world's first indexing system for pictures, and it was eventually adopted by the <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> collections.<sup id="cite_ref-getty_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-getty-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="agefotostock"></span> <i>agefotostock</i> was founded in 1973, in Barcelona, Spain, by Alfonso Gutierrez Escera.<sup id="cite_ref-cepic/alfonso-gutierrez-speaker_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cepic/alfonso-gutierrez-speaker-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-agefotostock/AboutUs_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agefotostock/AboutUs-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion_and_transition_online_(1980s–1990s)"><span id="Expansion_and_transition_online_.281980s.E2.80.931990s.29"></span>Expansion and transition online (1980s–1990s)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stock_photography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Expansion and transition online (1980s–1990s)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 1980s, stock photography had become a specialty in its own right, with the stock industry advancing quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-dalamaybrief_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dalamaybrief-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As photo libraries transitioned from physical <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">archives</a> to servers in the mid-1990s, "stock libraries" were increasingly called "stock agencies".<sup id="cite_ref-dalamaybrief_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dalamaybrief-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archives also began to rely increasingly on <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyword_(computer_programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyword (computer programming)">keywords</a> for sorting and retrieving photographs.<sup id="cite_ref-dalamaybrief_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dalamaybrief-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodisc" class="mw-redirect" title="Photodisc">Photodisc</a> in <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle,_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="Seattle, Washington">Seattle, Washington</a>, began selling <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD_ROM" class="mw-redirect" title="CD ROM">CD ROMs</a> with packs of images. Unlike their competitors, Photodisc licensed the image packs as <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalty_Free" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalty Free">Royalty Free</a>. In contrast to the <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rights_Managed" title="Rights Managed">Rights Managed</a> system, royalty free allowed the purchaser of a CD ROM to use the images as many times as they liked without paying further fees.<sup id="cite_ref-dalamaybrief_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dalamaybrief-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a great amount of consolidation among stock photo agencies<sup id="cite_ref-Howto16_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Howto16-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-page8MichaelHeron_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-page8MichaelHeron-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between 1990 and the mid-2000s, with <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branded_Entertainment_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Branded Entertainment Network">Corbis</a> notably acquiring the massive <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bettmann_Archive" title="Bettmann Archive">Bettmann Archive</a> in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-fbookonstockphotography_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fbookonstockphotography-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photodisc" class="mw-redirect" title="Photodisc">Photodisc</a> went online in 1995,<sup id="cite_ref-photodisconline_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-photodisconline-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in September 1997, PhotoDisc agreed to combine with <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>-based Getty Communications to form the Seattle-based <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Getty_Images" title="Getty Images">Getty Images</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-imagiseverything_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imagiseverything-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1996, the <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picture_Post#Hulton_Press_Library" title="Picture Post">Hulton Picture Collection</a> was bought by Getty Images for £8.6 million.<sup id="cite_ref-image-ethics_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-image-ethics-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamy" title="Alamy">Alamy</a> (registered as Alamy Limited) is a privately owned stock photography agency launched in 1999. Alamy maintains an online archive of over one hundred million still <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image" title="Image">images</a>, illustrations and hundreds of thousands of videos contributed by agencies and independent photographers or collected from news archives, museums and national collections. Its suppliers include both professional and amateur <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographers" class="mw-redirect" title="Photographers">photographers</a>, stock agencies, news archives, museums and national collections. Its clients are from the <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a>, publishing and advertising industries and the general public. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_developments_(2000–present)"><span id="Recent_developments_.282000.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Recent developments (2000–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stock_photography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Recent developments (2000–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20241122234026im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241122234026im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241122234026im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290"/></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The early microstock company <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IStockphoto" class="mw-redirect" title="IStockphoto">iStockphoto</a> was founded in May 2000. Originally a free stock imagery website, it transitioned into its current <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micropayment" title="Micropayment">micropayment</a> model in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-ST-05-28-07_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ST-05-28-07-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IStockphoto" class="mw-redirect" title="IStockphoto">iStockphoto</a> co-founders <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Livingstone" title="Bruce Livingstone">Bruce Livingstone</a> and Brianna Wettlaufer then went on to start <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stocksy_United" title="Stocksy United">Stocksy United</a> in 2013. Helping pioneer the subscription-based model of stock photography,<sup id="cite_ref-Smart_Money_02-04-2009_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smart_Money_02-04-2009-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutterstock" title="Shutterstock">Shutterstock</a> was founded in 2003 with a monthly subscription fee.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes-10-28-2013_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-10-28-2013-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Online since 2000 as a <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalty-free" title="Royalty-free">royalty-free</a> stock photography website, in 2004 <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreamstime" title="Dreamstime">Dreamstime</a><sup id="cite_ref-Microstock_Insider_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microstock_Insider-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was founded as new microstock agency.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_Money_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN_Money-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other stock agencies with new business models around this time included <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FotoLibra" title="FotoLibra">fotoLibra</a>, which opened to the public in 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-news:picture_perfect_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news:picture_perfect-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-news:new_approach_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news:new_approach-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can_Stock_Photo" title="Can Stock Photo">Can Stock Photo</a>, which debuted in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-about_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-about-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2007 Dreamstime was competing with iStockphoto, <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fotolia">Fotolia</a> and Shutterstock, all expanded into major microstock companies.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_Money_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN_Money-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2013 microstock company <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depositphotos" title="Depositphotos">Depositphotos</a> launched Clashot,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a service that allows smartphone users to instantly upload photos to the photobank from their devices, followed by <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fotolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Fotolia">Fotolia</a>, that launched the very similar Fotolia Instant <sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later that year. </p><p>Between the 1990s and the mid-2000s, <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a>' <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corbis_Images" class="mw-redirect" title="Corbis Images">Corbis Images</a> and Getty Images combined purchased more than 40 stock photo agencies.<sup id="cite_ref-fbookonstockphotography_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fbookonstockphotography-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> iStockphoto, or iStock.com, was acquired by Getty in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-dalamaybrief_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dalamaybrief-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-getty-feb_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-getty-feb-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jupitermedia_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupitermedia Corporation">Jupitermedia Corporation</a> sold their online stock images division, Jupiterimages, to Getty Images for $96 million in cash,<sup id="cite_ref-reuters-jupiter_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reuters-jupiter-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the sites <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock.xchng" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock.xchng">stock.xchng</a> and <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/StockXpert" class="mw-redirect" title="StockXpert">StockXpert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-getty-feb_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-getty-feb-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoopt" class="mw-redirect" title="Scoopt">Scoopt</a> started a photo news agency for <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">citizen journalism</a> enabling the public to upload and sell breaking news images taken with cameraphones. In 2007 Scoopt was purchased by Getty Images, which closed it in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-shuttingscoopt_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shuttingscoopt-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012 Shutterstock became the first microstock agency to complete an <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">initial public offering</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-shutterstock-ipo_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shutterstock-ipo-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the company's shares reaching a $2.5 billion market value by late 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes-10-28-2013_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-10-28-2013-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stock_photography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stock photography refers to the supply of <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographs" class="mw-redirect" title="Photographs">photographs</a>, which are often licensed for specific uses such as magazine publishing or pamphlet-making.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, as of 2005 "most" book cover designers prefer stock photography agencies over photographers in efforts to save costs. Publishers can then purchase photographs on an exclusive or non-exclusive basis.<sup id="cite_ref-gmorethanapage_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gmorethanapage-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Established models of stock photography include: </p> <ol><li>Macrostock: High-priced and exclusive stock photography, also known as traditional stock photography<sup id="cite_ref-imacrostock_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imacrostock-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Midstock: Stock photography priced between micro stock and macro stock, which is often used online<sup id="cite_ref-hgrunbaum_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hgrunbaum-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microstock_photography" title="Microstock photography">Microstock</a>: Low-priced and inclusive stock photography. In competition to traditional agencies, microstock photography is a relatively new model of stock photography which is available through agencies that sell images for lower prices but in greater volume.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-06-05-07_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-06-05-07-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>According to <i><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, conventional stock agencies charge from several hundred to several thousand American dollars per image, and "base fees on the published size of an image, circulation and other factors." Microstock photos may sell for as little as US$0.25.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-06-05-07_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-06-05-07-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professional stock photographers traditionally place their images with one or more stock agencies on a contractual basis, with a defined commission basis and specified contract term. The industry standard is purportedly 30 to 50 percent to the photographer, although at the start of the stock photography industry, fees were typically cut half and half between the agency and artist.<sup id="cite_ref-fbookonstockphotography_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fbookonstockphotography-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other stock agencies may accept the high-quality photos of amateur photographers through online submission.<sup id="cite_ref-lstockphoto_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lstockphoto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some online photo websites have created unique software to search for fitting stock photos, for example searching for complicated keyword combinations, color, shapes, and "moods".<sup id="cite_ref-bestentrej_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bestentrej-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kpopsi_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kpopsi-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other search engines may seek to quantify the best photos by looking for elements as diverse as "bright lights", "evidence of emotional connections between people", and the tilt of faces.<sup id="cite_ref-aforhtemost_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aforhtemost-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Styles_and_trends">Styles and trends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stock_photography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Styles and trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Traditional stock photo agencies have large catalogues that may include press archives and works by notable photographers such as <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Hardy" title="Bert Hardy">Bert Hardy</a>, <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Brandt" title="Bill Brandt">Bill Brandt</a>, <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weegee" title="Weegee">Weegee</a> and <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Haas" title="Ernst Haas">Ernst Haas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hulton_archive_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hulton_archive-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent trends in <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microstock_photography" title="Microstock photography">microstock photography</a> include "lifestyle" photographs of people "at work and play",<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-06-05-07_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-06-05-07-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> food, sports, and fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT-06-05-07_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-06-05-07-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other stock photo themes may include <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">stereotypes</a>, expressing common emotions and <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesticulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesticulation">gesticulations</a>, <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">pets</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and images related to travel and tourism.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the early 1990s, the stock industry focused on "<a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">conceptual images</a>", which could encapsulate themes such as "global communication, success, and teamwork".<sup id="cite_ref-dalamaybrief_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dalamaybrief-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the consolidation of many stock photo agencies in the 1990s and early 2000s, new companies began focusing on "niche collections" including "medical, science, minorities, gay and lesbian lifestyles, aviation, maps, <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoramas" class="mw-redirect" title="Panoramas">panoramas</a>, historical, sports, and celebrity homes".<sup id="cite_ref-fbookonstockphotography_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fbookonstockphotography-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Opined Megan Garber of <i><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i> in 2012, "one of the more wacky/wondrous elements of stock photos is the manner in which, as a genre, they've developed a unifying editorial sensibility. To see a stock image is, <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Potter Stewart</a>-style, to <i>know</i> you're seeing a stock image. And while stock images' stockiness may be in part due to the common visual tropes that give them their easy, cheesy impact - prettiness, preciousness, pose-iness - there's part of it that's more ephemeral, too. Though they have little in common, shots of a <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Shepherd" title="German Shepherd">German Shepherd</a> typing on a laptop and a man contemplating the sunset can both be, in their special way, stocky."<sup id="cite_ref-lstockphoto_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lstockphoto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_stock_photo_licenses">Types of stock photo licenses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stock_photography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Types of stock photo licenses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_domain_(PD)"><span id="Public_domain_.28PD.29"></span>Public domain (PD)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stock_photography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Public domain (PD)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain_image_resources" class="mw-redirect" title="Public domain image resources">Public domain image resources</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Downtown_Chicago_Marina_City_CornCob_Sky_Scrapers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20241122234026im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Downtown_Chicago_Marina_City_CornCob_Sky_Scrapers.jpg/220px-Downtown_Chicago_Marina_City_CornCob_Sky_Scrapers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241122234026im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Downtown_Chicago_Marina_City_CornCob_Sky_Scrapers.jpg/330px-Downtown_Chicago_Marina_City_CornCob_Sky_Scrapers.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241122234026im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Downtown_Chicago_Marina_City_CornCob_Sky_Scrapers.jpg/440px-Downtown_Chicago_Marina_City_CornCob_Sky_Scrapers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3800" data-file-height="2533"/></a><figcaption>Example of a public domain stock photo, showing the Marina City building complex in <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In relation to photography and graphics, <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> (PD) means the image is free to use without purchasing a license, and can be used for commercial or personal purposes. Works in the public domain are those whose <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclusive_right" title="Exclusive right">exclusive</a> <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> rights have expired,<sup id="cite_ref-Boyle_2008_38_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boyle_2008_38-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have been forfeited,<sup id="cite_ref-Graber_2008_173_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Graber_2008_173-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or are inapplicable.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royalty-free_(RF)"><span id="Royalty-free_.28RF.29"></span>Royalty-free (RF)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stock_photography&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Royalty-free (RF)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalty-free" title="Royalty-free">Royalty-free</a></div> <p>In photography and the <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illustration" title="Illustration">illustration</a> industry, royalty-free (RF) refers to a <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> license where the user has the right to use the picture without many restrictions based on one-time payment to the licensor. The user can, therefore, use the image in several projects without having to purchase any additional licenses. RF licenses cannot be given on an exclusive basis. In stock photography, RF is one of the common licenses sometimes contrasted with <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rights_Managed" title="Rights Managed">Rights Managed</a> licenses and often employed in <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subscription_business_model" title="Subscription business model">subscription-based</a> or <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microstock_photography" title="Microstock photography">microstock photography</a> business models.<sup id="cite_ref-focalgoogle353_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-focalgoogle353-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rights-managed_(RM)"><span id="Rights-managed_.28RM.29"></span>Rights-managed (RM)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stock_photography&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rights-managed (RM)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rights_Managed" title="Rights Managed">Rights Managed</a></div> <p>Rights Managed (RM) in the stock photo industry (sometimes called "licensed images") refers to a <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> license that, if purchased by a user, allows the one-time use of the photo as specified by the license. If the user wants to use the photo for other uses an additional license needs to be purchased. RM licenses can be given on a nonexclusive or exclusive basis. In stock photography RM is one of the two common license types together with <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalty-free" title="Royalty-free">royalty-free</a>, subscription, and <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microstock_photography" title="Microstock photography">microstock photography</a> being business models often confused as separate license types (both use the <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royalty-free" title="Royalty-free">royalty-free</a> license type).<sup id="cite_ref-microstockfocalenc_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-microstockfocalenc-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stock_photography&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_online_image_archives" title="List of online image archives">List of online image archives</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microstock_photography" title="Microstock photography">Microstock photography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picturenation" title="Picturenation">Picturenation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_footage" title="Stock footage">Stock footage</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representative_image" title="Representative image">Representative image</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stock_photography&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fbookonstockphotography-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fbookonstockphotography_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fbookonstockphotography_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fbookonstockphotography_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fbookonstockphotography_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fbookonstockphotography_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fbookonstockphotography_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fbookonstockphotography_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fbookonstockphotography_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fbookonstockphotography_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fbookonstockphotography_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fbookonstockphotography_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fbookonstockphotography_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//web.archive.org/web/20241122234026im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//web.archive.org/web/20241122234026im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//web.archive.org/web/20241122234026im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//web.archive.org/web/20241122234026im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFR._Peres2007" class="citation news cs1">R. Peres, Michael (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://books.google.com/books?id=VYyldcYfq3MC&q=history+of+stock+photo+agencies&pg=PA351">"The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography: Digital Imaging, Theory and Applications, History, and Science"</a>. <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780240807409" title="Special:BookSources/9780240807409"><bdi>9780240807409</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Focal+Encyclopedia+of+Photography%3A+Digital+Imaging%2C+Theory+and+Applications%2C+History%2C+and+Science&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780240807409&rft.aulast=R.+Peres&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVYyldcYfq3MC%26q%3Dhistory%2Bof%2Bstock%2Bphoto%2Bagencies%26pg%3DPA351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+photography" class="Z3988"></span> page 351</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imacrostock-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-imacrostock_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-imacrostock_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/http://budgetstockphoto.com/full_price_agencies.html">"Traditional Stock Agencies"</a>. budgetstockphoto.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://web.archive.org/web/20160317063042/http://budgetstockphoto.com/full_price_agencies.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-03-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Traditional+Stock+Agencies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbudgetstockphoto.com%2Ffull_price_agencies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hgrunbaum-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hgrunbaum_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hgrunbaum_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrunbaum2015" class="citation news cs1">Grunbaum, Rami (March 13, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/http://www.seattletimes.com/business/technology/co-founder-of-getty-images-steps-down-as-ceo-amid-heated-competition/">"Co-founder of Getty Images steps down as CEO"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Seattle_Times" title="The Seattle Times">The Seattle Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://web.archive.org/web/20160815162825/http://www.seattletimes.com/business/technology/co-founder-of-getty-images-steps-down-as-ceo-amid-heated-competition/">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Seattle+Times&rft.atitle=Co-founder+of+Getty+Images+steps+down+as+CEO&rft.date=2015-03-13&rft.aulast=Grunbaum&rft.aufirst=Rami&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seattletimes.com%2Fbusiness%2Ftechnology%2Fco-founder-of-getty-images-steps-down-as-ceo-amid-heated-competition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-06-05-07-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-06-05-07_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-06-05-07_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-06-05-07_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-06-05-07_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-06-05-07_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYT-06-05-07_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric A. Taub, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/05/technology/circuits/05syndicate.html?em&ex=1181188800&en=687225a44f80273c&ei=5087%0A">"When Are Photos Like Penny Stocks? When They Sell"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://web.archive.org/web/20210225211735/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/06/05/technology/circuits/05syndicate.html?em&ex=1181188800&en=687225a44f80273c&ei=5087%0A">Archived</a> 2021-02-25 at the <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>New York Times</i>, June 5, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lstockphoto-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lstockphoto_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lstockphoto_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lstockphoto_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lstockphoto_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarber2012" class="citation news cs1">Garber, Megan (May 18, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/05/the-tao-of-shutterstock-what-makes-a-stock-photo-a-stock-photo/257280/">"The Tao of Shutterstock: What Makes a Stock Photo a Stock Photo?"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://web.archive.org/web/20211230165429/https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/05/the-tao-of-shutterstock-what-makes-a-stock-photo-a-stock-photo/257280/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Tao+of+Shutterstock%3A+What+Makes+a+Stock+Photo+a+Stock+Photo%3F&rft.date=2012-05-18&rft.aulast=Garber&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Ftechnology%2Farchive%2F2012%2F05%2Fthe-tao-of-shutterstock-what-makes-a-stock-photo-a-stock-photo%2F257280%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-getty-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-getty_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-getty_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/http://corporate.gettyimages.com/masters2/conservation/articles/HAHistory.pdf">Hulton|Archive – History in Pictures</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://web.archive.org/web/20130527044717/http://corporate.gettyimages.com/masters2/conservation/articles/HAHistory.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-05-27 at the <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> History of <i>Picture Post</i> by the Archive Curator Sarah McDonald, 15/10/04. Accessed March 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dalamaybrief-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dalamaybrief_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dalamaybrief_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dalamaybrief_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dalamaybrief_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dalamaybrief_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dalamaybrief_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dalamaybrief_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dalamaybrief_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dalamaybrief_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dalamaybrief_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dalamaybrief_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/http://www.alamy.com/blog/a-brief-history-of-stock-photography">"A Brief History of Stock Photography"</a>. alamy.com. June 16, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://web.archive.org/web/20160807192110/http://www.alamy.com/blog/a-brief-history-of-stock-photography">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-08-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Brief+History+of+Stock+Photography&rft.date=2015-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alamy.com%2Fblog%2Fa-brief-history-of-stock-photography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howto16-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howto16_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howto16_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeron2001" class="citation book cs1">Heron, Michal (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://books.google.com/books?id=ihjxHk9kLbgC&pg=PA13"><i>How to Shoot Stock Photos That Sell</i></a> (3 ed.). Allworth Communications. p. 16. <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58115-087-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58115-087-2"><bdi>978-1-58115-087-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Shoot+Stock+Photos+That+Sell&rft.pages=16&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Allworth+Communications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-58115-087-2&rft.aulast=Heron&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DihjxHk9kLbgC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-page8MichaelHeron-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-page8MichaelHeron_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-page8MichaelHeron_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeron2007" class="citation book cs1">Heron, Michal (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://books.google.com/books?id=BJwM-7b0FVIC&pg=PA5"><i>Digital Stock Photography: How to Shoot and Sell</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=i.t.wales&rft.atitle=fotoLibra+gets+it+picture+perfect&rft.date=2004-06-09&rft.aulast=Basheera&rft.aufirst=Khan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itwales.com%2F998726.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-news:new_approach-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-news:new_approach_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-news:new_approach_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/http://www.creativematch.com/news/new-approach-brings-down-picture/91181/">"New Approach Brings Down Picture Buying Costs"</a>. <i>creativematch</i>. 16 June 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://web.archive.org/web/20160827192759/http://www.creativematch.com/news/new-approach-brings-down-picture/91181/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 August 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=creativematch&rft.atitle=New+Approach+Brings+Down+Picture+Buying+Costs&rft.date=2005-06-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.creativematch.com%2Fnews%2Fnew-approach-brings-down-picture%2F91181%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-about-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-about_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-about_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/http://www.canstockphoto.com/about.php">"About Can Stock Photo"</a>. Can Stock Photo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://web.archive.org/web/20150831050551/http://www.canstockphoto.com/about.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-08-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-08-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Can+Stock+Photo&rft.pub=Can+Stock+Photo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canstockphoto.com%2Fabout.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN_Money-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CNN_Money_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNN_Money_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CNN_Money_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2007" class="citation news cs1">Levine, Robert (April 4, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2007/04/01/8403372/index.htm?postversion=2007040409">"Photo wars: A $2 billion business gets rough"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN_Money" class="mw-redirect" title="CNN Money">CNN Money</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://web.archive.org/web/20121005063628/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2007/04/01/8403372/index.htm?postversion=2007040409">Archived</a> from the original on October 5, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN+Money&rft.atitle=Photo+wars%3A+A+%242+billion+business+gets+rough&rft.date=2007-04-04&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2Fmagazines%2Fbusiness2%2Fbusiness2_archive%2F2007%2F04%2F01%2F8403372%2Findex.htm%3Fpostversion%3D2007040409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Howto13-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Howto13_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Howto13_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeron2001" class="citation book cs1">Heron, Michal (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://books.google.com/books?id=ihjxHk9kLbgC&pg=PA13"><i>How to Shoot Stock Photos That Sell</i></a> (3 ed.). Allworth Communications. p. 13. <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58115-087-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58115-087-2"><bdi>978-1-58115-087-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Shoot+Stock+Photos+That+Sell&rft.pages=13&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Allworth+Communications&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-58115-087-2&rft.aulast=Heron&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DihjxHk9kLbgC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-journalfilmquarl-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-journalfilmquarl_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-journalfilmquarl_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://doi.org/10.2307/1210017">"Editor's Notebook"</a>. <i>Film Quarterly</i>. <b>13</b> (2). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Heritage&rft.atitle=Goodbye+To+All+That&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2001-05&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=Richard+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanheritage.com%2Fcontent%2Fgoodbye-all&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cepic/alfonso-gutierrez-speaker-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cepic/alfonso-gutierrez-speaker_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://cepic.org/news/alfonso-gutierrez-speaker-of-the-cultural-heritage-webinar">"Alfonso Gutierrez, Speaker of the CEPIC Cultural Heritage Webinar"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEPIC" title="CEPIC">CEPIC</a></i>. Berlin, Germany. 11 February 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://web.archive.org/web/20230213025434/https://cepic.org/news/alfonso-gutierrez-speaker-of-the-cultural-heritage-webinar">Archived</a> from the original on 13 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=agefotostock.com&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.agefotostock.com%2Fage%2Fen%2FAboutUs.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-photodisconline-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-photodisconline_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrotty1996" class="citation news cs1">Crotty, Cameron (February 1, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-17959266.html">"Image is everything.(West Stock and PhotoDisc introduce Web sites) (Internet Watch) (Company Business and Marketing)(Brief Article)"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macworld" title="Macworld">Macworld</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Getty Images. 2009-02-23. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/http://company.gettyimages.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=192&isource=corporate_website_ind_press_release">the original</a> on 2009-02-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 16,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Getty+shutting+Scoopt+citizen+journalism+photo+site+to+focus+on+core+business&rft.date=2009-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2Fpda%2F2009%2Ffeb%2F04%2Fcitizenmedia-photography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-shutterstock-ipo-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-shutterstock-ipo_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/http://www.shutterstock.com/blog/2012/10/shutterstock-celebrates-at-the-new-york-stock-exchange/">"Shutterstock Announces Closing of Initial Public Offering and Exercise of Underwriters' Option to Purchase Additional Shares"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 31,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stock+Photo&rft.atitle=What+Does+Stock+Photography+Mean%3F&rft.date=2021-04-20&rft.aulast=Struck&rft.aufirst=Amos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stockphotosecrets.com%2Fnews%2Fstock-photographers%2Fwhat-does-stock-photography-mean.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gmorethanapage-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gmorethanapage_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2005" class="citation news cs1">Newman, Andrew Adam (July 7, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/07/books/with-covers-publishers-take-more-than-page-from-rivals.html?_r=0">"With Covers, Publishers Take More Than Page From Rivals"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://web.archive.org/web/20191223042345/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/07/07/books/with-covers-publishers-take-more-than-page-from-rivals.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-12-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-06-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entrepreneur&rft.atitle=How+Shutterstock+Is+Training+Its+System+to+Help+You+Find+Better+Photos&rft.date=2016-03-10&rft.aulast=Zipkin&rft.aufirst=Nina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.entrepreneur.com%2Farticle%2F272281&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kpopsi-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kpopsi_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOssola2016" class="citation news cs1">Ossola, Alexandra (March 10, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/http://www.popsci.com/shutterstock-is-visualizing-images-in-whole-new-way">"Shutterstock Has Trained A Computer To Find You The Perfect Photos"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://web.archive.org/web/20160613091856/http://www.popsci.com/shutterstock-is-visualizing-images-in-whole-new-way">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=New+Software+Sifts+Photos+for+the+Most+Clickable&rft.date=2015-10-01&rft.aulast=Dwoskin&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fnew-software-sifts-the-tide-of-online-images-1443722371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hulton_archive-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hulton_archive_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://web.archive.org/web/20011021133300/http://hultongetty.com/ixbin/hixclient.exe?_IXDB_=hulton&_IXSESSION_=&search-form=about.html&submit-button=search">"About Hulton Archive"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Hulton+Archive&rft.pub=Hulton+Archive&rft.date=2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhultongetty.com%2Fixbin%2Fhixclient.exe%3F_IXDB_%3Dhulton%26_IXSESSION_%3D%26search-form%3Dabout.html%26submit-button%3Dsearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+photography" class="Z3988"></span> (archived on the Web Archive)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyle_2008_38-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boyle_2008_38_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyle2008" class="citation book cs1">Boyle, James (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fn1Pl9Gv_EMC&q=public+domain"><i>The Public Domain: Enclosing the Commons of the Mind</i></a>. CSPD. p. 38. <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13740-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13740-8"><bdi>978-0-300-13740-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://web.archive.org/web/20230412150547/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fn1Pl9Gv_EMC&q=public+domain">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-04-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Public+Domain%3A+Enclosing+the+Commons+of+the+Mind&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=CSPD&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13740-8&rft.aulast=Boyle&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFn1Pl9Gv_EMC%26q%3Dpublic%2Bdomain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Graber_2008_173-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Graber_2008_173_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraberNenova2008" class="citation book cs1">Graber, Christoph B.; Nenova, Mira B. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://books.google.com/books?id=gK6OI0hrANsC&q=%22public+domain%22+intellectual+property"><i>Intellectual Property and Traditional Cultural Expressions in a Digital Environment</i></a>. <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Elgar_Publishing" title="Edward Elgar Publishing">Edward Elgar Publishing</a>. p. 173. <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84720-921-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84720-921-4"><bdi>978-1-84720-921-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://web.archive.org/web/20230515045419/https://books.google.com/books?id=gK6OI0hrANsC&q=%22public+domain%22+intellectual+property">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-05-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intellectual+Property+and+Traditional+Cultural+Expressions+in+a+Digital+Environment&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84720-921-4&rft.aulast=Graber&rft.aufirst=Christoph+B.&rft.au=Nenova%2C+Mira+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgK6OI0hrANsC%26q%3D%2522public%2Bdomain%2522%2Bintellectual%2Bproperty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/http://www.bitlaw.com/copyright/unprotected.html">unprotected</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://web.archive.org/web/20160302173206/http://www.bitlaw.com/copyright/unprotected.html">Archived</a> 2016-03-02 at the <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on bitlaw.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-focalgoogle353-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-focalgoogle353_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeres2007" class="citation book cs1">Peres, Michael R (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://books.google.com/books?id=VYyldcYfq3MC&q=%22rights+managed%22+license"><i>The Focal encyclopaedia of photography: digital imaging, theory and applications, history, and science</i></a>. Focal Press. pp. 352–353. <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-80740-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-240-80740-9"><bdi>978-0-240-80740-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Focal+encyclopaedia+of+photography%3A+digital+imaging%2C+theory+and+applications%2C+history%2C+and+science&rft.pages=352-353&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-240-80740-9&rft.aulast=Peres&rft.aufirst=Michael+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVYyldcYfq3MC%26q%3D%2522rights%2Bmanaged%2522%2Blicense&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-microstockfocalenc-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-microstockfocalenc_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeres2007" class="citation book cs1">Peres, Michael R (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://books.google.com/books?id=VYyldcYfq3MC&q=%22rights+managed%22+license"><i>The Focal encyclopaedia of photography: digital imaging, theory and applications, history, and science</i></a>. Focal Press. p. 352. <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-80740-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-240-80740-9"><bdi>978-0-240-80740-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Focal+encyclopaedia+of+photography%3A+digital+imaging%2C+theory+and+applications%2C+history%2C+and+science&rft.pages=352&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-240-80740-9&rft.aulast=Peres&rft.aufirst=Michael+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVYyldcYfq3MC%26q%3D%2522rights%2Bmanaged%2522%2Blicense&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUmlauf2015" class="citation news cs1">Umlauf, Taylor (March 4, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2015/03/04/see-vince-vaughns-stock-photos-with-unfinished-business-cast/">"See Vince Vaughn's Stock Photos With 'Unfinished Business' Cast"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://web.archive.org/web/20150909101031/http://blogs.wsj.com/speakeasy/2015/03/04/see-vince-vaughns-stock-photos-with-unfinished-business-cast/">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-09-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-03-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=See+Vince+Vaughn%27s+Stock+Photos+With+%27Unfinished+Business%27+Cast&rft.date=2015-03-04&rft.aulast=Umlauf&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.wsj.com%2Fspeakeasy%2F2015%2F03%2F04%2Fsee-vince-vaughns-stock-photos-with-unfinished-business-cast%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+photography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stock_photography&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2017" class="citation news cs1">Miller, Claire Cain (September 7, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/07/upshot/from-sex-object-to-gritty-woman-the-evolution-of-women-in-stock-photos.html">"From Sex Object to Gritty Woman: The Evolution of Women in Stock Photos"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://web.archive.org/web/20170926042411/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/09/07/upshot/from-sex-object-to-gritty-woman-the-evolution-of-women-in-stock-photos.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 25,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=From+Sex+Object+to+Gritty+Woman%3A+The+Evolution+of+Women+in+Stock+Photos&rft.date=2017-09-07&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Claire+Cain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F09%2F07%2Fupshot%2Ffrom-sex-object-to-gritty-woman-the-evolution-of-women-in-stock-photos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStock+photography" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stock_photography&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20241122234026im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20241122234026im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20241122234026im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241122234026/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stock_photographies" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Stock photographies">Stock photographies</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Photography" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Photography" title="Template:Photography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Photography" title="Template talk:Photography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Photography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Photography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Photography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">Camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_field_camera" title="Light field camera">light-field</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field_camera" title="Field camera">field</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_camera" title="Instant camera">instant</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">phone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinhole_camera" title="Pinhole camera">pinhole</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_camera" title="Press camera">press</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangefinder_camera" title="Rangefinder camera">rangefinder</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Single-lens reflex camera">SLR</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">still</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin-lens_reflex_camera" title="Twin-lens reflex camera">TLR</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">toy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/View_camera" title="View camera">view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">Darkroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlarger" title="Enlarger">enlarger</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safelight" title="Safelight">safelight</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_base" title="Film base">base</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_holder" title="Film holder">holder</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_stock" title="Film stock">stock</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photographic_films" title="List of photographic films">available films</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_discontinued_photographic_films" title="List of discontinued photographic films">discontinued films</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_filter" title="Photographic filter">Filter</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_(photography)" title="Flash (photography)">Flash</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_dish" title="Beauty dish">beauty dish</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucoloris" title="Cucoloris">cucoloris</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gobo_(lighting)" title="Gobo (lighting)">gobo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">hot shoe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_hood" title="Lens hood">lens hood</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monolight" title="Monolight">monolight</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflector_(photography)" title="Reflector (photography)">reflector</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoot" title="Snoot">snoot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Softbox" title="Softbox">softbox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_lens" title="Camera lens">Lens</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-focus_lens" title="Long-focus lens">long-focus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_lens" title="Prime lens">prime</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide-angle_lens" title="Wide-angle lens">wide-angle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">fisheye</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swivel_lens" title="Swivel lens">swivel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephoto_lens" title="Telephoto lens">telephoto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photographic_equipment_makers" title="List of photographic equipment makers">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monopod" title="Monopod">Monopod</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movie_projector" title="Movie projector">Movie projector</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slide_projector" title="Slide projector">Slide projector</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripod_(photography)" title="Tripod (photography)">Tripod</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tripod_head" title="Tripod head">head</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_plate" title="Zone plate">Zone plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35_mm_equivalent_focal_length" title="35 mm equivalent focal length">35 mm equivalent focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angle_of_view_(photography)" title="Angle of view (photography)">Angle of view</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture" title="Aperture">Aperture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backscatter_(photography)" title="Backscatter (photography)">Backscatter</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">Black-and-white</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic_aberration" title="Chromatic aberration">Chromatic aberration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_of_confusion" title="Circle of confusion">Circle of confusion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clipping_(photography)" title="Clipping (photography)">Clipping</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_balance" title="Color balance">Color balance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_temperature" title="Color temperature">Color temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_of_field" title="Depth of field">Depth of field</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_of_focus" title="Depth of focus">Depth of focus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_(photography)" title="Exposure (photography)">Exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_compensation" title="Exposure compensation">Exposure compensation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_value" title="Exposure value">Exposure value</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zebra_patterning" title="Zebra patterning">Zebra patterning</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">F-number</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">Film format</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_format" title="Large format">large</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_format" title="Medium format">medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">Film speed</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_length" title="Focal length">Focal length</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guide_number" title="Guide number">Guide number</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperfocal_distance" title="Hyperfocal distance">Hyperfocal distance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_flare" title="Lens flare">Lens flare</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metering_mode" title="Metering mode">Metering mode</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perspective_distortion" title="Perspective distortion">Perspective distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_printing" title="Photographic printing">Photographic printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albumen_print" title="Albumen print">Albumen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photographic_processes" title="List of photographic processes">Photographic processes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocity_(photography)" title="Reciprocity (photography)">Reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red-eye_effect" title="Red-eye effect">Red-eye effect</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_of_photography" title="Science of photography">Science of photography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutter_speed" title="Shutter speed">Shutter speed</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_synchronization" title="Flash synchronization">Sync</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zone_System" title="Zone System">Zone System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_photography" title="Abstract photography">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">Aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_spotting" title="Aircraft spotting">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_photography" title="Architectural photography">Architectural</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrophotography" title="Astrophotography">Astrophotography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banquet_photography" title="Banquet photography">Banquet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Candid_photography" title="Candid photography">Candid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_photography" title="Conceptual photography">Conceptual</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_photography" title="Conservation photography">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloudscape_photography" title="Cloudscape photography">Cloudscape</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documentary_photography" title="Documentary photography">Documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclipse_photography" title="Eclipse photography">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_anthropology" title="Visual anthropology">Ethnographic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotic_photography" title="Erotic photography">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fashion_photography" title="Fashion photography">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_photography" title="Fire photography">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_photography" title="Forensic photography">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamour_photography" title="Glamour photography">Glamour</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monochrome_photography" title="Monochrome photography">Monochrome</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_photography" title="Nature photography">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neues_Sehen" title="Neues Sehen">Neues Sehen</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nude_photography" title="Nude photography">Nude</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photojournalism" title="Photojournalism">Photojournalism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pictorialism" title="Pictorialism">Pictorialism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-mortem_photography" title="Post-mortem photography">Post-mortem</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruins_photography" title="Ruins photography">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_selfie" title="Space selfie">space selfie</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_documentary_photography" title="Social documentary photography">Social documentary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_photography" title="Sports photography">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_life_photography" title="Still life photography">Still life</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Stock</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Straight_photography" title="Straight photography">Straight photography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_photography" title="Street photography">Street</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_camera" title="Toy camera">Toy camera</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_photography" title="Underwater photography">Underwater</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular_photography" title="Vernacular photography">Vernacular</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wedding_photography" title="Wedding photography">Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildlife_photography" title="Wildlife photography">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afocal_photography" title="Afocal photography">Afocal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh" title="Bokeh">Bokeh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenizer_method" title="Brenizer method">Brenizer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burst_mode_(photography)" title="Burst mode (photography)">Burst mode</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contre-jour" title="Contre-jour">Contre-jour</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposing_to_the_right" title="Exposing to the right">ETTR</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fill_flash" title="Fill flash">Fill flash</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireworks_photography" title="Fireworks photography">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand-colouring_of_photographs" title="Hand-colouring of photographs">Hand-colouring</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_shutter" title="Harris shutter">Harris shutter</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_photography" title="High-speed photography">High-speed</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holography" title="Holography">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">Infrared</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intentional_camera_movement" title="Intentional camera movement">Intentional camera movement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirlian_photography" title="Kirlian photography">Kirlian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_aerial_photography" title="Kite aerial photography">Kite aerial</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo-fi_photography" title="Lo-fi photography">Lo-fi photography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-exposure_photography" title="Long-exposure photography">Long-exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luminogram" title="Luminogram">Luminogram</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macro_photography" title="Macro photography">Macro</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordan%C3%A7age" title="Mordançage">Mordançage</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_exposure" title="Multiple exposure">Multiple exposure</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-exposure_HDR_capture" title="Multi-exposure HDR capture">Multi-exposure HDR capture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_photography" title="Night photography">Night</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panning_(camera)" title="Panning (camera)">Panning</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panoramic_photography" title="Panoramic photography">Panoramic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photogram" title="Photogram">Photogram</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_print_toning" title="Photographic print toning">Print toning</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon_photography" title="Pigeon photography">Pigeon photography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redscale" title="Redscale">Redscale</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rephotography" title="Rephotography">Rephotography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollout_photography" title="Rollout photography">Rollout</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanography" title="Scanography">Scanography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlieren_photography" title="Schlieren photography">Schlieren photography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabattier_effect" title="Sabattier effect">Sabattier effect</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slow_motion" title="Slow motion">Slow motion</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stopping_down" title="Stopping down">Stopping down</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip_photography" title="Strip photography">Strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slit-scan_photography" title="Slit-scan photography">Slit-scan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_printing" title="Sun printing">Sun printing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilt%E2%80%93shift_photography" title="Tilt–shift photography">Tilt–shift</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniature_faking" title="Miniature faking">Miniature faking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-lapse_photography" title="Time-lapse photography">Time-lapse</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_photography" title="Ultraviolet photography">Ultraviolet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vignetting" title="Vignetting">Vignetting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xerox_art" title="Xerox art">Xerography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoom_burst" title="Zoom burst">Zoom burst</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagonal_method" title="Diagonal method">Diagonal method</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framing_(visual_arts)" title="Framing (visual arts)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headroom_(photographic_framing)" title="Headroom (photographic framing)">Headroom</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_room" title="Lead room">Lead room</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_thirds" title="Rule of thirds">Rule of thirds</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicity_(photography)" title="Simplicity (photography)">Simplicity</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_triangle_(composition)" title="Golden triangle (composition)">Golden triangle (composition)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_photography" title="History of photography">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_photography_technology" title="Timeline of photography technology">Timeline of photography technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrotype" title="Ambrotype">Ambrotype</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_photography" title="Analog photography">Analog photography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome Lumière</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_camera" title="Box camera">Box camera</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calotype" title="Calotype">Calotype</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">Daguerreotype</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dufaycolor" title="Dufaycolor">Dufaycolor</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliography" title="Heliography">Heliography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippmann_plate" title="Lippmann plate">Lippmann plate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painted_photography_backdrops" title="Painted photography backdrops">Painted photography backdrops</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_plate" title="Photographic plate">Glass plate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">Tintype</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Albania" title="Photography in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Bangladesh" title="Photography in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Canada" title="Photography in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_China" title="Photography in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Denmark" title="Photography in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Greece" title="Photography in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_India" title="Photography in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Japan" title="Photography in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Korea" title="Photography in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Luxembourg" title="Photography in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Norway" title="Photography in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_the_Philippines" title="Photography in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Serbia" title="Photography in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Slovenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Photography in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Sudan" title="Photography in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Turkey" title="Photography in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Ukraine" title="Photography in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_the_United_States" title="Photography in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Uzbekistan" title="Photography in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photography_in_Vietnam" title="Photography in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_photography" title="Digital photography">Digital photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital camera</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_single-lens_reflex_camera" title="Digital single-lens reflex camera">D-SLR</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_SLRs" title="Comparison of digital SLRs">comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirrorless_camera" title="Mirrorless camera">MILC</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_camera_back" title="Digital camera back">camera back</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digiscoping" title="Digiscoping">Digiscoping</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparison_of_digital_and_film_photography" title="Comparison of digital and film photography">Comparison of digital and film photography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_scanner" title="Film scanner">Film scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">Image sensor</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active-pixel_sensor" title="Active-pixel sensor">CMOS APS</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charge-coupled_device" title="Charge-coupled device">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-CCD_camera" title="Three-CCD camera">Three-CCD camera</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foveon_X3_sensor" title="Foveon X3 sensor">Foveon X3 sensor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">Pixel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">Color photography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_print_film" title="Color print film">Print film</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromogenic_print" title="Chromogenic print">Chromogenic print</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reversal_film" title="Reversal film">Reversal film</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_management" title="Color management">Color management</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_space" title="Color space">color space</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_color" title="Primary color">primary color</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK_color_model" title="CMYK color model">CMYK color model</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB color model</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">Photographic<br/>processing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleach_bypass" title="Bleach bypass">Bleach bypass</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-41_process" title="C-41 process">C-41 process</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collodion_process" title="Collodion process">Collodion process</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_processing" title="Cross processing">Cross processing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanotype" title="Cyanotype">Cyanotype</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_developer" title="Photographic developer">Developer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">Digital image processing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye_coupler" title="Dye coupler">Dye coupler</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-6_process" title="E-6 process">E-6 process</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photographic_fixer" title="Photographic fixer">Fixer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatin_silver_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelatin silver process">Gelatin silver process</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gum_printing" title="Gum printing">Gum printing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instant_film" title="Instant film">Instant film</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-14_process" title="K-14 process">K-14 process</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Print_permanence" title="Print permanence">Print permanence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Push_processing" title="Push processing">Push processing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_bath" title="Stop bath">Stop bath</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_photographs" title="List of largest photographs">Largest photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_photographs" title="List of most expensive photographs">Most expensive photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_devoted_to_one_photographer" title="List of museums devoted to one photographer">Museums devoted to one photographer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photographs_considered_the_most_important" title="List of photographs considered the most important">Photographs considered the most important</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_photographers" title="List of Norwegian photographers">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Polish_photographers" title="List of Polish photographers">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_street_photographers" title="List of street photographers">street</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_women_photographers" title="List of women photographers">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photography_periodicals" title="List of photography periodicals">Photography periodicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Conservation and restoration of photographs</a> <ul><li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">film</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">photographic plates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toy_camera#Lomography" title="Toy camera">Lomography</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaroid_art" title="Polaroid art">Polaroid art</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20241122234026/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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