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id="toc-Vietnam_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Vietnam War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Others</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antipersonnel_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antipersonnel_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Antipersonnel effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antipersonnel_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>International law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Napalm" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85" title="نابالم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نابالم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Napalm" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm_bombas%C4%B1" title="Napalm bombası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Napalm bombası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Напалм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Напалм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Напалм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Напалм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Напалм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Напалм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoim" title="Napoim – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Napoim" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Napalm" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Napalm" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Napalm" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Napalm" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Napalm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%BC" title="Ναπάλμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ναπάλμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A2palm" title="Nâpalm – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Nâpalm" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Napalm" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalmo" title="Napalmo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Napalmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Napalm" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85" title="ناپالم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ناپالم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Napalm" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Napalm" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napailm" title="Napailm – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Napailm" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Napalm" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4%ED%8C%9C%ED%83%84" title="네이팜탄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="네이팜탄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B4" title="Նապալմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նապալմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Napalm" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Napalm" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Napalm" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Napalm" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%9D" title="נפאלם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נפאלם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Напалм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Напалм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalmas" title="Napalmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Napalmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Napalm" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Напалм – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Напалм" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82" title="നാപാം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നാപാം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Napalm" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Napalm" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E5%BC%BE" title="ナパーム弾 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナパーム弾" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Napalm" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Napalm" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Napalm" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%85" title="نیپام – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نیپام" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Napalm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Napalm" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Напалм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Напалм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Напалм – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Напалм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalmi" title="Napalmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Napalmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Napalm" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Napalm" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm_A" title="Napalm A – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Napalm A" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%DA%B5%D9%85" title="ناپاڵم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ناپاڵم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Napalm" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Napalm" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Napalm" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalma" title="Napalma – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Napalma" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Напалм – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Напалм" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A1" title="เนปาล์ม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เนปาล์ม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Напалм – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Напалм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napalm" title="Napalm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Napalm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC" title="Напалм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Напалм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napan" title="Napan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Napan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%9D%E5%9B%BA%E6%B1%BD%E6%B2%B9%E5%BC%B9" title="凝固汽油弹 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="凝固汽油弹" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about flammable liquids used for flame-type weaponry. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Napalm_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Napalm (disambiguation)">Napalm (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F100_Napalm.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/F100_Napalm.gif/300px-F100_Napalm.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/F100_Napalm.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="248" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/North_American_F-100_Super_Sabre" title="North American F-100 Super Sabre">North American F-100 Super Sabre</a> dropping napalm in a training exercise</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Napalm</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">incendiary</a> mixture of a <a href="/wiki/Thickening_agent" title="Thickening agent">gelling agent</a> and a volatile petrochemical (usually <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> or <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel fuel</a>). The name is a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> of two of the constituents of the original thickening and gelling agents: <a href="/wiki/Coprecipitated" class="mw-redirect" title="Coprecipitated">coprecipitated</a> <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> of <a href="/wiki/Naphthenic_acid" title="Naphthenic acid"><i>na</i>phthenic acid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palmitic_acid" title="Palmitic acid"><i>palm</i>itic acid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A team led by chemist <a href="/wiki/Louis_Fieser" title="Louis Fieser">Louis Fieser</a> originally developed napalm for the <a href="/wiki/US_Chemical_Warfare_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="US Chemical Warfare Service">US Chemical Warfare Service</a> in 1942 in a secret laboratory at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-neer1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neer1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of immediate first interest was its viability as an <a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">incendiary device</a> to be used in American <a href="/wiki/Fire_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire bombing">fire bombing</a> campaigns during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>; its potential to be coherently projected into a solid stream that would carry for distance (instead of the bloomy fireball of pure <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>) resulted in widespread adoption in infantry and tank/boat mounted <a href="/wiki/Flamethrower" title="Flamethrower">flamethrowers</a> as well. </p><p>Napalm burns at temperatures ranging from 800 to 1,200 °C (1,470 to 2,190 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It burns longer than gasoline, is more easily dispersed, and adheres to its targets. These traits make it both effective and controversial. It has been widely used from the air and from the ground, the largest use having been via airdropped bombs in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">incendiary attacks on Japanese cities</a> in 1945. It was used also for <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">close air support</a> roles by the U.S military in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, and various others. Napalm has also fueled most of the <a href="/wiki/Flamethrowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Flamethrowers">flamethrowers</a> (tank-, ship-, and infantry-based) used since World War II, giving them much greater range. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napalm&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The development of napalm was precipitated by the use of jellied gasoline mixtures by the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied forces</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PATRv6_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PATRv6-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Latex" title="Latex">Latex</a>, used in these early forms of incendiary devices, became scarce, since <a href="/wiki/Natural_rubber" title="Natural rubber">natural rubber</a> was almost impossible to obtain after the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Japanese army</a> captured the rubber plantations in <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Indies">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">Vietnam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>. </p><p>This shortage of natural rubber prompted <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemists</a> at US companies such as <a href="/wiki/DuPont" title="DuPont">DuPont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil_of_New_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Oil of New Jersey">Standard Oil of New Jersey</a>, and researchers at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, to develop factory-made alternatives: <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">artificial rubber</a> for all uses, including vehicle tires, tank tracks, gaskets, hoses, medical supplies and rain clothing. A team of chemists led by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Fieser" title="Louis Fieser">Louis Fieser</a> at Harvard University was the first to develop synthetic napalm during 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-UofBristol_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UofBristol-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The production of napalm was first entrusted to Nuodex Products, and by the middle of April 1942 they had developed a brown, dry powder that was not sticky by itself, but when mixed with gasoline turned into an extremely sticky and flammable substance." One of Fieser's colleagues suggested adding <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a> to the mix which increased the "ability to penetrate deeply [...] into the <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">musculature</a>, where it would continue to burn day after day."<sup id="cite_ref-Lindqvist_2001_105_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindqvist_2001_105-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 4 July 1942, the first test occurred on the football field near the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School" title="Harvard Business School">Harvard Business School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lindqvist_2001_105_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lindqvist_2001_105-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tests under operational conditions were carried out at <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Proving_Ground" title="Jefferson Proving Ground">Jefferson Proving Ground</a> on condemned farm buildings and subsequently at <a href="/wiki/Dugway_Proving_Ground" title="Dugway Proving Ground">Dugway Proving Ground</a> on buildings designed and constructed to represent those to be found in <a href="/wiki/German_Village_(Dugway_Proving_Ground)" title="German Village (Dugway Proving Ground)">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Village_(Dugway_Proving_Ground)" title="Japanese Village (Dugway Proving Ground)">Japanese towns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Noyes_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Noyes-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This new mixture of chemicals was first approved for use on the front lines in 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_use">Military use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napalm&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napalm&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napalm_Bombing_of_Brunei_Bay,_Borneo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Napalm_Bombing_of_Brunei_Bay%2C_Borneo.jpg/220px-Napalm_Bombing_of_Brunei_Bay%2C_Borneo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Napalm_Bombing_of_Brunei_Bay%2C_Borneo.jpg/330px-Napalm_Bombing_of_Brunei_Bay%2C_Borneo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Napalm_Bombing_of_Brunei_Bay%2C_Borneo.jpg/440px-Napalm_Bombing_of_Brunei_Bay%2C_Borneo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4524" data-file-height="3517" /></a><figcaption>Results of a 9 July 1945 napalm strike by a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Force</a> on a Japanese outpost off the coast of the island of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first use of napalm in combat was in August 1943 during the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a>, when American troops, using napalm-fueled <a href="/wiki/Flamethrower" title="Flamethrower">flamethrowers</a>, burned down a wheat field where German forces were believed to be hiding.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napalm incendiary bombs were first used the following year, although the exact date and battle are disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two-thirds of napalm bombs produced during WWII were used in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>. Napalm was often deployed against Japanese fortifications on <a href="/wiki/Saipan" class="mw-redirect" title="Saipan">Saipan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iwo_Jima" title="Iwo Jima">Iwo Jima</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture" title="Okinawa Prefecture">Okinawa</a>, where deeply dug-in Japanese troops refused to surrender.<sup id="cite_ref-Berlin_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a shortage of conventional <a href="/wiki/Thermite" title="Thermite">thermite</a> bombs, General <a href="/wiki/Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">Curtis LeMay</a>, among other high-ranking servicemen, ordered <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">air raids on Japan</a> to start using napalm instead.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1946 report by the National Defense Research Council claims that 40,000 tons of <a href="/wiki/M69_incendiary" title="M69 incendiary">M69s</a> were dropped on Japan throughout the war,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> damaging 64 cities and causing more deaths than the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>German fortifications and transportation hubs were targeted with napalm during both <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a>, sometimes in conjunction with artillery.<sup id="cite_ref-Berlin_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Allied_siege_of_La_Rochelle" title="Allied siege of La Rochelle">Allied siege of La Rochelle</a>, napalm was dropped on the outskirts of the <a href="/wiki/Royan_pocket" title="Royan pocket">Royan pocket</a>, inadvertently killing French civilians.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) used napalm to a limited extent in both the Pacific War and the European Theater.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_War">Korean War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napalm&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Korean War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Napalm was widely used by the US during the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ground forces in <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> holding defensive positions were often outnumbered by Chinese and North Koreans, but US <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">Air Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Naval_aviator" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval aviator">aviators</a> had control of the air over nearly all of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a>. Hence, the American and other UN aviators used napalm for <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">close air support</a> of the ground troops.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napalm was used most notably at the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Outpost_Harry" title="Outpost Harry">Battle of Outpost Harry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eighth Army chemical officer Donald Bode reported that, on an "average good day", UN pilots used 260,000 liters (70,000 US gal; 58,000 imp gal) of napalm, with approximately 230,000 liters (60,000 US gal; 50,000 imp gal) of this thrown by US forces.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald_Tribune" title="New York Herald Tribune">New York Herald Tribune</a></i> hailed "Napalm, the No. 1 Weapon in Korea".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Prime Minister of the United Kingdom">British Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> privately criticized the use of napalm in Korea, writing that it was "very cruel", as US/UN forces, he wrote, were "splashing it all over the civilian population", "tortur[ing] great masses of people". He conveyed these sentiments to U.S. <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Omar Bradley</a>, who "never published the statement". Publicly, Churchill allowed Bradley "to issue a statement that confirmed U.K. support for U.S. napalm attacks".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vietnam_War">Vietnam War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napalm&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vietnam War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_riverboat_using_napalm_in_Vietnam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/US_riverboat_using_napalm_in_Vietnam.jpg/220px-US_riverboat_using_napalm_in_Vietnam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/US_riverboat_using_napalm_in_Vietnam.jpg/330px-US_riverboat_using_napalm_in_Vietnam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/US_riverboat_using_napalm_in_Vietnam.jpg/440px-US_riverboat_using_napalm_in_Vietnam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="394" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Monitor_(Vietnam_War)#Zippo_Monitor" title="Monitor (Vietnam War)">"Zippo"</a> riverboat of the US <a href="/wiki/Brown-water_navy" title="Brown-water navy">Brown-water navy</a> firing an ignited napalm mixture from a riverboat-mounted <a href="/wiki/Flamethrower" title="Flamethrower">flamethrower</a> in Vietnam</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Napalm&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Napalm became an intrinsic element of US military action during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> as forces made increasing use of it for its tactical and psychological effects.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reportedly about 352,000 tonnes (388,000 short tons; 346,000 long tons) of US napalm bombs were dropped in the region between 1963 and 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US Air Force and US Navy used napalm with great effect against all kinds of targets, such as troops, tanks, buildings, jungles, and even <a href="/wiki/Railroad_tunnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad tunnel">railroad tunnels</a>. The effect was not always purely physical as its destructive effects and ability to spread uncontrolled had psychological effects on Vietnamese forces and civilians as well.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With research showing that nearly about 352,000 tonnes (388,000 short tons; 346,000 long tons) of US napalm bombs were dropped in the region between 1963 and 1973. The US Air Force and US Navy used napalm with great effect against all kinds of targets, such as troops, tanks, buildings, jungles, and even railroad tunnels. With the uses of napalm being used for many different purposes throughout the years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napalm&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Others"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a>, after the capture of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vitsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Vitsi">Mount Vitsi</a> during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pyrsos" title="Operation Pyrsos">Operation Pyrsos</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Air_Force" title="Hellenic Air Force">Hellenic Air Force</a> bombed <a href="/wiki/Mount_Grammos" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Grammos">Mount Grammos</a>—a stronghold for the opposing <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Army_of_Greece" title="Democratic Army of Greece">Democratic Army of Greece</a>—with US-supplied napalm.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="French Air Force">French Air Force</a> regularly used napalm for close air support of ground operations in both the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At first, the canisters were simply pushed out the cargo doors of transport planes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Amiot_AAC.1" class="mw-redirect" title="Amiot AAC.1">Amiot AAC.1</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> later mostly <a href="/wiki/Douglas_A-26_Invader" title="Douglas A-26 Invader">B-26</a> bombers were used.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Peruvian forces employed napalm throughout the 1960s against both communist insurgents and the <a href="/wiki/Mats%C3%A9s" title="Matsés">Matsés</a> indigenous group; four prominent Matsés villages were bombed during the <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masacre_a_comunidades_mats%C3%A9s_de_1964_(Per%C3%BA)" class="extiw" title="es:Masacre a comunidades matsés de 1964 (Perú)">1964 Matsés massacres</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1968–1978, <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a> produced a variant of napalm for use in the <a href="/wiki/Rhodesian_Bush_War" title="Rhodesian Bush War">Rhodesian Bush War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fireforce_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fireforce-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> nicknamed <i>Frantan</i> (short for "frangible tank").<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the same time, its ally <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> targeted guerrilla bases in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a> with napalm during the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nortje_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nortje-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, Turkey was accused of using napalm in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Olive_Branch" title="Operation Olive Branch">Operation Olive Branch</a> against Kurdish nationalist groups.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antipersonnel_effects">Antipersonnel effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napalm&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Antipersonnel effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Napalm" title="Talk:Napalm">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Napalm&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Napalm%22">"Napalm"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Napalm%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Napalm%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Napalm%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Napalm%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Napalm%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p> When used as a part of an <a href="/wiki/Incendiary_weapon" class="mw-redirect" title="Incendiary weapon">incendiary weapon</a>, napalm causes severe <a href="/wiki/Burn" title="Burn">burns</a>. During <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>, napalm <a href="/wiki/Deoxygenation" title="Deoxygenation">deoxygenates</a> the available air and generates <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, so <a href="/wiki/Asphyxiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Asphyxiation">asphyxiation</a>, unconsciousness, and death are also possible.<sup id="cite_ref-emed_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emed-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Terror_of_War.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/The_Terror_of_War.jpg/300px-The_Terror_of_War.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/The_Terror_of_War.jpg/450px-The_Terror_of_War.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/The_Terror_of_War.jpg/600px-The_Terror_of_War.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1817" data-file-height="1078" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Phan_Thi_Kim_Phuc" title="Phan Thi Kim Phuc">Phan Thi Kim Phuc</a>, burned with napalm at the age of 9 during the Vietnam War</figcaption></figure><p>Napalm is lethal even for dug-in enemy personnel, as it flows into <a href="/wiki/Defensive_fighting_position" title="Defensive fighting position">foxholes</a>, tunnels, and <a href="/wiki/Bunker" title="Bunker">bunkers</a>, and drainage and irrigation ditches and other improvised troop shelters. Even people in undamaged shelters can be killed by <a href="/wiki/Hyperthermia" title="Hyperthermia">hyperthermia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radiant_heat" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiant heat">radiant heat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asphyxia" title="Asphyxia">asphyxiation</a>, smoke exposure, or <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_poisoning" title="Carbon monoxide poisoning">carbon monoxide poisoning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-emed_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emed-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Crews of <a href="/wiki/Armored_fighting_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored fighting vehicles">armored fighting vehicles</a> are also vulnerable, due to the intense heat conducted through the armor. Even in the case of a near miss, the heat can be enough to disable a vehicle.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One firebomb released from a low-flying plane can damage an area of 2,100 square meters (2,500 sq yd).<sup id="cite_ref-emed_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emed-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_law">International law</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napalm&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: International law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>International law does not specifically prohibit the use of napalm or other incendiaries against military targets, but use against civilian populations was banned under <a href="/wiki/Protocol_on_Incendiary_Weapons" title="Protocol on Incendiary Weapons">Protocol III</a> of the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Certain_Conventional_Weapons" title="Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons">Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons</a> in 1980, which entered into force as international law in December 1983.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of January 2023, 126 countries have ratified Protocol III.<sup id="cite_ref-status_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-status-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napalm&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flame_fougasse" title="Flame fougasse">Flame fougasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a>, an ancient flamethrowing weapon that may have resembled napalm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-69_Incendiary_cluster_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="M-69 Incendiary cluster bomb">M-69 Incendiary cluster bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_77_bomb" title="Mark 77 bomb">Mark 77 bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molotov_cocktail" title="Molotov cocktail">Molotov cocktail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triethylaluminium" title="Triethylaluminium">Triethylaluminium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_phosphorus_munitions" class="mw-redirect" title="White phosphorus munitions">White phosphorus munitions</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napalm&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claimed dates including a 15 February air raid on <a href="/wiki/Pohnpei" title="Pohnpei">Pohnpei</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a 6 March air raid on Berlin,<sup id="cite_ref-Berlin_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Berlin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bfbs_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bfbs-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a 18 July air raid on <a href="/wiki/Tinian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinian">Tinian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napalm&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130826104320/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/napalm">"Oxford Dictionaries – napalm: definition of napalm"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/napalm">the original</a> on 26 August 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionaries+%E2%80%93+napalm%3A+definition+of+napalm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fnapalm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapalm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-neer1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-neer1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F496029a">"Books in brief. Napalm: An American Biography Robert M. Neer Harvard University Press 352 pp"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>496</b> (7443): 29. 2013. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F496029a">10.1038/496029a</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Books+in+brief.+Napalm%3A+An+American+Biography+Robert+M.+Neer+Harvard+University+Press+352+pp.&rft.volume=496&rft.issue=7443&rft.pages=29&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F496029a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F496029a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapalm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzczepanski2017" class="citation web cs1">Szczepanski, Kallie (10 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170920030323/https://www.thoughtco.com/napalm-and-agent-orange-in-vietnam-war-195797">"Napalm and Agent Orange in the Vietnam War"</a>. <i>ThoughtCo</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thoughtco.com/napalm-and-agent-orange-in-vietnam-war-195797">the original</a> on 20 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=Napalm+and+Agent+Orange+in+the+Vietnam+War&rft.date=2017-02-10&rft.aulast=Szczepanski&rft.aufirst=Kallie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fnapalm-and-agent-orange-in-vietnam-war-195797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapalm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolan1953" class="citation journal cs1">Dolan, Michael J. 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Morris County: Picatinny Arsenal. pp. <span class="nowrap">F56 –</span> <span class="nowrap">F58</span>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/61-61759">61-61759</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Flame+Throwers%E2%80%94Liquids+and+Gels&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Explosives+and+Related+Items&rft.place=Morris+County&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EF56+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EF58%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=Picatinny+Arsenal&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F61-61759&rft.aulast=Fedoroff&rft.aufirst=Basil+T.&rft.au=Sheffield%2C+Oliver+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FDTIC_ADA011845%2Fpage%2Fn437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapalm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UofBristol-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UofBristol_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/webprojects2001/wright/napalm.htm">"Napalm"</a>. <i>chm.bris.ac.uk</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Crimson&rft.atitle=Napalm%2C+Birthed+in+Harvard%27s+Basement&rft.date=2023-02-16&rft.aulast=Doan-Nguyen&rft.aufirst=Ryan+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecrimson.com%2Farticle%2F2023%2F2%2F16%2Fnapalm-scrut%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapalm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZinn1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Zinn" title="Howard Zinn">Zinn, Howard</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JGLkwCNI7sIC&pg=PA267">"The Bombing of Royan"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JGLkwCNI7sIC"><i>The Zinn Reader: Writings on Disobedience and Democracy</i></a>. New York: Seven Stories Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">267–</span>281. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-888363-54-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-888363-54-8"><bdi>978-1-888363-54-8</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Bombing+of+Royan&rft.btitle=The+Zinn+Reader%3A+Writings+on+Disobedience+and+Democracy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E267-%3C%2Fspan%3E281&rft.pub=Seven+Stories+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-888363-54-8&rft.aulast=Zinn&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJGLkwCNI7sIC%26pg%3DPA267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapalm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCueBaker1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_McCue" title="Paul McCue">McCue, Paul</a>; Baker, Max (1990). <i>SAS Operation Bulbasket: Behind the Lines in Occupied France, 1944</i>. Barnsley: Pen and Sword Books. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-1795-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4738-1795-1"><bdi>978-1-4738-1795-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SAS+Operation+Bulbasket%3A+Behind+the+Lines+in+Occupied+France%2C+1944&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-1-4738-1795-1&rft.aulast=McCue&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=Baker%2C+Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapalm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinstry2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leo_McKinstry" title="Leo McKinstry">McKinstry, Leo</a> (2011). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hurricanevictoro0000mcki/mode/2up"><i>Hurricane: Victor of the Battle of Britain</i></a></span>. London: John Murray. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84854-341-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84854-341-6"><bdi>978-1-84854-341-6</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hurricane%3A+Victor+of+the+Battle+of+Britain&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84854-341-6&rft.aulast=McKinstry&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhurricanevictoro0000mcki%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapalm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarden2017" class="citation web cs1">Harden, Blaine (2 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.politico.com/magazine/story/2017/10/02/donald-nichols-book-north-korea-215665/">"How One Man Helped Burn Down North Korea"</a>. <i>POLITICO Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POLITICO+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+One+Man+Helped+Burn+Down+North+Korea&rft.date=2017-10-02&rft.aulast=Harden&rft.aufirst=Blaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fmagazine%2Fstory%2F2017%2F10%2F02%2Fdonald-nichols-book-north-korea-215665%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapalm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPembroke2018" class="citation book cs1">Pembroke, Michael (2018). <i>Korea: Where the American Century Began</i>. San Francisco: Hardie Grant Books. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78607-473-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78607-473-7"><bdi>978-1-78607-473-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%3A+Where+the+American+Century+Began&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Hardie+Grant+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-78607-473-7&rft.aulast=Pembroke&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapalm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkhalter1996" class="citation interview cs1">Burkhalter, Thomas H. (22 February 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wisvetsmuseum.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/BurkhalterThomas-_OH509.pdf">"Transcript of an Oral History Interview with THOMAS H. BURKHALTER"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Interview). Interviewed by Mark Van Ells. <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Veterans_Museum" title="Wisconsin Veterans Museum">Wisconsin Veterans Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2024</span>. <q>Outpost Harry we got air support, a mixed blessing... God, they'd drop napalm from enormous heights over there.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transcript+of+an+Oral+History+Interview+with+THOMAS+H.+BURKHALTER&rft.pub=Wisconsin+Veterans+Museum&rft.date=1996-02-22&rft.aulast=Burkhalter&rft.aufirst=Thomas+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwisvetsmuseum.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F03%2FBurkhalterThomas-_OH509.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapalm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElphick2019" class="citation web cs1">Elphick, James (28 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wearethemighty.com/mighty-history/how-the-soldiers-of-outpost-harry-decimated-an-entire-chinese-division/">"How the soldiers of Outpost Harry decimated an entire Chinese Division"</a>. <i>We Are The Mighty</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=We+Are+The+Mighty&rft.atitle=How+the+soldiers+of+Outpost+Harry+decimated+an+entire+Chinese+Division&rft.date=2019-01-28&rft.aulast=Elphick&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wearethemighty.com%2Fmighty-history%2Fhow-the-soldiers-of-outpost-harry-decimated-an-entire-chinese-division%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapalm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohn2014" class="citation web cs1">Rohn, Alan (18 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thevietnamwar.info/napalm-vietnam-war/">"Napalm in Vietnam War"</a>. <i>The Vietnam War</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Vietnam+War&rft.atitle=Napalm+in+Vietnam+War&rft.date=2014-01-18&rft.aulast=Rohn&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthevietnamwar.info%2Fnapalm-vietnam-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapalm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Napalm_became_a_psychological_weapon,_as_the_enemy_was_terrified_of_the_hell_on_earth_caused_by_its_use." class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.warhistoryonline.com/vietnam-war/history-napalm-vietnam-war.html/2">"Liquid Fire – How Napalm Was Used in the Vietnam War"</a>. <i>www.warhistoryonline.com</i>. Nikola Budanovic. June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.warhistoryonline.com&rft.atitle=Liquid+Fire+%E2%80%93+How+Napalm+Was+Used+in+the+Vietnam+War&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.warhistoryonline.com%2Fvietnam-war%2Fhistory-napalm-vietnam-war.html%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapalm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHouse2014" class="citation book cs1">House, Jonathan M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T5lxAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT70"><i>A Military History of the Cold War, 1944–1962</i></a>. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-4690-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-4690-4"><bdi>978-0-8061-4690-4</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+the+Cold+War%2C+1944%E2%80%931962&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-4690-4&rft.aulast=House&rft.aufirst=Jonathan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT5lxAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapalm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeatherstonePapadimitriouMamarelisNiarchos2011" class="citation book cs1">Featherstone, Kevin; Papadimitriou, Dimitris; Mamarelis, Argyris; Niarchos, Georgios (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UCKBDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA211"><i>The Last Ottomans: The Muslim Minority of Greece, 1940–49</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-29465-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-29465-3"><bdi>978-0-230-29465-3</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Ottomans%3A+The+Muslim+Minority+of+Greece%2C+1940%E2%80%9349&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-230-29465-3&rft.aulast=Featherstone&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft.au=Papadimitriou%2C+Dimitris&rft.au=Mamarelis%2C+Argyris&rft.au=Niarchos%2C+Georgios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUCKBDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapalm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFall1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_B._Fall" title="Bernard B. Fall">Fall, Bernard B.</a> (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/StreetWithoutJoy"><i>Street Without Joy</i></a>. Harrisburg: Stackpole Books. pp. <span class="nowrap">34–</span>37, 197. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1020224769">1020224769</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Street+Without+Joy&rft.place=Harrisburg&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E34-%3C%2Fspan%3E37%2C+197&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1020224769&rft.aulast=Fall&rft.aufirst=Bernard+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FStreetWithoutJoy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapalm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Grant, Rebecca (August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airandspaceforces.com/app/uploads/2004/08/0804_August2004.pdf">"Dien Bien Phu"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Air Force Magazine</i>. Vol. 87, no. 8. pp. <span class="nowrap">78–</span>86<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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No. 324. pp. <span class="nowrap">28–</span>29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=L%27Histoire&rft.atitle=Avoir+20+ans+en+Kabylie&rft.issue=324&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=2007-10&rft.aulast=Stora&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lhistoire.fr%2Favoir-20-ans-en-kabylie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapalm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKellou2012" class="citation thesis cs1">Kellou, Dorothee M. (18 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.library.georgetown.edu/bitstream/handle/10822/557506/Kellou_georgetown_0076M_11824.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"><i>A Microhistory of the Forced Resettlement of the Algerian Muslim Population During the Algerian War of Independence (1954–1962): Mansourah, Kabylia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (MA thesis). Georgetown University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=A+Microhistory+of+the+Forced+Resettlement+of+the+Algerian+Muslim+Population+During+the+Algerian+War+of+Independence+%281954%E2%80%931962%29%3A+Mansourah%2C+Kabylia&rft.degree=MA&rft.inst=Georgetown+University&rft.date=2012-04-18&rft.aulast=Kellou&rft.aufirst=Dorothee+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.library.georgetown.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10822%2F557506%2FKellou_georgetown_0076M_11824.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapalm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForsgren2022" class="citation web cs1">Forsgren, Jan (7 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.key.aero/article/cold-war-history-french-ju-52s">"Cold War History: French Ju 52s"</a>. <i>Key Aero</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Key+Aero&rft.atitle=Cold+War+History%3A+French+Ju+52s&rft.date=2022-02-07&rft.aulast=Forsgren&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.key.aero%2Farticle%2Fcold-war-history-french-ju-52s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapalm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColbyDennett1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Colby" title="Gerard Colby">Colby, Gerard</a>; Dennett, Charlotte (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ConquestOfTheAmazon"><i>Thy Will Be Done – The Conquest of the Amazon: Nelson Rockefeller and Evangelism in the Age of Oil</i></a>. New York: HarperPerennial. p. 466, 491-493. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-016764-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-016764-6"><bdi>978-0-06-016764-6</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thy+Will+Be+Done+%E2%80%93+The+Conquest+of+the+Amazon%3A+Nelson+Rockefeller+and+Evangelism+in+the+Age+of+Oil&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=466%2C+491-493&rft.pub=HarperPerennial&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-06-016764-6&rft.aulast=Colby&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft.au=Dennett%2C+Charlotte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FConquestOfTheAmazon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapalm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fireforce-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fireforce_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Fireforce Exposed: Rhodesian Security Forces and Their Role in Defending White Supremacy</i>. London: The Anti-Apartheid Movement. 1979. pp. <span class="nowrap">39–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-900065-04-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-900065-04-0"><bdi>978-0-900065-04-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fireforce+Exposed%3A+Rhodesian+Security+Forces+and+Their+Role+in+Defending+White+Supremacy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=The+Anti-Apartheid+Movement&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-900065-04-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapalm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetter-Bowyer2005" class="citation book cs1">Petter-Bowyer, P.J.H (2005). <i>Winds of Destruction: the Autobiography of a Rhodesian Combat Pilot</i> (2nd ed.). Johannesburg: 30° South Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9584890-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9584890-3-4"><bdi>978-0-9584890-3-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Winds+of+Destruction%3A+the+Autobiography+of+a+Rhodesian+Combat+Pilot&rft.place=Johannesburg&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=30%C2%B0+South+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-9584890-3-4&rft.aulast=Petter-Bowyer&rft.aufirst=P.J.H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapalm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nortje-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nortje_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNortje2003" class="citation book cs1">Nortje, Piet (2003). <i>32 Battalion: The Inside Story of South Africa's Elite Fighting Unit</i>. New York: Zebra Press. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86872-914-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86872-914-2"><bdi>978-1-86872-914-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=32+Battalion%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+South+Africa%27s+Elite+Fighting+Unit&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Zebra+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-86872-914-2&rft.aulast=Nortje&rft.aufirst=Piet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapalm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaines2012" class="citation journal cs1">Baines, Gary (2012). "Vietnam Analogies and Metaphors: The Cultural Codification of South Africa's Border War". <i>Safundi</i>. <b>12</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">73–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F17533171.2011.642591">10.1080/17533171.2011.642591</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Safundi&rft.atitle=Vietnam+Analogies+and+Metaphors%3A+The+Cultural+Codification+of+South+Africa%27s+Border+War&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E73-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F17533171.2011.642591&rft.aulast=Baines&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapalm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDettmer2018" class="citation web cs1">Dettmer, Jamie (28 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925211954/https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/kurds-accuse-turks-dropping-napalm/">"Kurds Accuse Turks of Dropping Napalm"</a>. <i>Voice of America</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/kurds-accuse-turks-dropping-napalm">the original</a> on 25 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Kurds+Accuse+Turks+of+Dropping+Napalm&rft.date=2018-01-28&rft.aulast=Dettmer&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fmiddle-east%2Fkurds-accuse-turks-dropping-napalm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapalm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-emed-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-emed_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-emed_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-emed_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVearrier2022" class="citation web cs1">Vearrier, David (2 March 2022). Dembek, Zygmunt F. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/833665-overview">"Napalm Exposure"</a>. <i>eMedicine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eMedicine&rft.atitle=Napalm+Exposure&rft.date=2022-03-02&rft.aulast=Vearrier&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femedicine.medscape.com%2Farticle%2F833665-overview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapalm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKayne1974" class="citation book cs1">Kayne, Seymour M. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA057762/page/n185">"Napalm"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DTIC_ADA057762"><i>Encyclopedia of Explosives and Related Items</i></a>. Vol. 8. Morris County: Picatinny Arsenal. pp. <span class="nowrap">N2 –</span> <span class="nowrap">N3</span>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/61-61759">61-61759</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Napalm&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Explosives+and+Related+Items&rft.place=Morris+County&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EN2+-%3C%2Fspan%3E+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3EN3%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.pub=Picatinny+Arsenal&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F61-61759&rft.aulast=Kayne&rft.aufirst=Seymour+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FDTIC_ADA057762%2Fpage%2Fn185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapalm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDochertyShortellMacgaleChugh2020" class="citation web cs1">Docherty, Bonnie; Shortell, Erin; Macgale, Jamie; Chugh, Aanchal; Rather, Shaiba (9 November 2020). Goose, Steve; Wareham, Mary (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/report/2020/11/09/they-burn-through-everything/human-cost-incendiary-weapons-and-limits">"They Burn Through Everything": The Human Cost of Incendiary Weapons and the Limits of International Law"</a>. <i>Human Rights Watch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=They+Burn+Through+Everything%22%3A+The+Human+Cost+of+Incendiary+Weapons+and+the+Limits+of+International+Law&rft.date=2020-11-09&rft.aulast=Docherty&rft.aufirst=Bonnie&rft.au=Shortell%2C+Erin&rft.au=Macgale%2C+Jamie&rft.au=Chugh%2C+Aanchal&rft.au=Rather%2C+Shaiba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freport%2F2020%2F11%2F09%2Fthey-burn-through-everything%2Fhuman-cost-incendiary-weapons-and-limits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapalm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoddy2024" class="citation web cs1">Boddy, Alexis (22 October 2024). Joseph, James (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jurist.org/features/2024/10/22/the-indiscriminate-danger-of-white-phosphorus-exploring-its-use-and-legal-status-in-modern-warfare/">"The Indiscriminate Danger of White Phosphorus: Exploring Its Use and Legal Status in Modern Warfare"</a>. <i>Jurist News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jurist+News&rft.atitle=The+Indiscriminate+Danger+of+White+Phosphorus%3A+Exploring+Its+Use+and+Legal+Status+in+Modern+Warfare&rft.date=2024-10-22&rft.aulast=Boddy&rft.aufirst=Alexis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jurist.org%2Ffeatures%2F2024%2F10%2F22%2Fthe-indiscriminate-danger-of-white-phosphorus-exploring-its-use-and-legal-status-in-modern-warfare%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapalm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-status-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-status_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/MTDSG/Volume%20II/Chapter%20XXVI/XXVI-2.en.pdf">"Convention On Prohibitions Or Restrictions On The Use Of Certain Conventional Weapons Which May Be Deemed To Be Excessively Injurious Or To Have Indiscriminate Effects (With Protocols I, II And III)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. United Nations, Treaty Series , vol. 1342. p. 137<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Convention+On+Prohibitions+Or+Restrictions+On+The+Use+Of+Certain+Conventional+Weapons+Which+May+Be+Deemed+To+Be+Excessively+Injurious+Or+To+Have+Indiscriminate+Effects+%28With+Protocols+I%2C+II+And+III%29&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=United+Nations%2C+Treaty+Series+%2C+vol.+1342&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2Fdoc%2FPublication%2FMTDSG%2FVolume%2520II%2FChapter%2520XXVI%2FXXVI-2.en.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANapalm" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Napalm&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/napalm" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/napalm">napalm</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Napalm" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Napalm">Napalm</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nqEy5NjJOrY"><span class="plainlinks">Hawker Tempest WW II testing including Napalm dropping</span></a> on <a 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