Jiang Zemin | Biography & Facts

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They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.</div> </a> <div data-popper-arrow></div> </div> <span class="btn btn-link editor-link p-0 qa-byline-link gtm-byline font-12 byline-contributor text-decoration-underline"> The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</span></div> <div class="last-updated font-12 font-serif"> <span class="text-gray-700"> Last Updated: <time datetime="2024-11-26T00:00:00CST" >Nov 26, 2024</time> •</span> <a class="byline-edit-history" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jiang-Zemin/additional-info#history" rel="nofollow">Article History</a> </div></div> </div> <button class="d-flex d-lg-none btn btn-outline-blue border rounded-sm shadow-sm mobile-toc-button gtm-mobile-toc-inline-button d-none d-sm-block js-sections-inline-button module-spacing btn d-lg-none"> <em class="material-icons mr-5 ml-n10 my-n5 md-icon" data-icon="toc"></em> Table of Contents </button> <div class="d-flex d-sm-none flex-row"> <button class="d-flex d-lg-none btn btn-outline-blue border rounded-sm shadow-sm mobile-toc-button gtm-mobile-toc-inline-button js-sections-inline-button module-spacing"> <em class="material-icons mr-5 ml-n10 my-n5 md-icon" data-icon="toc"></em> Table of Contents </button> <button class="ai-ask-button btn border-2 ai-ask-button btn border-2 module-spacing btn-sm js-inline-ai-ask-button btn-outline-red-400 border-red-400 p-10 ml-5"> Ask the Chatbot a Question </button> </div> <div class="js-qf-module qf-module px-40 px-sm-20 py-15 mx-auto module-spacing font-14 bg-gray-50 rounded"> <div class="qf-title font-weight-bold font-14 mb-10 text-center"> Quick Facts</div> <div class="facts-list mt-10"> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Wade-Giles romanization: </dt> <dd>Chiang Tse-min</dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Born: </dt> <dd>August 17, 1926, <a href="/place/Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a>, Jiangsu province, <a href="/place/China">China</a></dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Died: </dt> <dd>November 30, 2022, <a href="/place/Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/place/China">China</a> (aged 96)</dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Also Known As: </dt> <dd>Chiang Tse-min</dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Title / Office: </dt> <dd><a href="/topic/president-government-official">president (1993-2003)</a>, <a href="/place/China">China</a></dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class="facts-item-none d-none"> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Political Affiliation: </dt> <dd><a href="/topic/Chinese-Communist-Party">Chinese Communist Party</a></dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> <div class="text-center"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-link p-0" href="/facts/Jiang-Zemin"> See all related content </a> </div> </div> </div> <button class="facts-list-show-more-btn mt-15 p-0 mx-auto btn font-14 d-block font-weight-normal"> <span class="material-icons" data-icon="expand_more"></span> <span class="show-more-label">Show More</span> </button> </div><span class="marker before-article"></span><section data-level="1" id="ref1"><span class="marker PREMOD1 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph"><strong><span id="ref93370"></span>Jiang Zemin</strong> (born August 17, 1926, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Yangzhou" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Yangzhou</a>, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Jiangsu" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Jiangsu</a> province, China—died November 30, 2022, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Shanghai" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Shanghai</a>, China) was a Chinese official who was general secretary of the <span id="ref257153"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Chinese-Communist-Party" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Chinese <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/communist-party-politics" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Communist</a> Party</a> (CCP; 1989–2002) and <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/president-government-official" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">president</a> of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/China" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">China</a> (1993–2003).</p><span class="marker MOD1 mod-inline"></span><span class="marker PREMOD2 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Jiang joined the CCP in 1946 and graduated from Shanghai Jiao Tong University the following year with a degree in electrical engineering. He worked in several factories as an engineer before receiving further technical training in the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Soviet-Union" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Soviet Union</a> about 1955. He subsequently headed technological research institutes in various parts of China. In 1980 Jiang became vice minister of the state <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="commission" href="https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/commission" data-type="EB">commission</a> on imports and exports. Two years later he became vice minister of the electronics industry and from 1983 to 1985 was its minister. He had meanwhile become a member of the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Central-Committee-Soviet-political-body" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Central Committee</a> of the CCP in 1982. Named mayor of Shanghai in 1985, he joined the <span id="ref257154"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Political-Bureau" class="md-crosslink ">Political Bureau</a> in 1987.</p><span class="marker MOD2 mod-inline"></span><span class="marker PREMOD3 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">The Chinese leadership was reshuffled following the forceful suppression of <span id="ref667554"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Tiananmen-Square-incident" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">demonstrations</a> in Beijing and elsewhere in 1989, with Jiang succeeding <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Zhao-Ziyang" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Zhao Ziyang</a> as general secretary of the CCP. He was a compromise choice who combined a commitment to continued free-market economic reforms with a determination to preserve the CCP’s monopoly on political power. Also in 1989 he succeeded <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Deng-Xiaoping" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Deng Xiaoping</a> as chairman of the party’s Central Military Commission. In 1993 he became president of China, elected by the National People’s <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="Congress" href="https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/Congress" data-type="EB">Congress</a>.</p><div class="module-spacing"> </div><div class="one-good-fact-module"> </div><span class="marker MOD3 mod-inline"></span><span class="marker PREMOD4 mod-inline"></span><div class="assemblies"><div class="w-100"><figure class="md-assembly m-0 mb-md-0 card card-borderless print-false" data-assembly-id="74854" data-asm-type="image"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/13/61213-050-50500925/Fireworks-return-sovereignty-Chinese-Hong-Kong-July-1-1997.jpg" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center media-overlay-link card-media" data-href="/media/1/303755/74854"><picture><source media="(min-width: 680px)" srcset="https://cdn.britannica.com/13/61213-050-50500925/Fireworks-return-sovereignty-Chinese-Hong-Kong-July-1-1997.jpg?w=300"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/13/61213-050-50500925/Fireworks-return-sovereignty-Chinese-Hong-Kong-July-1-1997.jpg?w=300" alt="Hong Kong: celebrating the return to Chinese sovereignty in July 1997" data-width="1600" data-height="966" loading="eager"></picture><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class="card-body"><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif line-clamp"><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/13/61213-050-50500925/Fireworks-return-sovereignty-Chinese-Hong-Kong-July-1-1997.jpg" data-href="/media/1/303755/74854">Hong Kong: celebrating the return to Chinese sovereignty in July 1997</a><span>Fireworks marking the return of Hong Kong to Chinese sovereignty on July 1, 1997.</span><button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-white js-content" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"><span class="link-blue">(more)</span></button></span></div></figcaption></figure></div></div><p class="topic-paragraph">With Deng’s death in 1997, Jiang became paramount leader and consolidated his power. He began to reduce the state’s ownership and control of some of China’s 300,000 industries, beginning with a <a href="https://www.britannica.com/money/privatization" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">privatization</a> plan in 1997. During the late 1990s Jiang attempted to improve the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/nation-state" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">country’s</a> uneasy relationship with <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Great-Britain-island-Europe" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Great Britain</a> and the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/United-States" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">United States</a>. He oversaw the transfer of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Hong-Kong" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Hong Kong</a> to Chinese sovereignty, ending 156 years of British rule. After a formal <a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/handover-of-Hong-Kong" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">handover</a> ceremony on July 1, 1997, the colony became the Hong Kong special administrative region (HKSAR) of China. Also in 1997, he participated in the first U.S.-China summit in almost a decade, and at a follow-up meeting in 1998 he openly discussed his <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/human-rights" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">human rights</a> record, which had been criticized by the West. In 2002 Jiang resigned as general secretary of the CCP and the following year stepped down as president after serving the maximum two five-year terms; <span id="ref1307761"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hu-Jintao" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Hu Jintao</a> succeeded him in both positions. Jiang remained in charge of the Central Military Commission until stepping down in favour of Hu in September 2004.</p><span class="marker MOD4 mod-inline"></span></section> <span class="md-signature"><a href="/editor/The-Editors-of-Encyclopaedia-Britannica/4419">The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</a></span><span class="md-signature">This article was most recently revised and updated by <a href="/contributor/encyclopaedia-britannica/12989892">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a>.</span><span class="marker end-of-content"></span><span class="marker after-article"></span></div> <div id="chatbot-root"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="ai-dialog-placeholder"></div> </div> </div> <aside class="col-md-da-320"></aside> </div> </div> </div> </div> </article></div> </div></div> </div> </main> <div id="md-footer"></div> <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5W6NC8" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script type="text/javascript" id="_informizely_script_tag"> var IzWidget = IzWidget || {}; (function (d) { var scriptElement = d.createElement('script'); scriptElement.type = 'text/javascript'; scriptElement.async = true; scriptElement.src = "https://insitez.blob.core.windows.net/site/f780f33e-a610-4ac2-af81-3eb184037547.js"; var node = d.getElementById('_informizely_script_tag'); node.parentNode.insertBefore(scriptElement, node); } )(document); </script>  <script> window.ap3c = window.ap3c || {}; var ap3c = window.ap3c; ap3c.cmd = ap3c.cmd || []; ap3c.cmd.push(function() { ap3c.init('ZO4siT4cLwnykPnzZWJtd3Byb2Q', 'https://engage.email.britannica.com/'); ap3c.track({v: 0}); }); ap3c.activity = function(act) { ap3c.act = (ap3c.act || []); ap3c.act.push(act); }; var s, t; s = document.createElement('script'); s.type = 'text/javascript'; s.src = "https://engage.email.britannica.com/app.js"; t = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; t.parentNode.insertBefore(s, t); </script> <script class="marketing-page-info" type="application/json"> {"pageType":"Topic","templateName":"DESKTOP","pageNumber":1,"pagesTotal":1,"pageId":303755,"pageLength":393,"initialLoad":true,"lastPageOfScroll":false} </script> <script class="marketing-content-info" type="application/json"> [] </script> <script src="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/js/libs/jquery-3.5.0.min.js?v=3.130.14"></script> <script type="text/javascript" data-type="Init Mendel Code Splitting"> (function() { $.ajax({ dataType: 'script', cache: true, url: 'https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/dist/topic-page.js?v=3.130.14' }); })(); </script> <script class="analytics-metadata" type="application/json"> {"leg":"B","adLeg":"B","userType":"ANONYMOUS","pageType":"Topic","pageSubtype":null,"articleTemplateType":"BIO_MEDIUM","gisted":false,"pageNumber":1,"hasSummarizeButton":false,"hasAskButton":false} </script> <script type="text/javascript"> EBStat={accountId:-1,hostnameOverride:'webstats.eb.com',domain:'www.britannica.com', json:''}; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> ( function() { $.ajax( { dataType: 'script', cache: true, url: '//www.britannica.com/webstats/mendelstats.js?v=1' } ) .done( function() { try {writeStat(null,EBStat);} catch(err){} } ); })(); </script> <div id="bc-fixed-dialogue"></div> </body> </html>

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Jiang Zemin | Biography & Facts | Britannica