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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Honors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internal_reports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_reports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Internal reports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Selected literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Walther Bothe</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 75 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-75" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">75 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%87" title="فالتر بوته – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فالتر بوته" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valter_Bote" title="Valter Bote – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Valter Bote" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AB" title="والتر بوث – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="والتر بوث" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87" title="ভাল্টার বোটে – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভাল্টার বোটে" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Вальтэр Ботэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вальтэр Ботэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Валтер Боте – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Валтер Боте" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B5" title="Βάλτερ Μπότε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βάλτερ Μπότε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AB" title="والتر بوث – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="والتر بوث" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Bothe" title="Walter Bothe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Walter Bothe" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%ED%84%B0_%EB%B3%B4%ED%85%8C" title="발터 보테 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발터 보테" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80_%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%A9%D5%A5" title="Վալտեր Բոթե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վալտեր Բոթե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87" title="वाल्थर बोटे – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वाल्थर बोटे" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%AA%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%94" title="ולתר בותה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ולתר בותה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%94" title="ვალტერ ბოთე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვალტერ ბოთე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Вальтер Боте – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Вальтер Боте" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gualterius_Bothe" title="Gualterius Bothe – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gualterius Bothe" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valters_Bote" title="Valters Bote – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Valters Bote" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Валтер Боте – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Валтер Боте" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A5" title="वॉल्थर बोथ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="वॉल्थर बोथ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%94" title="ვალტერ ბოთე – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვალტერ ბოთე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%87" title="فالتر بوته – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فالتر بوته" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AB" title="والتر بوث – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="والتر بوث" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87" title="वाल्थेर बोथे – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="वाल्थेर बोथे" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86" title="ヴァルター・ボーテ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴァルター・ボーテ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%BE%DB%92" title="والتھر بوتھے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="والتھر بوتھے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5,_%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Боте, Вальтер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Боте, Вальтер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87" title="वाल्थेर बोथे – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वाल्थेर बोथे" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Wilhelm_Georg_Bothe" title="Walther Wilhelm Georg Bothe – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Walther Wilhelm Georg Bothe" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Валтер Боте – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Валтер Боте" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%87" title="வால்தெர் பொதே – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வால்தெர் பொதே" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Вальтер Боте – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вальтер Боте" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Вальтер Боте – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вальтер Боте" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%B9%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="والٹتھر بوتھ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="والٹتھر بوتھ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%B9" title="瓦尔特·博特 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="瓦尔特·博特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Walther Bothe" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%B9" title="瓦尔特·博特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="瓦尔特·博特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q76474#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German nuclear physicist and Nobel Prize shared with Max Born (1891–1957)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Walther Bothe</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Walther_Bothe_1950s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Walther_Bothe_1950s.jpg/220px-Walther_Bothe_1950s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Walther_Bothe_1950s.jpg/330px-Walther_Bothe_1950s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Walther_Bothe_1950s.jpg/440px-Walther_Bothe_1950s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1060" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Walther Bothe in the 1950s</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1891-01-08</span>)</span>8 January 1891<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Oranienburg" title="Oranienburg">Oranienburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">8 February 1957<span style="display:none">(1957-02-08)</span> (aged 66)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">German</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bothe%E2%80%93Geiger_coincidence_experiment" title="Bothe–Geiger coincidence experiment">Bothe–Geiger coincidence experiment</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Coincidence_method" title="Coincidence method">Coincidence method</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Coincidence_circuit" title="Coincidence circuit">Coincidence circuit</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Barbara Below<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Physics">Nobel Prize for Physics</a> (1954)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Medal" title="Max Planck Medal">Max Planck Medal</a> (1953)<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_recipients_of_the_Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite_for_Sciences_and_Arts" title="List of recipients of the Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts">Pour le Mérite for Sciences and Arts</a> (1952)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a>, mathematics, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Berlin">University of Berlin</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Giessen" title="University of Giessen">University of Giessen</a><br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Heidelberg">University of Heidelberg</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Medical_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Medical Research">Max Planck Institute for Medical Research</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Solvay1933Signature_Bothe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Solvay1933Signature_Bothe.jpg/150px-Solvay1933Signature_Bothe.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Solvay1933Signature_Bothe.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="110" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Walther Wilhelm Georg Bothe</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">German pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈvaltɐ<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈboːtə]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/db\/De-Walther_Bothe.ogg\/De-Walther_Bothe.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Walther Bothe.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/db/De-Walther_Bothe.ogg/De-Walther_Bothe.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Walther_Bothe.ogg" title="File:De-Walther Bothe.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; 8 January 1891 – 8 February 1957)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a German nuclear physicist known for the development of <a href="/wiki/Coincidence_method" title="Coincidence method">coincidence methods</a> to study <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a>. </p><p>He served in the military during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> from 1914, and he was a prisoner of war of the Russians, returning to Germany in 1920. Upon his return to the laboratory, he developed and applied <a href="/wiki/Coincidence_circuit" title="Coincidence circuit">coincidence circuits</a> to the study of nuclear reactions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Compton_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Compton effect">Compton effect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic rays">cosmic rays</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality" title="Wave–particle duality">wave–particle duality</a> of radiation, for which he would receive a share of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1954. </p><p>In 1930, he became a full professor and director of the physics department at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Giessen" title="University of Giessen">University of Giessen</a>. In 1932, he became director of the Physical and Radiological Institute at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Heidelberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Heidelberg">University of Heidelberg</a>. He was driven out of this position by elements of the <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Physik" title="Deutsche Physik">deutsche Physik</a></i> movement. To preclude his emigration from Germany, he was appointed director of the Physics Institute of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research (KWImF) in <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>. There, he built the first operational cyclotron in Germany. Furthermore, he became a principal in the German nuclear energy project, also known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Uranverein" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranverein">Uranverein</a></i> (Uranium Club), which was started in 1939 under the supervision of the Army Ordnance Office. </p><p>In 1946, in addition to his directorship of the Physics Institute at the KWImf, he was reinstated as a professor at the University of Heidelberg. From 1956 to 1957, he was a member of the Nuclear Physics Working Group in Germany. </p><p>In the year after Bothe's death, his Physics Institute at the KWImF was elevated to the status of a new institute under the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Society" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck Society</a> and it then became the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Nuclear_Physics" title="Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics">Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics</a>. Its main building was later named Bothe laboratory. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Bothe&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bothe was born to Friedrich Bothe and Charlotte Hartung. From 1908 to 1912, Bothe studied at the <i>Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität</i> (today, the <i><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin</a></i>). In 1913, he was <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a>'s teaching assistant. He was awarded his doctorate, in 1914, under Planck.<sup id="cite_ref-Hentschel_1996_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hentschel_1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rechenberg,_Volume_1_2001,_pp._608_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rechenberg,_Volume_1_2001,_pp._608-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Bothe&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Bothe&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1913, Bothe joined the Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt (PTR, Reich Physical and Technical Institute; today, the <i><a href="/wiki/Physikalisch-Technische_Bundesanstalt" title="Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt">Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt</a></i>), where he stayed until 1930. <a href="/wiki/Hans_Geiger" title="Hans Geiger">Hans Geiger</a> had been appointed director of the new Laboratory for Radioactivity there in 1912. At the PTR, Bothe was an assistant to Geiger from 1913 to 1920, a scientific member of Geiger's staff from 1920 to 1927, and from 1927 to 1930 he succeeded Geiger as director of the Laboratory for Radioactivity.<sup id="cite_ref-Hentschel_1996_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hentschel_1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rechenberg,_Volume_1_2001,_pp._608_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rechenberg,_Volume_1_2001,_pp._608-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walther_Bothe_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walther_Bothe-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Coincidence_Method_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Coincidence_Method-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1914, Bothe volunteered for service in the German cavalry. He was taken prisoner by the Russians and incarcerated in Russia for five years. While there, he learned the Russian language and worked on theoretical physics problems related to his doctoral studies. He returned to Germany in 1920, with a Russian bride.<sup id="cite_ref-Walther_Bothe_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walther_Bothe-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On his return from Russia, Bothe continued his employment at the PTR under <a href="/wiki/Hans_Geiger" title="Hans Geiger">Hans Geiger</a> in the Laboratory for Radioactivity there. In 1924, Bothe published on his coincidence method. The <a href="/wiki/Bothe%E2%80%93Geiger_coincidence_experiment" title="Bothe–Geiger coincidence experiment">Bothe–Geiger coincidence experiment</a> studied the <a href="/wiki/Compton_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Compton effect">Compton effect</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality" title="Wave–particle duality">wave–particle duality</a> of light. Bothe's coincidence method and his applications of it earned him the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Coincidence_Method_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Coincidence_Method-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walther_Bothe_Biography_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walther_Bothe_Biography-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1925, while still at the PTR, Bothe became a <i><a href="/wiki/Privatdozent" title="Privatdozent">Privatdozent</a></i> at the University of Berlin, which means that he had completed his <a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">Habilitation</a>, and, in 1929, he became an <i><a href="/wiki/Ausserordentlicher_Professor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ausserordentlicher Professor">ausserordentlicher Professor</a></i> there.<sup id="cite_ref-Hentschel_1996_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hentschel_1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rechenberg,_Volume_1_2001,_pp._608_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rechenberg,_Volume_1_2001,_pp._608-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1927, Bothe began the study of the transmutation of light elements through bombardment with <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha particles">alpha particles</a>. From a joint investigation with H. Fränz and <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Pose" title="Heinz Pose">Heinz Pose</a> in 1928, Bothe and Fränz correlated reaction products of nuclear interactions to nuclear energy levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Walther_Bothe_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walther_Bothe-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_Coincidence_Method_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Coincidence_Method-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walther_Bothe_Biography_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walther_Bothe_Biography-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1929, in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Werner_Kolh%C3%B6rster" title="Werner Kolhörster">Werner Kolhörster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a> who were guests in Bothe's laboratory at the PTR, Bothe began the study of <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmic rays">cosmic rays</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study of cosmic radiation would be conducted by Bothe for the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Coincidence_Method_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Coincidence_Method-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walther_Bothe_Biography_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walther_Bothe_Biography-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1930, he became an <i><a href="/wiki/Ordentlicher_Professor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordentlicher Professor">ordentlicher Professor</a></i> and director of the physics department at the <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Giessen" title="University of Giessen">Justus Liebig-Universität Gießen</a></i>. That year, Bothe and his collaborator Herbert Becker bombarded <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a> with alpha particles from <a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a> and observed a new form of penetrating radiation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1932, <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a> identified this radiation as the <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutron</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hentschel_1996_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hentschel_1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rechenberg,_Volume_1_2001,_pp._608_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rechenberg,_Volume_1_2001,_pp._608-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walther_Bothe_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walther_Bothe-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Bothe&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Heidelberg"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bothe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Bothe.jpg/220px-Bothe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Bothe.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Walther Bothe</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1932, Bothe had succeeded <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Philipp Lenard</a> as Director of the <i>Physikalische und Radiologische Institut</i> (Physical and Radiological Institute) at the University of Heidelberg. It was then that <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Fleischmann" title="Rudolf Fleischmann">Rudolf Fleischmann</a> became a teaching assistant to Bothe. When <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> became Chancellor of Germany on 30 January 1933, the concept of <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Physik" title="Deutsche Physik">Deutsche Physik</a></i> took on more favor as well as fervor; it was <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitic">anti-Semitic</a> and against theoretical physics, especially against modern physics, including <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> and both atomic and nuclear physics. As applied in the university environment, political factors took priority over the historically applied concept of scholarly ability,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though its two most prominent supporters were the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Laureates in Physics</a> <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Philipp Lenard</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Johannes Stark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supporters of <i>Deutsche Physik</i> launched vicious attacks against leading theoretical physicists. While Lenard was retired from the University of Heidelberg, he still had significant influence there. In 1934, Lenard had managed to get Bothe relieved of his directorship of the Physical and Radiological Institute at the University of Heidelberg, whereupon Bothe was able to become the Director of the <i>Institut für Physik</i> (Institute for Physics) of the <i>Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für medizinische Forschung</i> (KWImF, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research; today, the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Medical_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Medical Research">Max-Planck Institut für medizinische Forschung</a>), in <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, replacing Karl W. Hauser, who had recently died. <a href="/wiki/Ludolf_von_Krehl" title="Ludolf von Krehl">Ludolf von Krehl</a>, Director of the KWImF, and <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a>, President of the <a href="/wiki/Kaiser-Wilhelm_Gesellschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft">Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft</a> (KWG, Kaiser Wilhelm Society, today the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Society" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck Society</a>), had offered the directorship to Bothe to ward off the possibility of his emigration. Bothe held the directorship of the Institute for Physics at the KWImF until his death in 1957. While at the KWImF, Bothe held an honorary professorship at the University of Heidelberg, which he held until 1946. <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Fleischmann" title="Rudolf Fleischmann">Fleischmann</a> went with Bothe and worked with him there until 1941. To his staff, Bothe recruited scientists including <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Gentner" title="Wolfgang Gentner">Wolfgang Gentner</a> (1936–1945), <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Maier-Leibnitz" title="Heinz Maier-Leibnitz">Heinz Maier-Leibnitz</a> (1936 – ?) – who had done his doctorate with the Nobel Laureate <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a> and was highly recommended by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Pohl" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Pohl">Robert Pohl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georg_Joos" title="Georg Joos">Georg Joos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Flammersfeld" title="Arnold Flammersfeld">Arnold Flammersfeld</a> (1939–1941). Also included on his staff were Peter Jensen and Erwin Fünfer.<sup id="cite_ref-Hentschel_1996_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hentschel_1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rechenberg,_Volume_1_2001,_pp._608_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rechenberg,_Volume_1_2001,_pp._608-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walther_Bothe_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walther_Bothe-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1938, Bothe and Gentner published on the energy dependence of the nuclear photo-effect. This was the first clear evidence that nuclear absorption spectra are accumulative and continuous, an effect known as the dipolar giant nuclear resonance. This was explained theoretically a decade later by physicists <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">J. Hans D. Jensen</a>, Helmut Steinwedel, Peter Jensen, Michael Goldhaber, and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Walther_Bothe_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walther_Bothe-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 1938, Maier-Leibnitz built a Wilson <a href="/wiki/Cloud_chamber" title="Cloud chamber">cloud chamber</a>. Images from the cloud chamber were used by Bothe, Gentner, and Maier-Leibnitz to publish, in 1940, the <i>Atlas of Typical Cloud Chamber Images</i>, which became a standard reference for identifying scattered particles.<sup id="cite_ref-Walther_Bothe_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walther_Bothe-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Walther_Bothe_Biography_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walther_Bothe_Biography-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_German_cyclotron">First German cyclotron</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Bothe&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: First German cyclotron"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the end of 1937, the rapid successes Bothe and Gentner had with the building and research uses of a <a href="/wiki/Van_de_Graaff_generator" title="Van de Graaff generator">Van de Graaff generator</a> had led them to consider building a <a href="/wiki/Cyclotron" title="Cyclotron">cyclotron</a>. By November, a report had already been sent to the President of the <i><a href="/wiki/Kaiser-Wilhelm_Gesellschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft">Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft</a></i> (KWG, Kaiser Wilhelm Society; today, the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Society" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck Society</a>), and Bothe began securing funds from the <i>Helmholtz-Gesellschaft</i> (Helmholtz Society; today, the <i><a href="/wiki/Helmholtz_Association_of_German_Research_Centres" class="mw-redirect" title="Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres">Helmholtz Association of German Research Centres</a></i>), the <i>Badischen Kultusministerium</i> (Baden Ministry of Culture), <i><a href="/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">I.G. Farben</a></i>, the KWG, and various other research oriented agencies. Initial promises led to ordering a magnet from <i><a href="/wiki/Siemens_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Siemens AG">Siemens</a></i> in September 1938, however, further financing then became problematic. In these times, Gentner continued his research on the nuclear photoeffect, with the aid of the Van de Graaff generator, which had been upgraded to produce energies just under 1 MeV. When his line of research was completed with the <sup>7</sup>Li (p, gamma) and the <sup>11</sup>B (p, gamma) reactions, and on the nuclear isomer <sup>80</sup>Br, Gentner devoted his full effort to the building of the planned cyclotron.<sup id="cite_ref-Universität_Heidelberg_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Universität_Heidelberg-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To facilitate the construction of the cyclotron, at the end of 1938 and into 1939, with the help of a fellowship from the <i>Helmholtz-Gesellschaft</i>, Gentner was sent to Radiation Laboratory of the University of California (today, the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a>) in Berkeley, California. As a result of the visit, Gentner formed a cooperative relationship with <a href="/wiki/Emilio_G._Segr%C3%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilio G. Segrè">Emilio G. Segrè</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Cooksey" title="Donald Cooksey">Donald Cooksey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Universität_Heidelberg_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Universität_Heidelberg-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the armistice between France and Germany in the summer of 1940, Bothe and Gentner received orders to inspect the cyclotron <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a> had built in Paris. While it had been built, it was not yet operational. In September 1940, Gentner received orders to form a group to put the cyclotron into operation. Hermann Dänzer from the University of Frankfurt participated in this effort. While in Paris, Gentner was able to free both Frédéric Joliot-Curie and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Paul Langevin</a>, who had been arrested and detained. At the end of the winter of 1941/1942, the cyclotron was operational with a 7-MeV beam of <a href="/wiki/Deuterons" class="mw-redirect" title="Deuterons">deuterons</a>. <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a> were irradiated with the beam, and the byproducts were sent to <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a> at the <i>Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für Chemie</i> (KWIC, Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, today, the <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Chemistry" title="Max Planck Institute for Chemistry">Max Planck Institute for Chemistry</a>), in Berlin. In mid-1942, Gentner's successor in Paris, was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Riezler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Riezler (page does not exist)">Wolfgang Riezler</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Riezler" class="extiw" title="de:Wolfgang Riezler">de</a>]</span> from <a href="/wiki/Bonn" title="Bonn">Bonn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Universität_Heidelberg_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Universität_Heidelberg-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was during 1941 that Bothe had acquired all the necessary funding to complete construction of the cyclotron. The magnet was delivered in March 1943, and the first beam of deuteron was emitted in December. The inauguration ceremony for the cyclotron was held on 2 June 1944. While there had been other cyclotrons under construction, Bothe's was the first operational cyclotron in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Rechenberg,_Volume_1_2001,_pp._608_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rechenberg,_Volume_1_2001,_pp._608-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Universität_Heidelberg_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Universität_Heidelberg-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uranium_Club">Uranium Club</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Bothe&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Uranium Club"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/German_nuclear_energy_project" class="mw-redirect" title="German nuclear energy project">German nuclear energy project</a>, also known as the <i>Uranverein</i> (Uranium Club), began in the spring of 1939 under the auspices of the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichsforschungsrat" title="Reichsforschungsrat">Reichsforschungsrat</a></i> (RFR, Reich Research Council) of the <i><a href="/wiki/Reichserziehungsministerium" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichserziehungsministerium">Reichserziehungsministerium</a></i> (REM, Reich Ministry of Education). By 1 September, the <i><a href="/wiki/Heereswaffenamt" class="mw-redirect" title="Heereswaffenamt">Heereswaffenamt</a></i> (HWA, Army Ordnance Office) squeezed out the RFR and took over the effort. Under the control of the HWA, the <i>Uranverein</i> had its first meeting on 16 September. The meeting was organized by <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Diebner" title="Kurt Diebner">Kurt Diebner</a>, advisor to the HWA, and held in Berlin. The invitees included Walther Bothe, <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Fl%C3%BCgge" title="Siegfried Flügge">Siegfried Flügge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Geiger" title="Hans Geiger">Hans Geiger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Harteck" title="Paul Harteck">Paul Harteck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Hoffmann_(physicist)" title="Gerhard Hoffmann (physicist)">Gerhard Hoffmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Mattauch" title="Josef Mattauch">Josef Mattauch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Georg_Stetter" title="Georg Stetter">Georg Stetter</a>. A second meeting was held soon thereafter and included <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Clusius" title="Klaus Clusius">Klaus Clusius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_D%C3%B6pel" title="Robert Döpel">Robert Döpel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker">Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker</a>. With Bothe being one of the principals, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Gentner" title="Wolfgang Gentner">Wolfgang Gentner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Flammersfeld" title="Arnold Flammersfeld">Arnold Flammersfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Fleischmann" title="Rudolf Fleischmann">Rudolf Fleischmann</a>, Erwin Fünfer, and Peter Jensen were soon drawn into work for the <i>Uranverein</i>. Their research was published in the <i><a href="/wiki/Kernphysikalische_Forschungsberichte" title="Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte">Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte</a></i> (<i>Research Reports in Nuclear Physics</i>); see below the section <i>Internal Reports</i>. </p><p>For the <i>Uranverein</i>, Bothe, and up to 6 members from his staff by 1942, worked on the experimental determination of atomic constants, the energy distribution of fission fragments, and nuclear cross sections. Bothe's erroneous experimental results on the absorption of neutrons in graphite were central in the German decision to favor <a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">heavy water</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">neutron moderator</a>. His value was too high; one conjecture being that this was due to air between the graphite pieces with the nitrogen having high neutron absorption. However the experimental setup involved a sphere of Siemens electro-graphite submerged in water, no air being present. The error in fast neutron cross-section was due to impurities in the Siemens product: "even the Siemens electro-Graphite contained Barium and Cadmium, both ravenous neutron-absorbers."<sup id="cite_ref-Dahl1999_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahl1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any event, there were so few staff or groups that they could not repeat experiments to check results,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Macrakis_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macrakis-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although in fact a separate group at Gottingen, led by Wilhelm Hanle, determined the cause of Bothe's error: "Hanle's own measurements would show that carbon, properly prepared, would in fact work perfectly well as a moderator, but at a cost of production in industrial quantities ruled prohibitive by [German] Army Ordnance".<sup id="cite_ref-Dahl1999p141_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahl1999p141-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By late 1941 it was apparent that the nuclear energy project would not make a decisive contribution to ending the war effort in the near term. HWA control of the <i>Uranverein</i> was relinquished to the RFR in July 1942. The nuclear energy project thereafter maintained its <i>kriegswichtig</i> (important for the war) designation and funding continued from the military. However, the German nuclear power project was then broken down into the following main areas: <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">heavy water</a> production, uranium isotope separation, and the <i>Uranmaschine</i> (uranium machine, i.e., nuclear reactor). Also, the project was then essentially split up between nine institutes, where the directors dominated the research and set their own research agendas. Bothe's <i>Institut für Physik</i> was one of the nine institutes. The other eight institutes or facilities were: the Institute for Physical Chemistry at the <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>, the HWA <i>Versuchsstelle</i> (testing station) in Gottow, the <i>Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Chemie</i>, the Physical Chemistry Department of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hamburg" title="University of Hamburg">University of Hamburg</a>, the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Physik<i>, the Second Experimental Physics Institute at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">Georg-August University of Göttingen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Auergesellschaft" title="Auergesellschaft">Auergesellschaft</a>, and the </i>II. Physikalisches Institut<i> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Macrakis_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Macrakis-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kant_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kant-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post–WW_II"><span id="Post.E2.80.93WW_II"></span>Post–WW II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Bothe&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post–WW II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1946 to 1957, in addition to his position at the KWImF, Bothe was an <i>ordentlicher Professor</i> at the University of Heidelberg.<sup id="cite_ref-Hentschel_1996_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hentschel_1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rechenberg,_Volume_1_2001,_pp._608_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rechenberg,_Volume_1_2001,_pp._608-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of World War II, the Allies had seized the cyclotron at Heidelberg. In 1949, its control was returned to Bothe.<sup id="cite_ref-Hentschel_1996_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hentschel_1996-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During 1956 and 1957, Bothe was a member of the <i>Arbeitskreis Kernphysik</i> (Nuclear Physics Working Group) of the <i>Fachkommission II "Forschung und Nachwuchs"</i> (Commission II "Research and Growth") of the <i>Deutschen Atomkommission</i> (DAtK, German Atomic Energy Commission). Other members of the Nuclear Physics Working Group in both 1956 and 1957 were: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a> (chairman), <a href="/wiki/Hans_Kopfermann" title="Hans Kopfermann">Hans Kopfermann</a> (vice-chairman), <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Bopp" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritz Bopp">Fritz Bopp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Gentner" title="Wolfgang Gentner">Wolfgang Gentner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_Haxel" title="Otto Haxel">Otto Haxel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willibald_Jentschke" title="Willibald Jentschke">Willibald Jentschke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinz_Maier-Leibnitz" title="Heinz Maier-Leibnitz">Heinz Maier-Leibnitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Mattauch" title="Josef Mattauch">Josef Mattauch</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Riezler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wolfgang Riezler (page does not exist)">Wolfgang Riezler</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_Riezler" class="extiw" title="de:Wolfgang Riezler">de</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Walcher" title="Wilhelm Walcher">Wilhelm Walcher</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_von_Weizs%C3%A4cker" title="Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker">Carl Friedrich von Weizsäcker</a>. <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Wolfgang Paul</a> was also a member of the group during 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-kant_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kant-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the end of 1957, Gentner was in negotiations with <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a>, President of the <i>Max-Planck Gesellschaft</i> (MPG, <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Society" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck Society</a>, successor of the <i><a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Institute">Kaiser-Wilhelm Gesellschaft</a></i>), and with the Senate of the MPG to establish a new institute under their auspices. Essentially, Walther Bothe's <i>Institut für Physik</i> at the <i>Max-Planck Institut für medizinische Forschung</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg" title="Heidelberg">Heidelberg</a>, was to be spun off to become a full fledged institute of the MPG. The decision to proceed was made in May 1958. Gentner was named the director of the <i>Max-Planck Institut für Kernphysik</i> (MPIK, Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics) on 1 October, and he also received the position as an <i>ordentlicher Professor</i> at the University of Heidelberg. Bothe had not lived to see the final establishment of the MPIK, as he had died in February of that year.<sup id="cite_ref-Universität_Heidelberg_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Universität_Heidelberg-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bothe was a German patriot who did not give excuses for his work with the <i>Uranverein</i>. However, Bothe's impatience with Nazi policies in Germany brought him under suspicion and investigation by the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Walther_Bothe_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walther_Bothe-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal">Personal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Bothe&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a result of his incarceration in Russia during World War I as a prisoner of war, he met Barbara Below, whom he married in 1920. They had two children. She preceded him in death by some years.<sup id="cite_ref-Walther_Bothe_Biography_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walther_Bothe_Biography-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bothe was an accomplished painter and musician; he played the piano.<sup id="cite_ref-Walther_Bothe_Biography_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walther_Bothe_Biography-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Bothe&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bothe was awarded a number of honors:<sup id="cite_ref-Walther_Bothe_Biography_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walther_Bothe_Biography-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities" title="Göttingen Academy of Sciences and Humanities">Academy of Sciences of Göttingen</a></li> <li>Member of the <a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Academy_for_Sciences_and_Humanities" class="mw-redirect" title="Heidelberg Academy for Sciences and Humanities">Academy of Sciences of Heidelberg</a></li> <li>Corresponding Member of the <a href="/wiki/Saxonian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities" class="mw-redirect" title="Saxonian Academy of Sciences and Humanities">Saxon Academy of Sciences</a>, Leipzig</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundesverdienstkreuz" class="mw-redirect" title="Bundesverdienstkreuz">Grand Cross of the Order for Federal Services</a></li> <li>1952 – Knight of the Order of Merit for Sciences and the Arts</li> <li>1953 – <i><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Medal" title="Max Planck Medal">Max-Planck-Medaille</a> </i> of the <i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Physikalische_Gesellschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft">Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft</a></i></li> <li>1954 – <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> "for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith". Bothe received half of the prize; the other half was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/19178_Walterbothe" class="mw-redirect" title="19178 Walterbothe">19178 Walterbothe</a>, asteroid named after him.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Bothe&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_reports">Internal reports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Bothe&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Internal reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following reports were published in <i><a href="/wiki/Kernphysikalische_Forschungsberichte" title="Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte">Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte</a></i> (<i>Research Reports in Nuclear Physics</i>), an internal publication of the German <i><a href="/wiki/German_nuclear_energy_project" class="mw-redirect" title="German nuclear energy project">Uranverein</a></i>. The reports were classified Top Secret, they had very limited distribution, and the authors were not allowed to keep copies. The reports were confiscated under the Allied <a href="/wiki/Operation_Alsos" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Alsos">Operation Alsos</a> and sent to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">United States Atomic Energy Commission</a> for evaluation. In 1971, the reports were declassified and returned to Germany. The reports are available at the <a href="/wiki/Forschungszentrum_Karlsruhe" class="mw-redirect" title="Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe">Karlsruhe Nuclear Research Center</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Physics" title="American Institute of Physics">American Institute of Physics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Walther Bothe <i>Die Diffusionsläge für thermische Neutronen in Kohle</i> G12 (7 June 1940)</li> <li>Walther Bothe <i>Die Abmessungen endlicher Uranmaschinen</i> G-13 (28 June 1940)</li> <li>Walther Bothe <i>Die Abmessungen von Maschinen mit rücksteuendem Mantel</i> G-14 (17 July 1941)</li> <li>Walther Bothe and <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Gentner" title="Wolfgang Gentner">Wolfgang Gentner</a> <i>Die Energie der Spaltungsneutronen aus Uran</i> G-17 (9 May 1940)</li> <li>Walther Bothe <i>Einige Eigenschaften des U und der Bremsstoffe. Zusammenfassender Bericht über die Arbeiten</i> G-66 (28 March 1941)</li> <li>Walther Bothe and <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Flammersfeld" title="Arnold Flammersfeld">Arnold Flammersfeld</a> <i>Die Wirkungsquerschnitte von 38<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> für thermische Neutronen aus Diffusionsmessungen</i> G-67 (20 January 1941)</li> <li>Walther Bothe and Arnold Flammersfeld <i>Resonanzeinfang an einer Uranoberfläche</i> G-68 (8 March 1940)</li> <li>Walther Bothe and Arnold Flammersfeld <i>Messungen an einem Gemisch von 38-Oxyd und –Wasser; der Vermehrungsfakto K unde der Resonanzeinfang w.</i> G-69 (26 May 1941)</li> <li>Walther Bothe and Arnold Flammersfeld <i>Die Neutronenvermehrung bei schnellen und langsamen Neutronen in 38 und die Diffusionslänge in 38 Metall und Wasser</i> G-70 (11 July 1941)</li> <li>Walther Bothe and Peter Jensen <i>Die Absorption thermischer Neutronen in Elektrographit</i> G-71 (20 January 1941)</li> <li>Walther Bothe and Peter Jensen <i>Resonanzeinfang an einer Uranoberfläche</i> G-72 (12 May 1941)</li> <li>Walther Bothe and Arnold Flammersfeld <i>Versuche mit einer Schichtenanordnung von Wasser und Präp 38</i> G-74 (28 April 1941)</li> <li>Walther Bothe and Erwin Fünfer <i>Absorption thermischer Neutronen und die Vermehrung schneller Neutronen in Beryllium</i> G-81 (10 October 1941)</li> <li>Walther Bothe <i>Maschinen mit Ausnutzung der Spaltung durch schnelle Neutronen</i> G-128 (7 December 1941)</li> <li>Walther Bothe <i>Über Stahlenschutzwäne</i> G-204 (29 June 1943)</li> <li>Walther Bothe <i>Die Forschungsmittel der Kernphysik</i> G-205 (5 May 1943)</li> <li>Walther Bothe and Erwin Fünfer <i>Schichtenversuche mit Variation der U- und D<sub>2</sub>O-Dicken</i> G-206 (6 December 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Bopp" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritz Bopp">Fritz Bopp</a>, Walther Bothe, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fischer" title="Erich Fischer">Erich Fischer</a>, Erwin Fünfer, <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Werner Heisenberg</a>, O. Ritter, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Wirtz" title="Karl Wirtz">Karl Wirtz</a> <i>Bericht über einen Versuch mit 1.5 to D<sub>2</sub>O und U und 40 cm Kohlerückstreumantel (B7)</i> G-300 (3 January 1945)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selected_literature">Selected literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Bothe&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Selected literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Walther Bothe and Hans Geiger <i>Ein Weg zur experimentellen Nachprüfung der Theorie von Bohr, Kramers und Slater</i>, <i>Z. Phys.</i> Volume 26, Number 1, 44 (1924)</li> <li>Walther Bothe <i>Theoretische Betrachtungen über den Photoeffekt</i>, <i>Z. Phys.</i> Volume 26, Number 1, 74–84 (1924)</li> <li>Walther Bothe and Hans Geiger <i>Experimentelles zur Theorie von Bohr, Kramers und Slater</i>, <i>Die Naturwissenschaften</i> Volume 13, 440–441 (1925)</li> <li>Walther Bothe and Hans Geiger <i>Über das Wesen des Comptoneffekts: ein experimenteller Beitrag zur Theories der Strahlung</i>, <i>Z. Phys.</i> Volume 32, Number 9, 639–663 (1925)</li> <li>W. Bothe and W. Gentner <i>Herstellung neuer Isotope durch Kernphotoeffekt</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Die_Naturwissenschaften" class="mw-redirect" title="Die Naturwissenschaften">Die Naturwissenschaften</a></i> Volume 25, Issue 8, 126–126 (1937). Received 9 February 1937. Institutional affiliation: <i>Institut für Physik</i> at the <i>Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für medizinische Forschung</i>.</li> <li>Walther Bothe <i>The Coincidence Method</i>, <i>The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954</i>, Nobelprize.org (1954)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Bothe&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Walther Bothe <i>Der Physiker und sein Werkzeug</i> (Gruyter, 1944)</li> <li>Walther Bothe and Siegfried Flügge <i>Kernphysik und kosmische Strahlen. T. 1</i> (Dieterich, 1948)</li> <li>Walther Bothe <i>Der Streufehler bei der Ausmessung von Nebelkammerbahnen im Magnetfeld</i> (Springer, 1948)</li> <li>Walther Bothe and <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Fl%C3%BCgge" title="Siegfried Flügge">Siegfried Flügge</a> (editors) <i>Nuclear Physics and Cosmic Rays</i> FIAT Review of German Science 1939–1945, Volumes 13 and 14 (Klemm, 1948)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Walther Bothe <i>Theorie des Doppellinsen-b-Spektrometers</i> (Springer, 1950)</li> <li>Walther Bothe <i>Die Streuung von Elektronen in schrägen Folien</i> (Springer, 1952)</li> <li>Walther Bothe and Siegfried Flügge <i>Kernphysik und kosmische Strahlen. T. 2</i> (Dieterich, 1953)</li> <li>Karl H. Bauer and Walther Bothe <i>Vom Atom zum Weltsystem</i> (Kröner, 1954)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Bothe&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_recoil_detection#Theory_and_Experimental_work_involved_in_Multiple_Scattering_phenomena" title="Elastic recoil detection">Elastic recoil detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_inventors_and_discoverers" class="mw-redirect" title="German inventors and discoverers">German inventors and discoverers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Bothe&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1954/bothe/biographical/">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F1954%2Fbothe%2Fbiographical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalther+Bothe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/75110">Walther Bothe</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hentschel_1996-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hentschel_1996_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hentschel_1996_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hentschel_1996_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hentschel_1996_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hentschel_1996_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hentschel_1996_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hentschel_1996_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hentschel">Hentschel</a>, Appendix F; see the entry for Bothe.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rechenberg,_Volume_1_2001,_pp._608-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rechenberg,_Volume_1_2001,_pp._608_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rechenberg,_Volume_1_2001,_pp._608_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rechenberg,_Volume_1_2001,_pp._608_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rechenberg,_Volume_1_2001,_pp._608_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rechenberg,_Volume_1_2001,_pp._608_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rechenberg,_Volume_1_2001,_pp._608_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rechenberg,_Volume_1_2001,_pp._608_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Mehra" title="Jagdish Mehra">Mehra, Jagdish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Helmut_Rechenberg" title="Helmut Rechenberg">Helmut Rechenberg</a> (2001) <i>The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 1 Part 2 The Quantum Theory of Planck, Einstein, Bohr and Sommerfeld 1900–1925: Its Foundation and the Rise of Its Difficulties.</i> Springer, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-95175-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-95175-X">0-387-95175-X</a>. p. 608</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walther_Bothe-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walther_Bothe_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walther_Bothe_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walther_Bothe_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walther_Bothe_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walther_Bothe_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walther_Bothe_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walther_Bothe_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walther_Bothe_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/states/walther-bothe.html">Walther Bothe</a> and the Physics Institute: the Early Years of Nuclear Physics</i>, Nobelprize.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Coincidence_Method-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Coincidence_Method_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Coincidence_Method_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Coincidence_Method_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Coincidence_Method_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bothe, Walther (1954) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1954/bothe-lecture.html">The Coincidence Method</a></i>, <i>The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954</i>, Nobelprize.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hentschel">Hentschel</a>, Appendix F; see the entry for Geiger.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fick, Dieter and Kant, Horst <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsb.2009.08.005">Walther Bothe's contributions to the understanding of the wave-particle duality of light</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walther_Bothe_Biography-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walther_Bothe_Biography_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walther_Bothe_Biography_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walther_Bothe_Biography_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walther_Bothe_Biography_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walther_Bothe_Biography_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walther_Bothe_Biography_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walther_Bothe_Biography_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1954/bothe-bio.html">Walther Bothe Biography</a></i>, <i>The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954</i>, Nobelprize.org.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonolis, Luisa <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1119/1.3619808">Walther Bothe and Bruno Rossi: The birth and development of coincidence methods in cosmic-ray physics</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1954/bothe/biographical/">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954"</a>. <i>nobelprize.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>In 1930 Bothe, in collaboration with H. Becker, bombarded beryllium of mass 9 (and also boron and lithium) with alpha rays derived from polonium, and obtained a new form of radiation ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1954&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F1954%2Fbothe%2Fbiographical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalther+Bothe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Beyerchen">Beyerchen</a>, pp. 141–167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Beyerchen">Beyerchen</a>, pp. 79–102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Beyerchen">Beyerchen</a>, pp. 103–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hentschel">Hentschel</a>, Appendix F; see the entry of Fleischmann.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Das Physikalische und Radiologische Institut der Universität Heidelberg</i>, <i>Heidelberger Neueste Nachrichten</i> Volume 56 (7 March 1913).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">States, David M. (28 June 2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/states/index.html"><i>A History of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Research: 1929–1939: Walther Bothe and the Physics Institute: The Early Years of Nuclear Physics</i></a>, <i>Nobelprize.org</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Landwehr, Gottfried (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.badw.de/publikationen/sonstige/nachrufe/2002/Fleischmann.pdf"><i>Rudolf Fleischmann 1.5.1903 – 3.2.2002</i></a>, <i>Nachrufe – Auszug aus Jahrbuch</i> pp. 326–328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Universität_Heidelberg-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Universität_Heidelberg_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Universität_Heidelberg_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Universität_Heidelberg_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Universität_Heidelberg_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Universität_Heidelberg_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ulrich Schmidt-Rohr <i>Wolfgang Gentner: 1906–1980</i> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/paf/paf181.html">Universität Heidelberg</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jörg Kummer <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/paf/paf194.html">Hermann Dänzer: 1904–1987</a></i> (University of Frankfurt).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Powers, Thomas (1993) <i>Heisenberg's War: The Secret History of the German Bomb</i>. Knopf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0306810115" title="Special:BookSources/0306810115">0306810115</a>. p. 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dahl1999-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dahl1999_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahl1999" class="citation book cs1">Dahl, Per F (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MwD44jnjmmsC"><i>Heavy water and the wartime race for nuclear energy</i></a>. Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing. pp. 138–140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/07-5030-6335" title="Special:BookSources/07-5030-6335"><bdi>07-5030-6335</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heavy+water+and+the+wartime+race+for+nuclear+energy&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pages=138-140&rft.pub=Institute+of+Physics+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=07-5030-6335&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=Per+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMwD44jnjmmsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalther+Bothe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErmenc1989" class="citation book cs1">Ermenc, Joseph J, ed. (1989). <i>Atomic Bomb Scientists: Memoirs, 1939-1945</i>. Westport, CT & London: Meckler. pp. 27, 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88736-267-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-88736-267-2"><bdi>0-88736-267-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atomic+Bomb+Scientists%3A+Memoirs%2C+1939-1945&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT+%26+London&rft.pages=27%2C+28&rft.pub=Meckler&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-88736-267-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalther+Bothe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hentschel">Hentschel</a>, pp. 363–364 and Appendix F; see the entries for Diebner and Döpel. See also the entry for the KWIP in Appendix A and the entry for the HWA in Appendix B.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Macrakis-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Macrakis_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Macrakis_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacrakis,_Kristie1993" class="citation book cs1">Macrakis, Kristie (1993). <i>Surviving the Swastika: Scientific Research in Nazi Germany</i>. Oxford. pp. 164–169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0195070100" title="Special:BookSources/0195070100"><bdi>0195070100</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surviving+the+Swastika%3A+Scientific+Research+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=164-169&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0195070100&rft.au=Macrakis%2C+Kristie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalther+Bothe" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mehra, Jagdish and Rechenberg, Helmut (2001) <i>The Historical Development of Quantum Theory. Volume 6. The Completion of Quantum Mechanics 1926–1941. Part 2. The Conceptual Completion and Extension of Quantum Mechanics 1932–1941. Epilogue: Aspects of the Further Development of Quantum Theory 1942–1999.</i> Springer. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-95086-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-95086-0">978-0-387-95086-0</a>. pp. 1010–1011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dahl1999p141-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dahl1999p141_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahl1999" class="citation book cs1">Dahl, Per F (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MwD44jnjmmsC"><i>Heavy water and the wartime race for nuclear energy</i></a>. Bristol: Institute of Physics Publishing. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/07-5030-6335" title="Special:BookSources/07-5030-6335"><bdi>07-5030-6335</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heavy+water+and+the+wartime+race+for+nuclear+energy&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Institute+of+Physics+Publishing&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=07-5030-6335&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=Per+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMwD44jnjmmsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalther+Bothe" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hentschel">Hentschel</a>, see the entry for the KWIP in Appendix A and the entries for the HWA and the RFR in Appendix B. Also see p. 372 and footnote No. 50 on p. 372.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Walker">Walker</a>, pp. 49–53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kant-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kant_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kant_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kant, Horst (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpiwg-berlin.mpg.de/Preprints/P203.PDF"><i>Werner Heisenberg and the German Uranium Project / Otto Hahn and the Declarations of Mainau and Göttingen</i></a>. Max-Planck Institut für Wissenschaftsgeschichte.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Max Planck Institute for Nuclear Physics</i>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.innovations-report.com/html/profiles/profile-490.html">Innovations Report</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Hentschel">Hentschel</a>, Appendix E; see the entry for <i>Kernphysikalische Forschungsberichte</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Walker">Walker</a>, 268–274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Präparat 38</i>, <i>38-Oxyd</i>, and <i>38</i> were the cover names for uranium oxide; see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutsches-museum.de/archiv/archiv-online/geheimdokumente/forschungszentren/leipzig/schichtenanordnung-h2o/">Deutsches Museum</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">There were 50-odd volumes of the FIAT Reviews of German Science, which covered the period 1930 to 1946 – cited by <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Max von Laue</a> in Document 117, <a href="#Hentschel">Hentschel</a>, 1996, pp. 393–395. FIAT: Field Information Agencies, Technical.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Bothe&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Beyerchen" class="citation book cs1">Beyerchen, Alan D. (1977). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scientistsunderh00alan"><i>Scientists Under Hitler: Politics and the Physics Community in the Third Reich</i></a></span>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-01830-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-01830-4"><bdi>0-300-01830-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scientists+Under+Hitler%3A+Politics+and+the+Physics+Community+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-300-01830-4&rft.au=Beyerchen%2C+Alan+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscientistsunderh00alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalther+Bothe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hentschel" class="citation book cs1">Hentschel, Klaus; Hentschel, Ann M., eds. (1996). <i>Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources</i>. Birkhäuser. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8176-5312-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8176-5312-0"><bdi>0-8176-5312-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physics+and+National+Socialism%3A+An+Anthology+of+Primary+Sources&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-8176-5312-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalther+Bothe" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Walker" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Mark (1993). <i>German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power 1939–1949</i>. Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43804-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43804-7"><bdi>0-521-43804-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+National+Socialism+and+the+Quest+for+Nuclear+Power+1939%E2%80%931949&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-521-43804-7&rft.au=Walker%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalther+Bothe" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walther_Bothe&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Walther_Bothe" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Walther Bothe">Walther Bothe</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Walther Bothe <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1954/bothe-lecture.html">The Coincidence Method</a></i>, <i>The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954</i>, Nobelprize.org (1954). Due to Bothe's illness, this lecture was not delivered orally. <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/articles/states/walther-bothe.html">Walther Bothe</a> and the Physics Institute: the Early Years of Nuclear Physics</i>, Nobelprize.org.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/62">Walther Bothe</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76474#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people/Bothe,+Walther">Annotated Bibliography for Walter Bothe from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1954_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1954 Nobel Prize in Literature">1954</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Hemingway" title="Ernest Hemingway">Ernest Hemingway</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> (Switzerland)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a> (Great Britain)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Walther Bothe</a> (Germany)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Franklin Enders</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Chapman_Robbins" title="Frederick Chapman Robbins">Frederick Chapman Robbins</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Huckle_Weller" title="Thomas Huckle Weller">Thomas Huckle Weller</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1949_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1949 Nobel Prize winners">1949</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1950_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1950 Nobel Prize winners">1950</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1951_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1951 Nobel Prize winners">1951</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1952_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1952 Nobel Prize winners">1952</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1953_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1953 Nobel Prize winners">1953</a></dd> <dd><b>1954 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1955_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1955 Nobel Prize winners">1955</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1956_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1956 Nobel Prize winners">1956</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1957_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1957 Nobel Prize winners">1957</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1958_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1958 Nobel Prize winners">1958</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1959_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1959 Nobel Prize winners">1959</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76474#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76474#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76474#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000118504088">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/169713694">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/209614/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfGWcjtQCHwcCDhQDVwG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119335956">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n87139406">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10937647b">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb10937647b">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bothe, Walther <1891-1957>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RMSV013313">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an49783097">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002153887&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068133243">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1057261">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=214621">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007274020705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058527867006706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA05364682?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=75930">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:bothe.walther">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/416551">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1495487">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119335956.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/119335956">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/119661217">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6j1065v">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walther_Bothe&oldid=1241269759">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Walther_Bothe&oldid=1241269759</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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