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class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Consciousness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consciousness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Awards and honours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Personal life subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Religious views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Roger Penrose</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="روجر بنروز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روجر بنروز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%27%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%B0%27%E0%A6%9C" title="ৰ'জাৰ পেনৰ'জ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰ'জাৰ পেনৰ'জ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="راجر پنروز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="راجر پنروز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C" title="রজার পেনরোজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রজার পেনরোজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%9E%D0%B7" title="Роджэр Пенроўз – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Роджэр Пенроўз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%8A%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Роджър Пенроуз – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Роджър Пенроуз" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B5%CF%81_%CE%A0%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B6" title="Ρότζερ Πένροουζ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρότζερ Πένροουζ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="راجر پنروز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="راجر پنروز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EC%A0%80_%ED%8E%9C%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88" title="로저 펜로즈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로저 펜로즈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%BB%D5%A5%D6%80_%D5%93%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BC%D5%B8%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6" title="Ռոջեր Փենռոուզ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոջեր Փենռոուզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8" title="रोजर पेनरोस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रोजर पेनरोस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%92%27%D7%A8_%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96" title="רוג'ר פנרוז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוג'ר פנרוז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="როჯერ პენროუზი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="როჯერ პენროუზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Роджер Пенроуз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Роджер Пенроуз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Рожер Пенроуз – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Рожер Пенроуз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogerius_Penrose" title="Rogerius Penrose – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Rogerius Penrose" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod%C5%BEers_Penrouzs" title="Rodžers Penrouzs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rodžers Penrouzs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%9F%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Роџер Пенроуз – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Роџер Пенроуз" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="റോജർ പെൻറോസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോജർ പെൻറോസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9D" title="रॉजर पेनरोझ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रॉजर पेनरोझ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="روجر بنروز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روجر بنروز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2" title="راجر پنروز – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="راجر پنروز" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9A%E3%83%B3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA" title="ロジャー・ペンローズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロジャー・ペンローズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC" title="ਰੋਜਰ ਪੈਨਰੋਜ਼ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੋਜਰ ਪੈਨਰੋਜ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="راجر پینریز – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="راجر پینریز" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%89_%D8%AC%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%86_(%D8%AF_%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%8A_%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%8A%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B5%D8%B5)" title="روډ جکسن (د وبايي ناروغيو متخصص) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="روډ جکسن (د وبايي ناروغيو متخصص)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Пенроуз, Роджер – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пенроуз, Роджер" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%D8%AC%DB%95_%D9%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%B2" title="ڕۆجە پێنرۆز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆجە پێنرۆز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%9F%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Роџер Пенроуз – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Роџер Пенроуз" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="உரோசர் பென்ரோசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உரோசர் பென்ரோசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Роджер Пенроуз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роджер Пенроуз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="راجر پینریز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="راجر پینریز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9D%B0%C2%B7%E5%BD%AD%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="罗杰·彭罗斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗杰·彭罗斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Roger Penrose" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%B8%A3%E5%BD%AD%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="羅渣彭羅斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="羅渣彭羅斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%82%91%C2%B7%E6%BD%98%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%AF" title="羅傑·潘洛斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="羅傑·潘洛斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q193803#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British mathematical physicist (born 1931)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Sir Roger Penrose</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Honorary_Fellows_of_the_Institute_of_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary Fellows of the Institute of Physics">HonFInstP</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Roger_Penrose_at_Festival_della_Scienza_Oct_29_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Roger_Penrose_at_Festival_della_Scienza_Oct_29_2011.jpg/220px-Roger_Penrose_at_Festival_della_Scienza_Oct_29_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Roger_Penrose_at_Festival_della_Scienza_Oct_29_2011.jpg/330px-Roger_Penrose_at_Festival_della_Scienza_Oct_29_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Roger_Penrose_at_Festival_della_Scienza_Oct_29_2011.jpg/440px-Roger_Penrose_at_Festival_della_Scienza_Oct_29_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="3600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Penrose in 2011</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1931-08-08</span>) </span>8 August 1931<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 93)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>, Essex, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a> (<a href="/wiki/BSc" class="mw-redirect" title="BSc">BSc</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St John's College, Cambridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight: normal;"><div>List of contributions<span class="nowrap"> </span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Moore%E2%80%93Penrose_inverse" title="Moore–Penrose inverse">Moore–Penrose inverse</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Twistor_theory" title="Twistor theory">Twistor theory</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Spin_network" title="Spin network">Spin network</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Abstract_index_notation" title="Abstract index notation">Abstract index notation</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Black_hole_bomb" title="Black hole bomb">Black hole bomb</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Geometry of spacetime</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_censorship_hypothesis" title="Cosmic censorship hypothesis">Cosmic censorship</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Illumination_problem" title="Illumination problem">Illumination problem</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Weyl_curvature_hypothesis" title="Weyl curvature hypothesis">Weyl curvature hypothesis</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Contributors_to_general_relativity#P" class="mw-redirect" title="Contributors to general relativity">Penrose inequalities</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Penrose_interpretation_of_quantum_mechanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Penrose interpretation of quantum mechanics">Penrose interpretation of quantum mechanics</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Di%C3%B3si%E2%80%93Penrose_model" title="Diósi–Penrose model">Diósi–Penrose model</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Newman%E2%80%93Penrose_formalism" title="Newman–Penrose formalism">Newman–Penrose formalism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/GHP_formalism" title="GHP formalism">GHP formalism</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Penrose_diagram" title="Penrose diagram">Penrose diagram</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Penrose_inequality" class="mw-redirect" title="Penrose inequality">Penrose inequality</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Penrose_process" title="Penrose process">Penrose process</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Penrose_tiling" title="Penrose tiling">Penrose tiling</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Penrose_triangle" title="Penrose triangle">Penrose triangle</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Penrose_stairs" title="Penrose stairs">Penrose stairs</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Penrose%E2%80%93Hawking_singularity_theorems" title="Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems">Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Penrose_graphical_notation" title="Penrose graphical notation">Penrose graphical notation</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Penrose_transform" title="Penrose transform">Penrose transform</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Terrell_rotation" title="Terrell rotation">Penrose–Terrell effect</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Pp-wave_spacetime" title="Pp-wave spacetime">pp-wave spacetime</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%E2%80%93Newton_equations" class="mw-redirect" title="Schrödinger–Newton equations">Schrödinger–Newton equations</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Orch-OR" class="mw-redirect" title="Orch-OR">Orch-OR</a>/<a href="/wiki/Penrose%E2%80%93Lucas_argument" title="Penrose–Lucas argument">Penrose–Lucas argument</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Free-orbit_experiment_with_laser_interferometry_X-rays" title="Free-orbit experiment with laser interferometry X-rays">FELIX experiment</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Trapped_surface" title="Trapped surface">Trapped surface</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Andromeda_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Andromeda paradox">Andromeda paradox</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Conformal_cyclic_cosmology" title="Conformal cyclic cosmology">Conformal cyclic cosmology</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Joan Isabel Wedge</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1959, divorced)<wbr /></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Vanessa Thomas</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1988)<wbr /></div><sup id="cite_ref-whoswho_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Penrose" title="Lionel Penrose">Lionel Penrose</a> (father), <a href="/wiki/Roland_Penrose" title="Roland Penrose">Roland Penrose</a> (uncle), <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Penrose" title="Jonathan Penrose">Jonathan Penrose</a> (brother), <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Penrose" title="Oliver Penrose">Oliver Penrose</a> (brother), <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Hodgson" title="Shirley Hodgson">Shirley Hodgson</a> (sister), <a href="/wiki/Antony_Penrose" title="Antony Penrose">Antony Penrose</a> (cousin)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight: normal;"><div>List of awards<span class="nowrap"> </span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Adams_Prize" title="Adams Prize">Adams Prize</a> (1966) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Dannie_Heineman_Prize_for_Mathematical_Physics" title="Dannie Heineman Prize for Mathematical Physics">Heineman Prize</a> (1971) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> (1972) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Eddington_Medal" title="Eddington Medal">Eddington Medal</a> (1975) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> (1985) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize" title="Wolf Prize">Wolf Prize</a> (1988) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Dirac_Medal_(IOP)" title="Dirac Medal (IOP)">Dirac Medal (IOP)</a> (1989) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Medal" title="Albert Einstein Medal">Albert Einstein Medal</a> (1990) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Naylor_Prize_and_Lectureship" title="Naylor Prize and Lectureship">Naylor Prize and Lectureship</a> (1991) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">Knight Bachelor</a> (1994) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/James_Scott_Prize_Lectureship" title="James Scott Prize Lectureship">James Scott Prize Lectureship</a> (1997–2000) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Schwarzschild_Medal" title="Karl Schwarzschild Medal">Karl Schwarzschild Medal</a> (2000) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/De_Morgan_Medal" title="De Morgan Medal">De Morgan Medal</a> (2004) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Dalton_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalton Medal">Dalton Medal</a> (2005) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (2008) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Fonseca_Prize" title="Fonseca Prize">Fonseca Prize</a> (2011) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (2020) </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_physics" title="Mathematical physics">Mathematical physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">tessellations</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedford_College,_London" title="Bedford College, London">Bedford College, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="King's College, London">King's College, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkbeck,_University_of_London" title="Birkbeck, University of London">Birkbeck, University of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadham_College,_Oxford" title="Wadham College, Oxford">Wadham College, Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Polish Academy of Sciences">Polish Academy of Sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idiscover.lib.cam.ac.uk/permalink/f/t9gok8/44CAM_ALMA21428192330003606">Tensor Methods in Algebraic Geometry</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1957)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J._A._Todd" title="J. A. Todd">John A. Todd</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/W._V._D._Hodge" title="W. V. D. Hodge">W. V. D. Hodge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hodges" title="Andrew Hodges">Andrew Hodges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lane_P._Hughston" title="Lane P. Hughston">Lane Hughston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Jozsa" title="Richard Jozsa">Richard Jozsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_LeBrun" title="Claude LeBrun">Claude LeBrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McNamara_(mathematical_biologist)" title="John McNamara (mathematical biologist)">John McNamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_Needham" title="Tristan Needham">Tristan Needham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Poston" title="Tim Poston">Tim Poston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asghar_Qadir" title="Asghar Qadir">Asghar Qadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ward" title="Richard S. Ward">Richard S. Ward</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir Roger Penrose</b> (born 8 August 1931)<sup id="cite_ref-whoswho_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a British <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_physicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical physicist">mathematical physicist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosopher of science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Laureate in Physics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is <a href="/wiki/Emeritus" title="Emeritus">Emeritus</a> <a href="/wiki/Rouse_Ball_Professor_of_Mathematics" title="Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics">Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics</a> in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, an emeritus fellow of <a href="/wiki/Wadham_College,_Oxford" title="Wadham College, Oxford">Wadham College, Oxford</a>, and an honorary fellow of <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St John's College, Cambridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penrose has contributed to the mathematical physics of <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physical_cosmology" title="Physical cosmology">cosmology</a>. He has received several prizes and awards, including the 1988 <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" title="Wolf Prize in Physics">Wolf Prize in Physics</a>, which he shared with <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Penrose%E2%80%93Hawking_singularity_theorems" title="Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems">Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> "for the discovery that <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a> formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity".<sup id="cite_ref-mactutor_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mactutor-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-imdb_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-imdb-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_Prize_2020_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_Prize_2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT-20201006_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-20201006-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Penrose&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>, Essex, Roger Penrose is a son of physician Margaret (née Leathes) and psychiatrist and geneticist <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Penrose" title="Lionel Penrose">Lionel Penrose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His paternal grandparents were <a href="/wiki/J._Doyle_Penrose" title="J. Doyle Penrose">J. Doyle Penrose</a>, an Irish-born artist, and The Hon. Elizabeth Josephine Peckover, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Peckover,_1st_Baron_Peckover" title="Alexander Peckover, 1st Baron Peckover">Alexander Peckover, 1st Baron Peckover</a>; his maternal grandparents were <a href="/wiki/Physiologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiologist">physiologist</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Beresford_Leathes" title="John Beresford Leathes">John Beresford Leathes</a> and Sonia Marie Natanson, a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia" title="History of the Jews in Russia">Russian Jew</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brookfield_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brookfield-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rsbm_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rsbm-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-elementy.ru_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-elementy.ru-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His uncle was artist Sir <a href="/wiki/Roland_Penrose" title="Roland Penrose">Roland Penrose</a>, whose son with American photographer <a href="/wiki/Lee_Miller" title="Lee Miller">Lee Miller</a> is <a href="/wiki/Antony_Penrose" title="Antony Penrose">Antony Penrose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penrose is the brother of physicist <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Penrose" title="Oliver Penrose">Oliver Penrose</a>, of geneticist <a href="/wiki/Shirley_Hodgson" title="Shirley Hodgson">Shirley Hodgson</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Grandmaster_(chess)" title="Grandmaster (chess)">chess Grandmaster</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Penrose" title="Jonathan Penrose">Jonathan Penrose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Roger_Penrose_-_Biography_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roger_Penrose_-_Biography-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their stepfather was the mathematician and computer scientist <a href="/wiki/Max_Newman" title="Max Newman">Max Newman</a>. </p><p>Penrose spent World War II as a child in Canada where his father worked in <a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London, Ontario</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penrose studied at <a href="/wiki/University_College_School" title="University College School">University College School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-whoswho_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whoswho-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He then attended <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>, where he obtained a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BSc</a> degree with <a href="/wiki/First_Class_Honours" class="mw-redirect" title="First Class Honours">First Class Honours</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-Roger_Penrose_-_Biography_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roger_Penrose_-_Biography-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1955, while a doctoral student, Penrose reintroduced the <a href="/wiki/E._H._Moore" title="E. H. Moore">E. H. Moore</a> generalised matrix inverse, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Moore%E2%80%93Penrose_inverse" title="Moore–Penrose inverse">Moore–Penrose inverse</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after it had been reinvented by <a href="/wiki/Arne_Bjerhammar" title="Arne Bjerhammar">Arne Bjerhammar</a> in 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having started research under the professor of geometry and astronomy, Sir <a href="/wiki/W._V._D._Hodge" title="W. V. D. Hodge">W. V. D. Hodge</a>, Penrose received his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a> in <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_geometry" title="Algebraic geometry">algebraic geometry</a> at <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St John's College, Cambridge</a> in 1957, with his thesis titled "Tensor Methods in Algebraic Geometry"<sup id="cite_ref-pphd_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pphd-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supervised by algebraist and geometer <a href="/wiki/J._A._Todd" title="J. A. Todd">John A. Todd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He devised and popularised the <a href="/wiki/Penrose_triangle" title="Penrose triangle">Penrose triangle</a> in the 1950s in collaboration with his father, describing it as "impossibility in its purest form", and exchanged material with the artist <a href="/wiki/M._C._Escher" title="M. C. Escher">M. C. Escher</a>, whose earlier depictions of impossible objects partly inspired it.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Escher's <a href="/wiki/Waterfall_(M._C._Escher)" title="Waterfall (M. C. Escher)"><i>Waterfall</i></a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ascending_and_Descending" title="Ascending and Descending">Ascending and Descending</a></i> were in turn inspired by Penrose.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penrose-dreieck.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Penrose-dreieck.svg/220px-Penrose-dreieck.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Penrose-dreieck.svg/330px-Penrose-dreieck.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Penrose-dreieck.svg/440px-Penrose-dreieck.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Penrose_triangle" title="Penrose triangle">Penrose triangle</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>As reviewer Manjit Kumar puts it: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As a student in 1954, Penrose was attending a conference in Amsterdam when by chance he came across an exhibition of Escher's work. Soon he was trying to conjure up impossible figures of his own and discovered the tribar – a triangle that looks like a real, solid three-dimensional object, but isn't. Together with his father, a physicist and mathematician, Penrose went on to design a <a href="/wiki/Penrose_stairs" title="Penrose stairs">staircase</a> that simultaneously loops up and down. An article followed and a copy was sent to Escher. Completing a cyclical flow of creativity, the Dutch master of geometrical illusions was inspired to produce his two masterpieces.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_and_career">Research and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Penrose&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penrose spent the academic year 1956–57 as an assistant lecturer at Bedford College (now <a href="/wiki/Royal_Holloway,_University_of_London" title="Royal Holloway, University of London">Royal Holloway, University of London</a>) and was then a research fellow at <a href="/wiki/St_John%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="St John's College, Cambridge">St John's College, Cambridge</a>. During that three-year post, he married Joan Isabel Wedge, in 1959. Before the fellowship ended Penrose won a <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> Research Fellowship for 1959–61, first at <a href="/wiki/Princeton" class="mw-redirect" title="Princeton">Princeton</a> and then at <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University" title="Syracuse University">Syracuse University</a>. Returning to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>, Penrose spent 1961–63 as a researcher at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_London" class="mw-redirect" title="King's College, London">King's College, London</a>, before returning to the United States to spend 1963–64 as a visiting associate professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_at_Austin" title="University of Texas at Austin">University of Texas at Austin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He later held visiting positions at <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University" title="Yeshiva University">Yeshiva University</a>, Princeton and <a href="/wiki/Cornell" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornell">Cornell</a> during 1966–67 and 1969. </p><p>In 1964, while a <a href="/wiki/Reader_(academic_rank)" title="Reader (academic rank)">reader</a> at Birkbeck College, London, (and having had his attention drawn from pure mathematics to astrophysics by the cosmologist <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Sciama" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis Sciama">Dennis Sciama</a>, then at Cambridge)<sup id="cite_ref-Roger_Penrose_-_Biography_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roger_Penrose_-_Biography-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the words of <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Kip Thorne</a> of Caltech, "Roger Penrose revolutionised the mathematical tools that we use to analyse the properties of spacetime".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until then, work on the curved geometry of general relativity had been confined to configurations with sufficiently high symmetry for Einstein's equations to be solvable explicitly, and there was doubt about whether such cases were typical. One approach to this issue was by the use of <a href="/wiki/Perturbation_theory" title="Perturbation theory">perturbation theory</a>, as developed under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Archibald Wheeler</a> at Princeton.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other, and more radically innovative, approach initiated by Penrose was to overlook the detailed geometrical structure of spacetime and instead concentrate attention just on the topology of the space, or at most its <a href="/wiki/Conformal_structure" class="mw-redirect" title="Conformal structure">conformal structure</a>, since it is the latter – as determined by the lay of the lightcones – that determines the trajectories of lightlike geodesics, and hence their causal relationships. The importance of Penrose's epoch-making paper "Gravitational Collapse and Space-Time Singularities"<sup id="cite_ref-Penrose1965_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penrose1965-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (summarised roughly as that if an object such as a dying star implodes beyond a certain point, then nothing can prevent the gravitational field getting so strong as to form some kind of singularity) was not its only result. It also showed a way to obtain similarly general conclusions in other contexts, notably that of the cosmological <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a>, which he dealt with in collaboration with Sciama's most famous student, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CNRSblackhole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/CNRSblackhole.jpg/300px-CNRSblackhole.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/CNRSblackhole.jpg/450px-CNRSblackhole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/CNRSblackhole.jpg/600px-CNRSblackhole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Predicted view from outside the <a href="/wiki/Event_horizon" title="Event horizon">event horizon</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a> lit by a thin accretion disc</figcaption></figure> <p>It was in the local context of gravitational collapse that the contribution of Penrose was most decisive, starting with his 1969 cosmic censorship conjecture,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the effect that any ensuing singularities would be confined within a well-behaved <a href="/wiki/Event_horizon" title="Event horizon">event horizon</a> surrounding a hidden space-time region for which Wheeler coined the term <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a>, leaving a visible exterior region with strong but finite curvature, from which some of the gravitational energy may be extractable by what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Penrose_process" title="Penrose process">Penrose process</a>, while accretion of surrounding matter may release further energy that can account for astrophysical phenomena such as <a href="/wiki/Quasars" class="mw-redirect" title="Quasars">quasars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Curiel_2020_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curiel_2020-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following up his "weak <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_censorship_hypothesis" title="Cosmic censorship hypothesis">cosmic censorship hypothesis</a>", Penrose went on, in 1979, to formulate a stronger version called the "strong censorship hypothesis". Together with the <a href="/wiki/BKL_conjecture" class="mw-redirect" title="BKL conjecture">Belinski–Khalatnikov–Lifshitz conjecture</a> and issues of nonlinear stability, settling the censorship conjectures is one of the most important outstanding problems in <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>. Also from 1979, dates Penrose's influential <a href="/wiki/Weyl_curvature_hypothesis" title="Weyl curvature hypothesis">Weyl curvature hypothesis</a> on the initial conditions of the observable part of the universe and the origin of the <a href="/wiki/Second_law_of_thermodynamics" title="Second law of thermodynamics">second law of thermodynamics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penrose and James Terrell independently realised that objects travelling near the speed of light will appear to undergo a peculiar skewing or rotation. This effect has come to be called the <a href="/wiki/Terrell_rotation" title="Terrell rotation">Terrell rotation</a> or Penrose–Terrell rotation.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penrose_Tiling_(Rhombi).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Penrose_Tiling_%28Rhombi%29.svg/220px-Penrose_Tiling_%28Rhombi%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Penrose_Tiling_%28Rhombi%29.svg/330px-Penrose_Tiling_%28Rhombi%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Penrose_Tiling_%28Rhombi%29.svg/440px-Penrose_Tiling_%28Rhombi%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Penrose_tiling" title="Penrose tiling">Penrose tiling</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1967, Penrose invented the <a href="/wiki/Twistor_theory" title="Twistor theory">twistor theory</a>, which maps geometric objects in <a href="/wiki/Minkowski_space" title="Minkowski space">Minkowski space</a> into the 4-dimensional complex space with the metric signature (2,2).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penrose is well known for his 1974 discovery of <a href="/wiki/Penrose_tiling" title="Penrose tiling">Penrose tilings</a>, which are formed from two tiles that can only <a href="/wiki/Tessellation" title="Tessellation">tile</a> the plane nonperiodically, and are the first tilings to exhibit fivefold rotational symmetry. In 1984, such patterns were observed in the arrangement of atoms in <a href="/wiki/Quasicrystal" title="Quasicrystal">quasicrystals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another noteworthy contribution is his 1971 invention of <a href="/wiki/Spin_network" title="Spin network">spin networks</a>, which later came to form the geometry of <a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">spacetime</a> in <a href="/wiki/Loop_quantum_gravity" title="Loop quantum gravity">loop quantum gravity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was influential in popularizing what are commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Penrose_diagram" title="Penrose diagram">Penrose diagrams</a> (causal diagrams).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1983, Penrose was invited to teach at <a href="/wiki/Rice_University" title="Rice University">Rice University</a> in Houston, by the then provost Bill Gordon. He worked there from 1983 to 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His doctoral students have included, among others, <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hodges" title="Andrew Hodges">Andrew Hodges</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-aphd_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aphd-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lane_P._Hughston" title="Lane P. Hughston">Lane Hughston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Jozsa" title="Richard Jozsa">Richard Jozsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claude_LeBrun" title="Claude LeBrun">Claude LeBrun</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_McNamara_(mathematical_biologist)" title="John McNamara (mathematical biologist)">John McNamara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tristan_Needham" title="Tristan Needham">Tristan Needham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Poston" title="Tim Poston">Tim Poston</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mathgene_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mathgene-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Asghar_Qadir" title="Asghar Qadir">Asghar Qadir</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Richard_S._Ward" title="Richard S. Ward">Richard S. Ward</a>. </p><p>In 2004, Penrose released <i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Reality:_A_Complete_Guide_to_the_Laws_of_the_Universe" class="mw-redirect" title="The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe">The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe</a></i>, a 1,099-page comprehensive guide to the <a href="/wiki/Physical_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical law">Laws of Physics</a> that includes an explanation of his own theory. The <a href="/wiki/Penrose_interpretation" title="Penrose interpretation">Penrose Interpretation</a> predicts the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum mechanics</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">general relativity</a>, and proposes that a <a href="/wiki/Quantum_state" title="Quantum state">quantum state</a> remains in <a href="/wiki/Quantum_superposition" title="Quantum superposition">superposition</a> until the difference of <a href="/wiki/Space-time_curvature" class="mw-redirect" title="Space-time curvature">space-time curvature</a> attains a significant level.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penrose is the Francis and Helen Pentz Distinguished Visiting Professor of Physics and Mathematics at <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="An_earlier_universe">An earlier universe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Penrose&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: An earlier universe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WMAP_2010.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/WMAP_2010.png/300px-WMAP_2010.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/WMAP_2010.png/450px-WMAP_2010.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/WMAP_2010.png/600px-WMAP_2010.png 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe" title="Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe">WMAP</a> image of the (extremely tiny) anisotropies in the <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_background_radiation" title="Cosmic background radiation">cosmic background radiation</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 2010, Penrose reported possible evidence, based on concentric circles found in <a href="/wiki/WMAP" class="mw-redirect" title="WMAP">Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe</a> data of the <a href="/wiki/CMB" class="mw-redirect" title="CMB">cosmic microwave background</a> sky, of an earlier universe existing before the <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> of our own present universe.<sup id="cite_ref-Gurzadyan_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gurzadyan-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He mentions this evidence in the epilogue of his 2010 book <i><a href="/wiki/Cycles_of_Time" title="Cycles of Time">Cycles of Time</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a book in which he presents his reasons, to do with <a href="/wiki/Einstein%27s_field_equations" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein's field equations">Einstein's field equations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Weyl_curvature" class="mw-redirect" title="Weyl curvature">Weyl curvature</a> C, and the <a href="/wiki/Weyl_curvature_hypothesis" title="Weyl curvature hypothesis">Weyl curvature hypothesis</a> (WCH), that the transition at the Big Bang could have been smooth enough for a previous universe to survive it.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made several conjectures about C and the WCH, some of which were subsequently proved by others, and he also popularized his <a href="/wiki/Conformal_cyclic_cosmology" title="Conformal cyclic cosmology">conformal cyclic cosmology</a> (CCC) theory.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this theory, Penrose postulates that at the end of the universe all matter is eventually contained within black holes, which subsequently evaporate via <a href="/wiki/Hawking_radiation" title="Hawking radiation">Hawking radiation</a>. At this point, everything contained within the universe consists of <a href="/wiki/Photons" class="mw-redirect" title="Photons">photons</a>, which "experience" neither time nor space. There is essentially no difference between an infinitely large universe consisting only of photons and an infinitely small universe consisting only of photons. Therefore, a singularity for a <a href="/wiki/Big_Bang" title="Big Bang">Big Bang</a> and an infinitely expanded universe are equivalent.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In simple terms, Penrose believes that the singularity in <a href="/wiki/Einstein%27s_field_equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein's field equation">Einstein's field equation</a> at the Big Bang is only an apparent singularity, similar to the well-known apparent singularity at the <a href="/wiki/Event_horizon" title="Event horizon">event horizon</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">black hole</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Curiel_2020_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curiel_2020-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter singularity can be removed by a change of <a href="/wiki/Coordinate_system" title="Coordinate system">coordinate system</a>, and Penrose proposes a different change of coordinate system that will remove the singularity at the big bang.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One implication of this is that the major events at the Big Bang can be understood without unifying general relativity and quantum mechanics, and therefore we are not necessarily constrained by the <a href="/wiki/Wheeler%E2%80%93DeWitt_equation" title="Wheeler–DeWitt equation">Wheeler–DeWitt equation</a>, which disrupts time.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, one can use the Einstein–Maxwell–Dirac equations.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consciousness">Consciousness</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Penrose&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consciousness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roger_Penrose_9671.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Roger_Penrose_9671.JPG/220px-Roger_Penrose_9671.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Roger_Penrose_9671.JPG/330px-Roger_Penrose_9671.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Roger_Penrose_9671.JPG/440px-Roger_Penrose_9671.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption>Penrose at a conference</figcaption></figure> <p>Penrose has written books on the connection between fundamental physics and human (or animal) consciousness. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Mind" title="The Emperor's New Mind">The Emperor's New Mind</a></i> (1989), he argues that known laws of physics are inadequate to explain the phenomenon of consciousness.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penrose proposes the characteristics this new physics may have and specifies the requirements for a bridge between classical and quantum mechanics (what he calls <i>correct quantum gravity</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penrose uses a variant of <a href="/wiki/Turing%27s_halting_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Turing's halting theorem">Turing's halting theorem</a> to demonstrate that a system can be <a href="/wiki/Deterministic" class="mw-redirect" title="Deterministic">deterministic</a> without being <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithmic</a>. (For example, imagine a system with only two states, ON and OFF. If the system's state is ON when a given <a href="/wiki/Turing_machine" title="Turing machine">Turing machine</a> halts and OFF when the Turing machine does not halt, then the system's state is completely determined by the machine; nevertheless, there is no algorithmic way to determine whether the Turing machine stops.)<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penrose believes that such deterministic yet non-algorithmic processes may come into play in the quantum mechanical <a href="/wiki/Wave_function_collapse" title="Wave function collapse">wave function reduction</a>, and may be harnessed by the brain. He argues that computers today are unable to have intelligence because they are algorithmically deterministic systems. He argues against the viewpoint that the rational processes of the mind are completely algorithmic and can thus be duplicated by a sufficiently complex computer.<sup id="cite_ref-Penrose-2016_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penrose-2016-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contrasts with supporters of <a href="/wiki/Computational_theory_of_mind" title="Computational theory of mind">strong artificial intelligence</a>, who contend that thought can be simulated algorithmically. He bases this on claims that consciousness transcends <a href="/wiki/Formal_logic" class="mw-redirect" title="Formal logic">formal logic</a> because factors such as the insolubility of the <a href="/wiki/Halting_problem" title="Halting problem">halting problem</a> and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del%27s_incompleteness_theorem" class="mw-redirect" title="Gödel's incompleteness theorem">Gödel's incompleteness theorem</a> prevent an algorithmically based system of logic from reproducing such traits of human intelligence as mathematical insight.<sup id="cite_ref-Penrose-2016_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penrose-2016-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These claims were originally espoused by the philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Lucas_(philosopher)" title="John Lucas (philosopher)">John Lucas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Merton_College,_Oxford" title="Merton College, Oxford">Merton College</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Penrose%E2%80%93Lucas_argument" title="Penrose–Lucas argument">Penrose–Lucas argument</a> about the implications of Gödel's incompleteness theorem for computational theories of human intelligence has been criticised by mathematicians, computer scientists and philosophers. Many experts in these fields assert that Penrose's argument fails, though different authors may choose different aspects of the argument to attack.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Minsky" title="Marvin Minsky">Marvin Minsky</a>, a leading proponent of artificial intelligence, was particularly critical, stating that Penrose "tries to show, in chapter after chapter, that human thought cannot be based on any known scientific principle." Minsky's position is exactly the opposite – he believed that humans are, in fact, machines, whose functioning, although complex, is fully explainable by current physics. Minsky maintained that "one can carry that quest [for scientific explanation] too far by only seeking new basic principles instead of attacking the real detail. This is what I see in Penrose's quest for a new basic principle of physics that will account for consciousness."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penrose responded to criticism of <i>The Emperor's New Mind</i> with his follow-up 1994 book <i><a href="/wiki/Shadows_of_the_Mind" title="Shadows of the Mind">Shadows of the Mind</a></i>, and in 1997 with <i><a href="/wiki/The_Large,_the_Small_and_the_Human_Mind" title="The Large, the Small and the Human Mind">The Large, the Small and the Human Mind</a></i>. In those works, he also combined his observations with those of anesthesiologist <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Hameroff" title="Stuart Hameroff">Stuart Hameroff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penrose and Hameroff have argued that <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> is the result of quantum gravity effects in <a href="/wiki/Microtubule" title="Microtubule">microtubules</a>, which they dubbed <a href="/wiki/Orch-OR" class="mw-redirect" title="Orch-OR">Orch-OR</a> (orchestrated objective reduction). <a href="/wiki/Max_Tegmark" title="Max Tegmark">Max Tegmark</a>, in a paper in <i>Physical Review E</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> calculated that the time scale of neuron firing and excitations in microtubules is slower than the <a href="/wiki/Quantum_decoherence" title="Quantum decoherence">decoherence</a> time by a factor of at least 10,000,000,000. The reception of the paper is summed up by this statement in Tegmark's support: "Physicists outside the fray, such as IBM's <a href="/wiki/John_A._Smolin" title="John A. Smolin">John A. Smolin</a>, say the calculations confirm what they had suspected all along. 'We're not working with a brain that's near absolute zero. It's reasonably unlikely that the brain evolved quantum behavior'".<sup id="cite_ref-Tetlow_2007_166_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tetlow_2007_166-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tegmark's paper has been widely cited by critics of the Penrose–Hameroff position. </p><p>Phillip Tetlow, although himself supportive of Penrose's views, acknowledges that Penrose's ideas about the human thought process are at present a minority view in scientific circles, citing Minsky's criticisms and quoting science journalist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Seife" title="Charles Seife">Charles Seife</a>'s description of Penrose as "one of a handful of scientists" who believe that the nature of consciousness suggests a quantum process.<sup id="cite_ref-Tetlow_2007_166_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tetlow_2007_166-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 2014, Hameroff and Penrose ventured that a discovery of quantum vibrations in microtubules by Anirban Bandyopadhyay of the National Institute for Materials Science in Japan<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> supports the hypothesis of <a href="/wiki/Orchestrated_objective_reduction" title="Orchestrated objective reduction">Orch-OR theory</a>. A reviewed and updated version of the theory was published along with critical commentary and debate in the March 2014 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Physics_of_Life_Reviews" title="Physics of Life Reviews">Physics of Life Reviews</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hameroff2014_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hameroff2014-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publications">Publications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Penrose&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His popular publications include: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Mind" title="The Emperor's New Mind">The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and The Laws of Physics</a></i> (1989)<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shadows_of_the_Mind" title="Shadows of the Mind">Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness</a></i> (1994)<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Reality:_A_Complete_Guide_to_the_Laws_of_the_Universe" class="mw-redirect" title="The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe">The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe</a></i> (2004)<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cycles_of_Time" title="Cycles of Time">Cycles of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe</a></i> (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fashion,_Faith,_and_Fantasy_in_the_New_Physics_of_the_Universe" title="Fashion, Faith, and Fantasy in the New Physics of the Universe">Fashion, Faith, and Fantasy in the New Physics of the Universe</a></i> (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>His co-authored publications include: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_of_Space_and_Time" title="The Nature of Space and Time">The Nature of Space and Time</a></i> (with <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a>) (1996)<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Large,_the_Small_and_the_Human_Mind" title="The Large, the Small and the Human Mind">The Large, the Small and the Human Mind</a></i> (with <a href="/wiki/Abner_Shimony" title="Abner Shimony">Abner Shimony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Cartwright_(philosopher)" title="Nancy Cartwright (philosopher)">Nancy Cartwright</a>, and Stephen Hawking) (1997)<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>White Mars: The Mind Set Free</i> (with <a href="/wiki/Brian_Aldiss" title="Brian Aldiss">Brian Aldiss</a>) (1999)<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>His academic books include: </p> <ul><li><i>Techniques of Differential Topology in Relativity</i> (1972, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89871-005-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89871-005-7">0-89871-005-7</a>)</li> <li><i>Spinors and Space-Time: Volume 1, Two-Spinor Calculus and Relativistic Fields</i> (with <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Rindler" title="Wolfgang Rindler">Wolfgang Rindler</a>, 1987) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-33707-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-33707-0">0-521-33707-0</a> (paperback)</li> <li><i>Spinors and Space-Time: Volume 2, Spinor and Twistor Methods in Space-Time Geometry</i> (with Wolfgang Rindler, 1988) (reprint), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-34786-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-34786-6">0-521-34786-6</a> (paperback)</li></ul> <p>His forewords to other books include: </p> <ul><li>Foreword to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.springer.com/book/9783319724775">"The Map and the Territory: Exploring the foundations of science, thought and reality"</a> by Shyam Wuppuluri and Francisco Antonio Doria. Published by Springer in "The Frontiers Collection", 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Foreword to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/p856"><i>Beating the Odds: The Life and Times of E. A. Milne</i></a>, written by Meg Weston Smith. Published by World Scientific Publishing Co in June 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Foreword to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldscientific.com/worldscibooks/10.1142/8306">"A Computable Universe"</a> by Hector Zenil. Published by World Scientific Publishing Co in December 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Foreword to <i><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Aspects_of_Life" title="Quantum Aspects of Life">Quantum Aspects of Life</a></i> by Derek Abbott, Paul C. W. Davies, and Arun K. Pati. Published by Imperial College Press in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Foreword to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/p8509.pdf"><i>Fearful Symmetry</i></a> by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Zee" title="Anthony Zee">Anthony Zee</a>'s. Published by Princeton University Press in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Penrose&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Awards and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RogerPenrose_CapturingInfinity_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/RogerPenrose_CapturingInfinity_cropped.jpg/220px-RogerPenrose_CapturingInfinity_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/RogerPenrose_CapturingInfinity_cropped.jpg/330px-RogerPenrose_CapturingInfinity_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/RogerPenrose_CapturingInfinity_cropped.jpg/440px-RogerPenrose_CapturingInfinity_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="697" /></a><figcaption>Penrose during a lecture</figcaption></figure> <p>Penrose has been awarded many prizes for his contributions to science. In 1971, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Dannie_Heineman_Prize_for_Astrophysics" title="Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics">Dannie Heineman Prize for Astrophysics</a> by the <a href="/wiki/American_Astronomical_Society" title="American Astronomical Society">American Astronomical Society</a> and <a href="/wiki/American_Institute_of_Physics" title="American Institute of Physics">American Institute of Physics</a>. He was elected a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1972" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1972">Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 1972</a>. In 1975, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> and Penrose were jointly awarded the <a href="/wiki/Eddington_Medal" title="Eddington Medal">Eddington Medal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Royal Astronomical Society">Royal Astronomical Society</a>. In 1985, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a>. Along with Stephen Hawking, he was awarded the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" title="Wolf Prize in Physics">Wolf Prize in Physics</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Foundation" title="Wolf Foundation">Wolf Foundation</a> (Israel) in 1988. </p><p>In 1989, Penrose was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Dirac_Medal_(IOP)" title="Dirac Medal (IOP)">Dirac Medal and Prize</a> of the British <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Physics" title="Institute of Physics">Institute of Physics</a>. He was also made an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_Fellow_of_the_Institute_of_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Physics">Honorary Fellow of the Institute of Physics</a> (HonFInstP).<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, Penrose was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Medal" title="Albert Einstein Medal">Albert Einstein Medal</a> for outstanding work related to the work of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein_Society" title="Albert Einstein Society">Albert Einstein Society</a> (Switzerland). In 1991, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Naylor_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Naylor Prize">Naylor Prize</a> of the <a href="/wiki/London_Mathematical_Society" title="London Mathematical Society">London Mathematical Society</a>. From 1992 to 1995, he served as President of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isgrg.org/">International Society on General Relativity and Gravitation</a>. </p><p>In 1994, Penrose was <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighted</a> for services to science.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, he was also awarded an honorary degree of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Science" title="Doctor of Science">Doctor of Science</a> (DSc) by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bath" title="University of Bath">University of Bath</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became a member of <a href="/wiki/Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Polish Academy of Sciences">Polish Academy of Sciences</a>. In 1998, he was elected Foreign Associate of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">United States National Academy of Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2000, he was appointed a <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">Member of the Order of Merit</a> (OM).<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/De_Morgan_Medal" title="De Morgan Medal">De Morgan Medal</a> by the <a href="/wiki/London_Mathematical_Society" title="London Mathematical Society">London Mathematical Society</a> for his wide and original contributions to mathematical physics.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To quote the citation from the society: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>His deep work on General Relativity has been a major factor in our understanding of black holes. His development of <a href="/wiki/Twistor_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Twistor Theory">Twistor Theory</a> has produced a beautiful and productive approach to the classical equations of mathematical physics. His tilings of the plane underlie the newly discovered quasi-crystals.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 2005, Penrose received an <a href="/wiki/Doctorate_Honoris_Causa" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctorate Honoris Causa">Doctorate Honoris Causa</a> (Dr.h.c.) from each the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw University">Warsaw University</a> (Poland)<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Katholieke_Universiteit_Leuven" class="mw-redirect" title="Katholieke Universiteit Leuven">Katholieke Universiteit Leuven</a> (Belgium).<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, he was conferred the honorary degree of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of the University">Doctor of the University</a> (DUniv) by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_York" title="University of York">University of York</a><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and also won the <a href="/wiki/Dirac_Medal_(UNSW)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dirac Medal (UNSW)">Dirac Medal</a> given by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_New_South_Wales" title="University of New South Wales">University of New South Wales</a> (Australia). In 2008, Penrose was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> of the Royal Society. He is also a Distinguished Supporter of <a href="/wiki/Humanists_UK" title="Humanists UK">Humanists UK</a> and one of the patrons of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Scientific_Society" title="Oxford University Scientific Society">Oxford University Scientific Society</a>. </p><p>He was elected to the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a> in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year, he was also awarded the <a href="/wiki/Fonseca_Prize" title="Fonseca Prize">Fonseca Prize</a> by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Santiago_de_Compostela" title="University of Santiago de Compostela">University of Santiago de Compostela</a> (Spain). </p><p>In 2012, Penrose was awarded the Richard R. Ernst Medal by <a href="/wiki/ETH_Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="ETH Zürich">ETH Zürich</a> (Switzerland) for his contributions to science and strengthening the connection between science and society. In that year, he was also awarded the honorary degree of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Science" title="Doctor of Science">Doctor of Science</a> (DSc) by the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a> (Ireland)<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well a <a href="/wiki/Honorary_Doctorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary Doctorate">Honorary Doctorate</a> degree by the <a href="/wiki/Igor_Sikorsky_Kyiv_Polytechnic_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute">Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute</a> (Ukraine).<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, Penrose was awarded an <a href="/wiki/Doctorate_Honoris_Causa" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctorate Honoris Causa">Doctorate Honoris Causa</a> (Dr.h.c.) by <a href="/wiki/CINVESTAV" title="CINVESTAV">CINVESTAV</a> (Mexico).<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017, he was awarded the Commandino Medal at the <a href="/wiki/Urbino_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Urbino University">Urbino University</a> (Italy) for his contributions to the history of science. In that year as well, he was awarded an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_Doctor_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary Doctor of Science">Honorary Doctor of Science</a> degree (DSc) by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, Penrose was awarded one half of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a> for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity, a half-share also going to <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Reinhard Genzel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Ghez" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrea Ghez">Andrea Ghez</a> for the discovery of a <a href="/wiki/Galactic_Center#Supermassive_black_hole" title="Galactic Center">supermassive compact object</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Centre_of_our_galaxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre of our galaxy">centre of our galaxy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_Prize_2020_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_Prize_2020-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same year, he was also awarded the honorary degree of <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Science" title="Doctor of Science">Doctor of Science</a> (DSc) by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Penrose&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penrose's first marriage was to American Joan Isabel Penrose (née Wedge), whom he married in 1959. They had three sons.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Penrose is now married to Vanessa Thomas, director of Academic Development at <a href="/wiki/Cokethorpe_School" title="Cokethorpe School">Cokethorpe School</a> and former head of mathematics at <a href="/wiki/Abingdon_School" title="Abingdon School">Abingdon School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gruberprizes.org_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gruberprizes.org-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have one son.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gruberprizes.org_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gruberprizes.org-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Penrose&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religious views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During an interview with BBC Radio 4 on 25 September 2010, Penrose stated, "I'm not a believer myself. I don't believe in established religions of any kind."<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He regards himself as an agnostic.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1991 film <i><a href="/wiki/A_Brief_History_of_Time_(film)" title="A Brief History of Time (film)">A Brief History of Time</a></i>, he also said, "I think I would say that the universe has a purpose, it's not somehow just there by chance … some people, I think, take the view that the universe is just there and it runs along—it's a bit like it just sort of computes, and we happen somehow by accident to find ourselves in this thing. But I don't think that's a very fruitful or helpful way of looking at the universe, I think that there is something much deeper about it."<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penrose is a patron of <a href="/wiki/Humanists_UK" title="Humanists UK">Humanists UK</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Penrose&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_Roger_Penrose" title="List of things named after Roger Penrose">List of things named after Roger Penrose</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Penrose&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The 2020 Nobel Prize was also awarded jointly to <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Reinhard Genzel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Ghez" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrea Ghez">Andrea Ghez</a> for their work on black holes.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Penrose and his father shared mathematical concepts with Dutch graphic artist <a href="/wiki/M._C._Escher" title="M. C. Escher">M. C. Escher</a>, which were incorporated into a lot of pieces, including <a href="/wiki/Waterfall_(M._C._Escher)" title="Waterfall (M. C. Escher)"><i>Waterfall</i></a>, which is based on the '<a href="/wiki/Penrose_triangle" title="Penrose triangle">Penrose triangle</a>', and <i><a href="/wiki/Ascending_and_Descending" title="Ascending and Descending">Ascending and Descending</a></i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Penrose&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-whoswho-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whoswho_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whoswho_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whoswho_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnon2017" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Anon (2017). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U30531">"Penrose, Sir Roger"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)" title="Who's Who (UK)">Who's Who</a></i> (online <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> ed.). Oxford: A & C Black. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.U30531">10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U30531</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Penrose%2C+Sir+Roger&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=online+Oxford+University+Press&rft.pub=A+%26+C+Black&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fww%2F9780199540884.013.U30531&rft.au=Anon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukwhoswho.com%2Fview%2Farticle%2Foupww%2Fwhoswho%2FU30531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukwhoswho.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Roger-Penrose">"Roger Penrose | Biography, Books, Awards, & Facts"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307224416/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Roger-Penrose">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roger+Penrose+%26%23124%3B+Biography%2C+Books%2C+Awards%2C+%26+Facts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FRoger-Penrose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2020-10-06-oxford-mathematician-roger-penrose-jointly-wins-nobel-prize-physics">"Oxford Mathematician Roger Penrose jointly wins the Nobel Prize in Physics | University of Oxford"</a>. <i>www.ox.ac.uk</i>. 6 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201009063427/https://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2020-10-06-oxford-mathematician-roger-penrose-jointly-wins-nobel-prize-physics">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Oxford+Mathematician+Roger+Penrose+jointly+wins+the+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+%7C+University+of+Oxford&rft.date=2020-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ox.ac.uk%2Fnews%2F2020-10-06-oxford-mathematician-roger-penrose-jointly-wins-nobel-prize-physics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ferguson, Kitty (1991). <i>Stephen Hawking: Quest for a Theory of Everything</i>. Franklin Watts. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-553-29895-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-553-29895-X">0-553-29895-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMisner,_CharlesThorne,_Kip_S.Wheeler,_John_Archibald1973" class="citation book cs1">Misner, Charles; Thorne, Kip S. & Wheeler, John Archibald (1973). <i>Gravitation</i>. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-0344-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7167-0344-0"><bdi>978-0-7167-0344-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gravitation&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=W.+H.+Freeman&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-7167-0344-0&rft.au=Misner%2C+Charles&rft.au=Thorne%2C+Kip+S.&rft.au=Wheeler%2C+John+Archibald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span> (See <i>Box 34.2</i>.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel2008" class="citation journal cs1">Siegel, Matthew (8 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2810893">"Wolf Foundation Honors Hawking and Penrose for Work in Relativity"</a>. <i>Physics Today</i>. <b>42</b> (1): 97–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2F1.2810893">10.1063/1.2810893</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-9228">0031-9228</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207185551/https://physicstoday.scitation.org/doi/abs/10.1063/1.2810893">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Wolf+Foundation+Honors+Hawking+and+Penrose+for+Work+in+Relativity&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-98&rft.date=2008-01-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2F1.2810893&rft.issn=0031-9228&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysicstoday.scitation.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1063%2F1.2810893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mactutor-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mactutor_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Penrose.html">"Roger Penrose"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Roger+Penrose&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FPenrose.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-imdb-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-imdb_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0672295/">Roger Penrose</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel_Prize_2020-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_Prize_2020_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_Prize_2020_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/summary/">"The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020"</a>. <i>NobelPrize.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201006101114/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2020/summary/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NobelPrize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F2020%2Fsummary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20201006-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20201006_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOverbyeTaylor2020" class="citation news cs1">Overbye, Dennis; Taylor, Derrick Bryson (6 October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/06/science/nobel-prize-physics.html">"Nobel Prize in Physics Awarded to 3 Scientists for Work on Black Holes – The prize was awarded half to Roger Penrose for showing how black holes could form and half to Reinhard Genzel and Andrea Ghez for discovering a supermassive object at the Milky Way's center"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201006102031/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/06/science/nobel-prize-physics.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+Awarded+to+3+Scientists+for+Work+on+Black+Holes+%E2%80%93+The+prize+was+awarded+half+to+Roger+Penrose+for+showing+how+black+holes+could+form+and+half+to+Reinhard+Genzel+and+Andrea+Ghez+for+discovering+a+supermassive+object+at+the+Milky+Way%27s+center&rft.date=2020-10-06&rft.aulast=Overbye&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Derrick+Bryson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2020%2F10%2F06%2Fscience%2Fnobel-prize-physics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrookfield2018" class="citation book cs1">Brookfield, Tarah (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1066070267"><i>Our voices must be heard : women and the vote in Ontario</i></a>. Vancouver. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-6019-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-6019-2"><bdi>978-0-7748-6019-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1066070267">1066070267</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+voices+must+be+heard+%3A+women+and+the+vote+in+Ontario&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1066070267&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-6019-2&rft.aulast=Brookfield&rft.aufirst=Tarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1066070267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brookfield-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brookfield_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrookfield2018" class="citation book cs1">Brookfield, Tarah (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LVlxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA126"><i>Our Voices Must Be Heard: Women and the Vote in Ontario</i></a>. UBC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-6022-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-6022-2"><bdi>978-0-7748-6022-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207185547/https://books.google.com/books?id=LVlxDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA126">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Our+Voices+Must+Be+Heard%3A+Women+and+the+Vote+in+Ontario&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-6022-2&rft.aulast=Brookfield&rft.aufirst=Tarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLVlxDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rsbm-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rsbm_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolph_Peters1958" class="citation journal cs1">Rudolph Peters (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1958.0016">"John Beresford Leathes. 1864–1956"</a>. <i>Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</i>. <b>4</b>: 185–191. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1958.0016">10.1098/rsbm.1958.0016</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=John+Beresford+Leathes.+1864%E2%80%931956&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=185-191&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1958.0016&rft.au=Rudolph+Peters&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsbm.1958.0016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-elementy.ru-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-elementy.ru_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=B-EpHQ7yl9c"><span class="plainlinks">Roger Penrose. Cycles of Time: Is It Possible to Discern the Previous Universe Through the Big Bang?</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2016" class="citation news cs1">Hall, Chris (19 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/mar/19/lee-miller-the-mother-i-never-knew">"Lee Miller, the mother I never knew"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201112020323/https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2016/mar/19/lee-miller-the-mother-i-never-knew">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Lee+Miller%2C+the+mother+I+never+knew&rft.date=2016-03-19&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Flifeandstyle%2F2016%2Fmar%2F19%2Flee-miller-the-mother-i-never-knew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201011191035/https://www.farleyshouseandgallery.co.uk/exhibitions/illustrated-mathematics/">"Illustrated Mathematics"</a>. <i>Farleys House and Gallery</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.farleyshouseandgallery.co.uk/exhibitions/illustrated-mathematics/">the original</a> on 11 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Farleys+House+and+Gallery&rft.atitle=Illustrated+Mathematics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.farleyshouseandgallery.co.uk%2Fexhibitions%2Fillustrated-mathematics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roger_Penrose_-_Biography-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roger_Penrose_-_Biography_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roger_Penrose_-_Biography_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roger_Penrose_-_Biography_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Penrose/">"Roger Penrose – Biography"</a>. <i>Maths History</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008122312/https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Penrose/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maths+History&rft.atitle=Roger+Penrose+%E2%80%93+Biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FPenrose%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAP_and_TOI_staff" class="citation web cs1">AP and TOI staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/scientist-of-jewish-heritage-among-trio-to-win-nobel-prize-for-black-hole-finds/">"Scientist of Jewish heritage among trio to win Nobel prize for black hole finds"</a>. <i>www.timesofisrael.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201006214254/https://www.timesofisrael.com/scientist-of-jewish-heritage-among-trio-to-win-nobel-prize-for-black-hole-finds/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=Scientist+of+Jewish+heritage+among+trio+to+win+Nobel+prize+for+black+hole+finds&rft.au=AP+and+TOI+staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fscientist-of-jewish-heritage-among-trio-to-win-nobel-prize-for-black-hole-finds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgilvie2009" class="citation news cs1">Ogilvie, Megan (23 March 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2009/03/23/just_visiting_sir_roger_penrose.html">"Just Visiting: Sir Roger Penrose"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210107212737/https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2009/03/23/just_visiting_sir_roger_penrose.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Just+Visiting%3A+Sir+Roger+Penrose&rft.date=2009-03-23&rft.aulast=Ogilvie&rft.aufirst=Megan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fgta%2F2009%2F03%2F23%2Fjust_visiting_sir_roger_penrose.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2020/oct/ucl-alumnus-professor-sir-roger-penrose-awarded-nobel-prize">UCL alumnus Professor Sir Roger Penrose awarded Nobel Prize</a> - website of the <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenrose1955" class="citation journal cs1">Penrose, R. (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305004100030401">"A generalized inverse for matrices"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Proceedings_of_the_Cambridge_Philosophical_Society" title="Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society">Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</a></i>. <b>51</b> (3): 406–413. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1955PCPS...51..406P">1955PCPS...51..406P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0305004100030401">10.1017/S0305004100030401</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mathematical+Proceedings+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=A+generalized+inverse+for+matrices&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=406-413&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0305004100030401&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1955PCPS...51..406P&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0305004100030401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZheng" class="citation web cs1">Zheng, Wenjie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zhengwenjie.net/pseudoinverse/">"The 100th anniversary of Moore–Penrose inverse and its role in statistics and machine learning"</a>. <i>www.zhengwenjie.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201011201508/http://www.zhengwenjie.net/pseudoinverse/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.zhengwenjie.net&rft.atitle=The+100th+anniversary+of+Moore%E2%80%93Penrose+inverse+and+its+role+in+statistics+and+machine+learning&rft.aulast=Zheng&rft.aufirst=Wenjie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zhengwenjie.net%2Fpseudoinverse%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pphd-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pphd_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenrose" class="citation thesis cs1">Penrose, Roger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idiscover.lib.cam.ac.uk/permalink/f/t9gok8/44CAM_ALMA21428192330003606"><i>Tensor Methods in Algebraic Geometry</i></a>. <i>cam.ac.uk</i> (PhD thesis). University of Cambridge. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71366928">71366928</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/301242962">301242962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Tensor+Methods+in+Algebraic+Geometry&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F71366928&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fidiscover.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fpermalink%2Ff%2Ft9gok8%2F44CAM_ALMA21428192330003606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/roger-penrose-wins-2020-nobel-prize-in-physics-for-discovery-about-black-holes">"Roger Penrose wins 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics for discovery about black holes"</a>. <i>University of Cambridge</i>. 6 October 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201009072829/https://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/roger-penrose-wins-2020-nobel-prize-in-physics-for-discovery-about-black-holes">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Cambridge&rft.atitle=Roger+Penrose+wins+2020+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+for+discovery+about+black+holes&rft.date=2020-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cam.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fnews%2Froger-penrose-wins-2020-nobel-prize-in-physics-for-discovery-about-black-holes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelch2012" class="citation web cs1">Welch, Chris (23 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2012/3/23/2898025/frustro-typeface-matrzi-hegedus-penrose-triangle">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Frustro' typeface applies the Penrose impossible triangle concept to words"</a>. <i>The Verge</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126162258/https://www.theverge.com/2012/3/23/2898025/frustro-typeface-matrzi-hegedus-penrose-triangle">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=%27Frustro%27+typeface+applies+the+Penrose+impossible+triangle+concept+to+words&rft.date=2012-03-23&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2012%2F3%2F23%2F2898025%2Ffrustro-typeface-matrzi-hegedus-penrose-triangle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaggini2012" class="citation book cs1">Baggini, Julian (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rws0AgAAQBAJ&q=roger+penrose+%22penrose+triangle%22+%22impossibility+in+its+purest+form%22&pg=PT21"><i>Philosophy: All That Matters</i></a>. John Murray Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4441-5585-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4441-5585-3"><bdi>978-1-4441-5585-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207185548/https://books.google.com/books?id=rws0AgAAQBAJ&q=roger+penrose+%22penrose+triangle%22+%22impossibility+in+its+purest+form%22&pg=PT21">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy%3A+All+That+Matters&rft.pub=John+Murray+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4441-5585-3&rft.aulast=Baggini&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drws0AgAAQBAJ%26q%3Droger%2Bpenrose%2B%2522penrose%2Btriangle%2522%2B%2522impossibility%2Bin%2Bits%2Bpurest%2Bform%2522%26pg%3DPT21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://totallyhistory.com/ascending-and-descending/">"Ascending and Descending by M.C. Escher – Facts about the Painting"</a>. <i>Totally History</i>. 21 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200629065147/http://totallyhistory.com/ascending-and-descending/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Totally+History&rft.atitle=Ascending+and+Descending+by+M.C.+Escher+%E2%80%93+Facts+about+the+Painting&rft.date=2013-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftotallyhistory.com%2Fascending-and-descending%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2010" class="citation news cs1">Kumar, Manjit (15 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/oct/16/cycles-time-roger-penrose-review">"Cycles of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe by Roger Penrose – review"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170110122217/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2010/oct/16/cycles-time-roger-penrose-review">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Cycles+of+Time%3A+An+Extraordinary+New+View+of+the+Universe+by+Roger+Penrose+%E2%80%93+review&rft.date=2010-10-15&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Manjit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2010%2Foct%2F16%2Fcycles-time-roger-penrose-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/professor-sir-roger-penrose-awarded-the-2020-nobel-prize-in-physics">"Professor Sir Roger Penrose awarded the 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics"</a>. <i>King's College London</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022121930/https://www.kcl.ac.uk/news/professor-sir-roger-penrose-awarded-the-2020-nobel-prize-in-physics">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=King%27s+College+London&rft.atitle=Professor+Sir+Roger+Penrose+awarded+the+2020+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcl.ac.uk%2Fnews%2Fprofessor-sir-roger-penrose-awarded-the-2020-nobel-prize-in-physics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cambridgesocietyofparis.com/event/cambridge-cutting-edge-lecture-professor-sir-roger-penrose/">"The second Cambridge Cutting Edge Lecture: Professor Sir Roger Penrose"</a>. <i>Cambridge Society of Paris</i>. 12 March 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008185043/https://cambridgesocietyofparis.com/event/cambridge-cutting-edge-lecture-professor-sir-roger-penrose/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Society+of+Paris&rft.atitle=The+second+Cambridge+Cutting+Edge+Lecture%3A+Professor+Sir+Roger+Penrose&rft.date=2019-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcambridgesocietyofparis.com%2Fevent%2Fcambridge-cutting-edge-lecture-professor-sir-roger-penrose%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorneThorneHawking1994" class="citation book cs1">Thorne, Kip; Thorne, Kip S.; Hawking, Stephen (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GzlrW6kytdoC&q=roger+penrose+kip+thorne+mathematical+tools+spacetime&pg=PA465"><i>Black Holes and Time Warps: Einstein's Outrageous Legacy</i></a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31276-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31276-8"><bdi>978-0-393-31276-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210203044944/https://books.google.com/books?id=GzlrW6kytdoC&q=roger+penrose+kip+thorne+mathematical+tools+spacetime&pg=PA465">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Holes+and+Time+Warps%3A+Einstein%27s+Outrageous+Legacy&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31276-8&rft.aulast=Thorne&rft.aufirst=Kip&rft.au=Thorne%2C+Kip+S.&rft.au=Hawking%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGzlrW6kytdoC%26q%3Droger%2Bpenrose%2Bkip%2Bthorne%2Bmathematical%2Btools%2Bspacetime%26pg%3DPA465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllisPenrose2010" class="citation journal cs1">Ellis, George F. R.; Penrose, Sir Roger (1 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2009.0023">"Dennis William Sciama. 18 November 1926 – 19 December 1999"</a>. <i>Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</i>. <b>56</b>: 401–422. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.2009.0023">10.1098/rsbm.2009.0023</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0080-4606">0080-4606</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:73035217">73035217</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Dennis+William+Sciama.+18+November+1926+%E2%80%93+19+December+1999&rft.volume=56&rft.pages=401-422&rft.date=2010-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A73035217%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0080-4606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.2009.0023&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=George+F.+R.&rft.au=Penrose%2C+Sir+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsbm.2009.0023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penrose1965-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Penrose1965_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenrose1965" class="citation journal cs1">Penrose, Roger (January 1965). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jila.colorado.edu&rft.atitle=Penrose+diagrams&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjila.colorado.edu%2F~ajsh%2Finsidebh%2Fpenrose.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ricehistorycorner.com/2013/05/22/roger-penrose-at-rice-1983-87/">"Roger Penrose at Rice, 1983–87"</a>. <i>Rice History Corner</i>. 22 May 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160617233239/https://ricehistorycorner.com/2013/05/22/roger-penrose-at-rice-1983-87/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Birkbeck, University of London. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/500473477">500473477</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/EThOS" class="mw-redirect" title="EThOS">EThOS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.459296">uk.bl.ethos.459296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Description+of+Mass+within+the+Theory+of+Twistors&rft.degree=PhD&rft.inst=Birkbeck%2C+University+of+London&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F500473477&rft.aulast=Hodges&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalogue.libraries.london.ac.uk%2Frecord%3Db3004898&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mathgene-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mathgene_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=36928">Roger Penrose</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193803#P549" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2005" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, George (27 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/27/books/review/the-road-to-reality-a-really-long-history-of-time.html?_r=0">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Road to Reality': A Really Long History of Time"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210103115129/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/27/books/review/the-road-to-reality-a-really-long-history-of-time.html?_r=0">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27The+Road+to+Reality%27%3A+A+Really+Long+History+of+Time&rft.date=2005-02-27&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F02%2F27%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fthe-road-to-reality-a-really-long-history-of-time.html%3F_r%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121101130211/http://discovermagazine.com/2005/jun/cover/article_view?b_start:int=0&-C=">"If an Electron Can Be in Two Places at Once, Why Can't You?"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://discovermagazine.com/2005/jun/cover/article_view?b_start:int=0&-C=">the original</a> on 1 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=If+an+Electron+Can+Be+in+Two+Places+at+Once%2C+Why+Can%27t+You%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdiscovermagazine.com%2F2005%2Fjun%2Fcover%2Farticle_view%3Fb_start%3Aint%3D0%26-C%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080416131322/http://www.phys.psu.edu/people/display/index.html?person_id=233&mode=contact.">"Dr. Roger Penrose at Penn State University"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phys.psu.edu/people/display/index.html?person_id=233&mode=contact.">the original</a> on 16 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.+Roger+Penrose+at+Penn+State+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phys.psu.edu%2Fpeople%2Fdisplay%2Findex.html%3Fperson_id%3D233%26mode%3Dcontact.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gurzadyan-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gurzadyan_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurzadyanPenrose2010" class="citation arxiv cs1">Gurzadyan, V.G.; Penrose, R. (2010). 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Israel (eds.). <i>General Relativity: An Einstein Centenary Survey</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 581–638.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Singularities+and+Time-Asymmetry&rft.btitle=General+Relativity%3A+An+Einstein+Centenary+Survey&rft.pages=581-638&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.au=R.+Penrose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physicsworld.com/a/new-evidence-for-cyclic-universe-claimed-by-roger-penrose-and-colleagues/">"New evidence for cyclic universe claimed by Roger Penrose and colleagues"</a>. <i>Physics World</i>. 21 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101015848/https://physicsworld.com/a/new-evidence-for-cyclic-universe-claimed-by-roger-penrose-and-colleagues/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Physics+World&rft.atitle=New+evidence+for+cyclic+universe+claimed+by+Roger+Penrose+and+colleagues&rft.date=2018-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysicsworld.com%2Fa%2Fnew-evidence-for-cyclic-universe-claimed-by-roger-penrose-and-colleagues%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physicsworld.com/a/new-evidence-for-cyclic-universe-claimed-by-roger-penrose-and-colleagues/">"New evidence for cyclic universe claimed by Roger Penrose and colleagues"</a>. 21 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101015848/https://physicsworld.com/a/new-evidence-for-cyclic-universe-claimed-by-roger-penrose-and-colleagues/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+evidence+for+cyclic+universe+claimed+by+Roger+Penrose+and+colleagues&rft.date=2018-08-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysicsworld.com%2Fa%2Fnew-evidence-for-cyclic-universe-claimed-by-roger-penrose-and-colleagues%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenrose2017" class="citation book cs1">Penrose, Roger (5 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9XKYDwAAQBAJ&q=roger+penrose+%22change+of+coordinate%22&pg=PA55"><i>Fashion, Faith, and Fantasy in the New Physics of the Universe</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17853-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17853-0"><bdi>978-0-691-17853-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207185551/https://books.google.com/books?id=9XKYDwAAQBAJ&q=roger+penrose+%22change+of+coordinate%22&pg=PA55">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fashion%2C+Faith%2C+and+Fantasy+in+the+New+Physics+of+the+Universe&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017-09-05&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17853-0&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9XKYDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Droger%2Bpenrose%2B%2522change%2Bof%2Bcoordinate%2522%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiefer2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kiefer, Claus (13 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2013%2F509316">"Conceptual Problems in Quantum Gravity and Quantum Cosmology"</a>. <i>ISRN Mathematical Physics</i>. <b>2013</b>: 1–17. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1401.3578">1401.3578</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1155%2F2013%2F509316">10.1155/2013/509316</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ISRN+Mathematical+Physics&rft.atitle=Conceptual+Problems+in+Quantum+Gravity+and+Quantum+Cosmology&rft.volume=2013&rft.pages=1-17&rft.date=2013-08-13&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1401.3578&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1155%2F2013%2F509316&rft.aulast=Kiefer&rft.aufirst=Claus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1155%252F2013%252F509316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaas2004" class="citation arxiv cs1">Vaas, Rüdiger (2004). "The Inverted Big-Bang". <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/physics/0407071">physics/0407071</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=preprint&rft.jtitle=arXiv&rft.atitle=The+Inverted+Big-Bang&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fphysics%2F0407071&rft.aulast=Vaas&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinsterSmollerYau" class="citation web cs1">Finster, F.; Smoller, J.A.; Yau, S.-T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cds.cern.ch/record/403056/files/9910030.pdf">"The Einstein–Dirac–Maxwell Equations – Black Hole Solutions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201007132312/https://cds.cern.ch/record/403056/files/9910030.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 7 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Einstein%E2%80%93Dirac%E2%80%93Maxwell+Equations+%E2%80%93+Black+Hole+Solutions&rft.aulast=Finster&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Smoller%2C+J.A.&rft.au=Yau%2C+S.-T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcds.cern.ch%2Frecord%2F403056%2Ffiles%2F9910030.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerris1989" class="citation news cs1">Ferris, Timothy (19 November 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/19/books/how-the-brain-works-maybe.html">"HOW THE BRAIN WORKS, MAYBE (Published 1989)"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211119091901/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/11/19/books/how-the-brain-works-maybe.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=HOW+THE+BRAIN+WORKS%2C+MAYBE+%28Published+1989%29&rft.date=1989-11-19&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Ferris&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1989%2F11%2F19%2Fbooks%2Fhow-the-brain-works-maybe.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStork1989" class="citation web cs1">Stork, David G. (29 October 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-10-29-bk-90-story.html">"The Physicist Against the Hackers : THE EMPEROR'S NEW MIND: On Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics by Roger Penrose (Oxford University Press: $24.95; 428 pp.)"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207185551/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1989-10-29-bk-90-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+Physicist+Against+the+Hackers+%3A+THE+EMPEROR%27S+NEW+MIND%3A+On+Computers%2C+Minds%2C+and+the+Laws+of+Physics+by+Roger+Penrose+%28Oxford+University+Press%3A+%2424.95%3B+428+pp.%29&rft.date=1989-10-29&rft.aulast=Stork&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1989-10-29-bk-90-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenrose2016" class="citation book cs1">Penrose, Roger (28 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JF4vDwAAQBAJ&q=turing+halting"><i>The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-255007-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-255007-1"><bdi>978-0-19-255007-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207185551/https://books.google.com/books?id=JF4vDwAAQBAJ&q=turing+halting">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor%27s+New+Mind%3A+Concerning+Computers%2C+Minds%2C+and+the+Laws+of+Physics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016-04-28&rft.isbn=978-0-19-255007-1&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJF4vDwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dturing%2Bhalting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Cogn/CognTeix.htm">"20th WCP: Computational Complexity and Philosophical Dualism"</a>. <i>www.bu.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201013092220/https://www.bu.edu/wcp/Papers/Cogn/CognTeix.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bu.edu&rft.atitle=20th+WCP%3A+Computational+Complexity+and+Philosophical+Dualism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bu.edu%2Fwcp%2FPapers%2FCogn%2FCognTeix.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penrose-2016-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Penrose-2016_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penrose-2016_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenrose2016" class="citation book cs1">Penrose, Roger (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X28sDwAAQBAJ&q=G%C3%B6del's+incompleteness+theorem"><i>The Emperor's New Mind: Concerning Computers, Minds, and the Laws of Physics</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878492-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-878492-0"><bdi>978-0-19-878492-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211119091917/https://books.google.com/books?id=X28sDwAAQBAJ&q=G%C3%B6del%27s+incompleteness+theorem">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor%27s+New+Mind%3A+Concerning+Computers%2C+Minds%2C+and+the+Laws+of+Physics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-878492-0&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX28sDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DG%25C3%25B6del%27s%2Bincompleteness%2Btheorem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk/article/in-memoriam-john-lucas">"In Memoriam: John Lucas"</a>. <i>www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201009111739/https://www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk/article/in-memoriam-john-lucas">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.philosophy.ox.ac.uk&rft.atitle=In+Memoriam%3A+John+Lucas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philosophy.ox.ac.uk%2Farticle%2Fin-memoriam-john-lucas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Criticism of the Lucas/Penrose argument that intelligence can not be entirely algorithmic: <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://consc.net/mindpapers/6.1b">MindPapers: 6.1b. Godelian arguments</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110611213335/http://consc.net/mindpapers/6.1b">Archived</a> 11 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.ox.ac.uk/~jrlucas/Godel/referenc.html">References for Criticisms of the Gödelian Argument</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200703180031/http://users.ox.ac.uk/~jrlucas/Godel/referenc.html">Archived</a> 3 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Boolos" title="George Boolos">Boolos, George</a>, et al. 1990. <i>An Open Peer Commentary on The Emperor's New Mind.</i> Behavioral and Brain Sciences 13 (4) 655.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Davis_(mathematician)" title="Martin Davis (mathematician)">Davis, Martin</a> 1993. <i>How subtle is Gödel's theorem? More on Roger Penrose.</i> Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 16, 611–612. Online version at Davis' faculty page at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://cs.nyu.edu/cs/faculty/davism/">http://cs.nyu.edu/cs/faculty/davism/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19981203160909/http://www.cs.nyu.edu/cs/faculty/davism/">Archived</a> 3 December 1998 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeferman1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Feferman" title="Solomon Feferman">Feferman, Solomon</a> (1996). "Penrose's Gödelian argument". <i><a href="/wiki/Psyche_(consciousness_journal)" title="Psyche (consciousness journal)">Psyche</a></i>. <b>2</b>: 21–32. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.130.7027">10.1.1.130.7027</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psyche&rft.atitle=Penrose%27s+G%C3%B6delian+argument&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=21-32&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.130.7027%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft.aulast=Feferman&rft.aufirst=Solomon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Krajewski, Stanislaw 2007. <i>On Gödel's Theorem and Mechanism: Inconsistency or Unsoundness is Unavoidable in any Attempt to 'Out-Gödel' the Mechanist.</i> Fundamenta Informaticae 81, 173–181. Reprinted in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0jSS-3Bl06cC&pg=PA173">Topics in Logic, Philosophy and Foundations of Mathematics and Computer Science:In Recognition of Professor Andrzej Grzegorczyk (2008), p. 173</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161226205008/https://books.google.com/books?id=0jSS-3Bl06cC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA173">Archived</a> 26 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaForteHayesFord1998" class="citation journal cs1">LaForte, Geoffrey; Hayes, Patrick J.; Ford, Kenneth M. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0004-3702%2898%2900052-6">"Why Gödel's Theorem Cannot Refute Computationalism"</a>. <i>Artificial Intelligence</i>. <b>104</b> (1–2): 265–286. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0004-3702%2898%2900052-6">10.1016/s0004-3702(98)00052-6</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artificial+Intelligence&rft.atitle=Why+G%C3%B6del%27s+Theorem+Cannot+Refute+Computationalism&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=265-286&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0004-3702%2898%2900052-6&rft.aulast=LaForte&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Patrick+J.&rft.au=Ford%2C+Kenneth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fs0004-3702%252898%252900052-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Kellogg_Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="David Kellogg Lewis">Lewis, David K.</a> 1969. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.units.it/etica/2003_1/7_monographica.doc">Lucas against mechanism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225215326/http://www2.units.it/etica/2003_1/7_monographica.doc">Archived</a> 25 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Philosophy 44 231–233.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_Putnam" title="Hilary Putnam">Putnam, Hilary</a> 1995. <i>Review of Shadows of the Mind.</i> In Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society 32, 370–373 (also see Putnam's less technical criticisms in his <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/97/04/27/nnp/17540.html"><i>The New York Times</i> review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309045619/https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/97/04/27/nnp/17540.html">Archived</a> 9 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</li></ul> Sources that indicate Penrose's argument is generally rejected: <ul><li>Bringsford, S. and Xiao, H. 2000. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kryten.mm.rpi.edu/refute.penrose.pdf">A Refutation of Penrose's Gödelian Case Against Artificial Intelligence</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224130103/http://kryten.mm.rpi.edu/refute.penrose.pdf">Archived</a> 24 February 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</i> <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Experimental_and_Theoretical_Artificial_Intelligence" title="Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence">Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence</a> 12: 307–329. The authors write that it is "generally agreed" that Penrose "failed to destroy the computational conception of mind."</li> <li>In an article at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010125011300/http://www.mth.kcl.ac.uk/~llandau/Homepage/Math/penrose.html">"King's College London – Department of Mathematics"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mth.kcl.ac.uk/~llandau/Homepage/Math/penrose.html">the original</a> on 25 January 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=King%27s+College+London+%E2%80%93+Department+of+Mathematics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mth.kcl.ac.uk%2F~llandau%2FHomepage%2FMath%2Fpenrose.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span> L.J. Landau at the Mathematics Department of King's College London writes that "Penrose's argument, its basis and implications, is rejected by experts in the fields which it touches."</li></ul> Sources that also note that different sources attack different points of the argument: <ul><li>Princeton Philosophy professor John Burgess writes in <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeton.edu/~jburgess/Montreal.doc">On the Outside Looking In: A Caution about Conservativeness</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121019093317/http://www.princeton.edu/~jburgess/Montreal.doc">Archived</a> 19 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (published in Kurt Gödel: Essays for his Centennial, with the following comments found on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=83Attf6BsJ4C&pg=PA131">pp. 131–132</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161227005431/https://books.google.com/books?id=83Attf6BsJ4C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA131">Archived</a> 27 December 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) that "the consensus view of logicians today seems to be that the Lucas–Penrose argument is fallacious, though as I have said elsewhere, there is at least this much to be said for Lucas and Penrose, that logicians are not unanimously agreed as to where precisely the fallacy in their argument lies. There are at least three points at which the argument may be attacked."</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachum_Dershowitz" title="Nachum Dershowitz">Nachum Dershowitz</a> 2005. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.tau.ac.il/~nachumd/papers/FourSonsOfPenrose.pdf">The Four Sons of Penrose</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809142617/http://www.cs.tau.ac.il/%7Enachumd/papers/FourSonsOfPenrose.pdf">Archived</a> 9 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, in <i>Proceedings of the Eleventh Conference on <a href="/wiki/Logic_for_Programming,_Artificial_Intelligence_and_Reasoning" title="Logic for Programming, Artificial Intelligence and Reasoning">Logic for Programming, Artificial Intelligence and Reasoning</a> (LPAR; Jamaica)</i>, G. Sutcliffe and <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Voronkov" title="Andrei Voronkov">Andrei Voronkov</a>, eds., Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 3835, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 125–138.</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marvin Minsky. "Conscious Machines." Machinery of Consciousness, Proceedings, <a href="/wiki/National_Research_Council_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="National Research Council of Canada">National Research Council of Canada</a>, 75th Anniversary Symposium on Science in Society, June 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/can-quantum-physics-explain-consciousness-one-scientist-thinks-it-might">"Can Quantum Physics Explain Consciousness? One Scientist Thinks It Might"</a>. <i>Discover Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201003024544/https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/can-quantum-physics-explain-consciousness-one-scientist-thinks-it-might">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discover+Magazine&rft.atitle=Can+Quantum+Physics+Explain+Consciousness%3F+One+Scientist+Thinks+It+Might&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.discovermagazine.com%2Fthe-sciences%2Fcan-quantum-physics-explain-consciousness-one-scientist-thinks-it-might&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTegmark2000" class="citation journal cs1">Tegmark, Max (2000). "The importance of quantum decoherence in brain processes". <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review_E" title="Physical Review E">Physical Review E</a></i>. <b>61</b> (4): 4194–4206. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9907009">quant-ph/9907009</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PhRvE..61.4194T">2000PhRvE..61.4194T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2Fphysreve.61.4194">10.1103/physreve.61.4194</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11088215">11088215</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17140058">17140058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+E&rft.atitle=The+importance+of+quantum+decoherence+in+brain+processes&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=4194-4206&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17140058%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000PhRvE..61.4194T&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F9907009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11088215&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2Fphysreve.61.4194&rft.aulast=Tegmark&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tetlow_2007_166-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tetlow_2007_166_77-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tetlow_2007_166_77-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTetlow2007" class="citation book cs1">Tetlow, Philip (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3mPI9rUuhJ8C&q=penrose%20"><i>The Web's Awake: An Introduction to the Field of Web Science and the Concept of Web Life</i></a>. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. p. 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-13794-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-13794-9"><bdi>978-0-470-13794-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207185552/https://books.google.com/books?id=3mPI9rUuhJ8C&q=penrose+">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Web%27s+Awake%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Field+of+Web+Science+and+the+Concept+of+Web+Life&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=166&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-13794-9&rft.aulast=Tetlow&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3mPI9rUuhJ8C%26q%3Dpenrose%2520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anirban_Bandyopadhyay">"Anirban Bandyopadhyay"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140310053951/http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Anirban_Bandyopadhyay/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anirban+Bandyopadhyay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fprofile%2FAnirban_Bandyopadhyay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hameroff2014-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hameroff2014_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS._HameroffR._Penrose2014" class="citation journal cs1">S. Hameroff; R. Penrose (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.plrev.2013.08.002">"Consciousness in the universe: A review of the 'Orch OR' theory"</a>. <i>Physics of Life Reviews</i>. <b>11</b> (1): 39–78. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PhLRv..11...39H">2014PhLRv..11...39H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.plrev.2013.08.002">10.1016/j.plrev.2013.08.002</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24070914">24070914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+of+Life+Reviews&rft.atitle=Consciousness+in+the+universe%3A+A+review+of+the+%27Orch+OR%27+theory&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=39-78&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24070914&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.plrev.2013.08.002&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PhLRv..11...39H&rft.au=S.+Hameroff&rft.au=R.+Penrose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.plrev.2013.08.002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenrose1989" class="citation book cs1">Penrose, Roger (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ibtvQEACAAJ"><i>The Emperor's New Mind</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207185554/https://books.google.com/books?id=_ibtvQEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor%27s+New+Mind&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ibtvQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenrose1994" class="citation book cs1">Penrose, Roger (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gDbOAK89tmcC&q=Shadows+of+the+Mind:+A+Search+for+the+Missing+Science+of+Consciousness"><i>Shadows of the Mind: A Search for the Missing Science of Consciousness</i></a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510646-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510646-6"><bdi>978-0-19-510646-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207185555/https://books.google.com/books?id=gDbOAK89tmcC&q=Shadows+of+the+Mind%3A+A+Search+for+the+Missing+Science+of+Consciousness">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shadows+of+the+Mind%3A+A+Search+for+the+Missing+Science+of+Consciousness&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510646-6&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgDbOAK89tmcC%26q%3DShadows%2Bof%2Bthe%2BMind%3A%2BA%2BSearch%2Bfor%2Bthe%2BMissing%2BScience%2Bof%2BConsciousness&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenrose2016" class="citation book cs1">Penrose, Roger (31 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VWTNCwAAQBAJ"><i>The Road to Reality: A Complete Guide to the Laws of the Universe</i></a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4464-1820-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4464-1820-8"><bdi>978-1-4464-1820-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207185554/https://books.google.com/books?id=VWTNCwAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+Reality%3A+A+Complete+Guide+to+the+Laws+of+the+Universe&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2016-03-31&rft.isbn=978-1-4464-1820-8&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVWTNCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenrose2011" class="citation book cs1">Penrose, Roger (6 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gv8o1XydoCQC&q=Cycles+of+Time:+An+Extraordinary+New+View+of+the+Universe"><i>Cycles of Time: An Extraordinary New View of the Universe</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-59674-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-59674-1"><bdi>978-0-307-59674-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cycles+of+Time%3A+An+Extraordinary+New+View+of+the+Universe&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011-09-06&rft.isbn=978-0-307-59674-1&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgv8o1XydoCQC%26q%3DCycles%2Bof%2BTime%3A%2BAn%2BExtraordinary%2BNew%2BView%2Bof%2Bthe%2BUniverse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenrose2017" class="citation book cs1">Penrose, Roger (5 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9XKYDwAAQBAJ&q=Fashion,+Faith,+and+Fantasy+in+the+New+Physics+of+the+Universe"><i>Fashion, Faith, and Fantasy in the New Physics of the Universe</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17853-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-17853-0"><bdi>978-0-691-17853-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fashion%2C+Faith%2C+and+Fantasy+in+the+New+Physics+of+the+Universe&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017-09-05&rft.isbn=978-0-691-17853-0&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9XKYDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DFashion%2C%2BFaith%2C%2Band%2BFantasy%2Bin%2Bthe%2BNew%2BPhysics%2Bof%2Bthe%2BUniverse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkingPenrose1996" class="citation book cs1">Hawking, Stephen W.; Penrose, Roger (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8RatQgAACAAJ"><i>The Nature of Space and Time</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03791-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-03791-2"><bdi>978-0-691-03791-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207185837/https://books.google.com/books?id=8RatQgAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+Space+and+Time&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-691-03791-2&rft.aulast=Hawking&rft.aufirst=Stephen+W.&rft.au=Penrose%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8RatQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenroseShimonyCartwrightHawking2000" class="citation book cs1">Penrose, Roger; Shimony, Abner; Cartwright, Nancy; Hawking, Stephen (28 April 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jWHqlijAjyMC&q=The+Large,+the+Small+and+the+Human+Mind"><i>The Large, the Small and the Human Mind</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78572-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78572-3"><bdi>978-0-521-78572-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Large%2C+the+Small+and+the+Human+Mind&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000-04-28&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78572-3&rft.aulast=Penrose&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Shimony%2C+Abner&rft.au=Cartwright%2C+Nancy&rft.au=Hawking%2C+Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjWHqlijAjyMC%26q%3DThe%2BLarge%2C%2Bthe%2BSmall%2Band%2Bthe%2BHuman%2BMind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldissPenrose2015" class="citation book cs1">Aldiss, Brian W.; Penrose, Roger (19 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K_-jBwAAQBAJ&q=White+Mars:+The+Mind+Set+Free(1999)"><i>White Mars; or, The Mind Set Free: A 21st-Century Utopia</i></a>. Open Road Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5040-1028-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5040-1028-3"><bdi>978-1-5040-1028-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Mars%3B+or%2C+The+Mind+Set+Free%3A+A+21st-Century+Utopia&rft.pub=Open+Road+Media&rft.date=2015-05-19&rft.isbn=978-1-5040-1028-3&rft.aulast=Aldiss&rft.aufirst=Brian+W.&rft.au=Penrose%2C+Roger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK_-jBwAAQBAJ%26q%3DWhite%2BMars%3A%2BThe%2BMind%2BSet%2BFree%281999%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuppuluriDoria2018" class="citation book cs1">Wuppuluri, Shyam; Doria, Francisco Antonio (13 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mRBMDwAAQBAJ&q=%E2%80%9CThe+Map+and+the+Territory:+Exploring+the+foundations+of+science,+thought+and+reality+roger+penrose"><i>The Map and the Territory: Exploring the Foundations of Science, Thought and Reality</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-72478-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-72478-2"><bdi>978-3-319-72478-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Map+and+the+Territory%3A+Exploring+the+Foundations+of+Science%2C+Thought+and+Reality&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2018-02-13&rft.isbn=978-3-319-72478-2&rft.aulast=Wuppuluri&rft.aufirst=Shyam&rft.au=Doria%2C+Francisco+Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmRBMDwAAQBAJ%26q%3D%25E2%2580%259CThe%2BMap%2Band%2Bthe%2BTerritory%3A%2BExploring%2Bthe%2Bfoundations%2Bof%2Bscience%2C%2Bthought%2Band%2Breality%2Broger%2Bpenrose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeston-smith2013" class="citation book cs1">Weston-smith, Meg (16 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P826CgAAQBAJ&q=Beating+the+Odds:+The+Life+and+Times+of+E.+A.+Milne+roger+penrose&pg=PR3"><i>Beating The Odds: The Life And Times Of E A Milne</i></a>. World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84816-943-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84816-943-2"><bdi>978-1-84816-943-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126000706/https://books.google.com/books?id=P826CgAAQBAJ&q=Beating+the+Odds:+The+Life+and+Times+of+E.+A.+Milne+roger+penrose&pg=PR3">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beating+The+Odds%3A+The+Life+And+Times+Of+E+A+Milne&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2013-04-16&rft.isbn=978-1-84816-943-2&rft.aulast=Weston-smith&rft.aufirst=Meg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP826CgAAQBAJ%26q%3DBeating%2Bthe%2BOdds%3A%2BThe%2BLife%2Band%2BTimes%2Bof%2BE.%2BA.%2BMilne%2Broger%2Bpenrose%26pg%3DPR3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZenil2013" class="citation book cs1">Zenil, Hector (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SGG6CgAAQBAJ&q=%22A+Computable+Universe%22+roger+penrose"><i>A Computable Universe: Understanding and Exploring Nature as Computation</i></a>. World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4374-30-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4374-30-9"><bdi>978-981-4374-30-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Computable+Universe%3A+Understanding+and+Exploring+Nature+as+Computation&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-981-4374-30-9&rft.aulast=Zenil&rft.aufirst=Hector&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSGG6CgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522A%2BComputable%2BUniverse%2522%2Broger%2Bpenrose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbottDaviesPati2008" class="citation book cs1">Abbott, Derek; Davies, Paul C. W.; Pati, Arun Kumar (12 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C1y7CgAAQBAJ&q=Quantum+Aspects+of+Life+roger+penrose"><i>Quantum Aspects Of Life</i></a>. World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-908978-73-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-908978-73-8"><bdi>978-1-908978-73-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126162257/https://books.google.com/books?id=C1y7CgAAQBAJ&q=Quantum+Aspects+of+Life+roger+penrose">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Quantum+Aspects+Of+Life&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=2008-09-12&rft.isbn=978-1-908978-73-8&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Derek&rft.au=Davies%2C+Paul+C.+W.&rft.au=Pati%2C+Arun+Kumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC1y7CgAAQBAJ%26q%3DQuantum%2BAspects%2Bof%2BLife%2Broger%2Bpenrose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZee2015" class="citation book cs1">Zee, A. (1 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xq1mCgAAQBAJ&q=fearful+symmetry+roger+penrose"><i>Fearful Symmetry: The Search for Beauty in Modern Physics</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-7450-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-7450-7"><bdi>978-1-4008-7450-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126162300/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xq1mCgAAQBAJ&q=fearful+symmetry+roger+penrose">Archived</a> from the original on 26 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fearful+Symmetry%3A+The+Search+for+Beauty+in+Modern+Physics&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015-10-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-7450-7&rft.aulast=Zee&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXq1mCgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dfearful%2Bsymmetry%2Broger%2Bpenrose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iop.org/about/awards/honorary-fellowship/our-honorary-fellows">"Our Honorary Fellows"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Physics" title="Institute of Physics">Institute of Physics</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+Honorary+Fellows&rft.pub=Institute+of+Physics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iop.org%2Fabout%2Fawards%2Fhonorary-fellowship%2Four-honorary-fellows&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/53696/supplement/2">"Supplement 53696,10 June 1994, London Gazette"</a>. <i>The Gazette</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160429222205/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/53696/supplement/2">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gazette&rft.atitle=Supplement+53696%2C10+June+1994%2C+London+Gazette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F53696%2Fsupplement%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151219000643/http://www.bath.ac.uk/ceremonies/hongrads/">"Honorary Graduates 1989 to present"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bath" title="University of Bath">University of Bath</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bath.ac.uk/ceremonies/hongrads/">the original</a> on 19 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honorary+Graduates+1989+to+present&rft.pub=University+of+Bath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bath.ac.uk%2Fceremonies%2Fhongrads%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fetzer-franklin-fund.org/media/sir-roger-penrose/">"Sir Roger Penrose | Person"</a>. <i>Fetzer Franklin Fund</i> (in German). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924081714/https://www.fetzer-franklin-fund.org/media/sir-roger-penrose/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fetzer+Franklin+Fund&rft.atitle=Sir+Roger+Penrose+%7C+Person&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fetzer-franklin-fund.org%2Fmedia%2Fsir-roger-penrose%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisher2012" class="citation news cs1">Fisher, Connie (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/appointments-order-merit">"Appointments to the Order of Merit"</a>. <i>The Royal Family</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200929015241/https://www.royal.uk/appointments-order-merit">Archived</a> from the original on 29 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Family&rft.atitle=Appointments+to+the+Order+of+Merit&rft.date=2012-01&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Connie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.uk%2Fappointments-order-merit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2FPT.6.6.20180808a">"Roger Penrose"</a>. <i>Physics Today</i> (8). 8 August 2018. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1063%2FPT.6.6.20180808a">10.1063/PT.6.6.20180808a</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+Today&rft.atitle=Roger+Penrose&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2018-08-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1063%2FPT.6.6.20180808a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1063%252FPT.6.6.20180808a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041231232542/http://www.lms.ac.uk/activities/prizes_com/citations04.html">"London Mathematical Society"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lms.ac.uk/activities/prizes_com/citations04.html">the original</a> on 31 December 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=London+Mathematical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lms.ac.uk%2Factivities%2Fprizes_com%2Fcitations04.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fuw.edu.pl/~amt/laudatioe.pdf">Laudatio by Andrzej Trautman to Roger_Penrose</a> - website of the Faculty of Physics of <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw University">Warsaw University</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nieuws.kuleuven.be/nl/2012_en_vroeger/0405/07/eredoctor-sir-roger-penrose">Eredoctor Sir Roger Penrose</a> - website of <a href="/wiki/KU_Leuven" title="KU Leuven">KU Leuven</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.york.ac.uk/media/mathematics/honorarydrpresentations/Professor%20Sir%20Roger%20Penrose%20Presentation.pdf">Presentation address</a> by Dr Bernard Kay to Professor Sir Roger Penrose</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Roger+Penrose&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207185556/https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Roger+Penrose&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DRoger%2BPenrose%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcd.ie/registrar/honorary-degrees/2011-12/">Registrar: Honorary Degrees 2011-2012</a> - website by the <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kpi.ua/en/penrose-photo">Sir Roger Penrose, one of the greatest scientists of our times, visited NTUU "KPI"</a> - website of <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Polytechnic_Institute" title="Kyiv Polytechnic Institute">Kyiv Polytechnic Institute</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://micrositios.cinvestav.mx/avance/Publicaciones/ArtMID/4126/ArticleID/36/Roger-Penrose-Doctor-Honoris-Causa-por-el-Cinvestav">"Roger Penrose Doctor Honoris Causa por el Cinvestav"</a>. <i>cinvestav.mx</i> (in Mexican Spanish). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211207185555/http://micrositios.cinvestav.mx/avance/Publicaciones/ArtMID/4126/ArticleID/36/Roger-Penrose-Doctor-Honoris-Causa-por-el-Cinvestav">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cinvestav.mx&rft.atitle=Roger+Penrose+Doctor+Honoris+Causa+por+el+Cinvestav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmicrositios.cinvestav.mx%2Favance%2FPublicaciones%2FArtMID%2F4126%2FArticleID%2F36%2FRoger-Penrose-Doctor-Honoris-Causa-por-el-Cinvestav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.maths.ed.ac.uk/school-of-mathematics/news?nid=712">Sir Roger Penrose : Honorary Degree, Whittaker Colloquium and seminar</a> - website of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.staff.admin.cam.ac.uk/features/nominations-for-honorary-degrees-2020">Nominations for honorary degrees 2020</a> - website of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cam.ac.uk/news/cambridge-confers-honorary-degrees">Cambridge confers honorary degrees</a> - website of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interestingengineering.com/who-is-sir-roger-penrose-and-why-is-he-famous">"7+ Out of This World Facts About Physicist Sir Roger Penrose"</a>. <i>interestingengineering.com</i>. 27 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201008211346/https://interestingengineering.com/who-is-sir-roger-penrose-and-why-is-he-famous">Archived</a> from the original on 8 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=interestingengineering.com&rft.atitle=7%2B+Out+of+This+World+Facts+About+Physicist+Sir+Roger+Penrose&rft.date=2019-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finterestingengineering.com%2Fwho-is-sir-roger-penrose-and-why-is-he-famous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.giffordlectures.org/lecturers/roger-penrose">"Roger Penrose"</a>. <i>The Gifford Lectures</i>. 18 August 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201011220956/https://www.giffordlectures.org/lecturers/roger-penrose">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Gifford+Lectures&rft.atitle=Roger+Penrose&rft.date=2014-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.giffordlectures.org%2Flecturers%2Froger-penrose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gruberprizes.org-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gruberprizes.org_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gruberprizes.org_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gruberprizes.org/SelectingRecipients/SelectionAdvisoryBoard_Bio.php?id=4">"The Peter & Patricia Gruber Foundation, St. Thomas US Virgin Islands – Grants and International Awards"</a>. Gruberprizes.org. 8 August 1931. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121030084628/http://www.gruberprizes.org/SelectingRecipients/SelectionAdvisoryBoard_Bio.php?id=4">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Peter+%26+Patricia+Gruber+Foundation%2C+St.+Thomas+US+Virgin+Islands+%E2%80%93+Grants+and+International+Awards&rft.pub=Gruberprizes.org&rft.date=1931-08-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gruberprizes.org%2FSelectingRecipients%2FSelectionAdvisoryBoard_Bio.php%3Fid%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120327144417/http://www.abingdon.org.uk/vanessa_penrose/">"Vanessa Penrose"</a>. Abingdon School. 6 July 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abingdon.org.uk/vanessa_penrose/">the original</a> on 27 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vanessa+Penrose&rft.pub=Abingdon+School&rft.date=2012-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abingdon.org.uk%2Fvanessa_penrose%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.emis.de/newsletter/newsletter39.pdf#page=17">"Interview with Sir Roger Penrose"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>European Mathematical Information Service</i>. European Mathematical Society Newsletter March 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=European+Mathematical+Information+Service&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Sir+Roger+Penrose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.emis.de%2Fnewsletter%2Fnewsletter39.pdf%23page%3D17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_9032000/9032626.stm">"Big Bang follows Big Bang follows Big Bang"</a>. BBC News. 25 September 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101130152519/http://news.bbc.co.uk/today/hi/today/newsid_9032000/9032626.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Big+Bang+follows+Big+Bang+follows+Big+Bang&rft.date=2010-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Ftoday%2Fhi%2Ftoday%2Fnewsid_9032000%2F9032626.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Fink2020" class="citation web cs1">Thomas Fink (19 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/a-singular-mind-roger-penrose-on-his-nobel-prize">"A singular mind: Roger Penrose on his Nobel Prize"</a>. <i>The Spectator</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518203446/https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/a-singular-mind-roger-penrose-on-his-nobel-prize">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Spectator&rft.atitle=A+singular+mind%3A+Roger+Penrose+on+his+Nobel+Prize&rft.date=2020-12-19&rft.au=Thomas+Fink&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spectator.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fa-singular-mind-roger-penrose-on-his-nobel-prize&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk/movie_script.php?movie=a-brief-history-of-time">A Brief History of Time (1991) film script – springfieldspringfield.co.uk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924105028/http://www.springfieldspringfield.co.uk/movie_script.php?movie=a-brief-history-of-time">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://humanism.org.uk/about/our-people/patrons/">"Patrons"</a>. <i>Humanists UK</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201005083241/https://humanism.org.uk/about/our-people/patrons/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Humanists+UK&rft.atitle=Patrons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhumanism.org.uk%2Fabout%2Four-people%2Fpatrons%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roger_Penrose&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Roger_Penrose" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Roger_Penrose" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Roger Penrose">Roger Penrose</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/Q193803" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/Q193803"><b>Roger Penrose <small>(Q193803)</small></b></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iai.tv/video/awake-in-the-universe-htlgi-2010">Awake in the Universe</a> – Penrose debates how creativity, the most elusive of faculties, has helped us unlock the country of the mind and the mysteries of the cosmos with <a href="/wiki/Bonnie_Greer" title="Bonnie Greer">Bonnie Greer</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Penrose%2C%20Roger%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Roger%20Penrose%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Penrose%2C%20Roger%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Roger%20Penrose%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Penrose%2C%20R%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Roger%20Penrose%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Penrose%2C%20Roger%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Roger%20Penrose%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Roger Penrose</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cw-zNRNcF90"><span class="plainlinks">Dangerous Knowledge</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> – Penrose was one of the principal interviewees in a BBC documentary about the mathematics of infinity directed by <a href="/wiki/David_Malone_(independent_filmmaker)" title="David Malone (independent filmmaker)">David Malone</a></li> <li>Penrose's new theory "Aeons Before the Big Bang?": <ul><li>Original 2005 lecture: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newton.ac.uk/webseminars/pg+ws/2005/gmr/gmrw04/1107/penrose/frames.html">"Before the Big Bang? A new perspective on the Weyl curvature hypothesis"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090807022659/http://www.newton.ac.uk/webseminars/pg+ws/2005/gmr/gmrw04/1107/penrose/frames.html">Archived</a> 7 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences, Cambridge, 11 November 2005).</li> <li>Original publication: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://accelconf.web.cern.ch/AccelConf/e06/PAPERS/THESPA01.PDF">"Before the Big Bang: an outrageous new perspective and its implications for particle physics".</a> <i>Proceedings of EPAC 2006</i>. Edinburgh. 2759–2762 (cf. also Hill, C.D. & Nurowski, P. (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/0710.3879">"On Penrose's 'Before the Big Bang' ideas"</a>. Ithaca)</li> <li>Revised 2009 lecture: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://smartech.gatech.edu/handle/1853/27632">"Aeons Before the Big Bang?"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Georgia_Institute_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgia Institute of Technology">Georgia Institute of Technology</a>, Center for Relativistic Astrophysics)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pEIj9zcLzp0"><span class="plainlinks">BBC interview on the new theory</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/programmes/2009/03/000000_forum.shtml">Roger Penrose</a> on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Forum_(BBC_World_Service)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Forum (BBC World Service)">The Forum</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xiYDc1LA0I4"><span class="plainlinks">Penrose on sidestepping reason</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/bull/pre-1996-data/199507/199507015.pdf">Hilary Putnam's review of Penrose's 'Shadows of the Mind' claiming that Penrose's use of Godel's Incompleteness Theorem is fallacious</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071128081513/http://www.ams.org/bull/pre-1996-data/199507/199507015.pdf">Archived</a> 28 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080618195657/http://psyche.csse.monash.edu.au/v2/psyche-2-23-penrose.html">Beyond the Doubting of a Shadow: A Reply to Commentaries on Shadows of the Mind</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 18 June 2008)</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencenews.org/article/ancient-islamic-penrose-tiles-0">Penrose Tiling found in Islamic Architecture</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040314072735/http://www.sciencenews.org/Sn_arch/10_12_96/Bob1.htm">Two theories for the formation of quasicrystals resembling Penrose tilings</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTegmark2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_Tegmark" title="Max Tegmark">Tegmark, Max</a> (2000). "The importance of quantum decoherence in brain processes". <i>Physical Review E</i>. <b>61</b> (4): 4194–4206. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/9907009">quant-ph/9907009</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PhRvE..61.4194T">2000PhRvE..61.4194T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2Fphysreve.61.4194">10.1103/physreve.61.4194</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11088215">11088215</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17140058">17140058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+E&rft.atitle=The+importance+of+quantum+decoherence+in+brain+processes&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=4194-4206&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17140058%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000PhRvE..61.4194T&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2Fquant-ph%2F9907009&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11088215&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2Fphysreve.61.4194&rft.aulast=Tegmark&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoger+Penrose" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051024022835/http://www.quantumconsciousness.org/pdfs/decoherence.pdf">Biological feasibility of quantum states in the brain</a>" – (a disputation of Tegmark's result by Hagan, Hameroff, and Tuszyński) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://space.mit.edu/home/tegmark/brain.html">Tegmarks's rejoinder to Hagan <i>et al.</i></a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050312084035/http://www.parascope.com/articles/slips/fs_151.htm">"Toilet Paper Plagiarism"</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 12 March 2005) – D. Trull about Penrose's lawsuit concerning the use of his Penrose tilings on toilet paper</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070423214256/http://plus.maths.org/issue18/features/penrose/index.html">Roger Penrose: A Knight on the tiles</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Plus_Magazine" title="Plus Magazine">Plus Magazine</a></i>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080621162508/http://www.giffordlectures.org/Author.asp?AuthorID=254">Penrose's Gifford Lecture biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quantum-mind.co.uk">Quantum-Mind</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/documentaries/2009/04/090427_theforum_260409.shtml">Audio: Roger Penrose in conversation on the BBC World Service discussion show</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130407184109/http://www.premierradio.org.uk/listen/ondemand.aspx?mediaid=%7B320D8898-A8F0-4433-8934-D64DDEB8A21C%7D">Roger Penrose speaking about Hawking's new book on Premier Christian Radio</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140727062257/http://www.ideasroadshow.com/issues/sir-roger-penrose-2013-07-12">"The Cyclic Universe – A conversation with Roger Penrose"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Roadshow" class="mw-redirect" title="Ideas Roadshow">Ideas Roadshow</a></i>, 2013</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140327150655/http://richannel.org/forbidden-crystal-symmetry-in-mathematics-and-architecture">Forbidden crystal symmetry in mathematics and architecture</a>, filmed event at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Institution" title="Royal Institution">Royal Institution</a>, October 2013</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.maths.ox.ac.uk/node/25923"><i>Oxford Mathematics Interviews</i>: "Extra Time: Professor Sir Roger Penrose in conversation</a> with <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hodges" title="Andrew Hodges">Andrew Hodges</a>." These two films explore the development of Sir Roger Penrose's thought over more than 60 years, ending with his most recent theories and predictions. 51 min and 42 min. (<a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Institute,_University_of_Oxford" title="Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford">Mathematical Institute</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b082ymnx">BBC Radio 4 – The Life Scientific – Roger Penrose on Black Holes – 22 November 2016</a> Sir Roger Penrose talks to Jim Al-Khalili about his trailblazing work on how black holes form, the problems with quantum physics and his portrayal in films about Stephen Hawking.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107025935/https://penroseinstitute.com/">The Penrose Institute</a> Website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528065625/https://en.chessbase.com/post/a-chess-problem-holds-the-key-to-human-consciousness">A chess problem holds the key to human consciousness?</a>, Chessbase</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/988">Roger Penrose</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193803#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roger_Penrose" title="Template:Roger Penrose"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roger_Penrose" title="Template talk:Roger Penrose"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roger_Penrose" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roger Penrose"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roger_Penrose" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roger Penrose</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_New_Mind" title="The Emperor's New Mind">The Emperor's New Mind</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shadows_of_the_Mind" title="Shadows of the Mind">Shadows of the Mind</a></i> (1994)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Reality" title="The Road to Reality">The Road to Reality</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cycles_of_Time" title="Cycles of Time">Cycles of Time</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fashion,_Faith,_and_Fantasy_in_the_New_Physics_of_the_Universe" title="Fashion, Faith, and Fantasy in the New Physics of the Universe">Fashion, Faith, and Fantasy in the New Physics of the Universe</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Coauthored books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="wrap"> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nature_of_Space_and_Time" title="The Nature of Space and Time">The Nature of Space and Time</a></i> (with <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a>) (1996) </span></li> <li><span class="wrap"> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Large,_the_Small_and_the_Human_Mind" title="The Large, the Small and the Human Mind">The Large, the Small and the Human Mind</a></i> (with <a href="/wiki/Abner_Shimony" title="Abner Shimony">Abner Shimony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Cartwright_(philosopher)" title="Nancy Cartwright (philosopher)">Nancy Cartwright</a> and Stephen Hawking) (1997) </span></li> <li><span class="wrap"> <i>White Mars or, The Mind Set Free</i> (with <a href="/wiki/Brian_W._Aldiss" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian W. Aldiss">Brian W. Aldiss</a>) (1999) </span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twistor_theory" title="Twistor theory">Twistor theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_network" title="Spin network">Spin network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_index_notation" title="Abstract index notation">Abstract index notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole_bomb" title="Black hole bomb">Black hole bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Geometry of spacetime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmic_censorship_hypothesis" title="Cosmic censorship hypothesis">Cosmic censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyl_curvature_hypothesis" title="Weyl curvature hypothesis">Weyl curvature hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contributors_to_general_relativity#P" class="mw-redirect" title="Contributors to general relativity">Penrose inequalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrose_interpretation" title="Penrose interpretation">Penrose interpretation of quantum mechanics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moore%E2%80%93Penrose_inverse" title="Moore–Penrose inverse">Moore–Penrose inverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newman%E2%80%93Penrose_formalism" title="Newman–Penrose formalism">Newman–Penrose formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrose_diagram" title="Penrose diagram">Penrose diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrose%E2%80%93Hawking_singularity_theorems" title="Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems">Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riemannian_Penrose_inequality" title="Riemannian Penrose inequality">Riemannian Penrose inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrose_process" title="Penrose process">Penrose process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrose_tiling" title="Penrose tiling">Penrose tiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrose_triangle" title="Penrose triangle">Penrose triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrose_stairs" title="Penrose stairs">Penrose stairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrose_graphical_notation" title="Penrose graphical notation">Penrose graphical notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrose_transform" title="Penrose transform">Penrose transform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrell_rotation" title="Terrell rotation">Penrose–Terrell effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchestrated_objective_reduction" title="Orchestrated objective reduction">Orchestrated objective reduction</a>/<a href="/wiki/Penrose%E2%80%93Lucas_argument" title="Penrose–Lucas argument">Penrose–Lucas argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-orbit_experiment_with_laser_interferometry_X-rays" title="Free-orbit experiment with laser interferometry X-rays">FELIX experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trapped_surface" title="Trapped surface">Trapped surface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_paradox" class="mw-redirect" title="Andromeda paradox">Andromeda paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conformal_cyclic_cosmology" title="Conformal cyclic cosmology">Conformal cyclic cosmology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Penrose" title="Lionel Penrose">Lionel Penrose</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Penrose" title="Oliver Penrose">Oliver Penrose</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Penrose" title="Jonathan Penrose">Jonathan Penrose</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Hodgson" title="Shirley Hodgson">Shirley Hodgson</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Beresford_Leathes" title="John Beresford Leathes">John Beresford Leathes</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illumination_problem" title="Illumination problem">Illumination problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_mind" title="Quantum mind">Quantum mind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Roger_Penrose" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Roger_Penrose" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Roger Penrose</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copley_Medallists_(2001–present)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copley_Medallists_2001%E2%80%93present" title="Template:Copley Medallists 2001–present"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copley_Medallists_2001%E2%80%93present" title="Template talk:Copley Medallists 2001–present"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copley_Medallists_2001%E2%80%93present" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copley Medallists 2001–present"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(2001–present)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medallists</a> (2001–present)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Miller" title="Jacques Miller">Jacques Miller</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Pople" title="John Pople">John Pople</a> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Gurdon" title="John Gurdon">John Gurdon</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_Kroto" title="Harry Kroto">Harry Kroto</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Paul Nurse</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_May,_Baron_May_of_Oxford" title="Robert May, Baron May of Oxford">Robert May</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roger Penrose</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Evans" title="Martin Evans">Martin Evans</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Cox_(statistician)" title="David Cox (statistician)">David Cox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tomas_Lindahl" title="Tomas Lindahl">Tomas Lindahl</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dan_McKenzie_(geophysicist)" title="Dan McKenzie (geophysicist)">Dan McKenzie</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_E._Walker" title="John E. Walker">John E. Walker</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Andre Geim</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alec_Jeffreys" title="Alec Jeffreys">Alec Jeffreys</a> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henderson_(biologist)" title="Richard Henderson (biologist)">Richard Henderson</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wiles" title="Andrew Wiles">Andrew Wiles</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_I._Gordon" title="Jeffrey I. Gordon">Jeffrey I. Gordon</a> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Fersht" title="Alan Fersht">Alan Fersht</a> (2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jocelyn_Bell_Burnell" title="Jocelyn Bell Burnell">Jocelyn Bell Burnell</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine">Oxford–AstraZeneca Vaccine Team</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a> (2023)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Paul_Winter" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Paul Winter">Gregory Paul Winter</a> (2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template:Wolf Prize in Physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Wolf Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wolf Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" title="Wolf Prize in Physics">Wolf Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Uhlenbeck" title="George Uhlenbeck">George Uhlenbeck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Occhialini" title="Giuseppe Occhialini">Giuseppe Occhialini</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Fisher" title="Michael Fisher">Michael Fisher</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leo_Kadanoff" title="Leo Kadanoff">Leo Kadanoff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">Kenneth G. Wilson</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_Dyson" title="Freeman Dyson">Freeman Dyson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">Gerardus 't Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Victor_Weisskopf" title="Victor Weisskopf">Victor Weisskopf</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Leon M. Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Martin Lewis Perl</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Hahn" title="Erwin Hahn">Erwin Hahn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hirsch" title="Peter Hirsch">Peter Hirsch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Maiman" title="Theodore Maiman">Theodore Maiman</a> (1983–84)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conyers_Herring" title="Conyers Herring">Conyers Herring</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Nozi%C3%A8res" title="Philippe Nozières">Philippe Nozières</a> (1984–85)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Feigenbaum" title="Mitchell Feigenbaum">Mitchell Feigenbaum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Albert_J._Libchaber" title="Albert J. Libchaber">Albert J. Libchaber</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Friedman" title="Herbert Friedman">Herbert Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a> (1987)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roger Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Stephen Hawking</a> (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">Pierre-Gilles de Gennes</a> / <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">David J. Thouless</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Goldhaber" title="Maurice Goldhaber">Maurice Goldhaber</a> / <a href="/wiki/Valentine_Telegdi" title="Valentine Telegdi">Valentine Telegdi</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">Joseph H. Taylor Jr.</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benoit_Mandelbrot" title="Benoit Mandelbrot">Benoît Mandelbrot</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Vitaly Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Yoichiro Nambu</a> (1994–95)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">John Wheeler</a> (1996–97)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakir_Aharonov" title="Yakir Aharonov">Yakir Aharonov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Berry_(physicist)" title="Michael Berry (physicist)">Michael Berry</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Shechtman" title="Dan Shechtman">Dan Shechtman</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Raymond Davis Jr.</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Masatoshi Koshiba</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Halperin" title="Bertrand Halperin">Bertrand Halperin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Anthony Leggett</a> (2002–03)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brout" title="Robert Brout">Robert Brout</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">François Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kleppner" title="Daniel Kleppner">Daniel Kleppner</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Albert Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Peter Grünberg</a> (2006–07)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">John F. Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Alain Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Anton Zeilinger</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Haider" title="Maximilian Haider">Maximilian Haider</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harald_Rose" title="Harald Rose">Harald Rose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Knut_Urban" title="Knut Urban">Knut Urban</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Bekenstein" title="Jacob Bekenstein">Jacob Bekenstein</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Zoller" title="Peter Zoller">Peter Zoller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ignacio_Cirac_Sasturain" title="Juan Ignacio Cirac Sasturain">Juan Ignacio Cirac</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bjorken" title="James Bjorken">James D. Bjorken</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kirshner" title="Robert Kirshner">Robert P. Kirshner</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoseph_Imry" title="Yoseph Imry">Yoseph Imry</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Michel Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Didier Queloz</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Bennett_(physicist)" title="Charles H. Bennett (physicist)">Charles H. Bennett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Brassard" title="Gilles Brassard">Gilles Brassard</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d3d3d3;;width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafi_Bistritzer" title="Rafi Bistritzer">Rafi Bistritzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Jarillo-Herrero" title="Pablo Jarillo-Herrero">Pablo Jarillo-Herrero</a> / <a href="/wiki/Allan_H._MacDonald" title="Allan H. MacDonald">Allan H. MacDonald</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Giorgio Parisi</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">Anne L'Huillier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Corkum" title="Paul Corkum">Paul Corkum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Ferenc Krausz</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d3d3d3;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Agriculture" title="Wolf Prize in Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Arts" title="Wolf Prize in Arts">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Wolf Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Mathematics" title="Wolf Prize in Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Medicine" title="Wolf Prize in Medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" title="Wolf Prize in Physics">Physics</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="De_Morgan_Medallists" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:De_Morgan_Medallists" title="Template:De Morgan Medallists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:De_Morgan_Medallists" title="Template talk:De Morgan Medallists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:De_Morgan_Medallists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:De Morgan Medallists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="De_Morgan_Medallists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/De_Morgan_Medal" title="De Morgan Medal">De Morgan Medallists</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cayley" title="Arthur Cayley">Arthur Cayley</a> (1884)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Sylvester" title="James Joseph Sylvester">James Joseph Sylvester</a> (1887)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a> (1890)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Klein" title="Felix Klein">Felix Klein</a> (1893)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Roberts_(mathematician)" title="Samuel Roberts (mathematician)">S. Roberts</a> (1896)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Burnside" title="William Burnside">William Burnside</a> (1899)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/A._G._Greenhill" class="mw-redirect" title="A. G. Greenhill">A. G. Greenhill</a> (1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/H._F._Baker" class="mw-redirect" title="H. F. Baker">H. F. Baker</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._W._L._Glaisher" class="mw-redirect" title="J. W. L. Glaisher">J. W. L. Glaisher</a> (1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Lamb" title="Horace Lamb">Horace Lamb</a> (1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._Larmor" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Larmor">J. Larmor</a> (1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._H._Young" class="mw-redirect" title="W. H. Young">W. H. Young</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/E._W._Hobson" title="E. W. Hobson">E. W. Hobson</a> (1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/P._A._MacMahon" class="mw-redirect" title="P. A. MacMahon">P. A. MacMahon</a> (1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Edward_Hough_Love" title="Augustus Edward Hough Love">A. E. H. Love</a> (1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Godfrey_Harold_Hardy" class="mw-redirect" title="Godfrey Harold Hardy">Godfrey Harold Hardy</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/E._T._Whittaker" title="E. T. Whittaker">E. T. Whittaker</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Edensor_Littlewood" title="John Edensor Littlewood">J. E. Littlewood</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Mordell" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Mordell">Louis Mordell</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Chapman_(mathematician)" title="Sydney Chapman (mathematician)">Sydney Chapman</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Neville_Watson" class="mw-redirect" title="George Neville Watson">George Neville Watson</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/A._S._Besicovitch" class="mw-redirect" title="A. S. Besicovitch">A. S. Besicovitch</a> (1950)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Charles_Titchmarsh" title="Edward Charles Titchmarsh">E. C. Titchmarsh</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G._I._Taylor" title="G. I. Taylor">G. I. Taylor</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._V._D._Hodge" title="W. V. D. Hodge">W. V. D. Hodge</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Newman" title="Max Newman">Max Newman</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Hall" title="Philip Hall">Philip Hall</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cartwright" title="Mary Cartwright">Mary Cartwright</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Mahler" title="Kurt Mahler">Kurt Mahler</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Graham_Higman" title="Graham Higman">Graham Higman</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Ambrose_Rogers" title="Claude Ambrose Rogers">C. Ambrose Rogers</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Atiyah" title="Michael Atiyah">Michael Atiyah</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/K._F._Roth" class="mw-redirect" title="K. F. Roth">K. F. Roth</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/J._W._S._Cassels" title="J. W. S. Cassels">J. W. S. Cassels</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/D._G._Kendall" class="mw-redirect" title="D. G. Kendall">D. G. Kendall</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Fr%C3%B6hlich" title="Albrecht Fröhlich">Albrecht Fröhlich</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/W._K._Hayman" class="mw-redirect" title="W. K. Hayman">W. K. Hayman</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R._A._Rankin" class="mw-redirect" title="R. A. Rankin">R. A. Rankin</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Green_(mathematician)" title="Sandy Green (mathematician)">J. A. Green</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roger Penrose</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bryan_John_Birch" title="Bryan John Birch">Bryan John Birch</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Keith_William_Morton" title="Keith William Morton">Keith William Morton</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Griggs_Thompson" class="mw-redirect" title="John Griggs Thompson">John Griggs Thompson</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Gowers" title="Timothy Gowers">Timothy Gowers</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Wiles" title="Andrew Wiles">Andrew Wiles</a> (2019)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Relativity" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Relativity" title="Template:Relativity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Relativity" title="Template talk:Relativity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Relativity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Relativity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Relativity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Relativity</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special<br />relativity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_relativity" title="Principle of relativity">Principle of relativity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galilean_invariance" title="Galilean invariance">Galilean relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilean_transformation" title="Galilean transformation">Galilean transformation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_relativity" title="Special relativity">Special relativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doubly_special_relativity" title="Doubly special relativity">Doubly special relativity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Fundamental<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frame_of_reference" title="Frame of reference">Frame of reference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_light" title="Speed of light">Speed of light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperbolic_orthogonality" title="Hyperbolic orthogonality">Hyperbolic orthogonality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapidity" title="Rapidity">Rapidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell%27s_equations" title="Maxwell's equations">Maxwell's equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_length" title="Proper length">Proper length</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proper_acceleration" title="Proper acceleration">Proper acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_in_special_relativity" title="Mass in special relativity">Relativistic mass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Formulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorentz_transformation" title="Lorentz transformation">Lorentz transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_textbooks_on_relativity" title="List of textbooks on relativity">Textbooks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_dilation" title="Time dilation">Time dilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass%E2%80%93energy_equivalence" title="Mass–energy equivalence">Mass–energy equivalence (E=mc<sup>2</sup>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Length_contraction" title="Length contraction">Length contraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativity_of_simultaneity" title="Relativity of simultaneity">Relativity of simultaneity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_Doppler_effect" title="Relativistic Doppler effect">Relativistic Doppler effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_precession" title="Thomas precession">Thomas precession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladder_paradox" title="Ladder paradox">Ladder paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_paradox" title="Twin paradox">Twin paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrell_rotation" title="Terrell rotation">Terrell rotation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_cone" title="Light cone">Light cone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_line" title="World line">World line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minkowski_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Minkowski diagram">Minkowski diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biquaternion" title="Biquaternion">Biquaternions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minkowski_space" title="Minkowski space">Minkowski space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/General_relativity" title="General relativity">General<br />relativity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Introduction_to_general_relativity" title="Introduction to general relativity">Introduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_of_general_relativity" title="Mathematics of general relativity">Mathematical formulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Fundamental<br />concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equivalence_principle" title="Equivalence principle">Equivalence principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riemannian_geometry" title="Riemannian geometry">Riemannian geometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrose_diagram" title="Penrose diagram">Penrose diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geodesics_in_general_relativity" title="Geodesics in general relativity">Geodesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mach%27s_principle" title="Mach's principle">Mach's principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Formulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADM_formalism" title="ADM formalism">ADM formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSSN_formalism" title="BSSN formalism">BSSN formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einstein_field_equations" title="Einstein field equations">Einstein field equations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linearized_gravity" title="Linearized gravity">Linearized gravity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameterized_post-Newtonian_formalism" title="Parameterized post-Newtonian formalism">Post-Newtonian formalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raychaudhuri_equation" title="Raychaudhuri equation">Raychaudhuri equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton%E2%80%93Jacobi%E2%80%93Einstein_equation" title="Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation">Hamilton–Jacobi–Einstein equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_equation" title="Ernst equation">Ernst equation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_hole" title="Black hole">Black hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Event_horizon" title="Event horizon">Event horizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_singularity" title="Gravitational singularity">Singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-body_problem_in_general_relativity" title="Two-body problem in general relativity">Two-body problem</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_wave" title="Gravitational wave">Gravitational waves</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gravitational-wave_astronomy" title="Gravitational-wave astronomy">astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational-wave_observatory" title="Gravitational-wave observatory">detectors</a> (<a href="/wiki/LIGO" title="LIGO">LIGO</a> and <a href="/wiki/LIGO_Scientific_Collaboration" title="LIGO Scientific Collaboration">collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgo_interferometer" title="Virgo interferometer">Virgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LISA_Pathfinder" title="LISA Pathfinder">LISA Pathfinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEO600" title="GEO600">GEO</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulse%E2%80%93Taylor_binary" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulse–Taylor binary">Hulse–Taylor binary</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tests_of_general_relativity" title="Tests of general relativity">Other tests</a>: <a href="/wiki/Apsidal_precession" title="Apsidal precession">precession</a> of Mercury</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_lens" title="Gravitational lens">lensing</a> (together with <a href="/wiki/Einstein_cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein cross">Einstein cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Einstein_rings" class="mw-redirect" title="Einstein rings">Einstein rings</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitational_redshift" title="Gravitational redshift">redshift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapiro_time_delay" title="Shapiro time delay">Shapiro delay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame-dragging" title="Frame-dragging">frame-dragging</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geodetic_effect" title="Geodetic effect">geodetic effect</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lense%E2%80%93Thirring_precession" title="Lense–Thirring precession">Lense–Thirring precession</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulsar_timing_array" title="Pulsar timing array">pulsar timing arrays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;">Advanced<br />theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brans%E2%80%93Dicke_theory" title="Brans–Dicke theory">Brans–Dicke theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaluza%E2%80%93Klein_theory" title="Kaluza–Klein theory">Kaluza–Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_gravity" title="Quantum gravity">Quantum gravity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Exact_solutions_in_general_relativity" title="Exact solutions in general relativity">Solutions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Cosmological: <a href="/wiki/Friedmann%E2%80%93Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Robertson%E2%80%93Walker_metric" title="Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker metric">Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker</a> (<a href="/wiki/Friedmann_equations" title="Friedmann equations">Friedmann equations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lema%C3%AEtre%E2%80%93Tolman_metric" title="Lemaître–Tolman metric">Lemaître–Tolman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasner_metric" title="Kasner metric">Kasner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BKL_singularity" title="BKL singularity">BKL singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6del_metric" title="Gödel metric">Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milne_model" title="Milne model">Milne</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Spherical: <a href="/wiki/Schwarzschild_metric" title="Schwarzschild metric">Schwarzschild</a> (<a href="/wiki/Interior_Schwarzschild_metric" title="Interior Schwarzschild metric">interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolman%E2%80%93Oppenheimer%E2%80%93Volkoff_equation" title="Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation">Tolman–Oppenheimer–Volkoff equation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reissner%E2%80%93Nordstr%C3%B6m_metric" title="Reissner–Nordström metric">Reissner–Nordström</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Axisymmetric: <a href="/wiki/Kerr_metric" title="Kerr metric">Kerr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kerr%E2%80%93Newman_metric" title="Kerr–Newman metric">Kerr–Newman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weyl%E2%88%92Lewis%E2%88%92Papapetrou_coordinates" class="mw-redirect" title="Weyl−Lewis−Papapetrou coordinates">Weyl−Lewis−Papapetrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taub%E2%80%93NUT_space" title="Taub–NUT space">Taub–NUT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Stockum_dust" title="Van Stockum dust">van Stockum dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relativistic_disk" title="Relativistic disk">discs</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Others: <a href="/wiki/Pp-wave_spacetime" title="Pp-wave spacetime">pp-wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozsv%C3%A1th%E2%80%93Sch%C3%BCcking_metric" title="Ozsváth–Schücking metric">Ozsváth–Schücking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcubierre_drive" title="Alcubierre drive">Alcubierre</a></li></ul> <ul><li>In computational physics: <a href="/wiki/Numerical_relativity" title="Numerical relativity">Numerical relativity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align:center;;width:1%">Scientists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Poincar%C3%A9" title="Henri Poincaré">Poincaré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hilbert" title="David Hilbert">Hilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Schwarzschild" title="Karl Schwarzschild">Schwarzschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willem_de_Sitter" title="Willem de Sitter">de Sitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Weyl" title="Hermann Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Eddington" title="Arthur Eddington">Eddington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Friedmann" title="Alexander Friedmann">Friedmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Georges Lemaître">Lemaître</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Arthur_Milne" title="Edward Arthur Milne">Milne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_P._Robertson" title="Howard P. Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Zwicky" title="Fritz Zwicky">Zwicky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Wheeler" title="John Archibald Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Choquet-Bruhat" title="Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat">Choquet-Bruhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Kerr" title="Roy Kerr">Kerr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakov_Zeldovich" title="Yakov Zeldovich">Zel'dovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Dmitriyevich_Novikov" title="Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov">Novikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Ehlers" title="Jürgen Ehlers">Ehlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Geroch" title="Robert Geroch">Geroch</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" title="Stephen Hawking">Hawking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bondi" title="Hermann Bondi">Bondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Misner" title="Charles W. Misner">Misner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shing-Tung_Yau" title="Shing-Tung Yau">Yau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contributors_to_general_relativity" title="List of contributors to general relativity"><i>others</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Theory_of_relativity" title="Category:Theory of relativity">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2020_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2020_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2020 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2020_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:2020 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2020_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2020 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2020_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuelle_Charpentier" title="Emmanuelle Charpentier">Emmanuelle Charpentier</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Doudna" title="Jennifer Doudna">Jennifer Doudna</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2020 Nobel Prize in Literature">2020</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Louise_Gl%C3%BCck" title="Louise Glück">Louise Glück</a> (United States)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a> (<a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2020 Nobel Peace Prize">2020</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Roger Penrose</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Reinhard Genzel</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Andrea M. Ghez</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a> (<a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2020 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2020</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_J._Alter" title="Harvey J. Alter">Harvey J. Alter</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Houghton_(virologist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Houghton (virologist)">Michael Houghton</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Rice" title="Charles M. Rice">Charles M. Rice</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a> (<a href="/wiki/2020_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2020 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2020</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Milgrom" title="Paul Milgrom">Paul Milgrom</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Wilson" title="Robert B. Wilson">Robert B. Wilson</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2015_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2015 Nobel Prize winners">2015</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2016_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2016 Nobel Prize winners">2016</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2017_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2017 Nobel Prize winners">2017</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2018_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2018 Nobel Prize winners">2018</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2019_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2019 Nobel Prize winners">2019</a></dd> <dd><b>2020 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2021_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2021 Nobel Prize winners">2021</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2022_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2022 Nobel Prize winners">2022</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2023_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2023 Nobel Prize winners">2023</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2024_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2024 Nobel Prize winners">2024</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dalton_Medallists" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #DC143C; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dalton_Medallists" title="Template:Dalton Medallists"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dalton_Medallists" title="Template talk:Dalton Medallists"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dalton_Medallists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dalton Medallists"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dalton_Medallists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society#Dalton_Medal" title="Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Dalton Medallists</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DC143C; color:white;;width:1%;text-align:left;">Recipients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schunck" title="Edward Schunck">Henry Edward Schunck</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Enfield_Roscoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Enfield Roscoe">Sir Henry Roscoe</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborne_Reynolds" title="Osborne Reynolds">Osborne Reynolds</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Sir Ernest Rutherford</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">Sir Joseph 'J. J.' Thomson</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">Sir Lawrence Bragg</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Patrick Blackett</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Sir Cyril Hinshelwood</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Kroto" title="Harry Kroto">Sir Harold Kroto</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fred_Bodmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Fred Bodmer">Sir Walter Bodmer</a> (2002)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sir Roger Penrose</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lovell" title="Bernard Lovell">Sir Bernard Lovell</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Lord Rees of Ludlow</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Sir Konstantin Novoselov</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #DC143C; color:white;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" title="Category:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Category</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193803#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193803#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193803#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/120520567">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82139094">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12147090x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12147090x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00515478">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Penrose, Roger"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV069435">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000604394&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1064662">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/190848">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07169515X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90192018">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000036446&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000214742&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000236945">Chile</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=75351">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200209931">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810594984005606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266313705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517495806706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14302225">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00245110?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=36928">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=7004534991">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:penrose.roger">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.org/pid/18/502">DBLP</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://philpeople.org/profiles/roger-penrose">PhilPeople</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/137780">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Roger Penrose"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/9b2377b3-615a-4fb7-bc59-de4b4627a63e">MusicBrainz</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd120520567.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/120520567">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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