CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-P63WKM1TM1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-P63WKM1TM1'); </script>  <script type="text/javascript" > (function(m,e,t,r,i,k,a){m[i]=m[i]||function(){(m[i].a=m[i].a||[]).push(arguments)}; m[i].l=1*new Date(); for (var j = 0; j < document.scripts.length; j++) {if (document.scripts[j].src === r) { return; }} k=e.createElement(t),a=e.getElementsByTagName(t)[0],k.async=1,k.src=r,a.parentNode.insertBefore(k,a)}) (window, document, "script", "https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js", "ym"); ym(55165297, "init", { clickmap:false, trackLinks:true, accurateTrackBounce:true, webvisor:false }); </script> <noscript><div><img src="https://mc.yandex.ru/watch/55165297" style="position:absolute; left:-9999px;" alt="" /></div></noscript>    <title>Search results for: Gaussian noise</title> <meta name="description" content="Search results for: Gaussian noise"> <meta name="keywords" content="Gaussian noise"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, minimum-scale=1, maximum-scale=1, user-scalable=no"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon" rel="shortcut icon"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/fontawesome/css/all.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://cdn.waset.org/static/css/site.css?v=150220211555" rel="stylesheet"> </head> <body> <header> <div class="container"> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-light"> <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://waset.org"> <img src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/images/wasetc.png" alt="Open Science Research Excellence" title="Open Science Research Excellence" /> </a> <button class="d-block d-lg-none navbar-toggler ml-auto" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#navbarMenu" aria-controls="navbarMenu" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="w-100"> <div class="d-none d-lg-flex flex-row-reverse"> <form method="get" action="https://waset.org/search" class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0"> <input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Search Conferences" value="Gaussian noise" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <button class="btn btn-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit"><i class="fas fa-search"></i></button> </form> </div> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse mt-1" id="navbarMenu"> <ul class="navbar-nav ml-auto align-items-center" id="mainNavMenu"> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/conferences" title="Conferences in 2024/2025/2026">Conferences</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/disciplines" title="Disciplines">Disciplines</a> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/committees" rel="nofollow">Committees</a> </li> <li class="nav-item dropdown"> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdownPublications" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false"> Publications </a> <div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdownPublications"> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Gaussian noise"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 1079</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Gaussian noise</h1> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1079</span> Frequency Offset Estimation Schemes Based On ML for OFDM Systems in Non-Gaussian Noise Environments</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Keunhong%20Chae">Keunhong Chae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Seokho%20Yoon"> Seokho Yoon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>In this paper, frequency offset (FO) estimation schemes robust to the non-Gaussian noise environments are proposed for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. First, a maximum-likelihood (ML) estimation scheme in non-Gaussian noise environments is proposed, and then, the complexity of the ML estimation scheme is reduced by employing a reduced set of candidate values. In numerical results, it is demonstrated that the proposed schemes provide a significant performance improvement over the conventional estimation scheme in non-Gaussian noise environments while maintaining the performance similar to the estimation performance in Gaussian noise environments.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Frequency%20offset%20estimation" title="Frequency offset estimation">Frequency offset estimation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=maximum-likelihood" title=" maximum-likelihood"> maximum-likelihood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=non-Gaussian%20noise%20environment" title=" non-Gaussian noise environment"> non-Gaussian noise environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=OFDM" title=" OFDM"> OFDM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=training%20symbol." title=" training symbol."> training symbol.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999361/frequency-offset-estimation-schemes-based-on-ml-for-ofdm-systems-in-non-gaussian-noise-environments" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999361/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999361/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999361/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999361/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999361/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999361/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999361/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999361/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999361/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999361/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999361.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1948</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1078</span> Volterra Filtering Techniques for Removal of Gaussian and Mixed Gaussian-Impulse Noise </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20B.%20Meenavathi">M. B. Meenavathi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=K.%20Rajesh"> K. Rajesh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>In this paper, we propose a new class of Volterra series based filters for image enhancement and restoration. Generally the linear filters reduce the noise and cause blurring at the edges. Some nonlinear filters based on median operator or rank operator deal with only impulse noise and fail to cancel the most common Gaussian distributed noise. A class of second order Volterra filters is proposed to optimize the trade-off between noise removal and edge preservation. In this paper, we consider both the Gaussian and mixed Gaussian-impulse noise to test the robustness of the filter. Image enhancement and restoration results using the proposed Volterra filter are found to be superior to those obtained with standard linear and nonlinear filters.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gaussian%20noise" title="Gaussian noise">Gaussian noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Image%20enhancement" title=" Image enhancement"> Image enhancement</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Imagerestoration" title=" Imagerestoration"> Imagerestoration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Linear%20filters" title=" Linear filters"> Linear filters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Nonlinear%20filters" title=" Nonlinear filters"> Nonlinear filters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Volterra%20series." title=" Volterra series."> Volterra series.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13044/volterra-filtering-techniques-for-removal-of-gaussian-and-mixed-gaussian-impulse-noise" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13044/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13044/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13044/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13044/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13044/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13044/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13044/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13044/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13044/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13044/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13044.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2732</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1077</span> ML-Based Blind Frequency Offset Estimation Schemes for OFDM Systems in Non-Gaussian Noise Environments</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Keunhong%20Chae">Keunhong Chae</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Seokho%20Yoon"> Seokho Yoon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>This paper proposes frequency offset (FO) estimation schemes robust to the non-Gaussian noise for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. A maximum-likelihood (ML) scheme and a low-complexity estimation scheme are proposed by applying the probability density function of the cyclic prefix of OFDM symbols to the ML criterion. From simulation results, it is confirmed that the proposed schemes offer a significant FO estimation performance improvement over the conventional estimation scheme in non-Gaussian noise environments.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Frequency%20offset" title="Frequency offset">Frequency offset</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=cyclic%20prefix" title=" cyclic prefix"> cyclic prefix</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=maximum-likelihood" title=" maximum-likelihood"> maximum-likelihood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=non-Gaussian%20noise" title=" non-Gaussian noise"> non-Gaussian noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=OFDM." title=" OFDM."> OFDM.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998481/ml-based-blind-frequency-offset-estimation-schemes-for-ofdm-systems-in-non-gaussian-noise-environments" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998481/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998481/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998481/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998481/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998481/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998481/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998481/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998481/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998481/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998481/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9998481.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2021</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1076</span> Extended Study on Removing Gaussian Noise in Mechanical Engineering Drawing Images using Median Filters</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Low%20Khong%20Teck">Low Khong Teck</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hasan%20S.%20M.%20Al-Khaffaf"> Hasan S. M. Al-Khaffaf</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Abdullah%20Zawawi%20Talib"> Abdullah Zawawi Talib</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Tan%20Kian%20Lam"> Tan Kian Lam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper, an extended study is performed on the effect of different factors on the quality of vector data based on a previous study. In the noise factor, one kind of noise that appears in document images namely Gaussian noise is studied while the previous study involved only salt-and-pepper noise. High and low levels of noise are studied. For the noise cleaning methods, algorithms that were not covered in the previous study are used namely Median filters and its variants. For the vectorization factor, one of the best available commercial raster to vector software namely VPstudio is used to convert raster images into vector format. The performance of line detection will be judged based on objective performance evaluation method. The output of the performance evaluation is then analyzed statistically to highlight the factors that affect vector quality. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Performance%20Evaluation" title="Performance Evaluation">Performance Evaluation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Vectorization" title=" Vectorization"> Vectorization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Median%0AFilter" title=" Median Filter"> Median Filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gaussian%20Noise." title=" Gaussian Noise."> Gaussian Noise.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2169/extended-study-on-removing-gaussian-noise-in-mechanical-engineering-drawing-images-using-median-filters" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2169/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2169/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2169/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2169/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2169/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2169/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2169/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2169/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2169/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2169/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2169.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1703</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1075</span> An Efficient Gaussian Noise Removal Image Enhancement Technique for Gray Scale Images </h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=V.%20Murugan">V. Murugan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=R.%20Balasubramanian"> R. Balasubramanian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Image enhancement is a challenging issue in many applications. In the last two decades, there are various filters developed. This paper proposes a novel method which removes Gaussian noise from the gray scale images. The proposed technique is compared with Enhanced Fuzzy Peer Group Filter (EFPGF) for various noise levels. Experimental results proved that the proposed filter achieves better Peak-Signal-to-Noise-Ratio PSNR than the existing techniques. The proposed technique achieves 1.736dB gain in PSNR than the EFPGF technique.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gaussian%20noise" title="Gaussian noise">Gaussian noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=adaptive%20bilateral%20filter" title=" adaptive bilateral filter"> adaptive bilateral filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=fuzzy%20peer%0D%0Agroup%20filter" title=" fuzzy peer group filter"> fuzzy peer group filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=switching%20bilateral%20filter" title=" switching bilateral filter"> switching bilateral filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=PSNR" title=" PSNR"> PSNR</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001316/an-efficient-gaussian-noise-removal-image-enhancement-technique-for-gray-scale-images" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001316/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001316/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001316/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001316/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001316/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001316/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001316/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001316/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001316/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001316/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001316.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2480</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1074</span> Cyclostationary Gaussian Linearization for Analyzing Nonlinear System Response under Sinusoidal Signal and White Noise Excitation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=R.%20J.%20Chang">R. J. Chang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>A cyclostationary Gaussian linearization method is formulated for investigating the time average response of nonlinear system under sinusoidal signal and white noise excitation. The quantitative measure of cyclostationary mean, variance, spectrum of mean amplitude, and mean power spectral density of noise are analyzed. The qualitative response behavior of stochastic jump and bifurcation are investigated. The validity of the present approach in predicting the quantitative and qualitative statistical responses is supported by utilizing Monte Carlo simulations. The present analysis without imposing restrictive analytical conditions can be directly derived by solving non-linear algebraic equations. The analytical solution gives reliable quantitative and qualitative prediction of mean and noise response for the Duffing system subjected to both sinusoidal signal and white noise excitation.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Cyclostationary" title="Cyclostationary">Cyclostationary</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Duffing%20system" title=" Duffing system"> Duffing system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gaussian%0D%0Alinearization" title=" Gaussian linearization"> Gaussian linearization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=sinusoidal%20signal%20and%20white%20noise." title=" sinusoidal signal and white noise."> sinusoidal signal and white noise.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001242/cyclostationary-gaussian-linearization-for-analyzing-nonlinear-system-response-under-sinusoidal-signal-and-white-noise-excitation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001242/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001242/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001242/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001242/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001242/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001242/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001242/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001242/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001242/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001242/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001242.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1991</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1073</span> A Compact Pi Network for Reducing Bit Error Rate in Dispersive FIR Channel Noise Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Kavita%20Burse">Kavita Burse</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=R.N.%20Yadav"> R.N. Yadav</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.C.%20Shrivastava"> S.C. Shrivastava</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Vishnu%20Pratap%20Singh%20Kirar"> Vishnu Pratap Singh Kirar</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> During signal transmission, the combined effect of the transmitter filter, the transmission medium, and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) are included in the channel which distort and add noise to the signal. This causes the well defined signal constellation to spread causing errors in bit detection. A compact pi neural network with minimum number of nodes is proposed. The replacement of summation at each node by multiplication results in more powerful mapping. The resultant pi network is tested on six different channels. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Additive%20white%20Gaussian%20noise" title="Additive white Gaussian noise">Additive white Gaussian noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=digitalcommunication%20system" title=" digitalcommunication system"> digitalcommunication system</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=multiplicative%20neuron" title=" multiplicative neuron"> multiplicative neuron</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Pi%20neural%20network." title=" Pi neural network."> Pi neural network.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12299/a-compact-pi-network-for-reducing-bit-error-rate-in-dispersive-fir-channel-noise-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12299/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12299/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12299/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12299/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12299/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12299/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12299/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12299/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12299/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12299/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12299.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1668</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1072</span> Tests for Gaussianity of a Stationary Time Series</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Adnan%20Al-Smadi">Adnan Al-Smadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the primary uses of higher order statistics in signal processing has been for detecting and estimation of non- Gaussian signals in Gaussian noise of unknown covariance. This is motivated by the ability of higher order statistics to suppress additive Gaussian noise. In this paper, several methods to test for non- Gaussianity of a given process are presented. These methods include histogram plot, kurtosis test, and hypothesis testing using cumulants and bispectrum of the available sequence. The hypothesis testing is performed by constructing a statistic to test whether the bispectrum of the given signal is non-zero. A zero bispectrum is not a proof of Gaussianity. Hence, other tests such as the kurtosis test should be employed. Examples are given to demonstrate the performance of the presented methods. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Non-Gaussian" title="Non-Gaussian">Non-Gaussian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=bispectrum" title=" bispectrum"> bispectrum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=kurtosis" title=" kurtosis"> kurtosis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=hypothesistesting" title=" hypothesistesting"> hypothesistesting</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=histogram." title=" histogram."> histogram.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2851/tests-for-gaussianity-of-a-stationary-time-series" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2851/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2851/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2851/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2851/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2851/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2851/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2851/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2851/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2851/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2851/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2851.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1916</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1071</span> Blind Source Separation Using Modified Gaussian FastICA</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=V.%20K.%20Ananthashayana">V. K. Ananthashayana</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jyothirmayi%20M."> Jyothirmayi M.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper addresses the problem of source separation in images. We propose a FastICA algorithm employing a modified Gaussian contrast function for the Blind Source Separation. Experimental result shows that the proposed Modified Gaussian FastICA is effectively used for Blind Source Separation to obtain better quality images. In this paper, a comparative study has been made with other popular existing algorithms. The peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and improved signal to noise ratio (ISNR) are used as metrics for evaluating the quality of images. The ICA metric Amari error is also used to measure the quality of separation. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Amari%20error" title="Amari error">Amari error</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Blind%20Source%20Separation" title=" Blind Source Separation"> Blind Source Separation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Contrast%0Afunction" title=" Contrast function"> Contrast function</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gaussian%20function" title=" Gaussian function"> Gaussian function</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Independent%20Component%20Analysis." title=" Independent Component Analysis."> Independent Component Analysis.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12887/blind-source-separation-using-modified-gaussian-fastica" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12887/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12887/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12887/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12887/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12887/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12887/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12887/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12887/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12887/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12887/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/12887.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1743</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1070</span> A Methodological Approach for Detecting Burst Noise in the Time Domain</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Liu%20Dan">Liu Dan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Wang%20Xue"> Wang Xue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Wang%20Guiqin"> Wang Guiqin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Qian%20Zhihong"> Qian Zhihong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The burst noise is a kind of noises that are destructive and frequently found in semiconductor devices and ICs, yet detecting and removing the noise has proved challenging for IC designers or users. According to the properties of burst noise, a methodological approach is presented (proposed) in the paper, by which the burst noise can be analysed and detected in time domain. In this paper, principles and properties of burst noise are expounded first, Afterwards, feasibility (viable) of burst noise detection by means of wavelet transform in the time domain is corroborated in the paper, and the multi-resolution characters of Gaussian noise, burst noise and blurred burst noise are discussed in details by computer emulation. Furthermore, the practical method to decide parameters of wavelet transform is acquired through a great deal of experiment and data statistics. The methodology may yield an expectation in a wide variety of applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Burst%20noise" title="Burst noise">Burst noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=detection" title=" detection"> detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=wavelet%20transform" title=" wavelet transform"> wavelet transform</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4247/a-methodological-approach-for-detecting-burst-noise-in-the-time-domain" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4247/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4247/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4247/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4247/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4247/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4247/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4247/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4247/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4247/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4247/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4247.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1913</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1069</span> Effect of Different BER Performance Comparison of MAP and ML Detection</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Naveed%20Ur%20Rehman">Naveed Ur Rehman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Rehan%20Jamil"> Rehan Jamil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Irfan%20Jamil"> Irfan Jamil</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>In this paper, we regard as a coded transmission over a frequency-selective channel. We plan to study analytically the convergence of the turbo-detector using a maximum a posteriori (MAP) equalizer and a MAP decoder. We demonstrate that the densities of the maximum likelihood (ML) exchanged during the iterations are e-symmetric and output-symmetric. Under the Gaussian approximation, this property allows to execute a one-dimensional scrutiny of the turbo-detector. By deriving the analytical terminology of the ML distributions under the Gaussian approximation, we confirm that the bit error rate (BER) performance of the turbo-detector converges to the BER performance of the coded additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel at high signal to noise ratio (SNR), for any frequency selective channel.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=MAP" title="MAP">MAP</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=ML" title=" ML"> ML</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=SNR" title=" SNR"> SNR</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Decoder" title=" Decoder"> Decoder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=BER" title=" BER"> BER</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Coded%20transmission." title=" Coded transmission."> Coded transmission.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000773/effect-of-different-ber-performance-comparison-of-map-and-ml-detection" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000773/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000773/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000773/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000773/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000773/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000773/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000773/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000773/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000773/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000773/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10000773.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2256</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1068</span> Real-time Tracking in Image Sequences based-on Parameters Updating with Temporal and Spatial Neighborhoods Mixture Gaussian Model</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hu%20Haibo">Hu Haibo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Zhao%20Hong"> Zhao Hong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Gaussian mixture background model is widely used in moving target detection of the image sequences. However, traditional Gaussian mixture background model usually considers the time continuity of the pixels, and establishes background through statistical distribution of pixels without taking into account the pixels- spatial similarity, which will cause noise, imperfection and other problems. This paper proposes a new Gaussian mixture modeling approach, which combines the color and gradient of the spatial information, and integrates the spatial information of the pixel sequences to establish Gaussian mixture background. The experimental results show that the movement background can be extracted accurately and efficiently, and the algorithm is more robust, and can work in real time in tracking applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gaussian%20mixture%20model" title="Gaussian mixture model">Gaussian mixture model</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=real-time%20tracking" title=" real-time tracking"> real-time tracking</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=sequence%20image" title="sequence image">sequence image</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=gradient." title=" gradient."> gradient.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9832/real-time-tracking-in-image-sequences-based-on-parameters-updating-with-temporal-and-spatial-neighborhoods-mixture-gaussian-model" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9832/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9832/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9832/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9832/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9832/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9832/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9832/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9832/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9832/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9832/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9832.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1477</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1067</span> A Degraded Practical MIMOME Channel: Issues Insecret Data Communications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mohammad%20Rakibul%20Islam">Mohammad Rakibul Islam</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>In this paper, a Gaussian multiple input multiple output multiple eavesdropper (MIMOME) channel is considered where a transmitter communicates to a receiver in the presence of an eavesdropper. We present a technique for determining the secrecy capacity of the multiple input multiple output (MIMO) channel under Gaussian noise. We transform the degraded MIMOME channel into multiple single input multiple output (SIMO) Gaussian wire-tap channels and then use scalar approach to convert it into two equivalent multiple input single output (MISO) channels. The secrecy capacity model is then developed for the condition where the channel state information (CSI) for main channel only is known to the transmitter. The results show that the secret communication is possible when the eavesdropper channel noise is greater than a cutoff noise level. The outage probability is also analyzed of secrecy capacity is also analyzed. The effect of fading and outage probability is also analyzed.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Secrecy%20capacity" title="Secrecy capacity">Secrecy capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=MIMO" title=" MIMO"> MIMO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=wiretap%20channel" title=" wiretap channel"> wiretap channel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=covariance%20matrix" title=" covariance matrix"> covariance matrix</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=fading." title=" fading."> fading.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11021/a-degraded-practical-mimome-channel-issues-insecret-data-communications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11021/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11021/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11021/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11021/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11021/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11021/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11021/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11021/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11021/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11021/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11021.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1576</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1066</span> Fractional Masks Based On Generalized Fractional Differential Operator for Image Denoising</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hamid%20A.%20Jalab">Hamid A. Jalab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Rabha%20W.%20Ibrahim"> Rabha W. Ibrahim</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>This paper introduces an image denoising algorithm based on generalized Srivastava-Owa fractional differential operator for removing Gaussian noise in digital images. The structures of nxn fractional masks are constructed by this algorithm. Experiments show that, the capability of the denoising algorithm by fractional differential-based approach appears efficient to smooth the Gaussian noisy images for different noisy levels. The denoising performance is measured by using peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) for the denoising images. The results showed an improved performance (higher PSNR values) when compared with standard Gaussian smoothing filter.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Fractional%20calculus" title="Fractional calculus">Fractional calculus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=fractional%20differential%20operator" title=" fractional differential operator"> fractional differential operator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=fractional%20mask" title=" fractional mask"> fractional mask</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=fractional%20filter." title=" fractional filter."> fractional filter.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996971/fractional-masks-based-on-generalized-fractional-differential-operator-for-image-denoising" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996971/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996971/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996971/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996971/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996971/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996971/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996971/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996971/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996971/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996971/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996971.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">3003</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1065</span> Least Square-SVM Detector for Wireless BPSK in Multi-Environmental Noise</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=J.%20P.%20Dubois">J. P. Dubois</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Omar%20M.%20Abdul-Latif"> Omar M. Abdul-Latif</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Support Vector Machine (SVM) is a statistical learning tool developed to a more complex concept of structural risk minimization (SRM). In this paper, SVM is applied to signal detection in communication systems in the presence of channel noise in various environments in the form of Rayleigh fading, additive white Gaussian background noise (AWGN), and interference noise generalized as additive color Gaussian noise (ACGN). The structure and performance of SVM in terms of the bit error rate (BER) metric is derived and simulated for these advanced stochastic noise models and the computational complexity of the implementation, in terms of average computational time per bit, is also presented. The performance of SVM is then compared to conventional binary signaling optimal model-based detector driven by binary phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation. We show that the SVM performance is superior to that of conventional matched filter-, innovation filter-, and Wiener filter-driven detectors, even in the presence of random Doppler carrier deviation, especially for low SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) ranges. For large SNR, the performance of the SVM was similar to that of the classical detectors. However, the convergence between SVM and maximum likelihood detection occurred at a higher SNR as the noise environment became more hostile. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Colour%20noise" title="Colour noise">Colour noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Doppler%20shift" title=" Doppler shift"> Doppler shift</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=innovation%20filter" title=" innovation filter"> innovation filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=least%20square-support%20vector%20machine" title="least square-support vector machine">least square-support vector machine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=matched%20filter" title=" matched filter"> matched filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Rayleigh%20fading" title=" Rayleigh fading"> Rayleigh fading</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Wiener%20filter." title="Wiener filter.">Wiener filter.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4231/least-square-svm-detector-for-wireless-bpsk-in-multi-environmental-noise" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4231/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4231/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4231/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4231/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4231/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4231/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4231/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4231/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4231/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4231/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4231.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1813</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1064</span> Maximizer of the Posterior Marginal Estimate for Noise Reduction of JPEG-compressed Image</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Yohei%20Saika">Yohei Saika</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Yuji%20Haraguchi"> Yuji Haraguchi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> We constructed a method of noise reduction for JPEG-compressed image based on Bayesian inference using the maximizer of the posterior marginal (MPM) estimate. In this method, we tried the MPM estimate using two kinds of likelihood, both of which enhance grayscale images converted into the JPEG-compressed image through the lossy JPEG image compression. One is the deterministic model of the likelihood and the other is the probabilistic one expressed by the Gaussian distribution. Then, using the Monte Carlo simulation for grayscale images, such as the 256-grayscale standard image “Lena" with 256 × 256 pixels, we examined the performance of the MPM estimate based on the performance measure using the mean square error. We clarified that the MPM estimate via the Gaussian probabilistic model of the likelihood is effective for reducing noises, such as the blocking artifacts and the mosquito noise, if we set parameters appropriately. On the other hand, we found that the MPM estimate via the deterministic model of the likelihood is not effective for noise reduction due to the low acceptance ratio of the Metropolis algorithm. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Noise%20reduction" title="Noise reduction">Noise reduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=JPEG-compressed%20image" title=" JPEG-compressed image"> JPEG-compressed image</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Bayesian%0Ainference" title=" Bayesian inference"> Bayesian inference</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=the%20maximizer%20of%20the%20posterior%20marginal%20estimate" title=" the maximizer of the posterior marginal estimate"> the maximizer of the posterior marginal estimate</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11109/maximizer-of-the-posterior-marginal-estimate-for-noise-reduction-of-jpeg-compressed-image" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11109/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11109/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11109/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11109/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11109/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11109/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11109/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11109/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11109/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11109/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11109.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1988</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1063</span> A Comparison of Real Valued Transforms for Image Compression</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Shivali%20D.%20Kulkarni">Shivali D. Kulkarni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ameya%20K.%20Naik"> Ameya K. Naik</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Nitin%20S.%20Nagori"> Nitin S. Nagori</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper we present simulation results for the application of a bandwidth efficient algorithm (mapping algorithm) to an image transmission system. This system considers three different real valued transforms to generate energy compact coefficients. First results are presented for gray scale and color image transmission in the absence of noise. It is seen that the system performs its best when discrete cosine transform is used. Also the performance of the system is dominated more by the size of the transform block rather than the number of coefficients transmitted or the number of bits used to represent each coefficient. Similar results are obtained in the presence of additive white Gaussian noise. The varying values of the bit error rate have very little or no impact on the performance of the algorithm. Optimum results are obtained for the system considering 8x8 transform block and by transmitting 15 coefficients from each block using 8 bits. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Additive%20white%20Gaussian%20noise%20channel" title="Additive white Gaussian noise channel">Additive white Gaussian noise channel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=mapping%0Aalgorithm" title=" mapping algorithm"> mapping algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=peak%20signal%20to%20noise%20ratio" title=" peak signal to noise ratio"> peak signal to noise ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=transform%20encoding." title=" transform encoding."> transform encoding.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9489/a-comparison-of-real-valued-transforms-for-image-compression" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9489/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9489/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9489/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9489/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9489/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9489/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9489/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9489/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9489/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9489/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9489.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1499</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1062</span> Self-tuned LMS Algorithm for Sinusoidal Time Delay Tracking</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jonah%20Gamba">Jonah Gamba</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this paper the problem of estimating the time delay between two spatially separated noisy sinusoidal signals by system identification modeling is addressed. The system is assumed to be perturbed by both input and output additive white Gaussian noise. The presence of input noise introduces bias in the time delay estimates. Normally the solution requires a priori knowledge of the input-output noise variance ratio. We utilize the cascade of a self-tuned filter with the time delay estimator, thus making the delay estimates robust to input noise. Simulation results are presented to confirm the superiority of the proposed approach at low input signal-to-noise ratios. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=LMS%20algorithm" title="LMS algorithm">LMS algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Self-tuned%20filter" title=" Self-tuned filter"> Self-tuned filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Systemidentification" title=" Systemidentification"> Systemidentification</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Time%20delay%20estimation" title=" Time delay estimation"> Time delay estimation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=." title=".">.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6414/self-tuned-lms-algorithm-for-sinusoidal-time-delay-tracking" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6414/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6414/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6414/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6414/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6414/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6414/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6414/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6414/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6414/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6414/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6414.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1590</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1061</span> An Approach to Noise Variance Estimation in Very Low Signal-to-Noise Ratio Stochastic Signals</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Miljan%20B.%20Petrovi%C4%87">Miljan B. Petrović</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Du%C5%A1an%20B.%20Petrovi%C4%87"> Dušan B. Petrović</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Goran%20S.%20Nikoli%C4%87"> Goran S. Nikolić</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>This paper describes a method for AWGN (Additive White Gaussian Noise) variance estimation in noisy stochastic signals, referred to as Multiplicative-Noising Variance Estimation (MNVE). The aim was to develop an estimation algorithm with minimal number of assumptions on the original signal structure. The provided MATLAB simulation and results analysis of the method applied on speech signals showed more accuracy than standardized AR (autoregressive) modeling noise estimation technique. In addition, great performance was observed on very low signal-to-noise ratios, which in general represents the worst case scenario for signal denoising methods. High execution time appears to be the only disadvantage of MNVE. After close examination of all the observed features of the proposed algorithm, it was concluded it is worth of exploring and that with some further adjustments and improvements can be enviably powerful.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Noise" title="Noise">Noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=signal-to-noise%20ratio" title=" signal-to-noise ratio"> signal-to-noise ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=stochastic%20signals" title=" stochastic signals"> stochastic signals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=variance%20estimation." title=" variance estimation."> variance estimation.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003872/an-approach-to-noise-variance-estimation-in-very-low-signal-to-noise-ratio-stochastic-signals" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003872/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003872/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003872/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003872/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003872/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003872/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003872/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003872/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003872/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003872/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003872.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2258</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1060</span> Applying a Noise Reduction Method to Reveal Chaos in the River Flow Time Series</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mohammad%20H.%20Fattahi">Mohammad H. Fattahi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Chaotic analysis has been performed on the river flow time series before and after applying the wavelet based de-noising techniques in order to investigate the noise content effects on chaotic nature of flow series. In this study, 38 years of monthly runoff data of three gauging stations were used. Gauging stations were located in Ghar-e-Aghaj river basin, Fars province, Iran. Noise level of time series was estimated with the aid of Gaussian kernel algorithm. This step was found to be crucial in preventing removal of the vital data such as memory, correlation and trend from the time series in addition to the noise during de-noising process.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Chaotic%20behavior" title="Chaotic behavior">Chaotic behavior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=wavelet" title=" wavelet"> wavelet</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=noise%20reduction" title=" noise reduction"> noise reduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=river%20flow." title=" river flow."> river flow.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999098/applying-a-noise-reduction-method-to-reveal-chaos-in-the-river-flow-time-series" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999098/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999098/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999098/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999098/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999098/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999098/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999098/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999098/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999098/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999098/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999098.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2095</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1059</span> Medical Image Segmentation Based On Vigorous Smoothing and Edge Detection Ideology</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jagadish%20H.%20Pujar">Jagadish H. Pujar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Pallavi%20S.%20Gurjal"> Pallavi S. Gurjal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Shambhavi%20D.%20S"> Shambhavi D. S</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Kiran%20S.%20Kunnur"> Kiran S. Kunnur</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Medical image segmentation based on image smoothing followed by edge detection assumes a great degree of importance in the field of Image Processing. In this regard, this paper proposes a novel algorithm for medical image segmentation based on vigorous smoothening by identifying the type of noise and edge diction ideology which seems to be a boom in medical image diagnosis. The main objective of this algorithm is to consider a particular medical image as input and make the preprocessing to remove the noise content by employing suitable filter after identifying the type of noise and finally carrying out edge detection for image segmentation. The algorithm consists of three parts. First, identifying the type of noise present in the medical image as additive, multiplicative or impulsive by analysis of local histograms and denoising it by employing Median, Gaussian or Frost filter. Second, edge detection of the filtered medical image is carried out using Canny edge detection technique. And third part is about the segmentation of edge detected medical image by the method of Normalized Cut Eigen Vectors. The method is validated through experiments on real images. The proposed algorithm has been simulated on MATLAB platform. The results obtained by the simulation shows that the proposed algorithm is very effective which can deal with low quality or marginal vague images which has high spatial redundancy, low contrast and biggish noise, and has a potential of certain practical use of medical image diagnosis.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Image%20Segmentation" title="Image Segmentation">Image Segmentation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Image%20smoothing" title=" Image smoothing"> Image smoothing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Edge%20Detection" title=" Edge Detection"> Edge Detection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Impulsive%20noise" title=" Impulsive noise"> Impulsive noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gaussian%20noise" title=" Gaussian noise"> Gaussian noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Median%20filter" title=" Median filter"> Median filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Canny%20edge" title=" Canny edge"> Canny edge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Eigen%20values" title=" Eigen values"> Eigen values</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Eigen%20vector." title=" Eigen vector."> Eigen vector.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14997/medical-image-segmentation-based-on-vigorous-smoothing-and-edge-detection-ideology" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14997/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14997/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14997/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14997/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14997/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14997/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14997/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14997/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14997/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14997/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/14997.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1912</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1058</span> Modelling of Electron States in Quantum -Wire Systems - Influence of Stochastic Effects on the Confining Potential</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mikhail%20Vladimirovich%20Deryabin">Mikhail Vladimirovich Deryabin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Morten%20Willatzen"> Morten Willatzen</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>In this work, we address theoretically the influence of red and white Gaussian noise for electronic energies and eigenstates of cylindrically shaped quantum dots. The stochastic effect can be imagined as resulting from crystal-growth statistical fluctuations in the quantum-dot material composition. In particular we obtain analytical expressions for the eigenvalue shifts and electronic envelope functions in the k . p formalism due to stochastic variations in the confining band-edge potential. It is shown that white noise in the band-edge potential leaves electronic properties almost unaffected while red noise may lead to changes in state energies and envelopefunction amplitudes of several percentages. In the latter case, the ensemble-averaged envelope function decays as a function of distance. It is also shown that, in a stochastic system, constant ensembleaveraged envelope functions are the only bounded solutions for the infinite quantum-wire problem and the energy spectrum is completely discrete. In other words, the infinite stochastic quantum wire behaves, ensemble-averaged, as an atom.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=cylindrical%20quantum%20dots" title="cylindrical quantum dots">cylindrical quantum dots</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=electronic%20eigen%20energies" title=" electronic eigen energies"> electronic eigen energies</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=red%20and%20white%20Gaussian%20noise" title=" red and white Gaussian noise"> red and white Gaussian noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=ensemble%20averaging%20effects." title=" ensemble averaging effects."> ensemble averaging effects.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9561/modelling-of-electron-states-in-quantum-wire-systems-influence-of-stochastic-effects-on-the-confining-potential" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9561/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9561/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9561/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9561/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9561/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9561/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9561/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9561/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9561/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9561/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9561.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1530</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1057</span> A Robust Reception of IEEE 802.15.4a IR-TH UWB in Dense Multipath and Gaussian Noise</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Farah%20Haroon">Farah Haroon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Haroon%20Rasheed"> Haroon Rasheed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Kazi%20M%20Ahmed"> Kazi M Ahmed</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> IEEE 802.15.4a impulse radio-time hopping ultra wide band (IR-TH UWB) physical layer, due to small duty cycle and very short pulse widths is robust against multipath propagation. However, scattering and reflections with the large number of obstacles in indoor channel environments, give rise to dense multipath fading. It imposes serious problem to optimum Rake receiver architectures, for which very large number of fingers are needed. Presence of strong noise also affects the reception of fine pulses having extremely low power spectral density. A robust SRake receiver for IEEE 802.15.4a IRTH UWB in dense multipath and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) is proposed to efficiently recover the weak signals with much reduced complexity. It adaptively increases the signal to noise (SNR) by decreasing noise through a recursive least square (RLS) algorithm. For simulation, dense multipath environment of IEEE 802.15.4a industrial non line of sight (NLOS) is employed. The power delay profile (PDF) and the cumulative distribution function (CDF) for the respective channel environment are found. Moreover, the error performance of the proposed architecture is evaluated in comparison with conventional SRake and AWGN correlation receivers. The simulation results indicate a substantial performance improvement with very less number of Rake fingers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Adaptive%20noise%20cancellation" title="Adaptive noise cancellation">Adaptive noise cancellation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=dense%20multipath%20propoagation" title=" dense multipath propoagation"> dense multipath propoagation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=IEEE%20802.15.4a" title=" IEEE 802.15.4a"> IEEE 802.15.4a</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=IR-TH%20UWB" title=" IR-TH UWB"> IR-TH UWB</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=industrial%20NLOS%20environment" title=" industrial NLOS environment"> industrial NLOS environment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=SRake%20receiver" title=" SRake receiver"> SRake receiver</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8246/a-robust-reception-of-ieee-802154a-ir-th-uwb-in-dense-multipath-and-gaussian-noise" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8246/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8246/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8246/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8246/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8246/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8246/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8246/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8246/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8246/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8246/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8246.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1827</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1056</span> A Nano-Scaled SRAM Guard Band Design with Gaussian Mixtures Model of Complex Long Tail RTN Distributions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Worawit%20Somha">Worawit Somha</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hiroyuki%20Yamauchi"> Hiroyuki Yamauchi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper proposes, for the first time, how the challenges facing the guard-band designs including the margin assist-circuits scheme for the screening-test in the coming process generations should be addressed. The increased screening error impacts are discussed based on the proposed statistical analysis models. It has been shown that the yield-loss caused by the misjudgment on the screening test would become 5-orders of magnitude larger than that for the conventional one when the amplitude of random telegraph noise (RTN) caused variations approaches to that of random dopant fluctuation. Three fitting methods to approximate the RTN caused complex Gamma mixtures distributions by the simple Gaussian mixtures model (GMM) are proposed and compared. It has been verified that the proposed methods can reduce the error of the fail-bit predictions by 4-orders of magnitude. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mixtures%20of%20Gaussian" title="Mixtures of Gaussian">Mixtures of Gaussian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Random%20telegraph%20noise" title=" Random telegraph noise"> Random telegraph noise</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=EM%0Aalgorithm" title=" EM algorithm"> EM algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Long-tail%20distribution" title=" Long-tail distribution"> Long-tail distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Fail-bit%20analysis" title=" Fail-bit analysis"> Fail-bit analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Static%20random%0Aaccess%20memory" title=" Static random access memory"> Static random access memory</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Guard%20band%20design." title=" Guard band design."> Guard band design.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9656/a-nano-scaled-sram-guard-band-design-with-gaussian-mixtures-model-of-complex-long-tail-rtn-distributions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9656/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9656/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9656/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9656/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9656/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9656/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9656/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9656/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9656/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9656/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9656.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1841</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1055</span> Elimination Noise by Adaptive Wavelet Threshold</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Iman%20Elyasi">Iman Elyasi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sadegh%20Zarmehi"> Sadegh Zarmehi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Due to some reasons, observed images are degraded which are mainly caused by noise. Recently image denoising using the wavelet transform has been attracting much attention. Waveletbased approach provides a particularly useful method for image denoising when the preservation of edges in the scene is of importance because the local adaptivity is based explicitly on the values of the wavelet detail coefficients. In this paper, we propose several methods of noise removal from degraded images with Gaussian noise by using adaptive wavelet threshold (Bayes Shrink, Modified Bayes Shrink and Normal Shrink). The proposed thresholds are simple and adaptive to each subband because the parameters required for estimating the threshold depend on subband data. Experimental results show that the proposed thresholds remove noise significantly and preserve the edges in the scene.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Image%20denoising" title="Image denoising">Image denoising</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Bayes%20Shrink" title=" Bayes Shrink"> Bayes Shrink</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Modified%20Bayes%20Shrink" title=" Modified Bayes Shrink"> Modified Bayes Shrink</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Normal%20Shrink." title=" Normal Shrink."> Normal Shrink.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8882/elimination-noise-by-adaptive-wavelet-threshold" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8882/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8882/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8882/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8882/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8882/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8882/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8882/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8882/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8882/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8882/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/8882.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2473</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1054</span> Base Change for Fisher Metrics: Case of the q−Gaussian Inverse Distribution</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gabriel%20I.%20Loaiza%20O.">Gabriel I. Loaiza O.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Carlos%20A.%20Cadavid%20M."> Carlos A. Cadavid M.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Juan%20C.%20Arango%20P."> Juan C. Arango P.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>It is known that the Riemannian manifold determined by the family of inverse Gaussian distributions endowed with the Fisher metric has negative constant curvature κ = −1/2 , as does the family of usual Gaussian distributions. In the present paper, firstly we arrive at this result by following a different path, much simpler than the previous ones. We first put the family in exponential form, thus endowing the family with a new set of parameters, or coordinates, θ1, θ2; then we determine the matrix of the Fisher metric in terms of these parameters; and finally we compute this matrix in the original parameters. Secondly, we define the Inverse q−Gaussian distribution family (q < 3), as the family obtained by replacing the usual exponential function by the Tsallis q−exponential function in the expression for the Inverse Gaussian distribution, and observe that it supports two possible geometries, the Fisher and the q−Fisher geometry. And finally, we apply our strategy to obtain results about the Fisher and q−Fisher geometry of the Inverse q−Gaussian distribution family, similar to the ones obtained in the case of the Inverse Gaussian distribution family. </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Base%20of%20Changes" title="Base of Changes">Base of Changes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Information%20Geometry" title=" Information Geometry"> Information Geometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Inverse%0D%0AGaussian%20distribution" title=" Inverse Gaussian distribution"> Inverse Gaussian distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Inverse%20q-Gaussian%20distribution" title=" Inverse q-Gaussian distribution"> Inverse q-Gaussian distribution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Statistical%0D%0AManifolds." title=" Statistical Manifolds."> Statistical Manifolds.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012676/base-change-for-fisher-metrics-case-of-the-qgaussian-inverse-distribution" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012676/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012676/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012676/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012676/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012676/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012676/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012676/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012676/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012676/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012676/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10012676.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">387</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1053</span> Effect Comparison of Speckle Noise Reduction Filters on 2D-Echocardigraphic Images</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Faten%20A.%20Dawood">Faten A. Dawood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Rahmita%20W.%20Rahmat"> Rahmita W. Rahmat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Suhaini%20B.%20Kadiman"> Suhaini B. Kadiman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Lili%20N.%20Abdullah"> Lili N. Abdullah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mohd%20D.%20Zamrin"> Mohd D. Zamrin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Echocardiography imaging is one of the most common diagnostic tests that are widely used for assessing the abnormalities of the regional heart ventricle function. The main goal of the image enhancement task in 2D-echocardiography (2DE) is to solve two major anatomical structure problems; speckle noise and low quality. Therefore, speckle noise reduction is one of the important steps that used as a pre-processing to reduce the distortion effects in 2DE image segmentation. In this paper, we present the common filters that based on some form of low-pass spatial smoothing filters such as Mean, Gaussian, and Median. The Laplacian filter was used as a high-pass sharpening filter. A comparative analysis was presented to test the effectiveness of these filters after being applied to original 2DE images of 4-chamber and 2-chamber views. Three statistical quantity measures: root mean square error (RMSE), peak signal-to-ratio (PSNR) and signal-tonoise ratio (SNR) are used to evaluate the filter performance quantitatively on the output enhanced image.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gaussian%20operator" title="Gaussian operator">Gaussian operator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=median%20filter" title=" median filter"> median filter</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=speckle%20texture" title=" speckle texture"> speckle texture</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=peak%20signal-to-ratio" title=" peak signal-to-ratio"> peak signal-to-ratio</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4045/effect-comparison-of-speckle-noise-reduction-filters-on-2d-echocardigraphic-images" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4045/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4045/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4045/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4045/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4045/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4045/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4045/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4045/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4045/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4045/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/4045.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1995</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1052</span> A Paradigm for Characterization and Checking of a Human Noise Behavior</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Himanshu%20Dehra">Himanshu Dehra</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>This paper presents a paradigm for characterization and checking of human noise behavior. The definitions of ‘Noise’ and ‘Noise Behavior’ are devised. The concept of characterization and examining of Noise Behavior is obtained from the proposed paradigm of Psychoacoustics. The measurement of human noise behavior is discussed through definitions of noise sources and noise measurements. The noise sources, noise measurement equations and noise filters are further illustrated through examples. The theory and significance of solar energy acoustics is presented for life and its activities. Human comfort and health are correlated with human brain through physiological responses and noise protection. Examples of heat stress, intense heat, sweating and evaporation are also enumerated.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Human%20brain" title="Human brain">Human brain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=noise%20behavior" title=" noise behavior"> noise behavior</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=noise%20characterization" title=" noise characterization"> noise characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=noise%20filters" title=" noise filters"> noise filters</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=physiological%20responses" title=" physiological responses"> physiological responses</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=psychoacoustics." title=" psychoacoustics."> psychoacoustics.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007615/a-paradigm-for-characterization-and-checking-of-a-human-noise-behavior" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007615/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007615/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007615/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007615/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007615/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007615/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007615/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007615/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007615/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007615/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007615.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1097</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1051</span> An Alternative Method for Generating Almost Infinite Sequence of Gaussian Variables</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Nyah%20C.%20Temaneh">Nyah C. Temaneh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=F.%20A.%20Phiri"> F. A. Phiri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=E.%20Ruhunga"> E. Ruhunga</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Most of the well known methods for generating Gaussian variables require at least one standard uniform distributed value, for each Gaussian variable generated. The length of the random number generator therefore, limits the number of independent Gaussian distributed variables that can be generated meanwhile the statistical solution of complex systems requires a large number of random numbers for their statistical analysis. We propose an alternative simple method of generating almost infinite number of Gaussian distributed variables using a limited number of standard uniform distributed random numbers. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gaussian%20variable" title="Gaussian variable">Gaussian variable</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=statistical%20analysis" title=" statistical analysis"> statistical analysis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=simulation%20ofCommunication%20Network" title=" simulation ofCommunication Network"> simulation ofCommunication Network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Random%20numbers." title=" Random numbers."> Random numbers.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10547/an-alternative-method-for-generating-almost-infinite-sequence-of-gaussian-variables" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10547/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10547/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10547/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10547/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10547/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10547/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10547/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10547/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10547/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10547/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10547.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1472</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1050</span> CT Medical Images Denoising Based on New Wavelet Thresholding Compared with Curvelet and Contourlet</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Amir%20Moslemi">Amir Moslemi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Amir%20Movafeghi"> Amir Movafeghi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Shahab%20Moradi"> Shahab Moradi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the most important challenging factors in medical images is nominated as noise. Image denoising refers to the improvement of a digital medical image that has been infected by Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN). The digital medical image or video can be affected by different types of noises. They are impulse noise, Poisson noise and AWGN. Computed tomography (CT) images are subjects to low quality due to the noise. Quality of CT images is dependent on absorbed dose to patients directly in such a way that increase in absorbed radiation, consequently absorbed dose to patients (ADP), enhances the CT images quality. In this manner, noise reduction techniques on purpose of images quality enhancement exposing no excess radiation to patients is one the challenging problems for CT images processing. In this work, noise reduction in CT images was performed using two different directional 2 dimensional (2D) transformations; i.e., Curvelet and Contourlet and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) thresholding methods of BayesShrink and AdaptShrink, compared to each other and we proposed a new threshold in wavelet domain for not only noise reduction but also edge retaining, consequently the proposed method retains the modified coefficients significantly that result good visual quality. Data evaluations were accomplished by using two criterions; namely, peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) and Structure similarity (Ssim). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Computed%20Tomography%20%28CT%29" title="Computed Tomography (CT)">Computed Tomography (CT)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=noise%20reduction" title=" noise reduction"> noise reduction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=curve-let" title=" curve-let"> curve-let</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=contour-let" title=" contour-let"> contour-let</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Signal%20to%20Noise%20Peak-Peak%20Ratio%20%28PSNR%29" title=" Signal to Noise Peak-Peak Ratio (PSNR)"> Signal to Noise Peak-Peak Ratio (PSNR)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Structure%20Similarity%20%28Ssim%29" title=" Structure Similarity (Ssim)"> Structure Similarity (Ssim)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Absorbed%20Dose%20to%20Patient%20%28ADP%29." title=" Absorbed Dose to Patient (ADP)."> Absorbed Dose to Patient (ADP).</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002440/ct-medical-images-denoising-based-on-new-wavelet-thresholding-compared-with-curvelet-and-contourlet" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002440/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002440/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002440/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002440/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002440/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002440/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002440/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002440/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002440/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002440/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002440.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2920</span> </span> </div> </div> <ul class="pagination"> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">&lsaquo;</span></li> <li class="page-item active"><span class="page-link">1</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gaussian%20noise&page=2">2</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gaussian%20noise&page=3">3</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gaussian%20noise&page=4">4</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gaussian%20noise&page=5">5</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gaussian%20noise&page=6">6</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gaussian%20noise&page=7">7</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gaussian%20noise&page=8">8</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gaussian%20noise&page=9">9</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gaussian%20noise&page=10">10</a></li> <li class="page-item disabled"><span class="page-link">...</span></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gaussian%20noise&page=35">35</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gaussian%20noise&page=36">36</a></li> <li class="page-item"><a class="page-link" href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Gaussian%20noise&page=2" rel="next">&rsaquo;</a></li> </ul> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2024 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); });*/ jQuery.get({ url: "https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", cache: false }).then(function(response){ jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); }); }); </script> </body> </html>