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Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA_(%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8)" title="أنواع النباتات (كتاب) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنواع النباتات (كتاب)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Species Plantarum" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Species Plantarum" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE" title="স্পিসিজ প্লান্টারাম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্পিসিজ প্লান্টারাম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_plantarum" title="Species plantarum – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Species plantarum" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Species Plantarum" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Species Plantarum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Species Plantarum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_plantarum" title="Species plantarum – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Species plantarum" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Species Plantarum" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Species Plantarum" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گونه‌های گیاهان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گونه‌های گیاهان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_plantarum" title="Species plantarum – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Species plantarum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Species Plantarum" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC%EC%9D%98_%EC%A2%85" title="식물의 종 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="식물의 종" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Species Plantarum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Species Plantarum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Species Plantarum" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_plantarum" title="Species plantarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Species plantarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_plantarum" title="Species plantarum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Species plantarum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E3%81%AE%E7%A8%AE" title="植物の種 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="植物の種" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_plantarum" title="Species plantarum – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Species plantarum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_plantarum" title="Species plantarum – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Species plantarum" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85" title="سپیشیز پلانٹارم – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سپیشیز پلانٹارم" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Species Plantarum" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Species Plantarum" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_plantarum" title="Species plantarum – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Species plantarum" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Species Plantarum" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Species Plantarum" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_plantarum" title="Species plantarum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Species plantarum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இசுபீசிசு பிளான்டாரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இசுபீசிசு பிளான்டாரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Species Plantarum" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_plantarum" title="Species plantarum – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Species plantarum" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_Plantarum" title="Species Plantarum – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Species Plantarum" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E5%BF%97" title="植物种志 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="植物种志" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q849308#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Species Plantarum <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Species+Plantarum&rft.author=%5B%5BCarl+Linnaeus%5D%5D&rft.place=%5B%5BSweden%5D%5D&rft.pages=xi%2C+1200+%2B+xxxi&rft_id=info:oclcnum/186272535"></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Species_plantarum_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Species_plantarum_001.jpg/220px-Species_plantarum_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Species_plantarum_001.jpg/330px-Species_plantarum_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Species_plantarum_001.jpg/440px-Species_plantarum_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="816" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cover page of first edition</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Published</th><td class="infobox-data">Laurentius Salvius (1 May 1753)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">xi, 1200 + xxxi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)"><abbr title="Online Computer Library Center number">OCLC</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/186272535">186272535</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Species Plantarum</i></span></b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "The Species of Plants") is a book by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a>, originally published in 1753, which lists every <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plant</a> known at the time, classified into <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a>. It is the first work to consistently apply <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial names</a> and was the starting point for the <a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">naming of plants</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication">Publication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Species_Plantarum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Species Plantarum</i></span></i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was published on 1 May 1753 by Laurentius Salvius in Stockholm, in two volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-abdn_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abdn-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Winston2012_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Winston2012-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second edition was published in 1762–1763,<sup id="cite_ref-abdn_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abdn-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a third edition in 1764, although this "scarcely differed" from the second.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further editions were published after Linnaeus' death in 1778, under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_Willdenow" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Ludwig Willdenow">Karl Ludwig Willdenow</a>, the director of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin-Dahlem_Botanical_Garden_and_Botanical_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin-Dahlem Botanical Garden and Botanical Museum">Berlin Botanical Garden</a>; the fifth edition was titled "fourth edition" and was published by Willdenow in four volumes, 1798 (1), 1800 (2), 1801 (3<sup>1</sup>), 1803 (3<sup>2</sup>), 1804 (3<sup>3</sup>), 1805 (4<sup>1</sup>), 1806 (4<sup>2</sup>), rather than the dates printed on the volumes themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance">Importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Species_Plantarum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keskmise_teelehe_%C3%B5isik_Plantago_media.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Keskmise_teelehe_%C3%B5isik_Plantago_media.jpg/220px-Keskmise_teelehe_%C3%B5isik_Plantago_media.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Keskmise_teelehe_%C3%B5isik_Plantago_media.jpg/330px-Keskmise_teelehe_%C3%B5isik_Plantago_media.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Keskmise_teelehe_%C3%B5isik_Plantago_media.jpg/440px-Keskmise_teelehe_%C3%B5isik_Plantago_media.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="5100" /></a><figcaption>Before <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Species Plantarum</i></span></i>, this plant was referred to as "<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Plantago foliis ovato-lanceolatis pubescentibus, spica cylindrica, scapo tereti</i></span></i>"; Linnaeus renamed it <i><a href="/wiki/Plantago_media" title="Plantago media">Plantago media</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p><i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Species Plantarum</i></span></i> was the first botanical work to consistently apply the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">binomial nomenclature</a> system of naming to any large group of organisms (Linnaeus' <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">tenth edition</a> of <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i></span></i> would apply the same technique to animals for the first time in 1758). Prior to this work, a plant species would be known by a long polynomial, such as <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Plantago foliis ovato-lanceolatis pubescentibus, spica cylindrica, scapo tereti</i></span></i> (meaning "<a href="/wiki/Plantago" title="Plantago">plantain</a> with pubescent ovate-lanceolate leaves, a cylindrical spike and a terete scape")<sup id="cite_ref-Cullen_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullen-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Nepeta floribus interrupte spicatis pedunculatis</i></span></i> (meaning "<i>Nepeta</i> with flowers in a stalked, interrupted spike").<sup id="cite_ref-Spencer_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spencer-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Species Plantarum</i></span></i>, these cumbersome names were replaced with two-part names, consisting of a single-word genus name, and a single-word <a href="/wiki/Specific_name_(botany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Specific name (botany)">specific epithet</a> or "trivial name"; the two examples above became <i><a href="/wiki/Plantago_media" title="Plantago media">Plantago media</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Nepeta_cataria" class="mw-redirect" title="Nepeta cataria">Nepeta cataria</a></i>, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Cullen_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullen-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spencer_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spencer-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of binomial names had originally been developed as a kind of <a href="/wiki/Shorthand" title="Shorthand">shorthand</a> in a student project about the plants eaten by cattle.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the specific epithet, Linnaeus gave a short description of each species, and a <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonymy</a>. The descriptions were careful and terse, consisting of few words in small genera; in <i><a href="/wiki/Glycyrrhiza" title="Glycyrrhiza">Glycyrrhiza</a></i>, for instance, the three species (<i><a href="/wiki/Glycyrrhiza_echinata" title="Glycyrrhiza echinata">Glycyrrhiza echinata</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Glycyrrhiza_glabra" class="mw-redirect" title="Glycyrrhiza glabra">Glycyrrhiza glabra</a></i> and "<i>Glycyrrhiza hirsuta</i>",<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> respectively) were described as "<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">leguminibus echinatis</i></span></i>", "<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">leguminibus glabris</i></span></i>" and "<i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">leguminibus hirsutis</i></span></i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Isely_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isely-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 89">: 89 </span></sup> </p><p>Because it is the first work in which binomial nomenclature was consistently applied, <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Species Plantarum</i></span></i> was chosen as the "starting point" for the <a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">nomenclature</a> of most plants (the nomenclature of some <a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">non-vascular plants</a> and all <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> uses later starting points).<sup id="cite_ref-Cullen_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cullen-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Species_Plantarum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Species Plantarum</i></span></i> contained descriptions of the thousands of plant species known to Linnaeus at the time. In the first edition, there were 5,940 names, from <i><a href="/wiki/Acalypha_australis" title="Acalypha australis">Acalypha australis</a></i> to <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zygophyllum_spinosum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zygophyllum spinosum (page does not exist)">Zygophyllum spinosum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his introduction, Linnaeus estimated that there were fewer than 10,000 plant species in existence;<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> there are now thought to be around 400,000 species of flowering plants alone.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The species were arranged in around a thousand genera, which were grouped into 24 classes, according to Linnaeus' <a href="/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy" title="Linnaean taxonomy">sexual system</a> of classification.<sup id="cite_ref-Carnegie_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carnegie-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no descriptions of the genera in <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Species Plantarum</i></span></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-Isely_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Isely-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 89">: 89 </span></sup> these are supplied in the companion volume <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Genera_Plantarum" title="Genera Plantarum">Genera Plantarum</a></i></span></i> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr><span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">the genera of plants</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>), the fifth edition of which was printed at a similar time to the first edition of <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Species Plantarum</i></span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linnaeus acknowledged his "sexual system" was an artificial system, rather than one which accurately reflects <a href="/wiki/Shared_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Shared ancestry">shared ancestry</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Carnegie_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carnegie-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the system's simplicity made it easier for non-specialists to rapidly find the correct class, being based on simple counts of floral parts such as <a href="/wiki/Stigma_(botany)" title="Stigma (botany)">stigmas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stamen" title="Stamen">stamens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-abdn_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-abdn-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Species_Plantarum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Its full title is <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Species plantarum, exhibentes plantas rite cognitas ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas</i></span></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The book was actually published in two volumes, the first being on 24 May and the second on 16 August. However, for practical purposes, the dates of issue for volumes was arbitrarily set on 1 May, see Stearn, W.T. (1957), The preparation of the <i>Species Plantarum</i> and the introduction of binomial nomenclature, in: Species Plantarum, A Facsimile of the first edition, London, Ray Society: 72 and ICN (<i>Melbourne Code</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Art. 13.4 Note 1: "The two volumes of Linnaeus' Species plantarum, ed. 1 (1753), which appeared in May and August, 1753, respectively, are treated as having been published simultaneously on 1 May 1753."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Now considered a synonym of <i>G. glabra</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The fifth edition of <i>Genera Plantarum</i> was published in 1754, and contains a supplement to <i>Species Plantarum</i>, first published the year before.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Species_Plantarum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-abdn-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-abdn_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abdn_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-abdn_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180430182725/https://www.abdn.ac.uk/special-collections/carolus-linnus-species-plantarum-458.php">"Carolus Linnæus, Species Plantarum, Stockholm 1762–3"</a>. <i>Collection Highlight Summer 2007</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Aberdeen" title="University of Aberdeen">University of Aberdeen</a>. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abdn.ac.uk/special-collections/carolus-linnus-species-plantarum-458.php">the original</a> on 30 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collection+Highlight+Summer+2007&rft.atitle=Carolus+Linn%C3%A6us%2C+Species+Plantarum%2C+Stockholm+1762%E2%80%933&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abdn.ac.uk%2Fspecial-collections%2Fcarolus-linnus-species-plantarum-458.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+Plantarum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winston2012-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Winston2012_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinston2012" class="citation book cs1">Winston, Judith (20 April 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RirhjdrD1K0C&pg=PA35"><i>Describing Species: Practical Taxonomic Procedure for Biologists</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231506656" title="Special:BookSources/9780231506656"><bdi>9780231506656</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Describing+Species%3A+Practical+Taxonomic+Procedure+for+Biologists&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2012-04-20&rft.isbn=9780231506656&rft.aulast=Winston&rft.aufirst=Judith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRirhjdrD1K0C%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+Plantarum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeill,_J.Barrie,_F.R.Buck,_W.R.Demoulin,_V.2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">McNeill, J.; Barrie, F.R.; Buck, W.R.; Demoulin, V.; Greuter, W.; Hawksworth, D.L.; Herendeen, P.S.; Knapp, S.; Marhold, K.; Prado, J.; Prud'homme Van Reine, W.F.; Smith, G.F.; Wiersema, J.H.; Turland, N.J. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iapt-taxon.org/nomen/main.php?page=title"><i>International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (Melbourne Code) adopted by the Eighteenth International Botanical Congress Melbourne, Australia, July 2011</i></a>. Vol. Regnum Vegetabile 154. A.R.G. Gantner Verlag KG. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-87429-425-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-87429-425-6"><bdi>978-3-87429-425-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Code+of+Nomenclature+for+algae%2C+fungi%2C+and+plants+%28Melbourne+Code%29+adopted+by+the+Eighteenth+International+Botanical+Congress+Melbourne%2C+Australia%2C+July+2011&rft.pub=A.R.G.+Gantner+Verlag+KG&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-87429-425-6&rft.au=McNeill%2C+J.&rft.au=Barrie%2C+F.R.&rft.au=Buck%2C+W.R.&rft.au=Demoulin%2C+V.&rft.au=Greuter%2C+W.&rft.au=Hawksworth%2C+D.L.&rft.au=Herendeen%2C+P.S.&rft.au=Knapp%2C+S.&rft.au=Marhold%2C+K.&rft.au=Prado%2C+J.&rft.au=Prud%27homme+Van+Reine%2C+W.F.&rft.au=Smith%2C+G.F.&rft.au=Wiersema%2C+J.H.&rft.au=Turland%2C+N.J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iapt-taxon.org%2Fnomen%2Fmain.php%3Fpage%3Dtitle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+Plantarum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClive_A._Stace1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clive_A._Stace" title="Clive A. Stace">Clive A. Stace</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VfQnuwh3bw8C&pg=PA24">"The development of plant taxonomy"</a>. <i>Plant Taxonomy and Biosystematics</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 17–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42785-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-42785-2"><bdi>978-0-521-42785-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+development+of+plant+taxonomy&rft.btitle=Plant+Taxonomy+and+Biosystematics&rft.pages=17-64&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-42785-2&rft.au=Clive+A.+Stace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVfQnuwh3bw8C%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+Plantarum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriquet1935" class="citation book cs1">Briquet, John (1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botanicus.org/page/663619"><i>International Rules of Botanical Nomenclature Adopted by the International Botanical Congresses of Vienna, 1905, and Brussels, 1910: Revised by the International Botanical Congress of Cambridge, 1930</i></a>. p. 12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Rules+of+Botanical+Nomenclature+Adopted+by+the+International+Botanical+Congresses+of+Vienna%2C+1905%2C+and+Brussels%2C+1910%3A+Revised+by+the+International+Botanical+Congress+of+Cambridge%2C+1930&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1935&rft.aulast=Briquet&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.botanicus.org%2Fpage%2F663619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+Plantarum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cullen-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cullen_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullen_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cullen_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatherine_E._Cullen2006" class="citation book cs1">Katherine E. Cullen (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KCUklchzUSkC&pg=PA38">"Carl Linnaeus (1707–1778): binomial nomenclature system"</a>. <i>Biology: The People Behind the Science</i>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. pp. 28–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7221-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7221-7"><bdi>978-0-8160-7221-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carl+Linnaeus+%281707%E2%80%931778%29%3A+binomial+nomenclature+system&rft.btitle=Biology%3A+The+People+Behind+the+Science&rft.pages=28-43&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7221-7&rft.au=Katherine+E.+Cullen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKCUklchzUSkC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+Plantarum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spencer-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spencer_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spencer_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoger_Spencer,_Rob_Cross_&_Peter_Lumley2007" class="citation book cs1">Roger Spencer, Rob Cross & Peter Lumley (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqTt-Oewk-8C&pg=PA14">"Latin names, the binomial system and plant classification"</a>. <i>Plant Names: a Guide to Botanical Nomenclature</i> (3rd ed.). <a href="/wiki/CSIRO_Publishing" title="CSIRO Publishing">CSIRO Publishing</a>. pp. 14–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780643099456" title="Special:BookSources/9780643099456"><bdi>9780643099456</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Latin+names%2C+the+binomial+system+and+plant+classification&rft.btitle=Plant+Names%3A+a+Guide+to+Botanical+Nomenclature&rft.pages=14-15&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=CSIRO+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780643099456&rft.au=Roger+Spencer%2C+Rob+Cross+%26+Peter+Lumley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwqTt-Oewk-8C%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+Plantarum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritannica_Educational_Publishing2009" class="citation book cs1">Britannica Educational Publishing (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Aeu0s8TsbOoC&pg=PA96">"Carolus Linnaeus"</a>. <i>The 100 Most Influential Scientists of All Time</i>. <a href="/wiki/Rosen_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosen Publishing Group">Rosen Publishing Group</a>. pp. 93–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781615300402" title="Special:BookSources/9781615300402"><bdi>9781615300402</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carolus+Linnaeus&rft.btitle=The+100+Most+Influential+Scientists+of+All+Time&rft.pages=93-97&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781615300402&rft.au=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAeu0s8TsbOoC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+Plantarum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/linnaean-typification/database/detail.dsml?ID=406900">"<i>Glycyrrhiza hirsuta</i> Linnaeus"</a>. <i>The Linnaean Plant Name Typification Project</i>. <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Linnaean+Plant+Name+Typification+Project&rft.atitle=Glycyrrhiza+hirsuta+Linnaeus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhm.ac.uk%2Fresearch-curation%2Fresearch%2Fprojects%2Flinnaean-typification%2Fdatabase%2Fdetail.dsml%3FID%3D406900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+Plantarum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Isely-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Isely_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Isely_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuane_Isely2002" class="citation book cs1">Duane Isely (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=an6r8m0JfV8C&pg=PA89">"Carl Linnaeus"</a>. <i>One Hundred and One Botanists</i>. <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University_Press" title="Purdue University Press">Purdue University Press</a>. pp. 86–93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557532831" title="Special:BookSources/9781557532831"><bdi>9781557532831</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Carl+Linnaeus&rft.btitle=One+Hundred+and+One+Botanists&rft.pages=86-93&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781557532831&rft.au=Duane+Isely&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dan6r8m0JfV8C%26pg%3DPA89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+Plantarum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_W._Kiger" class="citation web cs1">Robert W. Kiger. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fmhibd.library.cmu.edu/HIBD-DB/Species/home.php">"Index to Binomials Cited in the First Edition of Linnaeus' <i>Species Plantarum</i>"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hunt_Institute_for_Botanical_Documentation" title="Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation">Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180712163756/http://fmhibd.library.cmu.edu/HIBD-DB/Species/home.php">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Index+to+Binomials+Cited+in+the+First+Edition+of+Linnaeus%27+Species+Plantarum&rft.pub=Hunt+Institute+for+Botanical+Documentation&rft.au=Robert+W.+Kiger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffmhibd.library.cmu.edu%2FHIBD-DB%2FSpecies%2Fhome.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+Plantarum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFH._G._Bongard1835" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Heinrich_von_Bongard" title="Gustav Heinrich von Bongard">H. G. Bongard</a> (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OU4CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA177">"Historical sketch of the progress of botany in Russia, from the time of Peter the Great to the present day; and on the part which the Academy has borne in the advancement of this science"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Companion_to_the_Botanical_Magazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Companion to the Botanical Magazine (page does not exist)">Companion to the Botanical Magazine</a></i>. <b>1</b>: 177–186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Companion+to+the+Botanical+Magazine&rft.atitle=Historical+sketch+of+the+progress+of+botany+in+Russia%2C+from+the+time+of+Peter+the+Great+to+the+present+day%3B+and+on+the+part+which+the+Academy+has+borne+in+the+advancement+of+this+science&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=177-186&rft.date=1835&rft.au=H.+G.+Bongard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOU4CAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA177&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+Plantarum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kew.org/science-conservation/running-repairs/biodiversity-conservation/flowering-plants/index.htm">"How many flowering plants are there in the world?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+many+flowering+plants+are+there+in+the+world%3F&rft.pub=Royal+Botanic+Gardens%2C+Kew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kew.org%2Fscience-conservation%2Frunning-repairs%2Fbiodiversity-conservation%2Fflowering-plants%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+Plantarum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carnegie-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carnegie_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carnegie_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarnegie_Library_of_Pittsburgh2011" class="citation book cs1">Carnegie Library of Pittsburgh (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k1skS4rEueUC&pg=PA405">"Plant world"</a>. <i>The Handy Science Answer Book</i>. <a href="/wiki/Visible_Ink_Press" title="Visible Ink Press">Visible Ink Press</a>. pp. 403–450. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781578593637" title="Special:BookSources/9781578593637"><bdi>9781578593637</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plant+world&rft.btitle=The+Handy+Science+Answer+Book&rft.pages=403-450&rft.pub=Visible+Ink+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781578593637&rft.au=Carnegie+Library+of+Pittsburgh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk1skS4rEueUC%26pg%3DPA405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+Plantarum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linnean-online.org/120008/">"Genera Plantarum Ed. 5"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Linnean_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="The Linnean Society of London">The Linnean Society of London</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231110235102/https://linnean-online.org/120008/#?s=0&cv=0">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Linnean+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=Genera+Plantarum+Ed.+5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinnean-online.org%2F120008%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+Plantarum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Species_Plantarum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Species_Plantarum" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Species Plantarum"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Species Plantarum</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1753" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, Carl</a> (1753). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/669#/summary"><i>Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas</i></a> (1st ed.). Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Species+Plantarum%3A+exhibentes+plantas+rite+cognitas%2C+ad+genera+relatas%2C+cum+differentiis+specificis%2C+nominibus+trivialibus%2C+synonymis+selectis%2C+locis+natalibus%2C+secundum+systema+sexuale+digestas&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Impensis+Laurentii+Salvii&rft.date=1753&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F669%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+Plantarum" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><i>Species Plantarum</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/358106#page/1/mode/1up">vol. 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/13830#page/1/mode/1up">vol. 2</a> at <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_Heritage_Library" title="Biodiversity Heritage Library">Biodiversity Heritage Library</a> facsimile</li> <li><i>Species Plantarum</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botanicus.org/title/b12069590">vol. 1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botanicus.org/item/31753000802832">vol. 2</a> at <a href="/wiki/Botanicus" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanicus">Botanicus</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinnaeus1763" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus, Carl</a> (1763). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/11179#/summary"><i>Species Plantarum: exhibentes plantas rite cognitas, ad genera relatas, cum differentiis specificis, nominibus trivialibus, synonymis selectis, locis natalibus, secundum systema sexuale digestas</i></a> (2nd ed.). Stockholm: Impensis Laurentii Salvii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Species+Plantarum%3A+exhibentes+plantas+rite+cognitas%2C+ad+genera+relatas%2C+cum+differentiis+specificis%2C+nominibus+trivialibus%2C+synonymis+selectis%2C+locis+natalibus%2C+secundum+systema+sexuale+digestas&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Impensis+Laurentii+Salvii&rft.date=1763&rft.aulast=Linnaeus&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F11179%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpecies+Plantarum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Species Plantarum</i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/20771/20771-h/20771-h.htm">I–III</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/27049">IV–V</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/30104">VI–X</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/31010">XI–XIII</a> text</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linnaeuslink.org/search/results?query=title%3A%22Species+plantarum%22">Linnaeus Link Union Catalogue</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Carl_Linnaeus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Carl_Linnaeus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carl Linnaeus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Published works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus_bibliography" title="Carl Linnaeus bibliography">Linnaeus bibliography</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i> (1735)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fundamenta_Botanica" title="Fundamenta Botanica">Fundamenta Botanica</a></i> (1736)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bibliotheca_Botanica" title="Bibliotheca Botanica">Bibliotheca Botanica</a></i> (1736)</li> <li><i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa_Cliffortiana" class="extiw" title="de:Musa Cliffortiana">Musa Cliffortiana</a></i> (1736)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Critica_Botanica" title="Critica Botanica">Critica Botanica</a></i> (1737)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flora_Lapponica" title="Flora Lapponica">Flora Lapponica</a></i> (1737)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genera_Plantarum" title="Genera Plantarum">Genera Plantarum</a></i> (1737)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hortus_Cliffortianus" title="Hortus Cliffortianus">Hortus Cliffortianus</a></i> (1737)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Classes_Plantarum" title="Classes Plantarum">Classes Plantarum</a></i> (1738)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flora_Svecica" title="Flora Svecica">Flora Svecica</a></i> (1745)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Svecica" title="Fauna Svecica">Fauna Svecica</a></i> (1746)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophia_Botanica" title="Philosophia Botanica">Philosophia Botanica</a></i> (1751)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Species Plantarum</a></i> (1753)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Centuria_Insectorum" title="Centuria Insectorum">Centuria Insectorum</a></i> (1763)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mantissa_Plantarum_Altera" title="Mantissa Plantarum Altera">Mantissa Plantarum Altera</a></i> (1771)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Vegetabilium" title="Systema Vegetabilium">Systema Vegetabilium</a></i> (1774)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9,_1707-1778,_botanist,_professor_(Alexander_Roslin)_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif/lossy-page1-90px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif/lossy-page1-135px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif/lossy-page1-180px-Carl_von_Linn%C3%A9%2C_1707-1778%2C_botanist%2C_professor_%28Alexander_Roslin%29_-_Nationalmuseum_-_15723.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3032" data-file-height="3655" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy (biology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaean_Herbarium" title="Linnaean Herbarium">Linnaean Herbarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaean_taxonomy" title="Linnaean taxonomy">Linnaean taxonomy</a> (Linnaean classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_nomenclature" title="Botanical nomenclature">Botanical nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Code_of_Zoological_Nomenclature" title="International Code of Zoological Nomenclature">Zoological nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Carl_Linnaeus" title="Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus">Taxa named by Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">History of botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_of_Linnaeus" title="Apostles of Linnaeus">Apostles of Linnaeus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Afzelius" title="Adam Afzelius">Adam Afzelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Berlin" title="Andreas Berlin">Andreas Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Peter_Falk" title="Johan Peter Falk">Johan Peter Falk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Forssk%C3%A5l" title="Peter Forsskål">Peter Forsskål</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_Kalm" title="Pehr Kalm">Pehr Kalm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_L%C3%B6fling" title="Pehr Löfling">Pehr Löfling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_Osbeck" title="Pehr Osbeck">Pehr Osbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Rolander" title="Daniel Rolander">Daniel Rolander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ran_Rothman" title="Göran Rothman">Göran Rothman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Solander" title="Daniel Solander">Daniel Solander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Sparrman" title="Anders Sparrman">Anders Sparrman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Peter_Thunberg" title="Carl Peter Thunberg">Carl Peter Thunberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linn%C3%A9_family" title="Linné family">Family</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus_the_Younger" title="Carl Linnaeus the Younger">Carl Linnaeus the Younger</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Christina_von_Linn%C3%A9" title="Elisabeth Christina von Linné">Elisabeth Christina von Linné</a> (daughter))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_students_of_Linnaeus" title="List of students of Linnaeus">Students of Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Bauhin" title="Gaspard Bauhin">Gaspard Bauhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Bauhin" title="Johann Bauhin">Johann Bauhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Artedi" title="Peter Artedi">Peter Artedi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Boerhaave" title="Herman Boerhaave">Herman Boerhaave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Burman" title="Johannes Burman">Johannes Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clifford_III" title="George Clifford III">George Clifford III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_Carl_Linnaeus" title="Commemoration of Carl Linnaeus">Recognitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_Linn%C3%A9" title="Expedition Linné">Expedition Linné</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaea" title="Linnaea">Linnaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaean_Garden" title="Linnaean Garden">Linnaean Garden</a> (<i>including the Linnaeus Museum</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeite" title="Linnaeite">Linnaeite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaemya" title="Linnaemya">Linnaemya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaemyini" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaemyini">Linnaemyini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7412_Linnaeus" class="mw-redirect" title="7412 Linnaeus">7412 Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus_Arboretum" class="mw-redirect" title="Linnaeus Arboretum">Linnaeus Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus_University" title="Linnaeus University">Linnaeus University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnaeus%27s_Hammarby" title="Linnaeus's Hammarby">Linnaeus's Hammarby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn%C3%A9_(crater)" title="Linné (crater)">Linné (crater)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linn%C3%A9a" title="Linnéa">Linnéa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Medal" title="Linnean Medal">Linnean Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London">Linnean Society of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Linnaeus_Society" title="Swedish Linnaeus Society">Swedish Linnaeus Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_New_South_Wales" title="Linnean Society of New South Wales">Linnean Society of New South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linnean_Tercentenary_Medal" title="Linnean Tercentenary Medal">Linnean Tercentenary Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linneus,_Maine" title="Linneus, Maine">Linneus, Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linneus,_Missouri" title="Linneus, Missouri">Linneus, Missouri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Carl_Linnaeus" title="Category:Carl Linnaeus">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikiquote page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Carl_Linnaeus" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Carl Linnaeus"><b>Wikiquote</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_botany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_botany" title="Template:History of botany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_botany" title="Template talk:History of botany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_botany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of botany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_botany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_botany" title="History of botany">History of botany</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields and<br /> disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogeography" title="Biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryology" title="Bryology">Bryology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">Cladistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_anatomy" title="Comparative anatomy">Comparative anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytology" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytology">Cytology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_botany" title="Economic botany">Economic botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnobotany" title="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floristics" title="Floristics">Floristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering" title="Genetic engineering">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichenology" title="Lichenology">Lichenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogenetics" title="Molecular phylogenetics">Molecular phylogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycology" title="Mycology">Mycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_taxonomy" title="Numerical taxonomy">Numerical taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleobotany" title="Paleobotany">Paleobotany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palynology" title="Palynology">Palynology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phycology" title="Phycology">Phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytochemistry" title="Phytochemistry">Phytochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_anatomy" title="Plant anatomy">Plant anatomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_ecology" title="Plant ecology">Plant ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_genetics" title="Plant genetics">Plant genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_morphology" title="Plant morphology">Plant morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_pathology" title="Plant pathology">Plant pathology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_physiology" title="Plant physiology">Plant physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteridology" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteridology">Pteridology</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Teofrasto_Orto_botanico_detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Theophrastus"><img alt="Theophrastus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Teofrasto_Orto_botanico_detail.jpg/60px-Teofrasto_Orto_botanico_detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Teofrasto_Orto_botanico_detail.jpg/90px-Teofrasto_Orto_botanico_detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Teofrasto_Orto_botanico_detail.jpg/120px-Teofrasto_Orto_botanico_detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jardin_des_Plantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jardin des Plantes">Jardin des Plantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_Museum,_London" title="Natural History Museum, London">Natural History Museum, London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orto_botanico_di_Padova" title="Orto botanico di Padova">Orto botanico di Padova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orto_botanico_di_Pisa" title="Orto botanico di Pisa">Orto botanico di Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothamsted_Research" title="Rothamsted Research">Rothamsted Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Botanic_Gardens,_Kew" title="Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew">Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Theophrastus)" title="Historia Plantarum (Theophrastus)"><i>Historia Plantarum</i></a> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Causes_of_Plants&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Causes of Plants (page does not exist)">Causes of Plants</a></i> of Theophrastus c. 300 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Plants" title="On Plants"><i>De Plantis</i></a> of Nicolaus of Damascus c. 1st century BC</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Materia_Medica" class="mw-redirect" title="De Materia Medica">De Materia Medica</a></i> of Dioscorides c. 60 AD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)"><i>Naturalis Historia</i></a> 77–79 AD</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Vegetabilibus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Vegetabilibus (page does not exist)">De Vegetabilibus</a></i> of Albertus Magnus c. 1256</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Herbarum_Vivae_Icones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herbarum Vivae Icones (page does not exist)">Herbarum Vivae Icones</a></i> 1530</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Libellus_De_Re_Herbaria_Novus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Libellus De Re Herbaria Novus (page does not exist)">Libellus De Re Herbaria Novus</a></i> 1538</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kre%C3%BCtterbuch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreütterbuch">Kreütterbuch</a></i> of Hieronymus Bock 1539</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_plantis_libri_XVI" class="mw-redirect" title="De plantis libri XVI">De plantis libri XVI</a></i> of Caesalpino 1583</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stirpium_Historiae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stirpium Historiae (page does not exist)">Stirpium Historiae</a></i> 1583</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herball,_or_Generall_Historie_of_Plantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes">Herball, or Generall Historie of Plantes</a></i> 1597</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prodromus_Theatrici_Botanici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prodromus Theatrici Botanici (page does not exist)">Prodromus Theatrici Botanici</a></i> 1620</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pinax_theatri_botanici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pinax theatri botanici (page does not exist)">Pinax theatri botanici</a></i> 1623</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anatome_Plantarum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anatome Plantarum (page does not exist)">Anatome Plantarum</a></i> 1675</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_Plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomy of Plants">Anatomy of Plants</a></i> 1682</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historia_Plantarum_(Ray)" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Plantarum (Ray)"><i>Historia Plantarum</i></a> of John Ray 1686–1704</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=De_Sexu_Plantarum_Epistola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De Sexu Plantarum Epistola (page does not exist)">De Sexu Plantarum Epistola</a></i> 1694</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89l%C3%A9ments_de_botanique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Éléments de botanique (page does not exist)">Éléments de botanique</a></i> 1694</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_Staticks" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetable Staticks">Vegetable Staticks</a></i> 1727</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Naturae" title="Systema Naturae">Systema Naturae</a></i> 1735</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genera_Plantarum" title="Genera Plantarum">Genera Plantarum</a></i> 1737</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philosophia_Botanica" title="Philosophia Botanica">Philosophia Botanica</a></i> 1751</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Species Plantarum</a></i> 1753</li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae"><i>Systema Naturae, 10th ed.</i></a> 1758–59</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Familles_des_Plantes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Familles des Plantes (page does not exist)">Familles des Plantes</a></i> 1763–64</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Experiments_Upon_Vegetables&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Experiments Upon Vegetables (page does not exist)">Experiments Upon Vegetables</a></i> 1779</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Metamorphose_der_Pflantzen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Metamorphose der Pflantzen (page does not exist)">Die Metamorphose der Pflantzen</a></i> 1790</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trait%C3%A9_d%27Anatomie_et_de_Physiologie_V%C3%A9g%C3%A9tale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Traité d'Anatomie et de Physiologie Végétale (page does not exist)">Traité d'Anatomie et de Physiologie Végétale</a></i> 1802</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Recherches_Chimiques_sur_la_V%C3%A9g%C3%A9tation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Recherches Chimiques sur la Végétation (page does not exist)">Recherches Chimiques sur la Végétation</a></i> 1804</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beytr%C3%A4ge_zur_Anatomie_der_Pflanzen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beyträge zur Anatomie der Pflanzen (page does not exist)">Beyträge zur Anatomie der Pflanzen</a></i> 1812</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prodromus_Systematis_Naturalis_Regni_Vegetabilis" title="Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis">Prodromus Systematis Naturalis Regni Vegetabilis</a></i> 1824–1873 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepenthaceae_(1873_monograph)" title="Nepenthaceae (1873 monograph)">Nepenthaceae</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Vegetabilische_Zelle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Vegetabilische Zelle (page does not exist)">Die Vegetabilische Zelle</a></i> 1851</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vergleichende_Untersuchungen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vergleichende Untersuchungen (page does not exist)">Vergleichende Untersuchungen</a></i> 1851</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i> 1859</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Experiments_on_Plant_Hybridization" title="Experiments on Plant Hybridization">Experiments on Plant Hybridization</a></i> 1865</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Die_Vegetation_der_Erde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Die Vegetation der Erde (page does not exist)">Die Vegetation der Erde</a></i> 1872</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plantesamfund" title="Plantesamfund">Plantesamfund</a></i> 1895</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pflanzengeographie_auf_Physiologischer_Grundlage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pflanzengeographie auf Physiologischer Grundlage (page does not exist)">Pflanzengeographie auf Physiologischer Grundlage</a></i> 1898</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Variation_and_Evolution_in_Plants" title="Variation and Evolution in Plants">Variation and Evolution in Plants</a></i> 1950</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontogeny_and_Phylogeny_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ontogeny and Phylogeny (book)"><i>Ontogeny and Phylogeny</i></a> 1977</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Integrated_System_of_Classification_of_Flowering_Plants&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants (page does not exist)">An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants</a></i> 1981</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories and<br /> concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternation_of_generations" title="Alternation of generations">Alternation of generations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_theory" title="Cell theory">Cell theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_of_diversity" class="mw-redirect" title="Center of diversity">Center of diversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_nomenclature" title="Phylogenetic nomenclature">Phylogenetic nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_generation" title="Spontaneous generation">Spontaneous generation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrastructure" title="Ultrastructure">Ultrastructure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influential<br /> figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theophrastus" title="Theophrastus">Theophrastus</a> c. 371–287 BC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> 23–79 AD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedanius_Dioscorides" title="Pedanius Dioscorides">Pedanius Dioscorides</a> c. 40–90 AD</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Brunfels" title="Otto Brunfels">Otto Brunfels</a> 1464–1534</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymus_Bock" title="Hieronymus Bock">Hieronymus Bock</a> 1498–1554</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Cordus" title="Valerius Cordus">Valerius Cordus</a> 1515–1544</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Turner_(naturalist)" title="William Turner (naturalist)">William Turner</a> 1515–1568</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rembert_Dodoens" title="Rembert Dodoens">Rembert Dodoens</a> 1517–1585</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Cesalpino" title="Andrea Cesalpino">Andrea Cesalpino</a> 1519–1603</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal_Acosta" title="Cristóbal Acosta">Cristóbal Acosta</a> 1525–1594</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Bauhin" title="Gaspard Bauhin">Gaspard Bauhin</a> 1560–1624</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Jungius" title="Joachim Jungius">Joachim Jungius</a> 1587–1657</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ray" title="John Ray">John Ray</a> 1623–1705</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehemiah_Grew" title="Nehemiah Grew">Nehemiah Grew</a> 1628–1711</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi">Marcello Malpighi</a> 1628–1694</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pitton_de_Tournefort" title="Joseph Pitton de Tournefort">Joseph Pitton de Tournefort</a> 1656–1708</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jakob_Camerarius" title="Rudolf Jakob Camerarius">Rudolf Jakob Camerarius</a> 1665–1721</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hales" title="Stephen Hales">Stephen Hales</a> 1677–1761</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Jussieu" title="Bernard de Jussieu">Bernard de Jussieu</a> 1699–1777</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Carolus Linnaeus</a> 1707–1778</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Adanson" title="Michel Adanson">Michel Adanson</a> 1727–1806</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Ingenhousz" title="Jan Ingenhousz">Jan Ingenhousz</a> 1730–1799</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Celestino_Mutis" title="José Celestino Mutis">José Celestino Mutis</a> 1732–1808</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_de_Azara" title="Félix de Azara">Félix de Azara</a> 1742–1821</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a> 1743–1820</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a> 1749–1832</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig_Willdenow" title="Carl Ludwig Willdenow">Carl Ludwig Willdenow</a> 1765–1812</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Th%C3%A9odore_de_Saussure" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure">Nicolas-Théodore de Saussure</a> 1767–1845</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a> 1769–1859</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aim%C3%A9_Bonpland" title="Aimé Bonpland">Aimé Bonpland</a> 1773–1858</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nuttall" title="Thomas Nuttall">Thomas Nuttall</a> 1786–1859</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joakim_Frederik_Schouw" title="Joakim Frederik Schouw">Joakim Frederik Schouw</a> 1789–1852</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Jakob_Schleiden" title="Matthias Jakob Schleiden">Matthias Jakob Schleiden</a> 1804–1881</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Braun" title="Alexander Braun">Alexander Braun</a> 1805–1877</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Engelmann" title="George Engelmann">George Engelmann</a> 1809–1884</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a> 1810–1888</li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Grisebach" title="August Grisebach">August Grisebach</a> 1814–1879</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a> 1817–1911</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a> 1822–1884</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Pringsheim" title="Nathanael Pringsheim">Nathanael Pringsheim</a> 1823–1894</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Hofmeister" title="Wilhelm Hofmeister">Wilhelm Hofmeister</a> 1824–1877</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_von_Sachs" title="Julius von Sachs">Julius von Sachs</a> 1832–1897</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenius_Warming" title="Eugenius Warming">Eugenius Warming</a> 1841–1924</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gilson_Farlow" title="William Gilson Farlow">William Gilson Farlow</a> 1844–1919</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Franz_Wilhelm_Schimper" title="Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper">Andreas Franz Wilhelm Schimper</a> 1856–1901</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Vavilov" title="Nikolai Vavilov">Nikolai Vavilov</a> 1887–1943</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a> 1902–1992</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Ledyard_Stebbins" title="G. Ledyard Stebbins">G. Ledyard Stebbins</a> 1906–2000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Odum" title="Eugene Odum">Eugene Odum</a> 1913–2002</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cronquist" title="Arthur Cronquist">Arthur Cronquist</a> 1919–1992</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">Botanical garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal" title="Herbal">Herbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_taxonomy" title="Plant taxonomy">Plant taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" title="History of plant systematics">History of plant systematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_systems_of_plant_taxonomy" title="List of systems of plant taxonomy">Systems of plant taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbalism">Herbalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" title="History of agricultural science">History of agricultural science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biochemistry" title="History of biochemistry">History of biochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biology" title="History of biology">History of biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biotechnology" title="History of biotechnology">History of biotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ecology" title="History of ecology">History of ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">History of evolutionary thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_genetics" title="History of genetics">History of genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geology" title="History of geology">History of geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medicine" title="History of medicine">History of medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_biology" title="History of molecular biology">History of molecular biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" title="History of molecular evolution">History of molecular evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">History of paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_phycology" title="History of phycology">History of phycology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science" title="History of science">History of science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_philosophy" title="Natural philosophy">Natural philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_biology" title="Philosophy of biology">Philosophy of biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry" title="Timeline of biology and organic chemistry">Timeline of biology and organic 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