CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Austronesian languages - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"3c76a43b-1453-43b4-b20e-9787da3c5df0","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Austronesian_languages","wgTitle":"Austronesian languages","wgCurRevisionId":1255902640,"wgRevisionId":1255902640,"wgArticleId":58800,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 German-language sources (de)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles containing German-language text","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021","Pages with plain IPA","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from July 2018","Articles with permanently dead external links", "Webarchive template wayback links","Austronesian languages","Language families","Languages of Southeast Asia","Languages of Oceania","Sino-Austronesian languages"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Austronesian_languages","wgRelevantArticleId":58800,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q49228","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init": "ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Austroneske_jazyky.jpg/1200px-Austroneske_jazyky.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="570"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Austroneske_jazyky.jpg/800px-Austroneske_jazyky.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="380"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Austroneske_jazyky.jpg/640px-Austroneske_jazyky.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="304"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Austronesian languages - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Austronesian_languages rootpage-Austronesian_languages skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Austronesian+languages" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Austronesian+languages" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Austronesian+languages" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Austronesian+languages" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Typological_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typological_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Typological characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Typological_characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Typological characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Typological_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Morphology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexicon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Lexicon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexicon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_branches_on_Taiwan_(Formosan_languages)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_branches_on_Taiwan_(Formosan_languages)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Primary branches on Taiwan (Formosan languages)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_branches_on_Taiwan_(Formosan_languages)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Blust_(1999)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Blust_(1999)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Blust (1999)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blust_(1999)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Li_(2008)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Li_(2008)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Li (2008)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Li_(2008)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sagart_(2004,_2021)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sagart_(2004,_2021)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span><span><span>Sagart</span></span> (2004, 2021)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sagart_(2004,_2021)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malayo-Polynesian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malayo-Polynesian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Malayo-Polynesian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malayo-Polynesian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Major languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypothesized_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypothesized_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Hypothesized relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hypothesized_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hypothesized relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hypothesized_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austro-Tai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austro-Tai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Austro-Tai</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austro-Tai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Austric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sino-Austronesian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sino-Austronesian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Sino-Austronesian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sino-Austronesian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Japanese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>East Asian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ongan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ongan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Ongan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ongan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Writing systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_charts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_charts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Comparison charts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_charts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Austronesian languages</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 109 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-109" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">109 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesiese_tale" title="Austronesiese tale – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Austronesiese tale" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesische_Sprachen" title="Austronesische Sprachen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Austronesische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="لغات أسترونيزية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لغات أسترونيزية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_austronesies" title="Llingües austronesies – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües austronesies" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstroneziya_dill%C9%99ri" title="Avstroneziya dilləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avstroneziya dilləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="آوسترونزییا دیللری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آوسترونزییا دیللری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soroh_Basa_Austron%C3%A9sia" title="Soroh Basa Austronésia – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Soroh Basa Austronésia" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B9" title="অস্ট্রোনেশীয় ভাষাসমূহ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অস্ট্রোনেশীয় ভাষাসমূহ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2m-t%C3%B3_g%C3%AD-h%C4%93" title="Lâm-tó gí-hē – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lâm-tó gí-hē" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Аўстранезійскія мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аўстранезійскія мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_tataramon_na_Austronesyo" title="Mga tataramon na Austronesyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mga tataramon na Austronesyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Австронезийски езици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Австронезийски езици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleng%C3%BCes_austron%C3%A8siques" title="Llengües austronèsiques – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llengües austronèsiques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_pinulongang_Awstronesyo" title="Mga pinulongang Awstronesyo – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Mga pinulongang Awstronesyo" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austron%C3%A9sk%C3%A9_jazyky" title="Austronéské jazyky – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Austronéské jazyky" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitauro_ye_Chiostironezhiya" title="Mitauro ye Chiostironezhiya – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mitauro ye Chiostironezhiya" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ieithoedd_Awstronesaidd" title="Ieithoedd Awstronesaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ieithoedd Awstronesaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesiske_sprog" title="Austronesiske sprog – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Austronesiske sprog" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesische_Sprachen" title="Austronesische Sprachen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Austronesische Sprachen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroneesia_keeled" title="Austroneesia keeled – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Austroneesia keeled" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Αυστρονησιακές γλώσσες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αυστρονησιακές γλώσσες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_austronesias" title="Lenguas austronesias – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas austronesias" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%ADstronezia_lingvaro" title="Aŭstronezia lingvaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aŭstronezia lingvaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesiar_hizkuntzak" title="Austronesiar hizkuntzak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Austronesiar hizkuntzak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="زبان‌های آسترونزیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان‌های آسترونزیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_bhasa" title="Austronesian bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Austronesian bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langues_austron%C3%A9siennes" title="Langues austronésiennes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Langues austronésiennes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87hengaghyn_Austraineeshagh" title="Çhengaghyn Austraineeshagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Çhengaghyn Austraineeshagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_austronesias" title="Linguas austronesias – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Linguas austronesias" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A0m-t%C3%B3_Ng%C3%AE-h%C3%AC" title="Nàm-tó Ngî-hì – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Nàm-tó Ngî-hì" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%EB%84%A4%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%96%B4%EC%A1%B1" title="오스트로네시아어족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오스트로네시아어족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%81" title="ऑस्ट्रोनीशियाई भाषाएँ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ऑस्ट्रोनीशियाई भाषाएँ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronezijski_jezici" title="Austronezijski jezici – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Austronezijski jezici" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroneziana_linguaro" title="Austroneziana linguaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Austroneziana linguaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasao_nga_Austronesio" title="Sasao nga Austronesio – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Sasao nga Austronesio" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahasa_Austronesia" title="Rumpun bahasa Austronesia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun bahasa Austronesia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_austronesian" title="Linguas austronesian – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Linguas austronesian" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingues_austronesian" title="Lingues austronesian – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Lingues austronesian" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81str%C3%B3nes%C3%ADsk_tungum%C3%A1l" title="Ástrónesísk tungumál – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ástrónesísk tungumál" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingue_austronesiane" title="Lingue austronesiane – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingue austronesiane" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="שפות אוסטרונזיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שפות אוסטרונזיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulawarga_basa_Austron%C3%A9sia" title="Kulawarga basa Austronésia – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kulawarga basa Austronésia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%86%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%81" title="ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೋನೇಸ್ಯದ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಆಸ್ಟ್ರೋನೇಸ್ಯದ ಭಾಷೆಗಳು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng_amanung_Awstronesyu" title="Deng amanung Awstronesyu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Deng amanung Awstronesyu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ავსტრონეზიული ენები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ავსტრონეზიული ენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lugha_za_Kiaustronesia" title="Lugha za Kiaustronesia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lugha za Kiaustronesia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguae_Austronesicae" title="Linguae Austronesicae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Linguae Austronesicae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austron%C4%93zie%C5%A1u_valodas" title="Austronēziešu valodas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Austronēziešu valodas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronezin%C4%97s_kalbos" title="Austronezinės kalbos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Austronezinės kalbos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengue_austronesian-e" title="Lengue austronesian-e – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengue austronesian-e" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesische_taole" title="Austronesische taole – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Austronesische taole" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguas_austronesian" title="Linguas austronesian – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Linguas austronesian" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ausztron%C3%A9z_nyelvcsal%C3%A1d" title="Ausztronéz nyelvcsalád – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ausztronéz nyelvcsalád" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Австронезиски јазици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Австронезиски јазици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_aostr%C3%B4neziana" title="Fiteny aostrôneziana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny aostrôneziana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="ആസ്റ്റ്രൊനേഷ്യൻ ഭാഷകൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആസ്റ്റ്രൊനേഷ്യൻ ഭാഷകൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C4%81_reo_Ahiteron%C4%ABhia" title="Ngā reo Ahiteronīhia – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ngā reo Ahiteronīhia" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9" title="ऑस्ट्रोनेशियन भाषासमूह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऑस्ट्रोनेशियन भाषासमूह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ავსტრონეზიული ნინეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ავსტრონეზიული ნინეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="آسترونزیایی زوونون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="آسترونزیایی زوونون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa-bahasa_Austronesia" title="Bahasa-bahasa Austronesia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa-bahasa Austronesia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_bahaso_Austronesia" title="Rumpun bahaso Austronesia – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Rumpun bahaso Austronesia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesische_talen" title="Austronesische talen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Austronesische talen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="अस्ट्रोनेसियाली भाषा परिवार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अस्ट्रोनेसियाली भाषा परिवार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="オーストロネシア語族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オーストロネシア語族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austroneesk_spriaken" title="Austroneesk spriaken – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Austroneesk spriaken" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Austronesiske språk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Austronesiske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesiske_spr%C3%A5k" title="Austronesiske språk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Austronesiske språk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengas_austronesianas" title="Lengas austronesianas – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lengas austronesianas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstronez_tillari" title="Avstronez tillari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Avstronez tillari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82" title="ਆਸਟਰੋਨੇਸ਼ੀਆਈ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਸਟਰੋਨੇਸ਼ੀਆਈ ਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notimolan_kalokanatal_a_finacadan" title="Notimolan kalokanatal a finacadan – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Notimolan kalokanatal a finacadan" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="آسٹرونیشیائی بولیاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آسٹرونیشیائی بولیاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%DB%90" title="استرونزیایي ژبې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="استرونزیایي ژبې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%8E%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8" title="អំបូរភាសាអូស្ត្រូណេស៊ី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អំបូរភាសាអូស្ត្រូណេស៊ី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenghe_austronesian-e" title="Lenghe austronesian-e – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenghe austronesian-e" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyki_austronezyjskie" title="Języki austronezyjskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Języki austronezyjskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnguas_austron%C3%A9sias" title="Línguas austronésias – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Línguas austronésias" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstroneziya_tilleri" title="Avstroneziya tilleri – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Avstroneziya tilleri" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limbi_austroneziene" title="Limbi austroneziene – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limbi austroneziene" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awstrunisyu_rimaykuna" title="Awstrunisyu rimaykuna – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Awstrunisyu rimaykuna" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Австронезийские языки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Австронезийские языки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A" title="ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱚᱥᱴᱨᱳᱱᱮᱥᱤᱭᱟᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤᱠᱚ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuh%C3%ABt_austronesiane" title="Gjuhët austronesiane – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuhët austronesiane" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Austronesian languages" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%BD%D8%B1%D9%88%E2%80%93%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="آسٽرو–ايشيائي ٻوليون – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آسٽرو–ايشيائي ٻوليون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austron%C3%A9zske_jazyky" title="Austronézske jazyky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Austronézske jazyky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avstronezijski_jeziki" title="Avstronezijski jeziki – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Avstronezijski jeziki" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88" title="زمانی مینانگکاباو – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی مینانگکاباو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Аустронежански језици – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аустронежански језици" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronezijski_jezici" title="Austronezijski jezici – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Austronezijski jezici" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesialaiset_kielet" title="Austronesialaiset kielet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Austronesialaiset kielet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesiska_spr%C3%A5k" title="Austronesiska språk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Austronesiska språk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_wikang_Austronesyo" title="Mga wikang Austronesyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga wikang Austronesyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆஸ்திரோனீசிய மொழிகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆஸ்திரோனீசிய மொழிகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="ตระกูลภาษาออสโตรนีเซียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตระกูลภาษาออสโตรนีเซียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avustronezya_dilleri" title="Avustronezya dilleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avustronezya dilleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Австронезійські мови – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Австронезійські мови" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DA%BA" title="آسٹرونیشیائی زبانیں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آسٹرونیشیائی زبانیں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A9ngue_austroneziane" title="Łéngue austroneziane – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łéngue austroneziane" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%AF_h%E1%BB%87_Nam_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3o" title="Ngữ hệ Nam Đảo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngữ hệ Nam Đảo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B3%B6%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="南島語系 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="南島語系" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80w%E1%BB%8Dn_%C3%A8d%C3%A8_Austron%C3%A9s%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Àwọn èdè Austronésíà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àwọn èdè Austronésíà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B3%B6%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="南島語系 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="南島語系" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C4%B1wan%C3%AA_Austronezya" title="Zıwanê Austronezya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Zıwanê Austronezya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B3%B6%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="南島語系 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="南島語系" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rungkun_basa_Ostron%C3%A9si" title="Rungkun basa Ostronési – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Rungkun basa Ostronési" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaku-jaku_Austronesia" title="Jaku-jaku Austronesia – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Jaku-jaku Austronesia" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_Bahasa_Austronesia" title="Rumpun Bahasa Austronesia – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Rumpun Bahasa Austronesia" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q49228#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Austronesian_languages" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Austronesian_languages" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Austronesian_languages" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&oldid=1255902640" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Austronesian_languages&id=1255902640&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAustronesian_languages"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAustronesian_languages"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Austronesian_languages&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Austronesian_languages" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Austronesian_languages" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wiktionary mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Austronesian_Swadesh_lists" hreflang="en"><span>Wiktionary</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q49228" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Large language family mostly of Southeast Asia and the Pacific</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic languages</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:22em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: pink;">Austronesian</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographic<br />distribution</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a> (<a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Linguistic classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data">One of the world's primary <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language families</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proto-language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language">Proto-Austronesian</a></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atayalic_languages" title="Atayalic languages">Atayalic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Bunun_language" title="Bunun language">Bunun</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_Formosan_languages" title="East Formosan languages">East Formosan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Formosan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Formosan languages">Western Plains</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Formosan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest Formosan languages">Northwest Formosan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Paiwan_language" title="Paiwan language">Paiwan</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Puyuma_language" title="Puyuma language">Puyuma</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tsouic_languages" title="Tsouic languages">Tsouic</a></span></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: pink;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a> / <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">5</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/map" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:map">map</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><samp><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/aust1307">aust1307</a></code></samp></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Austroneske_jazyky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Austroneske_jazyky.jpg/300px-Austroneske_jazyky.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Austroneske_jazyky.jpg/450px-Austroneske_jazyky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Austroneske_jazyky.jpg/600px-Austroneske_jazyky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1371" data-file-height="651" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">The historical distribution of Austronesian languages</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Austronesian languages</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɔː/: 'au' in 'fraud'">ɔː</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ʒ/: 's' in 'pleasure'">ʒ</span><span title="/ən/: 'on' in 'button'">ən</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">AW</span>-strə-<span style="font-size:90%">NEE</span>-zhən</i></a>) are a <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a> widely spoken throughout <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (by <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are spoken by about 328 million people (4.4% of the <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">world population</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Eth_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eth-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eth_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eth-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes it the fifth-largest language family by number of speakers. Major Austronesian languages include <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> (around 250–270 million in Indonesia alone in its own literary standard named "<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>"),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> (standardized as <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a>. According to some estimates, the family contains 1,257 languages, which is the second most of any language family.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1706, the Dutch scholar <a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Reland" title="Adriaan Reland">Adriaan Reland</a> first observed similarities between the languages spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a> and by peoples on islands in the Pacific Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPereltsvaig2018143_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPereltsvaig2018143-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 19th century, researchers (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Wilhelm von Humboldt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herman_Neubronner_van_der_Tuuk" title="Herman Neubronner van der Tuuk">Herman van der Tuuk</a>) started to apply the <a href="/wiki/Comparative_method" title="Comparative method">comparative method</a> to the Austronesian languages. The first extensive study on the history of the <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> was made by the German linguist <a href="/wiki/Otto_Dempwolff" title="Otto Dempwolff">Otto Dempwolff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dempwolff_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dempwolff-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It included a reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language">Proto-Austronesian</a> lexicon. The term <i>Austronesian</i> was coined (as German <i><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">austronesisch</i></span></i>) by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Schmidt_(linguist)" title="Wilhelm Schmidt (linguist)">Wilhelm Schmidt</a>, deriving it from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i><i lang="la"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/auster#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:auster">auster</a></i></i> "south" and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <i><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BD%E1%BF%86%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:νῆσος">νῆσος</a></span></i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc">nêsos</i></span> "island").<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most Austronesian languages are spoken by island dwellers. Only a few languages, such as Malay and the <a href="/wiki/Chamic_languages" title="Chamic languages">Chamic languages</a>, are <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">indigenous</a> to mainland Asia. Many Austronesian languages have very few speakers, but the major Austronesian languages are spoken by tens of millions of people. For example, Indonesian is spoken by around 197.7 million people. This makes it the eleventh <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages_by_number_of_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of languages by number of speakers">most-spoken language in the world</a>. Approximately twenty Austronesian languages are <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official</a> in their respective countries (see the <a href="/wiki/List_of_major_and_official_Austronesian_languages" title="List of major and official Austronesian languages">list of major and official Austronesian languages</a>). </p><p>By the number of languages they include, Austronesian and <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a> are the two largest language families in the world. They each contain roughly one-fifth of the world's languages. The geographical span of Austronesian was the largest of any language family in the first half of the second millennium CE, before the spread of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> in the <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">colonial period</a>. It ranged from Madagascar off the southeastern coast of Africa to <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> in the eastern Pacific. <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language">Rapa Nui</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a> (spoken on Madagascar) are the geographic outliers. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Blust" title="Robert Blust">Robert Blust</a> (1999), Austronesian is divided into several primary branches, all but one of which are found exclusively in Taiwan. The <a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a> of Taiwan are grouped into as many as nine first-order subgroups of Austronesian. All Austronesian languages spoken outside the Taiwan mainland (including its offshore <a href="/wiki/Yami_language" title="Yami language">Yami language</a>) belong to the <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a> (sometimes called <i>Extra-Formosan</i>) branch. </p><p>Most Austronesian languages lack a long history of written attestation. This makes reconstructing earlier stages—up to distant Proto-Austronesian—all the more remarkable. The oldest inscription in the <a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham language</a>, the <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%C3%B4ng_Y%C3%AAn_Ch%C3%A2u_inscription" title="Đông Yên Châu inscription">Đông Yên Châu inscription</a> dated to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 350</span> AD, is the first attestation of any Austronesian language. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typological_characteristics">Typological characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Typological characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonology">Phonology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Austronesian languages overall possess <a href="/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phoneme</a> inventories which are smaller than the world average. Around 90% of the Austronesian languages have inventories of 19–25 sounds (15–20 consonants and 4–5 vowels), thus lying at the lower end of the global typical range of 20–37 sounds. However, extreme inventories are also found, such as <a href="/wiki/Nemi_language" title="Nemi language">Nemi</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>) with 43 consonants.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust2013169_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust2013169-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The canonical root type in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language">Proto-Austronesian</a> is disyllabic with the shape CV(C)CVC (C = consonant; V = vowel), and is still found in many Austronesian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust2013212_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust2013212-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most languages, consonant clusters are only allowed in medial position, and often, there are restrictions for the first element of the cluster.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust2013215–218_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust2013215–218-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a common <a href="/wiki/Drift_(linguistics)" title="Drift (linguistics)">drift</a> to reduce the number of consonants which can appear in final position, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a>, which only allows the two consonants /ŋ/ and /ʔ/ as finals, out of a total number of 18 consonants. Complete absence of final consonants is observed e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Nias_language" title="Nias language">Nias</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a> and many <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust2013220–222_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust2013220–222-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">Tonal contrasts</a> are rare in Austronesian languages,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowley2009100_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowley2009100-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although <a href="/wiki/Moklenic_languages" title="Moklenic languages">Moken–Moklen</a> and a few languages of the <a href="/wiki/Chamic_languages" title="Chamic languages">Chamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">South Halmahera–West New Guinea</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonian_languages" title="New Caledonian languages">New Caledonian</a> subgroups do show lexical tone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust2013188–189,_200,_206_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust2013188–189,_200,_206-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most Austronesian languages are <a href="/wiki/Agglutination" title="Agglutination">agglutinative languages</a> with a relatively high number of <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a>, and clear morpheme boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust2013355_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust2013355-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most affixes are <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefixes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> <i>ber-jalan</i> 'walk' < <i>jalan</i> 'road'), with a smaller number of <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> <i>titis-án</i> 'ashtray' < <i>títis</i> 'ash') and <a href="/wiki/Infix" title="Infix">infixes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roviana_language" title="Roviana language">Roviana</a> <i>t<in>avete</i> 'work (noun)' < <i>tavete</i> 'work (verb)').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust2013370–399_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust2013370–399-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Reduplication" title="Reduplication">Reduplication</a> is commonly employed in Austronesian languages. This includes full reduplication (<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> <i>anak-anak</i> 'children' < <i>anak</i> 'child'; <a href="/wiki/Karo_Batak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karo Batak language">Karo Batak</a> <i>nipe-nipe</i> 'caterpillar' < <i>nipe</i> 'snake') or partial reduplication (<a href="/wiki/Central_Cagayan_Agta_language" title="Central Cagayan Agta language">Agta</a> <i>taktakki</i> 'legs' < <i>takki</i> 'leg', <i>at-atu</i> 'puppy' < <i>atu</i> 'dog').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust2013406–431_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust2013406–431-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntax">Syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawaii_Banknote_5_Dollars_c_1839.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hawaii_Banknote_5_Dollars_c_1839.jpg/220px-Hawaii_Banknote_5_Dollars_c_1839.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hawaii_Banknote_5_Dollars_c_1839.jpg/330px-Hawaii_Banknote_5_Dollars_c_1839.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Hawaii_Banknote_5_Dollars_c_1839.jpg/440px-Hawaii_Banknote_5_Dollars_c_1839.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>A 5 dollar banknote, Hawaii, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1839</span>, using <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian language</a></figcaption></figure> <p>It is difficult to make generalizations about the languages that make up a family as diverse as Austronesian. Very broadly, one can divide the Austronesian languages into three groups: Philippine-type languages, Indonesian-type languages and post-Indonesian type languages:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2002453_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2002453-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The first group includes, besides the languages of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, the Austronesian languages of Taiwan, Sabah, North Sulawesi and Madagascar. It is primarily characterized by the retention of the original system of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_alignment" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian alignment">Philippine-type voice alternations</a>, where typically three or four verb voices determine which <a href="/wiki/Thematic_relation" title="Thematic relation">semantic role</a> the "subject"/"topic" expresses (it may express either the actor, the patient, the location and the beneficiary, or various other circumstantial roles such as instrument and concomitant). The phenomenon has frequently been referred to as <i>focus</i> (not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Focus_(linguistics)" title="Focus (linguistics)">usual sense</a> of that term in linguistics). Furthermore, the choice of voice is influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Definiteness" title="Definiteness">definiteness</a> of the participants. The word order has a strong tendency to be verb-initial.</li> <li>In contrast, the more innovative Indonesian-type languages, which are particularly represented in Malaysia and western Indonesia, have reduced the voice system to a contrast between only two voices (actor voice and "undergoer" voice), but these are supplemented by <a href="/wiki/Applicative_voice" title="Applicative voice">applicative</a> morphological devices (originally two: the more direct *<i>-i</i> and more oblique *<i>-an/-[a]kən</i>), which serve to modify the semantic role of the "undergoer". They are also characterized by the presence of preposed clitic pronouns. Unlike the Philippine type, these languages mostly tend towards verb-second word-orders. A number of languages, such as the <a href="/wiki/Batak_languages" title="Batak languages">Batak languages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Javanese" title="Old Javanese">Old Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sasak_language" title="Sasak language">Sasak</a> and several Sulawesi languages seem to represent an intermediate stage between these two types.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Finally, in some languages, which Ross calls "post-Indonesian", the original voice system has broken down completely and the voice-marking affixes no longer preserve their functions.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexicon">Lexicon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Lexicon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language#Vocabulary" title="Proto-Austronesian language">Proto-Austronesian language § Vocabulary</a></div> <p>The Austronesian language family has been established by the linguistic comparative method on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate sets</a>, sets of words from multiple languages, which are similar in sound and meaning which can be shown to be descended from the same ancestral word in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language">Proto-Austronesian</a> according to regular rules. Some cognate sets are very stable. The word for <i>eye</i> in many Austronesian languages is <b>mata</b> (from the most northerly Austronesian languages, <a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Bunun_language" title="Bunun language">Bunun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amis_language" title="Amis language">Amis</a> all the way south to <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhillBlustGray2003–2019_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhillBlustGray2003–2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other words are harder to reconstruct. The word for <i>two</i> is also stable, in that it appears over the entire range of the Austronesian family, but the forms (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Bunun_language" title="Bunun language">Bunun</a> <b>dusa</b>; <a href="/wiki/Amis_language" title="Amis language">Amis</a> <b>tusa</b>; <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> <b>rua</b>) require some linguistic expertise to recognise. The <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_Basic_Vocabulary_Database" title="Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database">Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database</a> gives word lists (coded for cognateness) for approximately 1000 Austronesian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhillBlustGray2003–2019_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhillBlustGray2003–2019-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austronesian_family.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Austronesian_family.png/400px-Austronesian_family.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Austronesian_family.png/600px-Austronesian_family.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Austronesian_family.png/800px-Austronesian_family.png 2x" data-file-width="2748" data-file-height="2005" /></a><figcaption>The distribution of the Austronesian languages, per Blust (1999). Western Malayo-Polynesian and Central Malayo-Polynesian are no longer accepted.</figcaption></figure> <p>The internal structure of the Austronesian languages is complex. The family consists of many similar and closely related languages with large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continua</a>, making it difficult to recognize boundaries between branches. The first major step towards high-order subgrouping was Dempwolff's recognition of the <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a> subgroup (called <i>Melanesisch</i> by Dempwolff).<sup id="cite_ref-Dempwolff_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dempwolff-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The special position of the languages of Taiwan was first recognized by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Georges_Haudricourt" title="André-Georges Haudricourt">André-Georges Haudricourt</a> (1965),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaudricourt1965315_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaudricourt1965315-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who divided the Austronesian languages into three subgroups: Northern Austronesian (= <a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan</a>), Eastern Austronesian (= <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a>), and Western Austronesian (all remaining languages). </p><p>In a study that represents the first <a href="/wiki/Lexicostatistics" title="Lexicostatistics">lexicostatistical</a> classification of the Austronesian languages, <a href="/wiki/Isidore_Dyen" title="Isidore Dyen">Isidore Dyen</a> (1965) presented a radically different subgrouping scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyen1965_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyen1965-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He posited 40 first-order subgroups, with the highest degree of diversity found in the area of <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>. The Oceanic languages are not recognized, but are distributed over more than 30 of his proposed first-order subgroups. Dyen's classification was widely criticized and for the most part rejected,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrace1966_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrace1966-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but several of his lower-order subgroups are still accepted (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Cordilleran_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Cordilleran languages">Cordilleran languages</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bilic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilic languages">Bilic languages</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Murutic_languages" title="Murutic languages">Murutic languages</a>). </p><p>Subsequently, the position of the Formosan languages as the most archaic group of Austronesian languages was recognized by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Christian_Dahl" title="Otto Christian Dahl">Otto Christian Dahl</a> (1973),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahl1973_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahl1973-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by proposals from other scholars that the Formosan languages actually make up more than one first-order subgroup of Austronesian. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Blust" title="Robert Blust">Robert Blust</a> (1977) first presented the subgrouping model which is currently accepted by virtually all scholars in the field,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust1977_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust1977-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with more than one first-order subgroup on Taiwan, and a single first-order branch encompassing all Austronesian languages spoken outside of Taiwan, viz. <b><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a></b>. The relationships of the Formosan languages to each other and the internal structure of Malayo-Polynesian continue to be debated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_branches_on_Taiwan_(Formosan_languages)"><span id="Primary_branches_on_Taiwan_.28Formosan_languages.29"></span>Primary branches on Taiwan (Formosan languages)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Primary branches on Taiwan (Formosan languages)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a>, thirteen <a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan subgroups</a> are broadly accepted. The seminal article in the classification of Formosan—and, by extension, the top-level structure of Austronesian—is <a href="#CITEREFBlust1999">Blust (1999)</a>. Prominent Formosanists (linguists who specialize in Formosan languages) take issue with some of its details, but it remains the point of reference for current linguistic analyses. Debate centers primarily around the relationships between these families. Of the classifications presented here, <a href="#CITEREFBlust1999">Blust (1999)</a> links two families into a Western Plains group, two more in a Northwestern Formosan group, and three into an Eastern Formosan group, while <a href="#CITEREFLi2008">Li (2008)</a> also links five families into a Northern Formosan group. Harvey (1982), Chang (2006) and Ross (2012) split Tsouic, and Blust (2013) agrees the group is probably not valid. </p><p>Other studies have presented phonological evidence for a reduced Paiwanic family of <a href="/wiki/Paiwanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paiwanic languages">Paiwanic</a>, Puyuma, Bunun, Amis, and Malayo-Polynesian, but this is not reflected in vocabulary. The Eastern Formosan peoples Basay, Kavalan, and Amis share a homeland motif that has them coming originally from an island called <i>Sinasay</i> or <i>Sanasay</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2004_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2004-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Amis, in particular, maintain that they came from the east, and were treated by the Puyuma, amongst whom they settled, as a subservient group.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Blust_(1999)"><span id="Blust_.281999.29"></span>Blust (1999)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Blust (1999)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Formosan_languages_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Formosan_languages_en.svg/250px-Formosan_languages_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Formosan_languages_en.svg/375px-Formosan_languages_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Formosan_languages_en.svg/500px-Formosan_languages_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="775" data-file-height="1043" /></a><figcaption>Families of Formosan languages before Minnanese colonization of Taiwan, per Blust (1999)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Formosan</b> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFF9A5; color:black;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Tsouic_languages" title="Tsouic languages">Tsouic</a></b><br />(abandoned in Blust 2013)</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsou_language" title="Tsou language">Tsou language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saaroa_language" title="Saaroa language">Saaroa language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanakanavu_language" title="Kanakanavu language">Kanakanavu language</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FECCA0; color:black;"> </span> <b>Western Plains</b> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thao_language" title="Thao language">Thao language</a> <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> Sao: Brawbaw and Shtafari dialects</li> <li>Central Western Plains <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babuza_language" title="Babuza language">Babuza language</a>; old <a href="/wiki/Favorlang_language" title="Favorlang language">Favorlang language</a>: Taokas and Poavosa dialects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papora-Hoanya_language" title="Papora-Hoanya language">Papora-Hoanya language</a>: Papora, Hoanya dialects</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FEA4A4; color:black;"> </span> <b>Northwest Formosan</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saisiyat_language" title="Saisiyat language">Saisiyat language</a>: Taai and Tungho dialects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazeh_language" title="Pazeh language">Pazeh language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kulun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulun language">Kulun</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9FD8B3; color:black;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Atayalic_languages" title="Atayalic languages">Atayalic</a></b> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atayal_language" title="Atayal language">Atayal language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seediq_language" title="Seediq language">Seediq language</a> <abbr title="also known as">a.k.a.</abbr> Truku/Taroko</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CBA6CB; color:black;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/East_Formosan_languages" title="East Formosan languages">East Formosan</a></b><br />(based on a single merger, of pAN *n and *j)</div> <ul><li>Northern (Kavalanic languages) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basay_language" title="Basay language">Basay language</a>: Trobiawa and Linaw–Qauqaut dialects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavalan_language" title="Kavalan language">Kavalan language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketagalan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketagalan language">Ketagalan language</a>, or Ketangalan</li></ul></li> <li>Central (<a href="/wiki/Amis_language" title="Amis language">Ami</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amis_language" title="Amis language">Amis proper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakizaya_language" title="Sakizaya language">Sakizaya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraya_language" title="Siraya language">Siraya language</a></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B7DF86; color:black;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Bunun_language" title="Bunun language">Bunun language</a></b> </div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E2E17F; color:black;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai language</a></b> </div> <ul><li>Mantauran, Tona, and Maga dialects of <a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a> are divergent</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D3FE00; color:black;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Puyuma_language" title="Puyuma language">Puyuma language</a></b> </div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#E1FEEB; color:black;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Paiwan_language" title="Paiwan language">Paiwan language</a></b> (south-eastern tip of Formosa)</div></li> <li>(outside Formosa)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DF7575; color:black;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a></b></div></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Li_(2008)"><span id="Li_.282008.29"></span>Li (2008)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Li (2008)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Formosan_languages_2005.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Formosan_languages_2005.png/250px-Formosan_languages_2005.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Formosan_languages_2005.png/375px-Formosan_languages_2005.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Formosan_languages_2005.png/500px-Formosan_languages_2005.png 2x" data-file-width="2891" data-file-height="3515" /></a><figcaption>Families of Formosan languages before Minnanese colonization, per <a href="#CITEREFLi2008">Li (2008)</a>. The three languages in green (Bunun, Puyuma, Paiwan) may form a Southern Formosan branch, but this is uncertain.</figcaption></figure> <p>This classification retains Blust's East Formosan, and unites the other northern languages. <a href="#CITEREFLi2008">Li (2008)</a> proposes a Proto-Formosan (F0) ancestor and equates it with <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Austronesian">Proto-Austronesian</a> (PAN), following the model in Starosta (1995).<sup id="cite_ref-Starosta_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starosta-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rukai and Tsouic are seen as highly divergent, although the position of Rukai is highly controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Formosan</b> <ul><li>F0: <b>Proto-Formosan</b> = <b>Proto-Austronesian</b> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FEA4A4; color:black;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></b></div> <ul><li>Mantauran</li> <li>Maga–Tona, Budai–Labuan–Taromak</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>F1: <i>(unnamed branch)</i> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFF9A5; color:black;"> </span> <b>Central (<a href="/wiki/Tsouic_languages" title="Tsouic languages">Tsouic</a>)</b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsou_language" title="Tsou language">Tsou</a></li> <li>Southern Tsouic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saaroa_language" title="Saaroa language">Saaroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanakanavu_language" title="Kanakanavu language">Kanakanavu</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>F2: <i>(unnamed branch)</i> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FECCA0; color:black;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/Northern_Formosan_languages" title="Northern Formosan languages">Northern Formosan</a></b></div> <ul><li>Northwestern (Plains) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saisiyat_language" title="Saisiyat language">Saisiyat</a>–<a href="/wiki/Kulon_language" title="Kulon language">Kulon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pazeh_language" title="Pazeh language">Pazeh</a></li> <li>Western <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thao_language" title="Thao language">Thao</a></li> <li>West Coast (<a href="/wiki/Papora_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Papora language">Papora</a>–<a href="/wiki/Hoanya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoanya language">Hoanya</a>–<a href="/wiki/Babuza_language" title="Babuza language">Babuza</a>–Taokas)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atayalic_languages" title="Atayalic languages">Atayalic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atayal_language" title="Atayal language">Squliq Atayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atayal_language" title="Atayal language">Ts'ole' Atayal</a> (= C'uli')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seediq_language" title="Seediq language">Seediq</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CBA6CB; color:black;"> </span> <b><a href="/wiki/East_Formosan_languages" title="East Formosan languages">East Formosan</a></b></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kavalan_language" title="Kavalan language">Kavalan</a>–<a href="/wiki/Basay_language" title="Basay language">Basay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraya_language" title="Siraya language">Siraya</a>–<a href="/wiki/Amis_language" title="Amis language">Amis</a>–<a href="/wiki/Nataoran_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nataoran language">Nataoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakizaya_language" title="Sakizaya language">Sakizaya</a></li></ul></li> <li>? <b>Southern</b> [uncertain] <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B7DF86; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Bunun_language" title="Bunun language">Bunun</a></div> <ul><li>Isbukun</li> <li>Northern and Central (Takitudu and Takbanuaz)</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9FD8B3; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Paiwan_language" title="Paiwan language">Paiwan</a>–<a href="/wiki/Puyuma_language" title="Puyuma language">Puyuma</a> [uncertain]</div></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sagart_(2004,_2021)"><span id="Sagart_.282004.2C_2021.29"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style><span class="vanchor"><span id="Sagart"></span><span class="vanchor-text">Sagart</span></span> (2004, 2021)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sagart (2004, 2021)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Formosan_languages_Sagart_2021.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Formosan_languages_Sagart_2021.png/220px-Formosan_languages_Sagart_2021.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Formosan_languages_Sagart_2021.png/330px-Formosan_languages_Sagart_2021.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Formosan_languages_Sagart_2021.png/440px-Formosan_languages_Sagart_2021.png 2x" data-file-width="2891" data-file-height="3515" /></a><figcaption>Nested branches of Austronesian languages according to Sagart. Languages colored red are outside the other branches but are not subgrouped. Kradai and Malayo-Polynesian would also be purple.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sagart (2004) proposes that the numerals of the Formosan languages reflect a nested series of innovations, from languages in the northwest (near the putative landfall of the Austronesian migration from the mainland), which share only the numerals 1–4 with proto-Malayo-Polynesian, counter-clockwise to the eastern languages (purple on map), which share all numerals 1–10. Sagart (2021) finds other shared innovations that follow the same pattern. He proposes that pMP *lima 'five' is a lexical replacement (from 'hand'), and that pMP *pitu 'seven', *walu 'eight' and *Siwa 'nine' are contractions of pAN *RaCep 'five', a ligature *a or *i 'and', and *duSa 'two', *telu 'three', *Sepat 'four', an analogical pattern historically attested from <a href="/wiki/Pazeh_language" title="Pazeh language">Pazeh</a>. The fact that the <a href="/wiki/Kradai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kradai languages">Kradai languages</a> share the numeral system (and other lexical innovations) of pMP suggests that they are a coordinate branch with Malayo-Polynesian, rather than a sister family to Austronesian.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sagart's resulting classification is:<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><b>Austronesian</b> (pAN ca. 5200 BP) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#df3b75; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Saisiyat_language" title="Saisiyat language">Saisiyat</a></div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DF7575; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Luilang_language" title="Luilang language">Luilang</a></div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FEA4A4; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Pazeh_language" title="Pazeh language">Pazeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kulon_language" title="Kulon language">Kulon</a><br />(These four languages are outside Pituish, but Sagart is ambivalent as to any relationship among them, other than retaining Blust's connection between Pazeh and Kulon)</div></li> <li><b>Pituish</b> <br />(pAN *RaCepituSa 'five-and-two' truncated to *pitu 'seven'; *sa-ŋ-aCu 'nine' [lit. one taken away]) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FECCA0; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Favorlang_language" title="Favorlang language">Favorlang</a>–<a href="/wiki/Taokas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taokas language">Taokas</a></div></li> <li><b>Limaish</b> <br />(pAN *RaCep 'five' replaced by *lima 'hand'; *Ca~ reduplication to form the series of numerals for counting humans) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFF9A5; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Thao_language" title="Thao language">Thao</a>–<a href="/wiki/Atayalic_languages" title="Atayalic languages">Atayalic</a></div></li> <li><b>Enemish</b> <br />(additive 'five-and-one' or 'twice-three' replaced by reduplicated *Nem-Nem > *emnem [*Nem 'three' is reflected in Basay, Siraya and Makatao]; pAN *kawaS 'year, sky' replaced by *CawiN) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#D3FE00; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Siraya_language" title="Siraya language">Siraya</a></div></li> <li><b>Walu-Siwaish</b><br />(*walu 'eight' and *Siwa 'nine' from *RaCepat(e)lu 'five-and-three' and *RaCepiSepat 'five-and-four') <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B7DF86; color:black;"> </span> West WS: <a href="/wiki/Papora_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Papora language">Papora</a>–<a href="/wiki/Hoanya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoanya language">Hoanya</a> <br />(pAN *Sapuy 'fire' replaced by *[Z]apuR 'cooking fire'; pAN *qudem 'black replaced by *abi[Z]u, found in MP as 'blue')</div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9FD8B3; color:black;"> </span> Central WS<br />(pAN *isa etc. 'one' replaced by *Ca~CiNi (reduplication of 'alone') in the human-counting series; pAN *iCit 'ten' replaced by *ma-sa-N 'one times'.)</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunun_language" title="Bunun language">Bunun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tsouic_languages" title="Tsouic languages">Tsouic</a><br />(CV~ reduplication in human-counting series replaced with competing pAN noun-marker *u- [unknown whether Bunun once had the same]; eleven lexical innovations such as *cáni 'one', *kəku 'leg')</li></ul></li> <li>East WS (pEWS ca. 4500 BP)<br />(innovations *baCaq-an 'ten'; *nanum 'water' alongside pAN *daNum) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#86A6C8; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Kavalanic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kavalanic languages">Kavalanic languages</a></div></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#CBA6CB; color:black;"> </span> <b>Puluqish</b><br />(innovative *sa-puluq 'ten', from *sa- 'one' + 'separate, set aside'; use of prefixes *paka- and *maka- to mark <a href="/w/index.php?title=Abilitative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abilitative (page does not exist)">abilitative</a>)</div> <ul><li>Northern: <a href="/wiki/Amis_language" title="Amis language">Ami</a>–<a href="/wiki/Puyuma_language" title="Puyuma language">Puyuma</a><br />(*sasay 'one'; *mukeCep 'ten' for the human and non-human series; *ukak 'bone', *kuCem 'cloud')</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiwan_language" title="Paiwan language">Paiwan</a></li> <li>Southern Austronesian (pSAN ca. 4000 BP)<br />(linker *atu 'and' > *at after *sa-puluq in numerals 11–19; lexical innovations such as *baqbaq 'mouth', *qa-sáuŋ 'canine tooth', *qi(d)zúR 'saliva', *píntu 'door', *-ŋel 'deaf') <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra-Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malayo-Polynesian">Malayo-Polynesian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Malayo-Polynesian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian languages</a></div> <p>The Malayo-Polynesian languages are—among other things—characterized by certain sound changes, such as the mergers of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Austronesian">Proto-Austronesian</a> (PAN) *t/*C to <a href="/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian">Proto-Malayo-Polynesian</a> (PMP) *t, and PAN *n/*N to PMP *n, and the shift of PAN *S to PMP *h.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust2013742_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust2013742-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There appear to have been two great migrations of Austronesian languages that quickly covered large areas, resulting in multiple local groups with little large-scale structure. The first was Malayo-Polynesian, distributed across the Philippines, Indonesia, and Melanesia. The second migration was that of the <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic languages</a> into Polynesia and Micronesia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhillBlustGray2008_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhillBlustGray2008-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_languages">Major languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Major languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_major_and_official_Austronesian_languages" title="List of major and official Austronesian languages">List of major and official Austronesian languages</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History<span class="anchor" id="Homeland"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Migration_from_Taiwan" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian expansion</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/800px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/1200px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/1600px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1053" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>A map of the Austronesian expansion. Periods are based on archeological studies, though the association of the archeological record and linguistic reconstructions is disputed.</figcaption></figure> <p>From the standpoint of <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguistics</a>, the place of origin (in linguistic terminology, <i><a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">Urheimat</a></i>) of the Austronesian languages (<a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language">Proto-Austronesian language</a>) is most likely the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">main island of Taiwan</a>, also known as Formosa; on this island the deepest divisions in Austronesian are found along small geographic distances, among the families of the native <a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a>. </p><p> According to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Blust" title="Robert Blust">Robert Blust</a>, the Formosan languages form nine of the ten primary branches of the Austronesian language family.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagart2002_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESagart2002-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="#CITEREFComrie2001">Comrie (2001</a>:28) noted this when he wrote: </p><blockquote><p>... the internal diversity among the... Formosan languages... is greater than that in all the rest of Austronesian put together, so there is a major <a href="/wiki/Genetic_relationship_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic relationship (linguistics)">genetic</a> split within Austronesian between Formosan and the rest... Indeed, the genetic diversity within Formosan is so great that it may well consist of several primary branches of the overall Austronesian family.</p></blockquote><p>At least since <a href="#CITEREFSapir1968">Sapir (1968)</a>, writing in 1949, linguists have generally accepted that the chronology of the dispersal of languages within a given language family can be traced from the area of greatest linguistic variety to that of the least. For example, English in North America has large numbers of speakers, but relatively low dialectal diversity, while English in Great Britain has much higher diversity; such low linguistic variety by Sapir's thesis suggests a more recent spread of English in North America. While some scholars suspect that the number of principal branches among the Formosan languages may be somewhat less than Blust's estimate of nine (e.g. <a href="#CITEREFLi2006">Li 2006</a>), there is little contention among linguists with this analysis and the resulting view of the origin and direction of the migration. For a recent dissenting analysis, see <a href="#CITEREFPeiros2004">Peiros (2004)</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples#Prehistory" title="Austronesian peoples">protohistory of the Austronesian people</a> can be traced farther back through time. To get an idea of the original homeland of the populations ancestral to the Austronesian peoples (as opposed to strictly linguistic arguments), evidence from archaeology and <a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">population genetics</a> may be adduced. Studies from the science of genetics have produced conflicting outcomes. Some researchers find evidence for a proto-Austronesian homeland on the Asian mainland (e.g., <a href="#CITEREFMelton_et_al.1998">Melton et al. 1998</a>), while others mirror the linguistic research, rejecting an East Asian origin in favor of Taiwan (e.g., <a href="#CITEREFTrejaut_et_al.2005">Trejaut et al. 2005</a>). Archaeological evidence (e.g., <a href="#CITEREFBellwood1997">Bellwood 1997</a>) is more consistent, suggesting that the ancestors of the Austronesians spread from the South Chinese mainland to Taiwan at some time around 8,000 years ago. </p><p> Evidence from historical linguistics suggests that it is from this island that seafaring peoples migrated, perhaps in distinct waves separated by millennia, to the entire region encompassed by the Austronesian languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiamond2000_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiamond2000-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is believed that this migration began around 6,000 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust1999_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust1999-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, evidence from historical linguistics cannot bridge the gap between those two periods. The view that linguistic evidence connects Austronesian languages to the Sino-Tibetan ones, as proposed for example by <a href="#CITEREFSagart2002">Sagart (2002)</a>, is a minority one. As <a href="#CITEREFFox2004">Fox (2004</a>:8) states:</p><blockquote><p>Implied in... discussions of subgrouping [of Austronesian languages] is a broad consensus that the homeland of the Austronesians was in Taiwan. This homeland area may have also included the <a href="/wiki/Penghu" title="Penghu">P'eng-hu</a> (Pescadores) islands between Taiwan and China and possibly even sites on the coast of mainland China, especially if one were to view the early Austronesians as a population of related dialect communities living in scattered coastal settlements.</p></blockquote><p>Linguistic analysis of the Proto-Austronesian language stops at the western shores of Taiwan; any related mainland language(s) have not survived. The only exceptions, the <a href="/wiki/Chamic_languages" title="Chamic languages">Chamic languages</a>, derive from more recent migration to the mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood1999225_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood1999225-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, according to Ostapirat's interpretation of the seriously discussed <a href="/wiki/Austro-Tai_languages" title="Austro-Tai languages">Austro-Tai</a> hypothesis, the <a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai languages</a> (also known as Tai–Kadai) are exactly those related mainland languages. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hypothesized_relations">Hypothesized relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hypothesized relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mainland_pre-Austronesian_cultures.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mainland_pre-Austronesian_cultures.png/350px-Mainland_pre-Austronesian_cultures.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mainland_pre-Austronesian_cultures.png/525px-Mainland_pre-Austronesian_cultures.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mainland_pre-Austronesian_cultures.png/700px-Mainland_pre-Austronesian_cultures.png 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1422" /></a><figcaption>An example of hypothetical Pre-Austronesian migration waves to Taiwan from the mainland. (The Amis migration from the Philippines is controversial).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map07TN.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map07TN.png/350px-Map07TN.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map07TN.png/525px-Map07TN.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Map07TN.png/700px-Map07TN.png 2x" data-file-width="3507" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>Path of Migration and Division of Some of the Major Ethnicities with their genetically distinctive markers, adapted from Edmondson and Gregerson (2007:732) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/j.1749-818X.2007.00033.x">[1]</a>. The sketched migration route <i>M119-Baiyue</i> from Southeast Asia corresponds to the southern origin hypothesis of early Austronesians.</figcaption></figure> <p>Genealogical links have been proposed between Austronesian and various families of East and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austro-Tai">Austro-Tai</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Austro-Tai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Austro-Tai_languages" title="Austro-Tai languages">Austro-Tai languages</a></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Austro-Tai_languages" title="Austro-Tai languages">Austro-Tai</a> proposal linking Austronesian and the <a href="/wiki/Kra-Dai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra-Dai">Kra-Dai</a> languages of the southeastern continental Asian mainland was first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_K._Benedict" title="Paul K. Benedict">Paul K. Benedict</a>, and is supported by Weera Ostapirat, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Blench" title="Roger Blench">Roger Blench</a>, and Laurent Sagart, based on the traditional <a href="/wiki/Comparative_method" title="Comparative method">comparative method</a>. <a href="#CITEREFOstapirat2005">Ostapirat (2005)</a> proposes a series of regular correspondences linking the two families and assumes a primary split, with Kra-Dai speakers being the people who stayed behind in their Chinese homeland. <a href="#CITEREFBlench2004">Blench (2004)</a> suggests that, if the connection is valid, the relationship is unlikely to be one of two sister families. Rather, he suggests that <a href="/wiki/Proto-Kra-Dai" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Kra-Dai">proto-Kra-Dai</a> speakers were Austronesians who migrated to <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a> Island and back to the mainland from the northern Philippines, and that their distinctiveness results from radical restructuring following contact with <a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinitic language">Sinitic</a>. An extended version of Austro-Tai was hypothesized by Benedict who added the <a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic languages</a> to the proposal as well.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austric">Austric</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Austric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Austric_languages" title="Austric languages">Austric languages</a></div> <p>A link with the <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic languages</a> in an '<a href="/wiki/Austric" class="mw-redirect" title="Austric">Austric</a>' <a href="/wiki/Phylum_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylum (linguistics)">phylum</a> is based mostly on typological evidence. However, there is also morphological evidence of a connection between the conservative <a href="/wiki/Nicobarese_languages" title="Nicobarese languages">Nicobarese languages</a> and Austronesian languages of the Philippines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Robert Blust supports the hypothesis which connects the lower Yangtze neolithic Austro-Tai entity with the rice-cultivating Austro-Asiatic cultures, assuming the center of East Asian rice domestication, and putative Austric homeland, to be located in the Yunnan/Burma border area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagartHsuTsaiHsing2017188_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESagartHsuTsaiHsing2017188-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under that view, there was an east-west genetic alignment, resulting from a rice-based population expansion, in the southern part of East Asia: Austroasiatic-Kra-Dai-Austronesian, with unrelated Sino-Tibetan occupying a more northerly tier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagartHsuTsaiHsing2017188_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESagartHsuTsaiHsing2017188-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sino-Austronesian">Sino-Austronesian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sino-Austronesian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Austronesian_languages" title="Sino-Austronesian languages">Sino-Austronesian languages</a></div> <p>French linguist and <a href="/wiki/Sinology" title="Sinology">Sinologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Sagart" title="Laurent Sagart">Laurent Sagart</a> considers the Austronesian languages to be related to the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan languages</a>, and also groups the <a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai languages</a> as more closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sagart argues for a north-south genetic relationship between Chinese and Austronesian, based on sound correspondences in the basic vocabulary and morphological parallels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagartHsuTsaiHsing2017188_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESagartHsuTsaiHsing2017188-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laurent Sagart (2017) concludes that the possession of the two kinds of millets<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Taiwanese Austronesian languages (not just Setaria, as previously thought) places the pre-Austronesians in northeastern China, adjacent to the probable Sino-Tibetan homeland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagartHsuTsaiHsing2017188_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESagartHsuTsaiHsing2017188-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ko et al.'s genetic research (2014) appears to support Laurent Sagart's linguistic proposal, pointing out that the exclusively Austronesian mtDNA E-haplogroup and the largely Sino-Tibetan M9a haplogroup are twin sisters, indicative of an intimate connection between the early Austronesian and Sino-Tibetan maternal gene pools, at least.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagartHsuTsaiHsing2017189_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESagartHsuTsaiHsing2017189-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKo2014426–436_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKo2014426–436-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, results from Wei et al. (2017) are also in agreement with Sagart's proposal, in which their analyses show that the predominantly Austronesian Y-DNA haplogroup O3a2b*-P164(xM134) belongs to a newly defined haplogroup O3a2b2-N6 being widely distributed along the eastern coastal regions of Asia, from Korea to Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiYanTeoHuang20171–12_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiYanTeoHuang20171–12-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sagart also groups the Austronesian languages in a recursive-like fashion, placing Kra-Dai as a sister branch of Malayo-Polynesian. His methodology has been found to be spurious by his peers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter2010_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter2010-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust2013710–713,_745–747_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust2013710–713,_745–747-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese">Japanese</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Japanese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Classification_of_the_Japonic_languages#Proposals_relating_Japonic_languages_to_Southeast_Asian_language_families" title="Classification of the Japonic languages">Classification of the Japonic languages § Proposals relating Japonic languages to Southeast Asian language families</a></div> <p>Several linguists have proposed that <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> is genetically related to the Austronesian family, cf. Benedict (1990), Matsumoto (1975), Miller (1967). </p><p>Some other linguists think it is more plausible that Japanese is not genetically related to the Austronesian languages, but instead was influenced by an Austronesian <a href="/wiki/Substrata_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Substrata (linguistics)">substratum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Adstratum" class="mw-redirect" title="Adstratum">adstratum</a>. </p><p>Those who propose this scenario suggest that the Austronesian family once covered the islands to the north as well as to the south. <a href="/wiki/Martine_Robbeets" title="Martine Robbeets">Martine Robbeets</a> (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claims that Japanese genetically belongs to the "Transeurasian" (= <a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Macro-Altaic</a>) languages, but underwent lexical influence from "para-Austronesian", a presumed sister language of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Austronesian">Proto-Austronesian</a>. </p><p>The linguist Ann Kumar (2009) proposed that some Austronesians might have migrated to Japan, possibly an elite-group from <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, and created the Japanese-hierarchical society. She also identifies 82 possible cognates between Austronesian and Japanese, however her theory remains very controversial.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The linguist <a href="/wiki/Asya_Pereltsvaig" title="Asya Pereltsvaig">Asha Pereltsvaig</a> criticized Kumar's theory on several points.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archaeological problem with that theory is that, contrary to the claim that there was no rice farming in China and Korea in <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistoric times</a>, excavations have indicated that rice farming has been practiced in this area since at least 5000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also genetic problems. The pre-Yayoi Japanese lineage was not shared with Southeast Asians, but was shared with Northwest Chinese, <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asians" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Asians">Central Asians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Linguistic problems were also pointed out. Kumar did not claim that Japanese was an Austronesian language derived from proto-Javanese language, but only that it provided a superstratum language for <a href="/wiki/Old_Japanese" title="Old Japanese">old Japanese</a>, based on 82 plausible Javanese-Japanese cognates, mostly related to rice farming.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_52-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Asian">East Asian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: East Asian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_languages" title="East Asian languages">East Asian languages</a></div> <p>In 2001, <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Starosta" title="Stanley Starosta">Stanley Starosta</a> proposed a new language family named <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_languages" title="East Asian languages">East Asian</a>, that includes all primary language families in the broader <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a> region except <a href="/wiki/Japonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Japonic">Japonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Koreanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Koreanic">Koreanic</a>. This proposed family consists of two branches, Austronesian and Sino-Tibetan-Yangzian, with the <a href="/wiki/Kra-Dai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra-Dai">Kra-Dai</a> family considered to be a branch of Austronesian, and "Yangzian" to be a new sister branch of Sino-Tibetan consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hmong-Mien" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong-Mien">Hmong-Mien</a> languages.<sup id="cite_ref-EastAsianOrigin_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EastAsianOrigin-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This proposal was further researched on by linguists such as Michael D. Larish in 2006, who also included the Japonic and Koreanic languages in the macrofamily. The proposal has since been adopted by linguists such as <a href="/wiki/George_van_Driem" title="George van Driem">George van Driem</a>, albeit without the inclusion of Japonic and Koreanic.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ongan">Ongan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ongan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Austronesian%E2%80%93Ongan_languages" title="Austronesian–Ongan languages">Austronesian–Ongan languages</a></div> <p><a href="#CITEREFBlevins2007">Blevins (2007)</a> proposed that the Austronesian and the <a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a> protolanguage are the descendants of an Austronesian–Ongan protolanguage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlevins2007_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlevins2007-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This view is not supported by mainstream linguists and remains very controversial. Robert Blust rejects Blevins' proposal as far-fetched and based solely on chance resemblances and methodologically flawed comparisons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust2014_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust2014-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_systems">Writing systems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Writing systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Writing_systems_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Writing systems of Southeast Asia">Writing systems of Southeast Asia</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bali,_Pura_Besakih_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bali%2C_Pura_Besakih_1.jpg/200px-Bali%2C_Pura_Besakih_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bali%2C_Pura_Besakih_1.jpg/300px-Bali%2C_Pura_Besakih_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bali%2C_Pura_Besakih_1.jpg/400px-Bali%2C_Pura_Besakih_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3809" data-file-height="2539" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A sign in <a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> script at a <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> temple in <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Manuscript_in_Toba-Batak_language,_central_Sumatra,_early_1800s_-_Robert_C._Williams_Paper_Museum_-_DSC00360.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Manuscript_in_Toba-Batak_language%2C_central_Sumatra%2C_early_1800s_-_Robert_C._Williams_Paper_Museum_-_DSC00360.JPG/200px-Manuscript_in_Toba-Batak_language%2C_central_Sumatra%2C_early_1800s_-_Robert_C._Williams_Paper_Museum_-_DSC00360.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Manuscript_in_Toba-Batak_language%2C_central_Sumatra%2C_early_1800s_-_Robert_C._Williams_Paper_Museum_-_DSC00360.JPG/300px-Manuscript_in_Toba-Batak_language%2C_central_Sumatra%2C_early_1800s_-_Robert_C._Williams_Paper_Museum_-_DSC00360.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Manuscript_in_Toba-Batak_language%2C_central_Sumatra%2C_early_1800s_-_Robert_C._Williams_Paper_Museum_-_DSC00360.JPG/400px-Manuscript_in_Toba-Batak_language%2C_central_Sumatra%2C_early_1800s_-_Robert_C._Williams_Paper_Museum_-_DSC00360.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4641" data-file-height="2830" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A manuscript from the early 1800s using the <a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a> script</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rongorongo_Schrift.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Rongorongo_Schrift.jpg/200px-Rongorongo_Schrift.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Rongorongo_Schrift.jpg/300px-Rongorongo_Schrift.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Rongorongo_Schrift.jpg/400px-Rongorongo_Schrift.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1496" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo">Rongorongo</a> glyph, assumed to be the writing system of the <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language">Rapa Nui language</a></div></div></div></div></div> <p>Most Austronesian languages have <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a>-based writing systems today. Some non-Latin-based writing systems are listed below. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Balinese alphabet">Balinese alphabet</a> – used to write <a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Javanese" title="Old Javanese">Kawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sasak_language" title="Sasak language">Sasak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak alphabet">Batak alphabet</a> – used to write several <a href="/wiki/Batak_languages" title="Batak languages">Batak languages</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a> – used to write <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> and several <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Philippine languages</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bima_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bima alphabet (page does not exist)">Bima alphabet</a> – once used to write the <a href="/wiki/Bima_language" title="Bima language">Bima language</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Buhid alphabet">Buhid alphabet</a> – used to write <a href="/wiki/Buhid_language" title="Buhid language">Buhid language</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanun%C3%B3%27o_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanunó'o alphabet">Hanunó'o alphabet</a> – used to write <a href="/wiki/Hanuno%27o_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanuno'o language">Hanuno'o language</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese script</a> – used to write the <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese language</a> and several neighbouring languages like <a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerinci_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerinci alphabet (page does not exist)">Kerinci alphabet</a> (<i>Kaganga</i>) – used to write the <a href="/wiki/Kerinci_language" title="Kerinci language">Kerinci language</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulitan alphabet">Kulitan alphabet</a> – used to write the <a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan language</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung alphabet">Lampung alphabet</a> – used to write <a href="/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Komering_language" title="Komering language">Komering</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linggi_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linggi alphabet (page does not exist)">Linggi alphabet</a> – used to write <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Peninsular Malayic</a> languages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lontara alphabet">Lontara alphabet</a> – used to write the <a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makassarese_language" title="Makassarese language">Makassarese</a> and several languages of <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese script</a> – standardized script based on <a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese script</a>, used to write the <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese language</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_alphabet" title="Rejang alphabet">Rejang alphabet</a> – used to write the <a href="/wiki/Rejangese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejangese language">Rejang language</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rencong_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Rencong alphabet">Rencong alphabet</a> – once used to write the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagbanwa alphabet">Tagbanwa alphabet</a> – once used to write various <a href="/wiki/Palawan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Palawan languages">Palawan languages</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script#Variants" title="Lontara script">Lota alphabet</a> – used to write the <a href="/wiki/Ende-Li%27o_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ende-Li'o language">Ende-Li'o language</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham alphabet">Cham alphabet</a> – used to write <a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham language</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alphabet" title="Arabic alphabet">Arabic script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegon alphabet">Pegon alphabet</a> – used to write <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a> as well as several smaller neighbouring languages.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi alphabet">Jawi alphabet</a> – used to write <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banjar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar language">Banjar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_language" title="Maguindanao language">Maguindanao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Western Cham</a> and others.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorabe_alphabet" title="Sorabe alphabet">Sorabe alphabet</a> – once used to write several dialects of <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy language</a>.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> – used to write the <a href="/wiki/Cia-Cia_language" title="Cia-Cia language">Cia-Cia language</a> but the project is no longer active.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a> – used to write the <a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a> – used to write the <a href="/wiki/Raga_language" title="Raga language">Raga language</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a> – used to write the <a href="/wiki/Eskayan_language" title="Eskayan language">Eskayan language</a>, a secret language based on <a href="/wiki/Boholano_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Boholano language">Boholano</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai script</a> (Caroline Island script) – used to write the <a href="/wiki/Carolinian_language" title="Carolinian language">Carolinian language</a> (Refaluwasch).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo">Rongorongo</a> – possibly used to write the <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language">Rapa Nui language</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gagarit_Abada_alphabet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gagarit Abada alphabet (page does not exist)">Gagarit Abada</a> – used to write <a href="/wiki/Dusunic_languages" title="Dusunic languages">Dusunic languages</a> but it was not widely used.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gangga_Melayu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gangga Melayu (page does not exist)">Gangga Melayu</a> – used to write <a href="/wiki/Perak_Malay" title="Perak Malay">Perak Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a> – used in <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tolai_language" title="Tolai language">Tolai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motu_language" title="Motu language">Motu</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a>, and many other Austronesian languages.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_charts">Comparison charts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Comparison charts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Below are two charts <a href="/wiki/Comparative_linguistics" title="Comparative linguistics">comparing</a> list of numbers of 1–10 and thirteen words in Austronesian languages; spoken in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Chams</a> or <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>), <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papua_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Papua Region">Papua</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a>. </p> <div style="overflow:auto;"> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption class="nowrap">Comparison chart-numerals </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Austronesian List of Numbers 1–10</th> <th>0</th> <th>1</th> <th>2</th> <th>3</th> <th>4</th> <th>5</th> <th>6</th> <th>7</th> <th>8</th> <th>9</th> <th>10 </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Austronesian">Proto-Austronesian</a> </td> <td></td> <td>*əsa<br />*isa</td> <td>*duSa</td> <td>*təlu</td> <td>*Səpat</td> <td>*lima</td> <td>*ənəm</td> <td>*pitu</td> <td>*walu</td> <td>*Siwa</td> <td>*(sa-)puluq </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><i><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a></i> </th> <th>0</th> <th>1</th> <th>2</th> <th>3</th> <th>4</th> <th>5</th> <th>6</th> <th>7</th> <th>8</th> <th>9</th> <th>10 </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Atayal_language" title="Atayal language">Atayal</a> </td> <td></td> <td>qutux</td> <td>sazing</td> <td>cyugal</td> <td>payat</td> <td>magal</td> <td>mtzyu / tzyu</td> <td>mpitu / pitu</td> <td>mspat / spat</td> <td>mqeru / qeru</td> <td>mopuw / mpuw </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Seediq_language" title="Seediq language">Seediq</a> </td> <td></td> <td>kingal</td> <td>daha</td> <td>teru</td> <td>sepac</td> <td>rima</td> <td>mmteru</td> <td>mpitu</td> <td>mmsepac</td> <td>mngari</td> <td>maxal </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Truku_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Truku language">Truku</a> </td> <td></td> <td>kingal</td> <td>dha</td> <td>tru</td> <td>spat</td> <td>rima</td> <td>mataru</td> <td>empitu</td> <td>maspat</td> <td>mngari</td> <td>maxal </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Thao_language" title="Thao language">Thao</a> </td> <td></td> <td>taha</td> <td>tusha</td> <td>turu</td> <td>shpat</td> <td>tarima</td> <td>katuru</td> <td>pitu</td> <td>kashpat</td> <td>tanathu</td> <td>makthin </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Papora_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Papora language">Papora</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>tanu </td> <td>nya </td> <td>tul </td> <td>pat </td> <td>lima </td> <td>minum </td> <td>pitu </td> <td>mehal </td> <td>mesi </td> <td>metsi </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Hoanya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoanya language">Hoanya</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>mital </td> <td>misa </td> <td>miru </td> <td>mipal </td> <td>lima </td> <td>rom </td> <td>pito </td> <td>talo </td> <td>asia </td> <td>myataisi </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Babuza_language" title="Babuza language">Babuza</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>nata </td> <td>naroa </td> <td>natool'a </td> <td>napat </td> <td>nahup </td> <td>natap </td> <td>natu </td> <td>maaspat </td> <td>nataxaxoan </td> <td>tsihet </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Favorlang_language" title="Favorlang language">Favorlang</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>natta </td> <td>narroa </td> <td>natorra </td> <td>naspat </td> <td>nachab </td> <td>nataap </td> <td>naito </td> <td>maaspat </td> <td>tannacho </td> <td>tschiet </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Taokas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taokas language">Taokas</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>tatanu </td> <td>rua </td> <td>tool'a </td> <td>lapat </td> <td>hasap </td> <td>tahap </td> <td>yuweto </td> <td>mahalpat </td> <td>tanaso </td> <td>tais'id </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Pazeh_language" title="Pazeh language">Pazeh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kaxabu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaxabu language">Kaxabu</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>adang </td> <td>dusa </td> <td>tu'u </td> <td>supat </td> <td>xasep </td> <td>xasebuza </td> <td>xasebidusa </td> <td>xasebitu'u </td> <td>xasebisupat </td> <td>isit </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Saisiyat_language" title="Saisiyat language">Saisiyat</a> </td> <td></td> <td>'aeihae'</td> <td>roSa'</td> <td>to:lo'</td> <td>Sopat</td> <td>haseb</td> <td>SayboSi:</td> <td><span class="nowrap">SayboSi: 'aeihae'</span></td> <td>maykaSpat</td> <td>hae'hae'</td> <td>lampez / langpez </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Tsou_language" title="Tsou language">Tsou</a> </td> <td></td> <td>coni</td> <td>yuso</td> <td>tuyu</td> <td>sʉptʉ</td> <td>eimo</td> <td>nomʉ</td> <td>pitu</td> <td>voyu</td> <td>sio</td> <td>maskʉ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Saaroa_language" title="Saaroa language">Hla'alua</a> </td> <td></td> <td>canni</td> <td>suua</td> <td>tuulu</td> <td>paatʉ</td> <td>kulima</td> <td>kʉnʉmʉ</td> <td>kupitu</td> <td>kualu</td> <td>kusia</td> <td>kumaahlʉ </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Kanakanavu_language" title="Kanakanavu language">Kanakanavu</a> </td> <td></td> <td>cani</td> <td>cusa</td> <td>turu</td> <td>sʉʉpatʉ</td> <td>rima</td> <td>nʉmʉ</td> <td>pitu</td> <td>aru</td> <td>sia</td> <td>maan </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Bunun_language" title="Bunun language">Bunun</a> </td> <td></td> <td>tasʔa</td> <td>dusa</td> <td>tau</td> <td>paat</td> <td>hima</td> <td>nuum</td> <td>pitu</td> <td>vau</td> <td>siva</td> <td>masʔan </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a> </td> <td></td> <td>itha</td> <td>drusa</td> <td>tulru</td> <td>supate</td> <td>lrima</td> <td>eneme</td> <td>pitu</td> <td>valru</td> <td>bangate</td> <td>pulruku / mangealre </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Paiwan_language" title="Paiwan language">Paiwan</a> </td> <td></td> <td>ita</td> <td>drusa</td> <td>tjelu</td> <td>sepatj</td> <td>lima</td> <td>enem</td> <td>pitju</td> <td>alu</td> <td>siva</td> <td>tapuluq </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Puyuma_language" title="Puyuma language">Puyuma</a> </td> <td></td> <td>sa</td> <td>druwa</td> <td>telu</td> <td>pat</td> <td>lima</td> <td>unem</td> <td>pitu</td> <td>walu</td> <td>iwa</td> <td>pulu </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Kavalan_language" title="Kavalan language">Kavalan</a> </td> <td></td> <td>usiq</td> <td>uzusa</td> <td>utulu</td> <td>uspat</td> <td>ulima</td> <td>unem</td> <td>upitu</td> <td>uwalu</td> <td>usiwa</td> <td>rabtin </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Basay_language" title="Basay language">Basay</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>tsa </td> <td>lusa </td> <td>tsu </td> <td>səpat </td> <td>tsjima </td> <td>anəm </td> <td>pitu </td> <td>wasu </td> <td>siwa </td> <td>labatan </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Amis_language" title="Amis language">Amis</a> </td> <td></td> <td>cecay</td> <td>tosa</td> <td>tolo</td> <td>spat</td> <td>lima</td> <td>enem</td> <td>pito</td> <td>falo</td> <td>siwa</td> <td>pulu' / mo^tep </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Sakizaya_language" title="Sakizaya language">Sakizaya</a> </td> <td></td> <td>cacay</td> <td>tosa</td> <td>tolo</td> <td>sepat</td> <td>lima</td> <td>enem</td> <td>pito</td> <td>walo</td> <td>siwa</td> <td>cacay a bataan </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Siraya_language" title="Siraya language">Siraya</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>sasaat </td> <td>duha </td> <td>turu </td> <td>tapat </td> <td>tu-rima </td> <td>tu-num </td> <td>pitu </td> <td>pipa </td> <td>kuda </td> <td>keteng </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Taivoan_language" title="Taivoan language">Taivoan</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>tsaha' </td> <td>ruha </td> <td>toho </td> <td>paha' </td> <td>hima </td> <td>lom </td> <td>kito' </td> <td>kipa' </td> <td>matuha </td> <td>kaipien </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Makatao_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Makatao dialect">Makatao</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>na-saad </td> <td>ra-ruha </td> <td>ra-ruma </td> <td>ra-sipat </td> <td>ra-lima </td> <td>ra-hurum </td> <td>ra-pito </td> <td>ra-haru </td> <td>ra-siwa </td> <td>ra-kaitian </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Qauqaut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Qauqaut language">Qauqaut</a> </td> <td></td> <td>ca</td> <td>lusa</td> <td>cuu</td> <td>səpat</td> <td>cima</td> <td>anəm</td> <td>pitu</td> <td>wacu</td> <td>siwa</td> <td>labatan </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th><i><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian languages</a></i> </th> <th>0</th> <th>1</th> <th>2</th> <th>3</th> <th>4</th> <th>5</th> <th>6</th> <th>7</th> <th>8</th> <th>9</th> <th>10 </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian">Proto-Malayo-Polynesian</a></b> </td> <td></td> <td>*əsa<br />*isa</td> <td>*duha</td> <td>*təlu</td> <td>*əpat</td> <td>*lima</td> <td>*ənəm</td> <td>*pitu</td> <td>*walu</td> <td>*siwa</td> <td>*puluq </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Yami_language" title="Yami language">Yami(Tao)</a> </td> <td></td> <td>asa</td> <td>adoa</td> <td>atlo</td> <td>apat</td> <td>alima</td> <td>anem</td> <td>apito</td> <td>awao</td> <td>asiam</td> <td>asa ngernan </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a> </td> <td>sifar <br /> soh</td> <td>sa</td> <td>duwa</td> <td>lhee</td> <td>peuet</td> <td>limong</td> <td>nam</td> <td>tujoh</td> <td>lapan</td> <td>sikureueng</td> <td>siploh </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_a"><a href="#endnote_a">a</a></sup> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bali_0.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bali_0.png/20px-Bali_0.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bali_0.png/30px-Bali_0.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Bali_0.png/40px-Bali_0.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> nul</td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bali_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bali_1.png/20px-Bali_1.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bali_1.png/30px-Bali_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Bali_1.png/40px-Bali_1.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> siki<br />besik</td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bali_2-vowel_La_lenga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bali_2-vowel_La_lenga.png/20px-Bali_2-vowel_La_lenga.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bali_2-vowel_La_lenga.png/30px-Bali_2-vowel_La_lenga.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Bali_2-vowel_La_lenga.png/40px-Bali_2-vowel_La_lenga.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> kalih<br />dua</td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bali_3-vowel_O.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bali_3-vowel_O.png/20px-Bali_3-vowel_O.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bali_3-vowel_O.png/30px-Bali_3-vowel_O.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Bali_3-vowel_O.png/40px-Bali_3-vowel_O.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> tiga<br />telu</td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bali_4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bali_4.png/20px-Bali_4.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bali_4.png/30px-Bali_4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bali_4.png/40px-Bali_4.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> papat</td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bali_5.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bali_5.png/20px-Bali_5.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bali_5.png/30px-Bali_5.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Bali_5.png/40px-Bali_5.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> lima</td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bali_6-vowel_E_kara.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bali_6-vowel_E_kara.png/20px-Bali_6-vowel_E_kara.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bali_6-vowel_E_kara.png/30px-Bali_6-vowel_E_kara.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Bali_6-vowel_E_kara.png/40px-Bali_6-vowel_E_kara.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> nenem</td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bali_7.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bali_7.png/20px-Bali_7.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bali_7.png/30px-Bali_7.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bali_7.png/40px-Bali_7.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> pitu</td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bali_8,_Pha.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bali_8%2C_Pha.png/20px-Bali_8%2C_Pha.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bali_8%2C_Pha.png/30px-Bali_8%2C_Pha.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Bali_8%2C_Pha.png/40px-Bali_8%2C_Pha.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> kutus</td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bali_9.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bali_9.png/20px-Bali_9.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bali_9.png/30px-Bali_9.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Bali_9.png/40px-Bali_9.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <br /> sia</td> <td>dasa </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Banjar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar language">Banjar</a> </td> <td></td> <td>asa</td> <td>dua</td> <td>talu</td> <td>ampat</td> <td>lima</td> <td>anam</td> <td>pitu</td> <td>walu</td> <td>sanga</td> <td>sapuluh </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Batak, Toba</a> </td> <td></td> <td>sada</td> <td>dua</td> <td>tolu</td> <td>opat</td> <td>lima</td> <td>onom</td> <td>pitu</td> <td>ualu</td> <td>sia</td> <td>sampulu </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a> </td> <td></td> <td>séddi</td> <td>dua</td> <td>tellu</td> <td>eppa’</td> <td>lima</td> <td>enneng</td> <td>pitu</td> <td>arua</td> <td>aséra</td> <td>seppulo </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Cia-Cia_language" title="Cia-Cia language">Cia-Cia</a> </td> <td></td> <td>dise <br /> ise</td> <td>rua <br /> ghua</td> <td>tolu</td> <td>pa'a</td> <td>lima</td> <td>no'o</td> <td>picu</td> <td>walu <br /> oalu</td> <td>siua</td> <td>ompulu </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Cham_language" title="Cham language">Cham</a> </td> <td></td> <td>sa</td> <td>dua</td> <td>klau</td> <td>pak</td> <td>lima</td> <td>nam</td> <td>tujuh</td> <td>dalapan</td> <td>salapan</td> <td>sapluh </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Old_Javanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Javanese language">Old Javanese</a><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td></td> <td>siji <br /> sa-</td> <td>rwa</td> <td>tĕlu</td> <td>pāt</td> <td>lima</td> <td>nĕm</td> <td>pitu</td> <td>walu</td> <td>sanga</td> <td>sapuluh </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>nol</td> <td>siji</td> <td>loro</td> <td>telu</td> <td>papat</td> <td>lima</td> <td>enem</td> <td>pitu</td> <td>wolu</td> <td>sanga</td> <td>sepuluh </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Kelantan-Pattani</a> </td> <td>kosong</td> <td>so</td> <td>duwo</td> <td>tigo</td> <td>pak</td> <td>limo</td> <td>ne</td> <td>tujoh</td> <td>lape</td> <td>smile</td> <td>spuloh </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Komering_language" title="Komering language">Komering</a> </td> <td>nul</td> <td>osay</td> <td>ruwa</td> <td>tolu</td> <td>pak</td> <td>lima</td> <td>nom</td> <td>pitu</td> <td>walu</td> <td>suway</td> <td>puluh </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a> </td> <td>nol</td> <td>settong</td> <td>dhuwa'</td> <td>tello'</td> <td>empa'</td> <td>lema'</td> <td>ennem</td> <td>petto'</td> <td>ballu'</td> <td>sanga'</td> <td>sapolo </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Makassarese_language" title="Makassarese language">Makassarese</a> </td> <td>lobbang <br /> nolo'</td> <td>se're</td> <td>rua</td> <td>tallu</td> <td>appa'</td> <td>lima</td> <td>annang</td> <td>tuju</td> <td>sangantuju</td> <td>salapang</td> <td>sampulo </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> </td> <td>kosong <br />sifar<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <br /> nol<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>sa/se <br /> satu <br /> suatu</td> <td>dua</td> <td>tiga</td> <td>empat</td> <td>lima</td> <td>enam</td> <td>tujuh</td> <td>delapan<br />lapan<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>sembilan</td> <td>sepuluh </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a> </td> <td></td> <td>ciek</td> <td>duo</td> <td>tigo</td> <td>ampek</td> <td>limo</td> <td>anam</td> <td>tujuah</td> <td>salapan</td> <td>sambilan</td> <td>sapuluah </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Moken_language" title="Moken language">Moken</a> </td> <td></td> <td>c<sup>h</sup>a:<sub>?</sub></td> <td>t<sup>h</sup>uwa:<sub>?</sub></td> <td>teloj <br /> (təlɔy)</td> <td>pa:t</td> <td>lema:<sub>?</sub></td> <td>nam</td> <td>luɟuːk</td> <td>waloj <br /> (walɔy)</td> <td>ch<i>e</i>waj <br /> (cʰɛwaːy / sɛwaːy)</td> <td>c<sup>e</sup>p<b>o</b>h </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Rejang_language" title="Rejang language">Rejang</a> </td> <td></td> <td>do</td> <td>duai</td> <td>tlau</td> <td>pat</td> <td>lêmo</td> <td>num</td> <td>tujuak</td> <td>dêlapên</td> <td>sêmbilan</td> <td>sêpuluak </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Sasak_language" title="Sasak language">Sasak</a> </td> <td></td> <td>sekek</td> <td>due</td> <td>telo</td> <td>empat</td> <td>lime</td> <td>enam</td> <td>pituk</td> <td>baluk</td> <td>siwak</td> <td>sepulu </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> </td> <td>nol</td> <td>hiji</td> <td>dua</td> <td>tilu</td> <td>opat</td> <td>lima</td> <td>genep</td> <td>tujuh</td> <td>dalapan</td> <td>salapan</td> <td>sapuluh </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Terengganu Malay</a> </td> <td>kosong</td> <td>se</td> <td>duwe</td> <td>tige</td> <td>pak</td> <td>lime</td> <td>nang</td> <td>tujoh</td> <td>lapang</td> <td>smilang</td> <td>spuloh </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Tetum_language" title="Tetum language">Tetun</a> </td> <td>nol</td> <td>ida</td> <td>rua</td> <td>tolu</td> <td>hat</td> <td>lima</td> <td>nen</td> <td>hitu</td> <td>ualu</td> <td>sia</td> <td>sanulu </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Tsat_language" title="Tsat language">Tsat (HuiHui)</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_c"><a href="#endnote_c">c</a></sup> </td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sa˧</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_sa˧"><a href="#endnote_sa˧">*</a></sup></span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ta˩</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_ta˩"><a href="#endnote_ta˩">**</a></sup></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʰua˩</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kiə˧</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pa˨˦</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ma˧</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">naːn˧˨</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">su˥</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">paːn˧˨</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʰu˩<span class="wrap"> </span>paːn˧˨</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">piu˥</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="22"> <dl><dd>There are two forms for numbers '<a href="/wiki/One" class="mw-redirect" title="One">one</a>' in <a href="/wiki/Tsat_language" title="Tsat language">Tsat (Hui Hui; Hainan Cham)</a> :</dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_sa˧"><b><a href="#ref_sa˧">^*</a></b></span></span> The word <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">sa˧</span></i> is used for serial counting.</dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_ta˩"><b><a href="#ref_ta˩">^**</a></b></span></span> The word <i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ta˩</span></i> is used with hundreds and thousands and before qualifiers.</dd></dl> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_language" title="Ilocano language">Ilocano</a> </td> <td>ibbong <br /> awan</td> <td>maysa</td> <td>dua</td> <td>tallo</td> <td>uppat</td> <td>lima</td> <td>innem</td> <td>pito</td> <td>walo</td> <td>siam</td> <td>sangapulo </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Ibanag_language" title="Ibanag language">Ibanag</a> </td> <td>awan</td> <td>tadday</td> <td>duwa</td> <td>tallu</td> <td>appa'</td> <td>lima</td> <td>annam</td> <td>pitu</td> <td>walu</td> <td>siyam</td> <td>mafulu </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a> </td> <td></td> <td>sakey</td> <td>duwa</td> <td>talo</td> <td>apat</td> <td>lima</td> <td>anem</td> <td>pito</td> <td>walo</td> <td>siyam</td> <td>samplo </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a> </td> <td>alá</td> <td>métung/ isá</td> <td>adwá</td> <td>atlú</td> <td>ápat</td> <td>limá</td> <td>ánam</td> <td>pitú</td> <td>walú</td> <td>siám</td> <td>apúlu </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> </td> <td>walâ </td> <td>isá </td> <td>dalawá </td> <td>tatló </td> <td>apat </td> <td>limá </td> <td>anim </td> <td>pitó </td> <td>waló </td> <td>siyám </td> <td>sampû </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Bikol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bikol language">Bikol</a> </td> <td>warâ </td> <td>sarô </td> <td>duwá </td> <td>tuló </td> <td>apát </td> <td>limá </td> <td>anóm </td> <td>pitó </td> <td>waló </td> <td>siyám </td> <td>sampulò </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Aklanon_language" title="Aklanon language">Aklanon</a> </td> <td>uwa</td> <td>isaea <br /> sambilog</td> <td>daywa</td> <td>tatlo</td> <td>ap-at</td> <td>lima</td> <td>an-om</td> <td>pito</td> <td>waeo</td> <td>siyam</td> <td>napueo </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Karay-a_language" title="Karay-a language">Karay-a</a> </td> <td>wara</td> <td>(i)sara</td> <td>darwa</td> <td>tatlo</td> <td>apat</td> <td>lima</td> <td>anəm</td> <td>pito</td> <td>walo</td> <td>siyam</td> <td>napulo </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Onhan_language" title="Onhan language">Onhan</a> </td> <td></td> <td>isya</td> <td>darwa</td> <td>tatlo</td> <td>upat</td> <td>lima</td> <td>an-om</td> <td>pito</td> <td>walo</td> <td>siyam</td> <td>sampulo </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Romblomanon_language" title="Romblomanon language">Romblomanon</a> </td> <td></td> <td>isá</td> <td>duhá</td> <td>tuyó</td> <td>upát</td> <td>limá</td> <td>onúm</td> <td>pitó</td> <td>wayó</td> <td>siyám</td> <td>napuyò </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Masbatenyo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Masbatenyo language">Masbatenyo</a> </td> <td></td> <td>isád <br /> usád</td> <td>duwá <br /> duhá</td> <td>tuló</td> <td>upát</td> <td>limá</td> <td>unóm</td> <td>pitó</td> <td>waló</td> <td>siyám</td> <td>napulò </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a> </td> <td>walâ</td> <td>isá</td> <td>duhá</td> <td>tatló</td> <td>apat</td> <td>limá</td> <td>anom</td> <td>pitó</td> <td>waló</td> <td>siyám</td> <td>napulò </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a> </td> <td>walâ</td> <td>usá</td> <td>duhá</td> <td>tuló</td> <td>upát</td> <td>limá</td> <td>unóm</td> <td>pitó</td> <td>waló</td> <td>siyám</td> <td>napulò <br /> pulò </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Waray-Waray_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Waray-Waray language">Waray</a> </td> <td>waráy</td> <td>usá</td> <td>duhá</td> <td>tuló</td> <td>upát</td> <td>limá</td> <td>unóm</td> <td>pitó</td> <td>waló</td> <td>siyám</td> <td>napulò </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a> </td> <td>sipar</td> <td>isa</td> <td>duwa</td> <td>tū</td> <td>upat</td> <td>lima</td> <td>unum</td> <td>pitu</td> <td>walu</td> <td>siyam</td> <td>hangpu' </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a> </td> <td></td> <td>isa</td> <td>dowa</td> <td>təlo</td> <td>pat</td> <td>lima</td> <td>nəm</td> <td>pito</td> <td>walo</td> <td>siyaw</td> <td>sapolo </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Lawangan_language" title="Lawangan language">Benuaq (Dayak Benuaq)</a> </td> <td></td> <td>eray</td> <td>duaq</td> <td>toluu</td> <td>opaat</td> <td>limaq</td> <td>jawatn</td> <td>turu</td> <td>walo</td> <td>sie</td> <td>sepuluh </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lun Bawang/ Lundayeh</a> </td> <td>na luk dih</td> <td>eceh</td> <td>dueh</td> <td>teluh</td> <td>epat</td> <td>limeh</td> <td>enem</td> <td>tudu'</td> <td>waluh</td> <td>liwa'</td> <td>pulu' </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Dusun_language" title="Dusun language">Dusun</a> </td> <td>aiso</td> <td>iso</td> <td>duo</td> <td>tolu</td> <td>apat</td> <td>limo</td> <td>onom</td> <td>turu</td> <td>walu</td> <td>siam</td> <td>hopod </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a> </td> <td>aotra</td> <td>isa <br /> iray</td> <td>roa</td> <td>telo</td> <td>efatra</td> <td>dimy</td> <td>enina</td> <td>fito</td> <td>valo</td> <td>sivy</td> <td>folo </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Sangir_language" title="Sangir language">Sangirese (Sangir-Minahasan)</a> </td> <td></td> <td>sembau</td> <td>darua</td> <td>tatelu</td> <td>epa</td> <td>lima</td> <td>eneng</td> <td>pitu</td> <td>walu</td> <td>sio</td> <td>mapulo </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Biak_language" title="Biak language">Biak</a> </td> <td>bei</td> <td>oser</td> <td>suru</td> <td>kyor</td> <td>fyak</td> <td>rim</td> <td>wonem</td> <td>fik</td> <td>war</td> <td>siw</td> <td>samfur </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th style="font-size: small;"><i><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic languages</a></i><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_d"><a href="#endnote_d">d</a></sup> </th> <th>0</th> <th>1</th> <th>2</th> <th>3</th> <th>4</th> <th>5</th> <th>6</th> <th>7</th> <th>8</th> <th>9</th> <th>10 </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Chuukese_language" title="Chuukese language">Chuukese</a> </td> <td></td> <td>eet</td> <td>érúúw</td> <td>één</td> <td>fáán</td> <td>niim</td> <td>woon</td> <td>fúús</td> <td>waan</td> <td>ttiw</td> <td>engoon </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a> </td> <td>saiva</td> <td>dua</td> <td>rua</td> <td>tolu</td> <td>vaa</td> <td>lima</td> <td>ono</td> <td>vitu</td> <td>walu</td> <td>ciwa</td> <td>tini </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Gilbertese_language" title="Gilbertese language">Gilbertese</a> </td> <td>akea</td> <td>teuana</td> <td>uoua</td> <td>tenua</td> <td>aua</td> <td>nimaua</td> <td>onoua</td> <td>itua</td> <td>wanua</td> <td>ruaiwa</td> <td>tebwina </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> </td> <td>'ole</td> <td>'e-kahi</td> <td>'e-lua</td> <td>'e-kolu</td> <td>'e-hā</td> <td>'e-lima</td> <td>'e-ono</td> <td>'e-hiku</td> <td>'e-walu</td> <td>'e-iwa</td> <td>'umi </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> </td> <td>kore</td> <td>tahi</td> <td>rua</td> <td>toru</td> <td>whā</td> <td>rima</td> <td>ono</td> <td>whitu</td> <td>waru</td> <td>iwa</td> <td>tekau <br />ngahuru </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_language" title="Marshallese language">Marshallese</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>o̧o</td> <td>juon</td> <td>ruo</td> <td>jilu</td> <td>emān</td> <td>ļalem</td> <td>jiljino</td> <td>jimjuon</td> <td>ralitōk</td> <td>ratimjuon</td> <td>jon̄oul </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Motu_language" title="Motu language">Motu</a><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_e"><a href="#endnote_e">e</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td></td> <td>ta</td> <td>rua</td> <td>toi</td> <td>hani</td> <td>ima</td> <td>tauratoi</td> <td>hitu</td> <td>taurahani</td> <td>taurahani-ta</td> <td>gwauta </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Niuean_language" title="Niuean language">Niuean</a> </td> <td>nakai</td> <td>taha</td> <td>ua</td> <td>tolu</td> <td>fā</td> <td>lima</td> <td>ono</td> <td>fitu</td> <td>valu</td> <td>hiva</td> <td>hogofulu </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Rapanui_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapanui language">Rapanui</a> </td> <td></td> <td>tahi</td> <td>rua</td> <td>toru</td> <td>hā</td> <td>rima</td> <td>ono</td> <td>hitu</td> <td>va'u</td> <td>iva</td> <td>angahuru </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Rarotongan_M%C4%81ori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rarotongan Māori language">Rarotongan Māori</a> </td> <td>kare</td> <td>ta'i</td> <td>rua</td> <td>toru</td> <td>'ā</td> <td>rima</td> <td>ono</td> <td>'itu</td> <td>varu</td> <td>iva</td> <td>nga'uru </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Rotuman_language" title="Rotuman language">Rotuman</a> </td> <td></td> <td>ta</td> <td>rua</td> <td>folu</td> <td>hake</td> <td>lima</td> <td>ono</td> <td>hifu</td> <td>vạlu</td> <td>siva</td> <td>saghulu </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> </td> <td>o</td> <td>tasi</td> <td>lua</td> <td>tolu</td> <td>fa</td> <td>lima</td> <td>ono</td> <td>fitu</td> <td>valu</td> <td>iva</td> <td>sefulu </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a><br />(K-type) </td> <td>o</td> <td>kasi</td> <td>lua</td> <td>kolu</td> <td>fa</td> <td>lima</td> <td>ogo</td> <td>fiku</td> <td>valu</td> <td>iva</td> <td>sefulu </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a> </td> <td></td> <td>hō'ē <br /> tahi</td> <td>piti</td> <td>toru</td> <td>maha</td> <td>pae</td> <td>ōno</td> <td>hitu</td> <td>va'u</td> <td>iva</td> <td>hō'ē 'ahuru </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Tongan_language" title="Tongan language">Tongan</a> </td> <td>noa</td> <td>taha</td> <td>ua</td> <td>tolu</td> <td>fa</td> <td>nima</td> <td>ono</td> <td>fitu</td> <td>valu</td> <td>hiva</td> <td>hongofulu <br /> taha noa </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Tuvaluan</a> </td> <td></td> <td>tahi <br /> tasi</td> <td>lua</td> <td>tolu</td> <td>fa</td> <td>lima</td> <td>ono</td> <td>fitu</td> <td>valu</td> <td>iva</td> <td>sefulu </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Yapese_language" title="Yapese language">Yapese</a> </td> <td>dæriiy <br /> dæriiq</td> <td>t’aareeb</td> <td>l’ugruw</td> <td>dalip</td> <td>anngeeg</td> <td>laal</td> <td>neel’</td> <td>medlip</td> <td>meeruuk</td> <td>meereeb</td> <td>ragaag </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"> <caption class="nowrap">Comparison chart-thirteen words </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#efefef;">English </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">one </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">two </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">three </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">four </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">person </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">house </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">dog </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">road </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">day </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">new </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">we </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">what </th> <th style="background:#efefef;">fire </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language">Proto-Austronesian</a> </th> <td>*əsa, *isa </td> <td>*duSa </td> <td>*təlu </td> <td>*əpat </td> <td>*Cau </td> <td>*balay, *Rumaq </td> <td>*asu </td> <td>*zalan </td> <td>*qaləjaw, *waRi </td> <td>*baqəRu </td> <td>*kita, *kami </td> <td>*anu, *apa </td> <td>*Sapuy </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tetum_language" title="Tetum language">Tetum</a> </th> <td>ida </td> <td>rua </td> <td>tolu </td> <td>haat </td> <td>ema </td> <td>uma </td> <td>asu </td> <td>dalan </td> <td>loron </td> <td>foun </td> <td>ita </td> <td>saida </td> <td>ahi </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Amis_language" title="Amis language">Amis</a> </th> <td>cecay </td> <td>tosa </td> <td>tolo </td> <td>sepat </td> <td>tamdaw </td> <td>luma </td> <td>wacu </td> <td>lalan </td> <td>cidal </td> <td>faroh </td> <td>kita </td> <td>uman </td> <td>namal </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Puyuma_language" title="Puyuma language">Puyuma</a> </th> <td>sa </td> <td>dua </td> <td>telu </td> <td>pat </td> <td>taw </td> <td>rumah </td> <td>soan </td> <td>dalan </td> <td>wari </td> <td>vekar </td> <td>mi </td> <td>amanai </td> <td>apue,<br />asi </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> </th> <td>isa </td> <td>dalawa </td> <td>tatlo </td> <td>apat </td> <td>tao </td> <td>bahay </td> <td>aso </td> <td>daan </td> <td>araw </td> <td>bago </td> <td>tayo / kami </td> <td>ano </td> <td>apoy </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_Bikol_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bikol language">Bikol</a> </th> <td>sarô </td> <td>duwá </td> <td>tuló </td> <td>apát </td> <td>táwo </td> <td>haróng </td> <td>áyam </td> <td>dalan </td> <td>aldáw </td> <td>bàgo </td> <td>kitá/kami </td> <td>anó </td> <td>kaláyo </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Rinconada_Bikol_language" title="Rinconada Bikol language">Rinconada Bikol</a> </th> <td>əsad </td> <td>darwā </td> <td>tolō </td> <td>əpat </td> <td>tawō </td> <td>baləy </td> <td>ayam </td> <td>raran </td> <td>aldəw </td> <td>bāgo </td> <td>kitā </td> <td>onō </td> <td>kalayō </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Waray_language" title="Waray language">Waray</a> </th> <td>usa </td> <td>duha </td> <td>tulo </td> <td>upat </td> <td>tawo </td> <td>balay </td> <td>ayam,<br />ido </td> <td>dalan </td> <td>adlaw </td> <td>bag-o </td> <td>kita </td> <td>anu </td> <td>kalayo </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a> </th> <td>usa,<br />isa </td> <td>duha </td> <td>tulo </td> <td>upat </td> <td>tawo </td> <td>balay </td> <td>iro </td> <td>dalan </td> <td>adlaw </td> <td>bag-o </td> <td>kita </td> <td>unsa </td> <td>kalayo </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_language" title="Hiligaynon language">Hiligaynon</a> </th> <td>isa </td> <td>duha </td> <td>tatlo </td> <td>apat </td> <td>tawo </td> <td>balay </td> <td>ido </td> <td>dalan </td> <td>adlaw </td> <td>bag-o </td> <td>kita </td> <td>ano </td> <td>kalayo </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Aklanon_language" title="Aklanon language">Aklanon</a> </th> <td>isaea,<br />sambilog </td> <td>daywa </td> <td>tatlo </td> <td>ap-at </td> <td>tawo </td> <td>baeay </td> <td>ayam </td> <td>daean </td> <td>adlaw </td> <td>bag-o </td> <td>kita </td> <td>ano </td> <td>kaeayo </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kinaray-a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinaray-a language">Kinaray-a</a> </th> <td>(i)sara </td> <td>darwa </td> <td>tatlo </td> <td>apat </td> <td>tawo </td> <td>balay </td> <td>ayam </td> <td>dalan </td> <td>adlaw </td> <td>bag-o </td> <td>kita </td> <td>ano </td> <td>kalayo </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tausug_language" title="Tausug language">Tausug</a> </th> <td>hambuuk </td> <td>duwa </td> <td>tu </td> <td>upat </td> <td>tau </td> <td>bay </td> <td>iru' </td> <td>dan </td> <td>adlaw </td> <td>ba-gu </td> <td>kitaniyu </td> <td>unu </td> <td>kayu </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a> </th> <td>isa </td> <td>dowa </td> <td>təlo </td> <td>pat </td> <td>taw </td> <td>walay </td> <td>aso </td> <td>lalan </td> <td>gawi’i </td> <td>bago </td> <td>səkita/səkami </td> <td>antona’a </td> <td>apoy </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_language" title="Kapampangan language">Kapampangan</a> </th> <td>métung </td> <td>adwá </td> <td>atlú </td> <td>ápat </td> <td>táu </td> <td>balé </td> <td>ásu </td> <td>dálan </td> <td>aldó </td> <td>báyu </td> <td>íkatamu </td> <td>nánu </td> <td>apî </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_language" title="Pangasinan language">Pangasinan</a> </th> <td>sakey </td> <td>dua,<br />duara </td> <td>talo,<br />talora </td> <td>apat,<br />apatira </td> <td>too </td> <td>abong </td> <td>aso </td> <td>dalan </td> <td>ageo </td> <td>balo </td> <td>sikatayo </td> <td>anto </td> <td>pool </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ilokano_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilokano language">Ilokano</a> </th> <td>maysa </td> <td>dua </td> <td>tallo </td> <td>uppat </td> <td>tao </td> <td>balay </td> <td>aso </td> <td>kalsada </td> <td>aldaw </td> <td>baro </td> <td>dakami </td> <td>ania </td> <td>apuy </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_language" title="Ivatan language">Ivatan</a> </th> <td>asa </td> <td>dadowa </td> <td>tatdo </td> <td>apat </td> <td>tao </td> <td>vahay </td> <td>chito </td> <td>rarahan </td> <td>araw </td> <td>va-yo </td> <td>yaten </td> <td>ango </td> <td>apoy </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Ibanag_language" title="Ibanag language">Ibanag</a> </th> <td>tadday </td> <td>dua </td> <td>tallu </td> <td>appa' </td> <td>tolay </td> <td>balay </td> <td>kitu </td> <td>dalan </td> <td>aggaw </td> <td>bagu </td> <td>sittam </td> <td>anni </td> <td>afi </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Yogad_language" title="Yogad language">Yogad</a> </th> <td>tata </td> <td>addu </td> <td>tallu </td> <td>appat </td> <td>tolay </td> <td>binalay </td> <td>atu </td> <td>daddaman </td> <td>agaw </td> <td>bagu </td> <td>sikitam </td> <td>gani </td> <td>afuy </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Gaddang_language" title="Gaddang language">Gaddang</a> </th> <td>antet </td> <td>addwa </td> <td>tallo </td> <td>appat </td> <td>tolay </td> <td>balay </td> <td>atu </td> <td>dallan </td> <td>aw </td> <td>bawu </td> <td>ikkanetam </td> <td>sanenay </td> <td>afuy </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tboli_language" title="Tboli language">Tboli</a> </th> <td>sotu </td> <td>lewu </td> <td>tlu </td> <td>fat </td> <td>tau </td> <td>gunu </td> <td>ohu </td> <td>lan </td> <td>kdaw </td> <td>lomi </td> <td>tekuy </td> <td>tedu </td> <td>ofih </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang_language" title="Lun Bawang language">Lun Bawang/ Lundayeh</a> </th> <td>eceh </td> <td>dueh </td> <td>teluh </td> <td>epat </td> <td>lemulun/lun </td> <td>ruma' </td> <td>uko' </td> <td>dalan </td> <td>eco </td> <td>beruh </td> <td>teu </td> <td>enun </td> <td>apui </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>/<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> </th> <td>sa/se,<br />satu,<br />suatu </td> <td>dua </td> <td>tiga </td> <td>empat </td> <td>orang </td> <td>rumah,<br />balai </td> <td>anjing </td> <td>jalan </td> <td>hari </td> <td>baru </td> <td>kita, kami </td> <td>apa,<br />anu </td> <td>api </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Old_Javanese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Javanese language">Old Javanese</a> </th> <td>esa,<br />eka </td> <td>rwa,<br />dwi </td> <td>tĕlu,<br />tri </td> <td>pat,<br />catur<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>wwang </td> <td>umah </td> <td>asu </td> <td>dalan </td> <td>dina </td> <td>hañar, añar<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>kami<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>apa,<br />aparan </td> <td>apuy,<br />agni </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> </th> <td>siji,<br />setunggal </td> <td>loro,<br />kalih </td> <td>tĕlu,<br />tiga<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>papat,<br />sekawan </td> <td>uwong,<br />tiyang,<br />priyantun<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>omah,<br />griya,<br />dalem<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>asu,<br />sĕgawon </td> <td>dalan,<br />gili<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>dina,<br />dinten<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_67-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>anyar,<br />énggal<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_67-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>awaké dhéwé,<br />kula panjenengan<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_67-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>apa,<br />punapa<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_67-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>gĕni,<br />latu,<br />brama<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_67-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> </th> <td>hiji, <p>saésé </p> </td> <td>dua, salayan </td> <td>tilu, tolu </td> <td>opat </td> <td>urang, <p>jalma, jalmi </p> </td> <td>imah, <p>rorompok, bumi </p> </td> <td>anying </td> <td>jalan </td> <td>poé </td> <td>anyar,<br />énggal </td> <td>arurang </td> <td>naon, <p>nahaon </p> </td> <td>seuneu </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a> </th> <td>sa </td> <td>duwa </td> <td>lhèë </td> <td>peuët </td> <td>ureuëng </td> <td>rumoh,<br />balè,<br />seuëng </td> <td>asèë </td> <td>röt </td> <td>uroë </td> <td>barô </td> <td>(geu)tanyoë </td> <td>peuë </td> <td>apui </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a> </th> <td>ciek </td> <td>duo </td> <td>tigo </td> <td>ampek </td> <td>urang </td> <td>rumah </td> <td>anjiang </td> <td>labuah,<br />jalan </td> <td>hari </td> <td>baru </td> <td>awak </td> <td>apo </td> <td>api </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Rejang_language" title="Rejang language">Rejang</a> </th> <td>do </td> <td>duai </td> <td>tlau </td> <td>pat </td> <td>tun </td> <td>umêak </td> <td>kuyuk </td> <td>dalên </td> <td>bilai </td> <td>blau </td> <td>itê </td> <td>jano, <br />gen, <br /> inê </td> <td>opoi </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampungese</a> </th> <td>sai </td> <td>khua </td> <td>telu </td> <td>pak </td> <td>jelema </td> <td>lamban </td> <td>kaci </td> <td>ranlaya </td> <td>khani </td> <td>baru </td> <td>kham </td> <td>api </td> <td>apui </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Komering_language" title="Komering language">Komering</a> </th> <td>osay </td> <td>ruwa </td> <td>tolu </td> <td>pak </td> <td>jolma </td> <td>lombahan </td> <td>asu </td> <td>ranggaya </td> <td>harani </td> <td>anyar<br />ompay </td> <td>ram<br />sikam<br />kita </td> <td>apiya </td> <td>apuy </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Buginese_language" title="Buginese language">Buginese</a> </th> <td>se'di </td> <td>dua </td> <td>tellu </td> <td>eppa' </td> <td>tau </td> <td>bola </td> <td>asu </td> <td>laleng </td> <td>esso </td> <td>baru </td> <td>idi' </td> <td>aga </td> <td>api </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Temuan_language" title="Temuan language">Temuan</a> </th> <td>satuk </td> <td>duak </td> <td>tigak </td> <td>empat </td> <td>uwang,<br />eang </td> <td>gumah,<br />umah </td> <td>anying,<br />koyok </td> <td>jalan </td> <td>aik,<br />haik </td> <td>bahauk </td> <td>kitak </td> <td>apak </td> <td>apik </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_language" title="Toba Batak language">Toba Batak</a> </th> <td>sada </td> <td>dua </td> <td>tolu </td> <td>opat </td> <td>halak </td> <td>jabu </td> <td>biang, asu </td> <td>dalan </td> <td>ari </td> <td>baru </td> <td>hita </td> <td>aha </td> <td>api </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kelantan-Pattani_Malay" title="Kelantan-Pattani Malay">Kelantan-Pattani</a> </th> <td>so </td> <td>duwo </td> <td>tigo </td> <td>pak </td> <td>oghe </td> <td>ghumoh,<br />dumoh </td> <td>anjing </td> <td>jale </td> <td>aghi </td> <td>baghu </td> <td>kito </td> <td>gapo </td> <td>api </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Biak_language" title="Biak language">Biak</a> </th> <td>oser </td> <td>suru </td> <td>kyor </td> <td>fyak </td> <td>snon </td> <td>rum </td> <td>naf,<br />rofan </td> <td>nyan </td> <td>ras </td> <td>babo </td> <td>nu,<br />nggo </td> <td>sa,<br />masa </td> <td>for </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_language" title="Chamorro language">Chamorro</a> </th> <td>håcha,<br />maisa </td> <td>hugua </td> <td>tulu </td> <td>fatfat </td> <td>taotao/tautau </td> <td>guma' </td> <td>ga'lågu<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>chålan </td> <td>ha'åni </td> <td>nuebu<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>hita </td> <td>håfa </td> <td>guåfi </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Motu_language" title="Motu language">Motu</a> </th> <td>ta,<br />tamona </td> <td>rua </td> <td>toi </td> <td>hani </td> <td>tau </td> <td>ruma </td> <td>sisia </td> <td>dala </td> <td>dina </td> <td>matamata </td> <td>ita,<br />ai </td> <td>dahaka </td> <td>lahi </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> </th> <td>tahi </td> <td>rua </td> <td>toru </td> <td>whā </td> <td>tangata </td> <td>whare </td> <td>kurī </td> <td>ara </td> <td>rā </td> <td>hou </td> <td>tāua, tātou/tātau<br />māua, mātou/mātau </td> <td>aha </td> <td>ahi </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Gilbertese_language" title="Gilbertese language">Gilbertese</a> </th> <td>teuana </td> <td>uoua </td> <td>tenua </td> <td>aua </td> <td>aomata </td> <td>uma,<br />bata,<br />auti (from <i>house</i>) </td> <td>kamea,<br />kiri </td> <td>kawai </td> <td>bong </td> <td>bou </td> <td>ti </td> <td>tera,<br />-ra (suffix) </td> <td>ai </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_language" title="Tuvaluan language">Tuvaluan</a> </th> <td>tasi </td> <td>lua </td> <td>tolu </td> <td>fá </td> <td>toko </td> <td>fale </td> <td>kuli </td> <td>ala,<br />tuu </td> <td>aso </td> <td>fou </td> <td>tāua </td> <td>a </td> <td>afi </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> </th> <td>kahi </td> <td>lua </td> <td>kolu </td> <td>hā </td> <td>kanaka </td> <td>hale </td> <td>'īlio </td> <td>ala </td> <td>ao </td> <td>hou </td> <td>kākou </td> <td>aha </td> <td>ahi </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Banjar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Banjar language">Banjarese</a> </th> <td>asa </td> <td>duwa </td> <td>talu </td> <td>ampat </td> <td>urang </td> <td>rūmah </td> <td>hadupan </td> <td>heko </td> <td>hǎri </td> <td>hanyar </td> <td>kami </td> <td>apa </td> <td>api </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a> </th> <td>isa </td> <td>roa </td> <td>telo </td> <td>efatra </td> <td>olona </td> <td>trano </td> <td>alika </td> <td>lalana </td> <td>andro </td> <td>vaovao </td> <td>isika </td> <td>inona </td> <td>afo </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_Dusun_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Dusun language">Dusun</a> </th> <td>iso </td> <td>duo </td> <td>tolu </td> <td>apat </td> <td>tulun </td> <td>walai,<br />lamin </td> <td>tasu </td> <td>ralan </td> <td>tadau </td> <td>wagu </td> <td>tokou </td> <td>onu/nu </td> <td>tapui </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Coastal_Kadazan_language" title="Coastal Kadazan language">Kadazan</a> </th> <td>iso </td> <td>duvo </td> <td>tohu </td> <td>apat </td> <td>tuhun </td> <td>hamin </td> <td>tasu </td> <td>lahan </td> <td>tadau </td> <td>vagu </td> <td>tokou </td> <td>onu,<br />nunu </td> <td>tapui </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Rungus_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rungus language">Rungus</a> </th> <td>iso </td> <td>duvo </td> <td>tolu,<br />tolzu </td> <td>apat </td> <td>tulun,<br />tulzun </td> <td>valai,<br />valzai </td> <td>tasu </td> <td>dalan </td> <td>tadau </td> <td>vagu </td> <td>tokou </td> <td>nunu </td> <td>tapui,<br />apui </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Tambanuo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tambanuo language">Sungai/Tambanuo</a> </th> <td>ido </td> <td>duo </td> <td>tolu </td> <td>opat </td> <td>lobuw </td> <td>waloi </td> <td>asu </td> <td>ralan </td> <td>runat </td> <td>wagu </td> <td>toko </td> <td>onu </td> <td>apui </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a> </th> <td>satu, sa,<br />siti, sigi </td> <td>dua </td> <td>tiga </td> <td>empat </td> <td>orang,<br />urang </td> <td>rumah </td> <td>ukui,<br />uduk </td> <td>jalai </td> <td>hari </td> <td>baru </td> <td>kitai </td> <td>nama </td> <td>api </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Sarawak_Malay" title="Sarawak Malay">Sarawak Malay</a> </th> <td>satu,<br />sigek </td> <td>dua </td> <td>tiga </td> <td>empat </td> <td>orang </td> <td>rumah </td> <td>asuk </td> <td>jalan </td> <td>ari </td> <td>baru </td> <td>kita </td> <td>apa </td> <td>api </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Terengganu_Malay" title="Terengganu Malay">Terengganuan</a> </th> <td>se </td> <td>duwe </td> <td>tige </td> <td>pak </td> <td>oghang </td> <td>ghumoh,<br />dumoh </td> <td>anjing </td> <td>jalang </td> <td>aghi </td> <td>baghu </td> <td>kite </td> <td>mende, ape,<br />gape, nape </td> <td>api </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kanayatn_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanayatn Language">Kanayatn</a> </th> <td>sa </td> <td>dua </td> <td>talu </td> <td>ampat </td> <td>urakng </td> <td>rumah </td> <td>asu' </td> <td>jalatn </td> <td>ari </td> <td>baru </td> <td>kami',<br />diri' </td> <td>ahe </td> <td>api </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Yapese_language" title="Yapese language">Yapese</a> </th> <td>t’aareeb </td> <td>l’ugruw </td> <td>dalip </td> <td>anngeeg </td> <td>beaq </td> <td>noqun </td> <td>kuus </td> <td>kanaawooq </td> <td>raan </td> <td>beqeech </td> <td>gamow </td> <td>maang </td> <td>nifiiy </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Languages of Taiwan">Languages of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_Formal_Linguistics_Association" title="Austronesian Formal Linguistics Association">Austronesian Formal Linguistics Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Austronesian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Austronesian languages">List of Austronesian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Austronesian_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Austronesian regions">List of Austronesian regions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Setaria italica</i> and <i>Panicum miliaceum</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlust" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Blust, Robert Andrew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Austronesian-languages">"Austronesian Languages"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Austronesian+Languages&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Blust&rft.aufirst=Robert+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FAustronesian-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eth-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Eth_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/statistics/">"Statistical Summaries; Ethnologue"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statistical+Summaries%3B+Ethnologue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fstatistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eth-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eth_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/subgroup/447/">"Austronesian; Ethnologue"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Austronesian%3B+Ethnologue&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fsubgroup%2F447%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSneddon2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Neil_Sneddon" class="mw-redirect" title="James Neil Sneddon">Sneddon, James Neil</a> (2004). <i>The Indonesian Language: Its History and Role in Modern Society</i>. UNSW Press. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indonesian+Language%3A+Its+History+and+Role+in+Modern+Society&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=UNSW+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Sneddon&rft.aufirst=James+Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez1980" class="citation book cs1">Gonzalez, Andrew B. (1980). <i>Language and Nationalism: The Philippine Experience Thus Far</i>. Manila: Ateneo de Manila University Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9711130009" title="Special:BookSources/9711130009"><bdi>9711130009</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+Nationalism%3A+The+Philippine+Experience+Thus+Far&rft.place=Manila&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Ateneo+de+Manila+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9711130009&rft.aulast=Gonzalez&rft.aufirst=Andrew+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Blust2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Blust" title="Robert Blust">Robert Blust</a> (2016). <i>History of the Austronesian Languages</i>. University of Hawaii at Manoa.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Austronesian+Languages&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+at+Manoa&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Robert+Blust&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPereltsvaig2018143-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPereltsvaig2018143_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPereltsvaig2018">Pereltsvaig (2018)</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dempwolff-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dempwolff_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dempwolff_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDempwolff" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dempwolff, Otto. <i>Vergleichende Lautlehre des austronesischen Wortschatzes</i> [<i>Comparative phonology of the Austronesian vocabularies</i>] (3 vols). Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für Eingeborenen-Sprachen (Supplements to the Journal of Native Languages) 15; 17; 19 (in German). Berlin: Dietrich Reimer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vergleichende+Lautlehre+des+austronesischen+Wortschatzes&rft.place=Berlin&rft.series=Beihefte+zur+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Eingeborenen-Sprachen+%28Supplements+to+the+Journal+of+Native+Languages%29+15%3B+17%3B+19&rft.pub=Dietrich+Reimer&rft.aulast=Dempwolff&rft.aufirst=Otto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_SimpsonEdmund_Weiner1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Simpson_(lexicographer)" title="John Simpson (lexicographer)">John Simpson</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Weiner" title="Edmund Weiner">Edmund Weiner</a>, eds. (1989). <i>Official Oxford English Dictionary (OED2)</i> (Dictionary). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Official+Oxford+English+Dictionary+%28OED2%29&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust2013169-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust2013169_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlust2013">Blust (2013)</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust2013212-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust2013212_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlust2013">Blust (2013)</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust2013215–218-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust2013215–218_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlust2013">Blust (2013)</a>, pp. 215–218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust2013220–222-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust2013220–222_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlust2013">Blust (2013)</a>, pp. 220–222.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrowley2009100-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrowley2009100_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrowley2009">Crowley (2009)</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust2013188–189,_200,_206-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust2013188–189,_200,_206_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlust2013">Blust (2013)</a>, pp. 188–189, 200, 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust2013355-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust2013355_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlust2013">Blust (2013)</a>, p. 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust2013370–399-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust2013370–399_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlust2013">Blust (2013)</a>, pp. 370–399.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust2013406–431-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust2013406–431_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlust2013">Blust (2013)</a>, pp. 406–431.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoss2002453-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoss2002453_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoss2002">Ross (2002)</a>, p. 453.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdelaarHimmelmann2005" class="citation book cs1">Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (2005). <i>The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar</i>. Routledge. pp. 6–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415681537" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415681537"><bdi>978-0415681537</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austronesian+Languages+of+Asia+and+Madagascar&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0415681537&rft.aulast=Adelaar&rft.aufirst=K.+Alexander&rft.au=Himmelmann%2C+Nikolaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroft2012" class="citation book cs1">Croft, William (2012). <i>Verbs: Aspect and Causal Structure</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 261. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199248599" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199248599"><bdi>978-0199248599</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Verbs%3A+Aspect+and+Causal+Structure&rft.pages=261&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0199248599&rft.aulast=Croft&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhillBlustGray2003–2019-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhillBlustGray2003–2019_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhillBlustGray2003–2019_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhillBlustGray2003–2019">Greenhill, Blust & Gray 2003–2019</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHaudricourt1965315-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHaudricourt1965315_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHaudricourt1965">Haudricourt (1965)</a>, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDyen1965-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDyen1965_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDyen1965">Dyen (1965)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrace1966-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrace1966_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrace1966">Grace (1966)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDahl1973-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDahl1973_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDahl1973">Dahl (1973)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust1977-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust1977_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlust1977">Blust (1977)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2004-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2004_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2004">Li (2004)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1888" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, G. (1888). "A ramble through southern Formosa". <i>The China Review</i>. <b>16</b>: 137–161. <q>The Tipuns... are certainly descended from emigrants, and I have not the least doubt but that the Amias are of similar origin; only of later date, and most probably from the Mejaco Simas [that is, <a href="/wiki/Miyako-jima" title="Miyako-jima">Miyako-jima</a>], a group of islands lying 110 miles to the North-east.... By all accounts the old Pilam savages, who merged into the Tipuns, were the first settlers on the plain; then came the Tipuns, and a long time afterwards the Amias. The Tipuns, for some time, acknowledged the Pilam Chief as supreme, but soon absorbed both the chieftainship and the people, in fact the only trace left of them now, is a few words peculiar to the Pilam village, one of which, makan (to eat), is pure Malay. The Amias submitted themselves to the jurisdiction of the Tipuns.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Review&rft.atitle=A+ramble+through+southern+Formosa&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=137-161&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Starosta-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Starosta_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarosta1995" class="citation book cs1">Starosta, S (1995). "A grammatical subgrouping of Formosan languages". In <a href="/wiki/Li_Jen-kuei" title="Li Jen-kuei">P. Li</a>; Cheng-hwa Tsang; Ying-kuei Huang; <a href="/wiki/Dah-an_Ho" class="mw-redirect" title="Dah-an Ho">Dah-an Ho</a> & Chiu-yu Tseng (eds.). <i>Austronesian Studies Relating to Taiwan</i>. Taipei: Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica. pp. 683–726.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+grammatical+subgrouping+of+Formosan+languages&rft.btitle=Austronesian+Studies+Relating+to+Taiwan&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pages=683-726&rft.pub=Institute+of+History+and+Philology%2C+Academia+Sinica&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Starosta&rft.aufirst=S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLi2008">Li (2008)</a>, p. 216: "The position of Rukai is the most controversial: Tsuchida... treats it as more closely related to Tsouic languages, based on lexicostatistic evidence, while Ho... believes it to be one of the Paiwanic languages, i.e. part of my Southern group, as based on a comparison of fourteen grammatical features. In fact, Japanese anthropologists did not distinguish between Rukai, Paiwan and Puyuma in the early stage of their studies"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurent Sagart (2004) The Higher Phylogeny of Austronesian and the Position of Tai-Kadai</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurent Sagart (2021) A more detailed early Austronesian phylogeny. Plenary talk at the 15th International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The tree can be found at the following link. Click on the nodes to see the proposed shared innovations for each. <br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaurent_Sagart2021" class="citation web cs1">Laurent Sagart (July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://f-origin.hypotheses.org/wp-content/blogs.dir/3902/files/2020/12/Clickable-Austronesian-phylogeny_2020-.pdf">"Shared innovations in early Austronesian phylogeny"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Shared+innovations+in+early+Austronesian+phylogeny&rft.date=2021-07&rft.au=Laurent+Sagart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ff-origin.hypotheses.org%2Fwp-content%2Fblogs.dir%2F3902%2Ffiles%2F2020%2F12%2FClickable-Austronesian-phylogeny_2020-.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust2013742-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust2013742_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlust2013">Blust (2013)</a>, p. 742.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenhillBlustGray2008-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenhillBlustGray2008_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGreenhillBlustGray2008">Greenhill, Blust & Gray (2008)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESagart2002-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagart2002_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSagart2002">Sagart (2002)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiamond2000-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiamond2000_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiamond2000">Diamond (2000)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust1999-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust1999_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlust1999">Blust (1999)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThurgood1999225-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThurgood1999225_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThurgood1999">Thurgood (1999)</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolnit,_David_B.1992" class="citation journal cs1">Solnit, David B. (March 1992). "Japanese/Austro-Tai By Paul K. Benedict (review)". <i><a href="/wiki/Language_(journal)" title="Language (journal)">Language</a></i>. <b>687</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Society_of_America" title="Linguistic Society of America">Linguistic Society of America</a>: 188–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Flan.1992.0061">10.1353/lan.1992.0061</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:141811621">141811621</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Japanese%2FAustro-Tai+By+Paul+K.+Benedict+%28review%29&rft.volume=687&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=188-196&rft.date=1992-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Flan.1992.0061&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A141811621%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=Solnit%2C+David+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESagartHsuTsaiHsing2017188-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagartHsuTsaiHsing2017188_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagartHsuTsaiHsing2017188_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagartHsuTsaiHsing2017188_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagartHsuTsaiHsing2017188_42-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSagartHsuTsaiHsing2017">Sagart et al. 2017</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Driem2005" class="citation book cs1">van Driem, George (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110726012439/http://www.eastling.org/paper/Driem.pdf">"Sino-Austronesian vs. Sino-Caucasian, Sino-Bodic vs. Sino-Tibetan, and Tibeto-Burman as default theory"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Yogendra Prasada Yadava; Govinda Bhattarai; Ram Raj Lohani; Balaram Prasain; Krishna Parajuli (eds.). <i>Contemporary Issues in Nepalese Linguistics</i>. Kathmandu: Linguistic Society of Nepal. pp. 285–338 [304]. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastling.org/paper/Driem.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sino-Austronesian+vs.+Sino-Caucasian%2C+Sino-Bodic+vs.+Sino-Tibetan%2C+and+Tibeto-Burman+as+default+theory&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Issues+in+Nepalese+Linguistics&rft.place=Kathmandu&rft.pages=285-338+304&rft.pub=Linguistic+Society+of+Nepal&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=van+Driem&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastling.org%2Fpaper%2FDriem.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESagartHsuTsaiHsing2017189-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESagartHsuTsaiHsing2017189_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSagartHsuTsaiHsing2017">Sagart et al. 2017</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKo2014426–436-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKo2014426–436_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKo2014">Ko 2014</a>, pp. 426–436.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiYanTeoHuang20171–12-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiYanTeoHuang20171–12_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeiYanTeoHuang2017">Wei et al. 2017</a>, pp. 1–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWinter2010-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWinter2010_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWinter2010">Winter (2010)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust2013710–713,_745–747-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust2013710–713,_745–747_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlust2013">Blust (2013)</a>, pp. 710–713, 745–747.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobbeets2017" class="citation journal cs1">Robbeets, Martine (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22105832-00702005">"Austronesian influence and Transeurasian ancestry in Japanese: A case of farming/language dispersal"</a>. <i>Language Dynamics and Change</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 210–251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22105832-00702005">10.1163/22105832-00702005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11858%2F00-001M-0000-002E-8635-7">11858/00-001M-0000-002E-8635-7</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Dynamics+and+Change&rft.atitle=Austronesian+influence+and+Transeurasian+ancestry+in+Japanese%3A+A+case+of+farming%2Flanguage+dispersal&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=210-251&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11858%2F00-001M-0000-002E-8635-7&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22105832-00702005&rft.aulast=Robbeets&rft.aufirst=Martine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F22105832-00702005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2009" class="citation book cs1">Kumar, Ann (2009). <i>Globalizing the Prehistory of Japan: Language, Genes and Civilization</i>. Oxford: Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalizing+the+Prehistory+of+Japan%3A+Language%2C+Genes+and+Civilization.&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_52-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.languagesoftheworld.info/historical-linguistics/javanese-influence-on-japanese.html">"Javanese influence on Japanese"</a>. <i>Languages Of The World</i>. 2011-05-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Languages+Of+The+World&rft.atitle=Javanese+influence+on+Japanese&rft.date=2011-05-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.languagesoftheworld.info%2Fhistorical-linguistics%2Fjavanese-influence-on-japanese.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EastAsianOrigin-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EastAsianOrigin_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarosta2005" class="citation book cs1">Starosta, Stanley (2005). "Proto-East Asian and the origin and dispersal of languages of east and southeast Asia and the Pacific". In Sagart, Laurent; Blench, Roger; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (eds.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peoplingeastasia00blen"><i>The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics</i></a></span>. London: Routledge Curzon. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peoplingeastasia00blen/page/n210">182</a>–197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32242-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32242-3"><bdi>978-0-415-32242-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proto-East+Asian+and+the+origin+and+dispersal+of+languages+of+east+and+southeast+Asia+and+the+Pacific&rft.btitle=The+Peopling+of+East+Asia%3A+Putting+Together+Archaeology%2C+Linguistics+and+Genetics&rft.place=London&rft.pages=182-197&rft.pub=Routledge+Curzon&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32242-3&rft.aulast=Starosta&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeoplingeastasia00blen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">van Driem, George. 2018. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210110235952/https://himalayanlanguages.org/files/driem/pdfs/2018i.pdf">The East Asian linguistic phylum: A reconstruction based on language and genes</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>", <i>Journal of the Asiatic Society</i>, LX (4): 1–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlevins2007-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlevins2007_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlevins2007">Blevins (2007)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust2014-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlust2014_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBlust2014">Blust (2014)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zoetmulder, P.J., Kamus Jawa Kuno-Indonesia. Vol. I-II. Terjemahan Darusuprapto-Sumarti Suprayitno. Jakarta: PT. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omniglot.com/writing/javanese.htm">"Javanese alphabet (Carakan)"</a>. <i>Omniglot</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Omniglot&rft.atitle=Javanese+alphabet+%28Carakan%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fjavanese.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> صِفْر <i>ṣifr</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Predominantly in Indonesia, comes from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>nullus</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>lapan</i> is a known contraction of <i>delapan</i>; predominant in Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, Richard (1992). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~rscook/pdf/PCMLT-JejeinM.pdf">Peace Corps Marshall Islands: Marshallese Language Training Manual</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>), pg. 22. Accessed August 27, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Percy Chatterton, (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.exkiap.net/other/tok_pisin/Say_It_In_Motu.pdf">Say It In Motu: An instant introduction to the common language of Papua</a>. Pacific Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85807-025-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85807-025-7">978-0-85807-025-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">s.v. kawan, <i>Old Javanese-English Dictionary</i>, P.J. Zoetmulder and Stuart Robson, 1982</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">s.v. hañar, <i>Old Javanese-English Dictionary</i>, P.J. Zoetmulder and Stuart Robson, 1982</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">s.v. kami, this could mean both first person singular and plural, <i>Old Javanese-English Dictionary</i>, P.J. Zoetmulder and Stuart Robson, 1982</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_67-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_67-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_67-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_67-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_67-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_67-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Javanese English Dictionary</i>, Stuart Robson and Singgih Wibisono, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> "<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galgo" class="extiw" title="es:Galgo">galgo</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From Spanish "<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuevo" class="extiw" title="es:Nuevo">nuevo</a>"</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwood1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bellwood" title="Peter Bellwood">Bellwood, Peter</a> (July 1991). "The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages". <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>265</b> (1): 88–93. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991SciAm.265a..88B">1991SciAm.265a..88B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0791-88">10.1038/scientificamerican0791-88</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=The+Austronesian+Dispersal+and+the+Origin+of+Languages&rft.volume=265&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=88-93&rft.date=1991-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0791-88&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991SciAm.265a..88B&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwood1997" class="citation book cs1">Bellwood, Peter (1997). <i>Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian archipelago</i>. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehistory+of+the+Indo-Malaysian+archipelago&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawai%27i+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwood1998" class="citation journal cs1">Bellwood, Peter (1998). "Taiwan and the Prehistory of the Austronesians-speaking Peoples". <i>Review of Archaeology</i>. <b>18</b>: 39–48.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Taiwan+and+the+Prehistory+of+the+Austronesians-speaking+Peoples&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=39-48&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwoodFoxTryon1995" class="citation book cs1">Bellwood, Peter; <a href="/wiki/James_J._Fox" title="James J. Fox">Fox, James</a>; <a href="/wiki/Darrell_Tryon" title="Darrell Tryon">Tryon, Darrell</a> (1995). <i>The Austronesians: Historical and comparative perspectives</i>. Department of Anthropology, <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7315-2132-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7315-2132-6"><bdi>978-0-7315-2132-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austronesians%3A+Historical+and+comparative+perspectives&rft.pub=Department+of+Anthropology%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-7315-2132-6&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Fox%2C+James&rft.au=Tryon%2C+Darrell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwoodSanchez-Mazas2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bellwood, Peter; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (June 2005). "Human Migrations in Continental East Asia and Taiwan: Genetic, Linguistic, and Archaeological Evidence". <i><a href="/wiki/Current_Anthropology" title="Current Anthropology">Current Anthropology</a></i>. <b>46</b> (3): 480–484. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F430018">10.1086/430018</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145495386">145495386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Human+Migrations+in+Continental+East+Asia+and+Taiwan%3A+Genetic%2C+Linguistic%2C+and+Archaeological+Evidence&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=480-484&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F430018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145495386%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Sanchez-Mazas%2C+Alicia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlench2004" class="citation conference cs1">Blench, Roger (June 10–13, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/China/Geneva%20paper%202004%20submit.pdf"><i>Stratification in the peopling of China: how far does the linguistic evidence match genetics and archaeology?</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Human migrations in continental East Asia and Taiwan: genetic, linguistic and archaeological evidence. Geneva.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Stratification+in+the+peopling+of+China%3A+how+far+does+the+linguistic+evidence+match+genetics+and+archaeology%3F&rft.place=Geneva&rft.date=2004-06-10%2F2004-06-13&rft.aulast=Blench&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rogerblench.info%2FLanguage%2FChina%2FGeneva%2520paper%25202004%2520submit.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlevins2007" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Blevins" title="Juliette Blevins">Blevins, Juliette</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110111172242/http://email.eva.mpg.de/~blevins/pdf/webpub2007a.pdf">"A Long Lost Sister of Proto-Austronesian? Proto-Ongan, Mother of Jarawa and Onge of the Andaman Islands"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Oceanic Linguistics</i>. <b>46</b> (1): 154–198. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fol.2007.0015">10.1353/ol.2007.0015</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143141296">143141296</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://email.eva.mpg.de/~blevins/pdf/webpub2007a.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-01-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=A+Long+Lost+Sister+of+Proto-Austronesian%3F+Proto-Ongan%2C+Mother+of+Jarawa+and+Onge+of+the+Andaman+Islands&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=154-198&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fol.2007.0015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143141296%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Blevins&rft.aufirst=Juliette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Femail.eva.mpg.de%2F~blevins%2Fpdf%2Fwebpub2007a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlust1977" class="citation journal cs1">Blust, Robert (1977). "The Proto-Austronesian pronouns and Austronesian subgrouping: a preliminary report". <i>Working Papers in Linguistics</i>. <b>9</b> (2). Honolulu: Department of Linguistics, University of Hawaii: 1–15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Working+Papers+in+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Proto-Austronesian+pronouns+and+Austronesian+subgrouping%3A+a+preliminary+report&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=1-15&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Blust&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlust1985" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Blust" title="Robert Blust">Blust, Robert</a> (1985). "The Austronesian Homeland: A Linguistic Perspective". <i>Asian Perspectives</i>. <b>26</b>: 46–67.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Perspectives&rft.atitle=The+Austronesian+Homeland%3A+A+Linguistic+Perspective&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=46-67&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Blust&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlust1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Blust" title="Robert Blust">Blust, Robert</a> (1999). "Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics". In Zeitoun, E.; Li, P.J.K (eds.). <i>Selected papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics</i>. <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>: <a href="/wiki/Academia_Sinica" title="Academia Sinica">Academia Sinica</a>. pp. 31–94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Subgrouping%2C+circularity+and+extinction%3A+some+issues+in+Austronesian+comparative+linguistics&rft.btitle=Selected+papers+from+the+Eighth+International+Conference+on+Austronesian+Linguistics&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pages=31-94&rft.pub=Academia+Sinica&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Blust&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlust2013" class="citation book cs1">Blust, Robert (2013). <i>The Austronesian Languages</i> (revised ed.). Australian National University. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F10191">1885/10191</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-922185-07-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-922185-07-5"><bdi>978-1-922185-07-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austronesian+Languages&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Australian+National+University&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F10191&rft.isbn=978-1-922185-07-5&rft.aulast=Blust&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlust2014" class="citation journal cs1">Blust, Robert (2014). "Some Recent Proposals Concerning the Classification of the Austronesian Languages". <i>Oceanic Linguistics</i>. <b>53</b> (2): 300–391. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fol.2014.0025">10.1353/ol.2014.0025</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144931249">144931249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Some+Recent+Proposals+Concerning+the+Classification+of+the+Austronesian+Languages&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=300-391&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fol.2014.0025&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144931249%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Blust&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComrie2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Comrie" title="Bernard Comrie">Comrie, Bernard</a> (2001). "Languages of the world". In <a href="/wiki/Mark_Aronoff" title="Mark Aronoff">Aronoff, Mark</a>; Rees-Miller, Janie (eds.). <i>The Handbook of Linguistics</i>. Languages of the world. Oxford: Blackwell. pp. 19–42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-0252-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-0252-7"><bdi>1-4051-0252-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Languages+of+the+world&rft.btitle=The+Handbook+of+Linguistics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Languages+of+the+world&rft.pages=19-42&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-4051-0252-7&rft.aulast=Comrie&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowley2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Terry_Crowley_(linguist)" title="Terry Crowley (linguist)">Crowley, Terry</a> (2009). "Austronesian languages". In Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.). <i>Concise Encyclopaedia of Languages of the World</i>. Oxford: Elsevier. pp. 96–105.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Austronesian+languages&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopaedia+of+Languages+of+the+World&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=96-105&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Crowley&rft.aufirst=Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahl1973" class="citation book cs1">Dahl, Otto Christian (1973). <i>Proto-Austronesian</i>. Lund: Skandinavian Institute of Asian Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proto-Austronesian&rft.place=Lund&rft.pub=Skandinavian+Institute+of+Asian+Studies&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=Otto+Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Diamond, Jared M</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35001685">"Taiwan's gift to the world"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>403</b> (6771): 709–10. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Natur.403..709D">2000Natur.403..709D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35001685">10.1038/35001685</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10693781">10693781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Taiwan%27s+gift+to+the+world&rft.volume=403&rft.issue=6771&rft.pages=709-10&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10693781&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35001685&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Natur.403..709D&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Jared+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F35001685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDyen1965" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Dyen" title="Isidore Dyen">Dyen, Isidore</a> (1965). "A Lexicostatistical classification of the Austronesian languages". <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_American_Linguistics" title="International Journal of American Linguistics">International Journal of American Linguistics</a></i> (Memoir 19).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+American+Linguistics&rft.atitle=A+Lexicostatistical+classification+of+the+Austronesian+languages&rft.issue=Memoir+19&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Dyen&rft.aufirst=Isidore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2004" class="citation conference cs1">Fox, James J. (19–20 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061012145718/http://dspace.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/43158/1/Comparative_Austronesian_Studies.pdf"><i>Current Developments in Comparative Austronesian Studies</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Symposium Austronesia Pascasarjana Linguististik dan Kajian Budaya. Universitas Udayana, Bali. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/43158/1/Comparative_Austronesian_Studies.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Current+Developments+in+Comparative+Austronesian+Studies&rft.place=Universitas+Udayana%2C+Bali&rft.date=2004-08-19%2F2004-08-20&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.anu.edu.au%2Fbitstream%2F1885%2F43158%2F1%2FComparative_Austronesian_Studies.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2002" class="citation web cs1">Fuller, Peter (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927085103/http://rspas.anu.edu.au/qb/articleFile.php?searchterm=3-4-3">"Reading the Full Picture"</a>. <i>Asia Pacific Research</i>. Canberra, Australia: Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rspas.anu.edu.au/qb/articleFile.php?searchterm=3-4-3">the original</a> on September 27, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asia+Pacific+Research&rft.atitle=Reading+the+Full+Picture&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frspas.anu.edu.au%2Fqb%2FarticleFile.php%3Fsearchterm%3D3-4-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrace1966" class="citation journal cs1">Grace, George W. (1966). "Austronesian Lexicostatistical Classification:a review article (Review of Dyen 1965)". <i>Oceanic Linguistics</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 13–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3622788">10.2307/3622788</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3622788">3622788</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Austronesian+Lexicostatistical+Classification%3Aa+review+article+%28Review+of+Dyen+1965%29&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-58&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3622788&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3622788%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Grace&rft.aufirst=George+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhillBlustGray2008" class="citation journal cs1">Greenhill, S.J.; Blust, R.; Gray, R.D. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2614200">"The Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database: From Bioinformatics to Lexomics"</a>. <i>Evolutionary Bioinformatics</i>. <b>4</b>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>: 271–283. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4137%2FEBO.S893">10.4137/EBO.S893</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2614200">2614200</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19204825">19204825</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evolutionary+Bioinformatics&rft.atitle=The+Austronesian+Basic+Vocabulary+Database%3A+From+Bioinformatics+to+Lexomics&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=271-283&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2614200%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19204825&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4137%2FEBO.S893&rft.aulast=Greenhill&rft.aufirst=S.J.&rft.au=Blust%2C+R.&rft.au=Gray%2C+R.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2614200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenhillBlustGray2003–2019" class="citation web cs1">Greenhill, S.J.; Blust, R.; Gray, R.D. (2003–2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181219182305/https://abvd.shh.mpg.de/austronesian/">"Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abvd.shh.mpg.de/austronesian/">the original</a> on 2018-12-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Austronesian+Basic+Vocabulary+Database&rft.date=2003%2F2019&rft.aulast=Greenhill&rft.aufirst=S.J.&rft.au=Blust%2C+R.&rft.au=Gray%2C+R.D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabvd.shh.mpg.de%2Faustronesian%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaudricourt1965" class="citation journal cs1">Haudricourt, André G. (1965). "Problems of Austronesian comparative philology". <i>Lingua</i>. <b>14</b>: 315–329. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0024-3841%2865%2990048-3">10.1016/0024-3841(65)90048-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lingua&rft.atitle=Problems+of+Austronesian+comparative+philology&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=315-329&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0024-3841%2865%2990048-3&rft.aulast=Haudricourt&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKo2014" class="citation journal cs1">Ko, Albert Min-Shan; et al. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3951936">"Early Austronesians: Into and Out Of Taiwan"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>94</b> (3): 426–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2014.02.003">10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.02.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3951936">3951936</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24607387">24607387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Early+Austronesians%3A+Into+and+Out+Of+Taiwan&rft.volume=94&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=426-36&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3951936%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24607387&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ajhg.2014.02.003&rft.aulast=Ko&rft.aufirst=Albert+Min-Shan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3951936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2004" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Li" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Li">Li, Paul Jen-kuei</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190418173953/http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/files/publication/j2004_2_03_9423.pdf">"Origins of the East Formosans:Basay, Kavalan, Amis, and Siraya"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Language and Linguistics</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 363–376. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/files/publication/j2004_2_03_9423.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+and+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Origins+of+the+East+Formosans%3ABasay%2C+Kavalan%2C+Amis%2C+and+Siraya&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=363-376&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Paul+Jen-kuei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ling.sinica.edu.tw%2Ffiles%2Fpublication%2Fj2004_2_03_9423.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2006" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Li" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Li">Li, Paul Jen-kuei</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sil.org/resources/archives/25819"><i>The Internal Relationships of Formosan Languages</i></a>. Tenth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (ICAL). Puerto Princesa City, Palawan, Philippines.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=The+Internal+Relationships+of+Formosan+Languages&rft.place=Puerto+Princesa+City%2C+Palawan%2C+Philippines&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Paul+Jen-kuei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sil.org%2Fresources%2Farchives%2F25819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Li" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Li">Li, Paul Jen-kuei</a> (2008). "Time perspective of Formosan Aborigines". In Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia; Blench, Roger; Ross, Malcolm D.; Peiros, Ilia; Lin, Marie (eds.). <i>Past human migrations in East Asia: matching archaeology, linguistics and genetics</i>. London: Routledge. pp. 211–218.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Time+perspective+of+Formosan+Aborigines&rft.btitle=Past+human+migrations+in+East+Asia%3A+matching+archaeology%2C+linguistics+and+genetics&rft.place=London&rft.pages=211-218&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Paul+Jen-kuei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCollRacimoVinnerDemeter2018" class="citation journal cs1">McColl, Hugh; Racimo, Fernando; Vinner, Lasse; Demeter, Fabrice; Gakuhari, Takashi; et al. (2018-07-05). "The prehistoric peopling of Southeast Asia". <i>Science</i>. <b>361</b> (6397). American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS): 88–92. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Sci...361...88M">2018Sci...361...88M</a>. <a href="/wiki/BioRxiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="BioRxiv (identifier)">bioRxiv</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F278374">10.1101/278374</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aat3628">10.1126/science.aat3628</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10072%2F383365">10072/383365</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29976827">29976827</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206667111">206667111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=The+prehistoric+peopling+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.volume=361&rft.issue=6397&rft.pages=88-92&rft.date=2018-07-05&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10072%2F383365&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A206667111%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Sci...361...88M&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aat3628&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1101%2F278374%23id-name%3DbioRxiv&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29976827&rft.aulast=McColl&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft.au=Racimo%2C+Fernando&rft.au=Vinner%2C+Lasse&rft.au=Demeter%2C+Fabrice&rft.au=Gakuhari%2C+Takashi&rft.au=Moreno-Mayar%2C+J.+V%C3%ADctor&rft.au=van+Driem%2C+George&rft.au=Gram+Wilken%2C+Uffe&rft.au=Seguin-Orlando%2C+Andaine&rft.au=de+la+Fuente+Castro%2C+Constanza&rft.au=Wasef%2C+Sally&rft.au=Shoocongdej%2C+Rasmi&rft.au=Souksavatdy%2C+Viengkeo&rft.au=Sayavongkhamdy%2C+Thongsa&rft.au=Saidin%2C+Mohd+Mokhtar&rft.au=Allentoft%2C+Morten+E.&rft.au=Sato%2C+Takehiro&rft.au=Malaspinas%2C+Anna-Sapfo&rft.au=Aghakhanian%2C+Farhang+A.&rft.au=Korneliussen%2C+Thorfinn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynchRossCrowley2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Lynch_(linguist)" title="John Lynch (linguist)">Lynch, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Ross_(linguist)" title="Malcolm Ross (linguist)">Ross, Malcolm</a>; <a href="/wiki/Terry_Crowley_(linguist)" title="Terry Crowley (linguist)">Crowley, Terry</a> (2002). <i>The Oceanic languages</i>. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-68155-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-68155-3"><bdi>0-415-68155-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oceanic+languages&rft.place=Richmond%2C+Surrey&rft.pub=Curzon+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-415-68155-3&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Ross%2C+Malcolm&rft.au=Crowley%2C+Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelton_et_al.1998" class="citation journal cs1">Melton, T.; Clifford, S.; Martinson, J.; Batzer, M.; Stoneking, M. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1377653">"Genetic evidence for the proto-Austronesian homeland in Asia: mtDNA and nuclear DNA variation in Taiwanese aboriginal tribes"</a>. <i>American Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>63</b> (6): 1807–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F302131">10.1086/302131</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1377653">1377653</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9837834">9837834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Genetic+evidence+for+the+proto-Austronesian+homeland+in+Asia%3A+mtDNA+and+nuclear+DNA+variation+in+Taiwanese+aboriginal+tribes&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1807-23&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1377653%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9837834&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F302131&rft.aulast=Melton&rft.aufirst=T.&rft.au=Clifford%2C+S.&rft.au=Martinson%2C+J.&rft.au=Batzer%2C+M.&rft.au=Stoneking%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1377653&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstapirat2005" class="citation book cs1">Ostapirat, Weera (2005). "Kra–Dai and Austronesian: Notes on phonological correspondences and vocabulary distribution". In Laurent, Sagart; Blench, Roger; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (eds.). <i>The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics</i>. London: Routledge Curzon. pp. 107–131.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kra%E2%80%93Dai+and+Austronesian%3A+Notes+on+phonological+correspondences+and+vocabulary+distribution&rft.btitle=The+Peopling+of+East+Asia%3A+Putting+Together+Archaeology%2C+Linguistics+and+Genetics&rft.place=London&rft.pages=107-131&rft.pub=Routledge+Curzon&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Ostapirat&rft.aufirst=Weera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeiros2004" class="citation conference cs1">Peiros, Ilia (2004). <i>Austronesian: What linguists know and what they believe they know</i>. The workshop on Human migrations in continental East Asia and Taiwan. Geneva.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Austronesian%3A+What+linguists+know+and+what+they+believe+they+know&rft.place=Geneva&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Peiros&rft.aufirst=Ilia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPereltsvaig2018" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Asya_Pereltsvaig" title="Asya Pereltsvaig">Pereltsvaig, Asya</a> (2018). <i>Languages of the World</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-316-62196-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-316-62196-7"><bdi>978-1-316-62196-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Languages+of+the+World&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-316-62196-7&rft.aulast=Pereltsvaig&rft.aufirst=Asya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2009" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Malcolm (2009). "Proto Austronesian verbal morphology: a reappraisal". In Adelaar, K. Alexander; Pawley, Andrew (eds.). <i>Austronesian Historical Linguistics and Culture History: A Festschrift for Robert Blust</i>. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 295–326.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Proto+Austronesian+verbal+morphology%3A+a+reappraisal&rft.btitle=Austronesian+Historical+Linguistics+and+Culture+History%3A+A+Festschrift+for+Robert+Blust&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=295-326&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossPawley1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Ross_(linguist)" title="Malcolm Ross (linguist)">Ross, Malcolm</a>; <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Pawley" title="Andrew Pawley">Pawley, Andrew</a> (1993). "Austronesian historical linguistics and culture history". <i>Annual Review of Anthropology</i>. <b>22</b>: 425–459. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.an.22.100193.002233">10.1146/annurev.an.22.100193.002233</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1783647">1783647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Austronesian+historical+linguistics+and+culture+history&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=425-459&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1783647&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.an.22.100193.002233&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft.au=Pawley%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2002" class="citation book cs1">Ross, John (2002). "Final words: research themes in the history and typology of western Austronesian languages". In Wouk, Fay; Malcolm, Ross (eds.). <i>The history and typology of Western Austronesian voice systems</i>. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 451–474.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Final+words%3A+research+themes+in+the+history+and+typology+of+western+Austronesian+languages&rft.btitle=The+history+and+typology+of+Western+Austronesian+voice+systems&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pages=451-474&rft.pub=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagartHsuTsaiHsing2017" class="citation journal cs1">Sagart, Laurent; Hsu, Tze-Fu; Tsai, Yuan-Ching; Hsing, Yue-Ie C. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/35149421">"Austronesian and Chinese words for the millets"</a>. <i>Language Dynamics and Change</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 187–209. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22105832-00702002">10.1163/22105832-00702002</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165587524">165587524</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+Dynamics+and+Change&rft.atitle=Austronesian+and+Chinese+words+for+the+millets&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=187-209&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22105832-00702002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A165587524%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sagart&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rft.au=Hsu%2C+Tze-Fu&rft.au=Tsai%2C+Yuan-Ching&rft.au=Hsing%2C+Yue-Ie+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F35149421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagart2002" class="citation conference cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laurent_Sagart" title="Laurent Sagart">Sagart, Laurent</a> (8–11 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://halshs.ccsd.cnrs.fr/docs/00/08/50/59/PDF/canberra.pdf"><i>Sino-Tibeto-Austronesian: An updated and improved argument</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Ninth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics (ICAL9). Canberra, Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Sino-Tibeto-Austronesian%3A+An+updated+and+improved+argument&rft.place=Canberra%2C+Australia&rft.date=2002-01-08%2F2002-01-11&rft.aulast=Sagart&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.ccsd.cnrs.fr%2Fdocs%2F00%2F08%2F50%2F59%2FPDF%2Fcanberra.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagart2004" class="citation journal cs1">Sagart, Laurent (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00090906/document">"The higher phylogeny of Austronesian and the position of Tai–Kadai"</a>. <i>Oceanic Linguistics</i>. <b>43</b> (2): 411–440. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fol.2005.0012">10.1353/ol.2005.0012</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:49547647">49547647</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+higher+phylogeny+of+Austronesian+and+the+position+of+Tai%E2%80%93Kadai&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=411-440&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fol.2005.0012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A49547647%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sagart&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhalshs.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Fhalshs-00090906%2Fdocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagart2005" class="citation book cs1">Sagart, Laurent (2005). "Sino-Tibeto-Austronesian: An updated and improved argument". In <a href="/wiki/Roger_Blench" title="Roger Blench">Blench, Roger</a>; Sanchez-Mazas, Alicia (eds.). <i>The Peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics</i>. London: Routledge Curzon. pp. 161–176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32242-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32242-3"><bdi>978-0-415-32242-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sino-Tibeto-Austronesian%3A+An+updated+and+improved+argument&rft.btitle=The+Peopling+of+East+Asia%3A+Putting+Together+Archaeology%2C+Linguistics+and+Genetics&rft.place=London&rft.pages=161-176&rft.pub=Routledge+Curzon&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-32242-3&rft.aulast=Sagart&rft.aufirst=Laurent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSapir1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sapir" title="Edward Sapir">Sapir, Edward</a> (1968) [1949]. "Time perspective in aboriginal American culture: a study in method". In Mandelbaum, D.G. (ed.). <i>Selected writings of Edward Sapir in language, culture and personality</i>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. 389–467. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-01115-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-01115-5"><bdi>0-520-01115-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Time+perspective+in+aboriginal+American+culture%3A+a+study+in+method&rft.btitle=Selected+writings+of+Edward+Sapir+in+language%2C+culture+and+personality&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=389-467&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-520-01115-5&rft.aulast=Sapir&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1888" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, G. (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210411020008/https://www.reed.edu/formosa/texts/Taylor1888.html">"A ramble through southern Formosa"</a>. <i>The China Review</i>. <b>16</b>: 137–161. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reed.edu/formosa/texts/Taylor1888.html">the original</a> on 2021-04-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+China+Review&rft.atitle=A+ramble+through+southern+Formosa&rft.volume=16&rft.pages=137-161&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reed.edu%2Fformosa%2Ftexts%2FTaylor1888.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurgood1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Graham_Thurgood" title="Graham Thurgood">Thurgood, Graham</a> (1999). <i>From Ancient Cham to Modern Dialects. Two Thousand Years of Language Contact and Change. Oceanic Linguistics Special Publications No. 28</i>. <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hawaii_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Hawaii Press">University of Hawaii Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2131-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2131-9"><bdi>0-8248-2131-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Ancient+Cham+to+Modern+Dialects.+Two+Thousand+Years+of+Language+Contact+and+Change.+Oceanic+Linguistics+Special+Publications+No.+28&rft.place=Honolulu&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8248-2131-9&rft.aulast=Thurgood&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrejaut_et_al.2005" class="citation journal cs1">Trejaut, J. A.; Kivisild, T.; Loo, J. H.; Lee, C. L.; He, C. L. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1166350">"Traces of archaic mitochondrial lineages persist in Austronesian-speaking Formosan populations"</a>. <i>PLOS Biol</i>. <b>3</b> (8): e247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030247">10.1371/journal.pbio.0030247</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1166350">1166350</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15984912">15984912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Biol&rft.atitle=Traces+of+archaic+mitochondrial+lineages+persist+in+Austronesian-speaking+Formosan+populations&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=e247&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1166350%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15984912&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0030247&rft.aulast=Trejaut&rft.aufirst=J.+A.&rft.au=Kivisild%2C+T.&rft.au=Loo%2C+J.+H.&rft.au=Lee%2C+C.+L.&rft.au=He%2C+C.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1166350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiYanTeoHuang2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wei, Lan-Hai; Yan, Shi; Teo, Yik-Ying; Huang, Yun-Zhi; et al. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5381892">"Phylogeography of Y-chromosome haplogroup O3a2b2-N6 reveals patrilineal traces of Austronesian populations on the eastern coastal regions of Asia"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>12</b> (4): 1–12. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PLoSO..1275080W">2017PLoSO..1275080W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0175080">10.1371/journal.pone.0175080</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5381892">5381892</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28380021">28380021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Phylogeography+of+Y-chromosome+haplogroup+O3a2b2-N6+reveals+patrilineal+traces+of+Austronesian+populations+on+the+eastern+coastal+regions+of+Asia&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1-12&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5381892%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28380021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0175080&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PLoSO..1275080W&rft.aulast=Wei&rft.aufirst=Lan-Hai&rft.au=Yan%2C+Shi&rft.au=Teo%2C+Yik-Ying&rft.au=Huang%2C+Yun-Zhi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5381892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinter2010" class="citation journal cs1">Winter, Bodo (2010). "A Note on the Higher Phylogeny of Austronesian". <i>Oceanic Linguistics</i>. <b>49</b> (1): 282–287. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fol.0.0067">10.1353/ol.0.0067</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40783595">40783595</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143458895">143458895</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oceanic+Linguistics&rft.atitle=A+Note+on+the+Higher+Phylogeny+of+Austronesian&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=282-287&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143458895%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40783595%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fol.0.0067&rft.aulast=Winter&rft.aufirst=Bodo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoukRoss2002" class="citation book cs1">Wouk, Fay; <a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Ross_(linguist)" title="Malcolm Ross (linguist)">Ross, Malcolm</a>, eds. (2002). <i>The history and typology of western Austronesian voice systems</i>. Pacific Linguistics. Canberra: Australian National University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+history+and+typology+of+western+Austronesian+voice+systems&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Pacific+Linguistics&rft.pub=Australian+National+University&rft.date=2002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Bengtson, John D., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jdbengt.net/articles/Austric.pdf">The "Greater Austric" Hypothesis</a>, Association for the Study of Language in Prehistory.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlundell" class="citation journal cs1">Blundell, David. "Austronesian Dispersal". <i>Newsletter of Chinese Ethnology</i>. <b>35</b>: 1–26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsletter+of+Chinese+Ethnology&rft.atitle=Austronesian+Dispersal&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=1-26&rft.aulast=Blundell&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Blust, R. A. (1983). <i>Lexical reconstruction and semantic reconstruction: the case of the Austronesian "house" words</i>. Hawaii: R. Blust.</li> <li>Cohen, E. M. K. (1999). <i>Fundaments of Austronesian roots and etymology</i>. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85883-436-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85883-436-7">0-85883-436-7</a></li> <li>Marion, P., <i>Liste Swadesh élargie de onze langues austronésiennes,</i> éd. Carré de sucre, 2009</li> <li>Pawley, A., & Ross, M. (1994). <i>Austronesian terminologies: continuity and change</i>. Canberra, Australia: Dept. of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85883-424-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-85883-424-3">0-85883-424-3</a></li> <li>Sagart, Laurent, Roger Blench, and Alicia Sanchez-Nazas (Eds.) (2004). <i>The peopling of East Asia: Putting Together Archaeology, Linguistics and Genetics</i>. London: RoutledgeCurzon. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-32242-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-32242-1">0-415-32242-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerrell2004" class="citation journal cs1">Terrell, John Edward (December 2004). "Introduction: 'Austronesia' and the great Austronesian migration". <i><a href="/wiki/World_Archaeology" title="World Archaeology">World Archaeology</a></i>. <b>36</b> (4): 586–590. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0043824042000303764">10.1080/0043824042000303764</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162244203">162244203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+%27Austronesia%27+and+the+great+Austronesian+migration&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=586-590&rft.date=2004-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0043824042000303764&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162244203%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Terrell&rft.aufirst=John+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tryon, D. T., & Tsuchida, S. (1995). <i>Comparative Austronesian dictionary: an introduction to Austronesian studies</i>. Trends in linguistics, 10. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3110127296" title="Special:BookSources/3110127296">3110127296</a></li> <li>Wittmann, Henri (1972). "Le caractère génétiquement composite des changements phonétiques du malgache." <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nou-la.org/ling/1972a-malgache.pdf">Proceedings of the International Congress of Phonetic Sciences</a></i> 7.807–810. La Haye: Mouton.</li> <li>Wolff, John U., "Comparative Austronesian Dictionary. An Introduction to Austronesian Studies", <i>Language</i>, vol. 73, no. 1, pp. 145–156, Mar 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0097-8507">0097-8507</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acd.clld.org/">Blust's Austronesian Comparative Dictionary</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists_for_Austronesian_languages">Swadesh lists of Austronesian basic vocabulary words</a> (from Wiktionary's <a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists">Swadesh-list appendix</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.hawaii.edu/~reid/">"Homepage of linguist Dr. Lawrence Reid"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 28,</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homepage+of+linguist+Dr.+Lawrence+Reid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.hawaii.edu%2F~reid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sil.org/pacific/png">Summer Institute of Linguistics site showing languages (Austronesian and Papuan) of Papua New Guinea.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041122214717/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~rustyb/112/austronesian.htm">"Austronesian Language Resources"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~rustyb/112/austronesian.htm">the original</a> on November 22, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Austronesian+Language+Resources&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-personal.umich.edu%2F~rustyb%2F112%2Faustronesian.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+languages" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://coconutstudio.com/Austro%20Nos%20Mar2008%2011-3.xls">Spreadsheet of 1600+ Austronesian and Papuan number names and systems – ongoing study to determine their relationships and distribution</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/june/austronesianLanguageFamily.html">Languages of the World: The Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian) Language Family</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mYSr2k4buqU"><span class="plainlinks">Introduction to Austronesian Languages and Culture (video) (Malayo-Polynesian) Language Family</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pro-classic.com/ethnicgv/maps/map_index.htm">南島語族分布圖</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140630020425/http://www.pro-classic.com/ethnicgv/maps/map_index.htm">Archived</a> 2014-06-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Austronesian_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Austronesian_languages" title="Template:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Austronesian_languages" title="Template talk:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Austronesian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Austronesian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Austronesian_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austronesian languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsouic_languages" title="Tsouic languages">Tsouic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Formosan_languages" title="Northern Formosan languages">Northern Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Formosan_languages" title="East Formosan languages">East Formosan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Sumatran*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Sumatra%E2%80%93Barrier_Islands_languages" title="Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages">Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_language" title="Nasal language">Nasal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_language" title="Lampung language">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_language" title="Madurese language">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali%E2%80%93Sasak%E2%80%93Sumbawa_languages" title="Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa languages">Bali–Sasak–Sumbawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_languages" title="Philippine languages">Philippine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batanic_languages" title="Batanic languages">Batanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Luzon_languages" title="Northern Luzon languages">Northern Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon_languages" title="Central Luzon languages">Central Luzon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Mindoro_languages" title="Northern Mindoro languages">Northern Mindoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Central_Philippine_languages" title="Greater Central Philippine languages">Greater Central Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalamian_languages" title="Kalamian languages">Kalamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Mindanao_languages" title="South Mindanao languages">South Mindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiric_languages" title="Sangiric languages">Sangiric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_languages" title="Minahasan languages">Minahasan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greater Barito*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barito_languages" title="Barito languages">Barito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basap_language" title="Basap language">Basap</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_North_Borneo_languages" title="Greater North Borneo languages">Greater North Borneo</a>*</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>North Borneo * <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_languages" title="Sabahan languages">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sarawakan_languages" title="North Sarawakan languages">North Sarawakan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau%E2%80%93Kajang_languages" title="Melanau–Kajang languages">Melanau–Kajang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan%E2%80%93Murik_languages" title="Kayan–Murik languages">Kayan–Murik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_Dayak_languages" title="Land Dayak languages">Land Dayak</a></li> <li>Malayo–Chamic *</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_language" title="Rejang language">Rejang</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moklenic_languages" title="Moklenic languages">Moklenic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Celebic_languages" title="Celebic languages">Celebic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bungku%E2%80%93Tolaki_languages" title="Bungku–Tolaki languages">Bungku–Tolaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna%E2%80%93Buton_languages" title="Muna–Buton languages">Muna–Buton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saluan%E2%80%93Banggai_languages" title="Saluan–Banggai languages">Saluan–Banggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomini%E2%80%93Tolitoli_languages" title="Tomini–Tolitoli languages">Tomini–Tolitoli</a>*</li> <li>Kaili–Wolio*</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi_languages" title="South Sulawesi languages">South Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_languages" title="Makassar languages">Makassar</a></li> <li>Seko–Badaic*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_South_Sulawesi_languages" title="Northern South Sulawesi languages">Northern South Sulawesi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central Malayo-Polynesian languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bima_language" title="Bima language">Bima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumba%E2%80%93Flores_languages" title="Sumba–Flores languages">Sumba–Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores%E2%80%93Lembata_languages" title="Flores–Lembata languages">Flores–Lembata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selaru_languages" title="Selaru languages">Selaru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kei%E2%80%93Tanimbar_languages" title="Kei–Tanimbar languages">Kei–Tanimbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aru_languages" title="Aru languages">Aru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timoric_languages" title="Timoric languages">Timoric</a></li> <li>Kowiai?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Maluku_languages" title="Central Maluku languages">Central Maluku</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central%E2%80%93Eastern_Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Halmahera%E2%80%93West_New_Guinea_languages" title="South Halmahera–West New Guinea languages">SHWNG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raja_Ampat%E2%80%93South_Halmahera_languages" title="Raja Ampat–South Halmahera languages">Halmahera Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cenderawasih_languages" title="Cenderawasih languages">Cenderawasih</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands_languages" title="Admiralty Islands languages">Admiralty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Matthias_languages" title="St. Matthias languages">St. Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temotu_languages" title="Temotu languages">Temotu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Solomonic_languages" title="Southeast Solomonic languages">Southeast Solomonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_languages" title="Micronesian languages">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Pacific_languages" title="Central Pacific languages">Central Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Oceanic_languages" title="Western Oceanic languages">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meso-Melanesian_languages" title="Meso-Melanesian languages">Meso-Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_New_Guinea_languages" title="North New Guinea languages">North New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Tip_languages" title="Papuan Tip languages">Papuan Tip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Oceanic_languages" title="Southern Oceanic languages">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Vanuatu <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vanuatu_languages" title="North Vanuatu languages">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Vanuatu_languages" title="Central Vanuatu languages">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Vanuatu_languages" title="South Vanuatu languages">South</a></li></ul></li> <li>Loyalties–New Caledonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>* indicates proposed status</li> <li>? indicates classification dispute</li> <li>† indicates <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Primary_language_families" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_families" title="Template:Language families"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_families" title="Template talk:Language families"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_families" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language families"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Primary_language_families" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Primary language families</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe%E2%80%93Kwadi_languages" title="Khoe–Kwadi languages">Khoe–Kwadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kx'a</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></b>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songhay_languages" title="Songhay languages">Songhay</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangian_languages" title="Ubangian languages">Ubangian</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadu_languages" title="Kadu languages">Kadu</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangime_language" title="Bangime language">Bangime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laal_language" title="Laal language">Laal</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabo_language" title="Shabo language">Shabo</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eurasia<br />(<a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Asia" title="Languages of Asia">Asia</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shompen_language" title="Shompen language">Shompen</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Papuan_languages" title="Papuan languages">New Guinea</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">the Pacific</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arai%E2%80%93Samaia_languages" title="Arai–Samaia languages">Arai–Samaia</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binanderean%E2%80%93Goilalan_languages" title="Binanderean–Goilalan languages">Binanderean–Goilalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Border_languages_(New_Guinea)" title="Border languages (New Guinea)">Border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulaka_River_languages" title="Bulaka River languages">Bulaka River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Solomon_languages" title="Central Solomon languages">Central Solomons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimbu%E2%80%93Wahgi_languages" title="Chimbu–Wahgi languages">Chimbu–Wahgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demta%E2%80%93Sentani_languages" title="Demta–Sentani languages">Demta–Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doso%E2%80%93Turumsa_languages" title="Doso–Turumsa languages">Doso–Turumsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Geelvink_Bay_languages" title="East Geelvink Bay languages">East Geelvink Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_New_Britain_languages" title="East New Britain languages">East New Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Strickland_languages" title="East Strickland languages">East Strickland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleman_languages" title="Eleman languages">Eleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engan_languages" title="Engan languages">Engan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fas_languages" title="Fas languages">Fas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foja_Range_languages" title="Foja Range languages">Foja Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaure%E2%80%93Kosare_languages" title="Kaure–Kosare languages">Kaure–Kosare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwaian_languages" title="Kiwaian languages">Kiwaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutubuan_languages" title="Kutubuan languages">Kutubuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakes_Plain_languages" title="Lakes Plain languages">Lakes Plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Mamberamo_languages" title="Lower Mamberamo languages">Lower Mamberamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Sepik_languages" title="Lower Sepik languages">Lower Sepik</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Madang_languages" title="Madang languages">Madang</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairasi_languages" title="Mairasi languages">Mairasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Bougainville_languages" title="North Bougainville languages">North Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauwasi_languages" title="Pauwasi languages">Pauwasi</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ramu_languages" title="Ramu languages">Ramu</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senagi_languages" title="Senagi languages">Senagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senu_River_languages" title="Senu River languages">Senu River</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sepik_languages" title="Sepik languages">Sepik</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skou_languages" title="Skou languages">Skou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Bougainville_languages" title="South Bougainville languages">South Bougainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teberan_languages" title="Teberan languages">Teberan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Torricelli_languages" title="Torricelli languages">Torricelli</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-Fly_languages" title="Trans-Fly languages">Trans-Fly</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Trans%E2%80%93New_Guinea_languages" title="Trans–New Guinea languages">Trans–New Guinea</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turama%E2%80%93Kikorian_languages" title="Turama–Kikorian languages">Turama–Kikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yuat_languages" title="Upper Yuat languages">Upper Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Papuan_languages" title="West Papuan languages">West Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yam_languages" title="Yam languages">Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yawa_languages" title="Yawa languages">Yawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuat_languages" title="Yuat languages">Yuat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Papuan_languages" title="Northwest Papuan languages">Northwest Papuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_Gulf_languages" title="Papuan Gulf languages">Papuan Gulf</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abinomn_language" title="Abinomn language">Abinomn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abun_language" title="Abun language">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C3%AAm_language" title="Anêm language">Anêm</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ata_language" title="Ata language">Ata</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kol_language_(Papua_New_Guinea)" title="Kol language (Papua New Guinea)">Kol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuot_language" title="Kuot language">Kuot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybrat_language" title="Maybrat language">Maybrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpur_language" title="Mpur language">Mpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawaia_language" title="Pawaia language">Pawaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porome_language" title="Porome language">Porome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulka_language" title="Sulka language">Sulka</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayap_language" title="Tayap language">Taiap</a>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tambora_language" title="Tambora language">Tambora</a>?</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiru_language" title="Wiru language">Wiru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Gunwinyguan_languages" title="Macro-Gunwinyguan languages">Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunuban_languages" title="Bunuban languages">Bunuban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darwin_Region_languages" title="Darwin Region languages">Darwin Region</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Daly_languages" title="Eastern Daly languages">Eastern Daly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Eastern Tasmanian languages">Eastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garawan_languages" title="Garawan languages">Garawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwaidjan_languages" title="Iwaidjan languages">Iwaidjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarrakan_languages" title="Jarrakan languages">Jarrakan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marrku%E2%80%93Wurrugu_languages" title="Marrku–Wurrugu languages">Marrku–Wurrugu</a></i>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirndi_languages" title="Mirndi languages">Mirndi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northern Tasmanian languages">Northern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Tasmanian_languages" title="Northeastern Tasmanian languages">Northeastern Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyulnyulan_languages" title="Nyulnyulan languages">Nyulnyulan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Pama%E2%80%93Nyungan_languages" title="Pama–Nyungan languages">Pama–Nyungan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Daly_languages" title="Southern Daly languages">Southern Daly</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkic_languages" title="Tangkic languages">Tangkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagaydyic_languages" title="Wagaydyic languages">Wagaydyic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Daly_languages" title="Western Daly languages">Western Daly</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Western_Tasmanian_languages" title="Western Tasmanian languages">Western Tasmanian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worrorran_languages" title="Worrorran languages">Worrorran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wardaman_language" title="Wardaman language">Yangmanic</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Wagiman_language" title="Wagiman language">Wagiman</a>)?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Giimbiyu_language" title="Giimbiyu language">Giimbiyu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malak-Malak_language" title="Malak-Malak language">Malak-Malak</a> (Northern Daly?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiwi_language" title="Tiwi language">Tiwi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">North<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Algic_languages" title="Algic languages">Algic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alsea_language" title="Alsea language">Alsea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimakuan_languages" title="Chimakuan languages">Chimakuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chinookan_languages" title="Chinookan languages">Chinookan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chumashan_languages" title="Chumashan languages">Chumashan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Comecrudan_languages" title="Comecrudan languages">Comecrudan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coosan_languages" title="Coosan languages">Coosan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquoian_languages" title="Iroquoian languages">Iroquoian</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kalapuyan_languages" title="Kalapuyan languages">Kalapuyan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keres_language" title="Keres language">Keres</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maiduan_languages" title="Maiduan languages">Maiduan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskogean_languages" title="Muskogean languages">Muskogean</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Na-Dene_languages" title="Na-Dene languages">Na-Dene</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Palaihnihan_languages" title="Palaihnihan languages">Palaihnihan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_Penutian_languages" title="Plateau Penutian languages">Plateau Penutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomoan_languages" title="Pomoan languages">Pomoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salishan_languages" title="Salishan languages">Salishan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shastan_languages" title="Shastan languages">Shastan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siouan_languages" title="Siouan languages">Siouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanoan_languages" title="Tanoan languages">Tanoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshianic_languages" title="Tsimshianic languages">Tsimshianic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utian_languages" title="Utian languages">Utian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakashan_languages" title="Wakashan languages">Wakashan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wintuan_languages" title="Wintuan languages">Wintuan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yuki%E2%80%93Wappo_languages" title="Yuki–Wappo languages">Yukian</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman%E2%80%93Cochim%C3%AD_languages" title="Yuman–Cochimí languages">Yuman–Cochimí</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chimariko_language" title="Chimariko language">Chimariko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Esselen_language" title="Esselen language">Esselen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_language" title="Haida language">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karuk_language" title="Karuk language">Karuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutenai_language" title="Kutenai language">Kutenai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_language" title="Seri language">Seri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siuslaw_language" title="Siuslaw language">Siuslaw</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Takelma_language" title="Takelma language">Takelma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timucua_language" title="Timucua language">Timucua</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa_language" title="Tonkawa language">Tonkawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Waikuri_language" title="Waikuri language">Waikuri</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washo_language" title="Washo language">Washo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yana_language" title="Yana language">Yana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts_language" title="Yokuts language">Yokuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_language" title="Zuni language">Zuni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_languages" title="Mesoamerican languages">Mesoamerica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jicaquean_languages" title="Jicaquean languages">Jicaquean</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lencan_languages" title="Lencan languages">Lencan</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mayan_languages" title="Mayan languages">Mayan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misumalpan_languages" title="Misumalpan languages">Misumalpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe%E2%80%93Zoque_languages" title="Mixe–Zoque languages">Mixe–Zoque</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequistlatecan_languages" title="Tequistlatecan languages">Tequistlatecan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonacan_languages" title="Totonacan languages">Totonacan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uto-Aztecan_languages" title="Uto-Aztecan languages">Uto-Aztecan</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xincan_languages" title="Xincan languages">Xincan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cuitlatec_language" title="Cuitlatec language">Cuitlatec</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_language" title="Huave language">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_language" title="Purépecha language">Tarascan/Purépecha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">South<br />America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andoque%E2%80%93Urequena_languages" title="Andoque–Urequena languages">Andoque–Urequena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arawan_languages" title="Arawan languages">Arauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araucanian_languages" title="Araucanian languages">Araucanian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Arawakan_languages" title="Arawakan languages">Arawakan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arutani%E2%80%93Sape_languages" title="Arutani–Sape languages">Arutani–Sape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aymaran_languages" title="Aymaran languages">Aymaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbacoan_languages" title="Barbacoan languages">Barbacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boran_languages" title="Boran languages">Boran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cahuapanan_languages" title="Cahuapanan languages">Cahuapanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariban_languages" title="Cariban languages">Cariban</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catacaoan_languages" title="Catacaoan languages">Catacaoan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapacuran_languages" title="Chapacuran languages">Chapacuran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charruan_languages" title="Charruan languages">Charruan</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chibchan_languages" title="Chibchan languages">Chibchan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choco_languages" title="Choco languages">Choco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonan_languages" title="Chonan languages">Chonan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guaicuruan_languages" title="Guaicuruan languages">Guaicuruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guajiboan_languages" title="Guajiboan languages">Guajiboan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%A1kmbut%E2%80%93Katukinan_languages" title="Harákmbut–Katukinan languages">Harákmbut–Katukinan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jirajaran_languages" title="Jirajaran languages">Jirajaran</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicham_languages" title="Chicham languages">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katembri%E2%80%93Taruma_languages" title="Katembri–Taruma languages">Katembri–Taruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mascoian_languages" title="Mascoian languages">Mascoian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matacoan_languages" title="Matacoan languages">Matacoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadahup_languages" title="Nadahup languages">Nadahup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nambikwaran_languages" title="Nambikwaran languages">Nambikwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otom%C3%A1koan_languages" title="Otomákoan languages">Otomákoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pano-Tacanan_languages" title="Pano-Tacanan languages">Pano-Tacanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peba%E2%80%93Yaguan_languages" title="Peba–Yaguan languages">Peba–Yaguan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Quechuan_languages" title="Quechuan languages">Quechuan</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piaroa%E2%80%93Saliban_languages" title="Piaroa–Saliban languages">Piaroa–Saliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticuna%E2%80%93Yuri_languages" title="Ticuna–Yuri languages">Ticuna–Yuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotean_languages" title="Timotean languages">Timotean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiniguan_languages" title="Tiniguan languages">Tiniguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucanoan_languages" title="Tucanoan languages">Tucanoan</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tupian_languages" title="Tupian languages">Tupian</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru%E2%80%93Chipaya_languages" title="Uru–Chipaya languages">Uru–Chipaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witotoan_languages" title="Witotoan languages">Witotoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanomaman_languages" title="Yanomaman languages">Yanomaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamucoan_languages" title="Zamucoan languages">Zamucoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaparoan_languages" title="Zaparoan languages">Zaparoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bora%E2%80%93Witoto_languages" title="Bora–Witoto languages">Bora-Witoto</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimuan_languages" title="Chimuan languages">Chimuan</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esmeralda%E2%80%93Yaruroan_languages" title="Esmeralda–Yaruroan languages">Esmeralda–Yaruro</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibito%E2%80%93Cholon_languages" title="Hibito–Cholon languages">Hibito–Cholón</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lule%E2%80%93Vilela_languages" title="Lule–Vilela languages">Lule–Vilela</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-J%C3%AA_languages" title="Macro-Jê languages">Macro-Jê</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tequiraca%E2%80%93Canichana_languages" title="Tequiraca–Canichana languages">Tequiraca–Canichana</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates <br />(extant in 2000)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aikan%C3%A3_language" title="Aikanã language">Aikanã</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alacalufan_languages" title="Alacalufan languages">Alacalufan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cams%C3%A1_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Camsá language">Camsá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candoshi-Shapra_language" title="Candoshi-Shapra language">Candoshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimane_language" title="Chimane language">Chimane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiquitano_language" title="Chiquitano language">Chiquitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cof%C3%A1n_language" title="Cofán language">Cofán</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulni%C3%B4_language" title="Fulniô language">Fulniô</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guat%C3%B3_language" title="Guató language">Guató</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hod%C3%AF_language" title="Hodï language">Hodï/Joti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irantxe_language" title="Irantxe language">Irantxe</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itonama_language" title="Itonama language">Itonama</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kunza_language" title="Kunza language">Kunza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leco_language" title="Leco language">Leco</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maku_language_of_Auari" title="Maku language of Auari">Maku</a> (Maku-Auari/Jukude)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movima_language" title="Movima language">Movima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mura_language" title="Mura language">Mura-Pirahã</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nukak_language" title="Nukak language">Nukak</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A1ez_language" title="Páez language">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puinave_language" title="Puinave language">Puinave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waorani_language" title="Waorani language">Huaorani/Waorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumai_language" title="Trumai language">Trumai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urarina_language" title="Urarina language">Urarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warao_language" title="Warao language">Warao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahgan_language" title="Yahgan language">Yamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuracar%C3%A9_language" title="Yuracaré language">Yuracaré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_sign-language_family" title="Arab sign-language family">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BANZSL" title="BANZSL">BANZSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Sign_Language" title="Chinese Sign Language">Chinese</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language_family" title="French Sign Language family">Francosign</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language_family" title="German Sign Language family">Germanosign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Indo-Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chiangmai%E2%80%93Bangkok_Sign_Language_family" title="Old Chiangmai–Bangkok Sign Language family">Original Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Sign_Language_family" title="Swedish Sign Language family">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_sign_languages" title="Tanzanian sign languages">Tanzanian</a>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>See <a href="/wiki/List_of_sign_languages" title="List of sign languages">list of sign languages</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">Constructed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">Creoles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">Language isolates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_language" title="Mixed language">Mixed languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unclassified_language" title="Unclassified language">Unclassified languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.</li><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Language_families_of_Eurasia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eurasian_languages" title="Template:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eurasian_languages" title="Template talk:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eurasian languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Language_families_of_Eurasia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_families" title="List of language families">Language families</a> of <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Europe" title="Languages of Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_language" title="Basque language">Basque</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iberian_language" title="Iberian language">Iberian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tartessian_language" title="Tartessian language">Tartessian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Corsican_language" title="Paleo-Corsican language">Paleo-Corsican</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Sardinian_language" title="Paleo-Sardinian language">Paleo-Sardinian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camunic_language" title="Camunic language">Camunic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_(ancient_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurian (ancient language)">Ligurian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North_Picene_language" title="North Picene language">North Picene</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sicani" title="Sicani">Sicani</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrsenian_languages" title="Tyrsenian languages">Tyrsenian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eteocretan_language" title="Eteocretan language">Eteocretan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eteocypriot_language" title="Eteocypriot language">Eteocypriot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minoan_language" title="Minoan language">Minoan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">West Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hattic_language" title="Hattic language">Hattic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaskian_language" title="Kaskian language">Kaskian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hurro-Urartian_languages" title="Hurro-Urartian languages">Hurro-Urartian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kassite_language" title="Kassite language">Kassite</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gutian_language" title="Gutian language">Gutian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Philistine_language" title="Philistine language">Philistine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Caucasus" title="Languages of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest Caucasian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Asia" title="Languages of South Asia">South Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_languages" title="Dravidian languages">Dravidian</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nihali_language" title="Nihali language">Nihali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusunda_language" title="Kusunda language">Kusunda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harappan_language" title="Harappan language">Harappan</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Asia" title="Languages of East Asia">East Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong–Mien</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages" title="Kra–Dai languages">Kra–Dai</a></b></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austronesian</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_languages" title="Mongolic languages">Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_languages" title="Tungusic languages">Tungusic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreanic_languages" title="Koreanic languages">Koreanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japonic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> rim</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Andamanese_languages" title="Great Andamanese languages">Great Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongan_languages" title="Ongan languages">Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinelese_language" title="Sentinelese language">Sentinelese</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kenaboi_language" title="Kenaboi language">Kenaboi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="&quot;Paleosiberian&quot;" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Paleosiberian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleosiberian languages">Paleosiberian</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_languages" title="Ainu languages">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivkh_languages" title="Nivkh languages">Nivkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukaghir_languages" title="Yukaghir languages">Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeniseian_languages" title="Yeniseian languages">Yeniseian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/North_Asia" title="North Asia">North Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Uralic_languages" title="Uralic languages">Uralic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rouran_language" title="Rouran language">Rouran</a></i> ?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskaleut_languages" title="Eskaleut languages">Eskaleut</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiongnu_language" title="Xiongnu language">Xiongnu</a></i> ?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alarodian_languages" title="Alarodian languages">Alarodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borean_languages" title="Borean languages">Borean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nostratic_languages" title="Nostratic languages">Nostratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Caucasian_languages" title="Dené–Caucasian languages">Dené–Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasiatic_languages" title="Eurasiatic languages">Eurasiatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Den%C3%A9%E2%80%93Yeniseian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Dené–Yeniseian languages">Dené–Yeniseian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravido-Korean_languages" title="Dravido-Korean languages">Dravido-Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamo-Dravidian_languages" title="Elamo-Dravidian languages">Elamo-Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibero-Caucasian_languages" title="Ibero-Caucasian languages">Ibero-Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Hittite" title="Indo-Hittite">Indo-Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_languages" title="Indo-Pacific languages">Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Semitic_languages" title="Indo-Semitic languages">Indo-Semitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Uralic_languages" title="Indo-Uralic languages">Indo-Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasuk_languages" title="Karasuk languages">Karasuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbi%E2%80%93Mongolic_languages" title="Serbi–Mongolic languages">Serbi–Mongolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_languages" title="Pontic languages">Pontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural-Altaic_languages" title="Ural-Altaic languages">Ural-Altaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralo-Siberian_languages" title="Uralo-Siberian languages">Uralo-Siberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic%E2%80%93Yukaghir_languages" title="Uralic–Yukaghir languages">Uralic–Yukaghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskimo%E2%80%93Uralic_languages" title="Eskimo–Uralic languages">Eskimo–Uralic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukotko-Kamchatkan%E2%80%93Amuric_languages" title="Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric languages">Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Digaro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_Southeast_Asian_languages" title="Classification of Southeast Asian languages">East and Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andamanese_languages" title="Andamanese languages">Andamanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austric_languages" title="Austric languages">Austric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Tai_languages" title="Austro-Tai languages">Austro-Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian%E2%80%93Ongan_languages" title="Austronesian–Ongan languages">Austronesian–Ongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_languages" title="East Asian languages">East Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Austronesian_languages" title="Sino-Austronesian languages">Sino-Austronesian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">Substrata</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_(Semitic)_languages" title="Atlantic (Semitic) languages">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Celtic">Pre-Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Germanic substrate hypothesis">Pre-Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goidelic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Goidelic substrate hypothesis">Pre-Goidelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Greek_substrate" title="Pre-Greek substrate">Pre-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasconic_substrate_hypothesis" title="Vasconic substrate hypothesis">Vasconic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substratum_in_Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Substratum in Vedic Sanskrit">Pre-Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Finno-Ugric_substrate" title="Pre-Finno-Ugric substrate">Pre-Finno-Ugric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Laplandic_languages" title="Paleo-Laplandic languages">Paleo-Laplandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Euphratean_language" title="Proto-Euphratean language">Proto-Euphratean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Families in <i>italics</i> have no living members.</li><li>Families with more than 30 languages are in <b>bold</b>.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Verbs_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_verbs" title="Template:Language verbs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Language_verbs" title="Template talk:Language verbs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Language_verbs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Language verbs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Verbs_of_the_world&#039;s_languages" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verbs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_languages" title="Lists of languages">world's languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Template:Language phonologies">Phonologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_orthographies" title="Template:Language orthographies">Orthographies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_grammars" title="Template:Language grammars">Grammars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_adjectives" title="Template:Language adjectives">Adjectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_determiners" title="Template:Language determiners">Determiners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_nouns" title="Template:Language nouns">Nouns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_prepositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Language prepositions">Prepositions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Language_pronouns" title="Template:Language pronouns">Pronouns</a></li> <li><b>Verbs</b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indo-European<br />(<a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_verbs" title="Proto-Indo-European verbs">proto-language</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_verbs" title="Germanic verbs">Germanic</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Germanic_strong_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic strong verbs">strong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_weak_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic weak verbs">weak</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_verbs" title="English verbs">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_auxiliary_verbs" title="English auxiliary verbs">auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_modal_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="English modal verbs">modal</a></li></ul></li> <li>Dutch <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_conjugation" title="Dutch conjugation">conjugation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_verbs" title="German verbs">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_verbs" title="Gothic verbs">Gothic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Celtic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Irish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_conjugation" title="Irish conjugation">conjugation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Latin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_conjugation" title="Latin conjugation">conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_tenses" title="Latin tenses">tenses</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Romance_verbs" title="Romance verbs">Romance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Catalan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_conjugation" title="Catalan conjugation">conjugation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conjugation_of_auxiliary_Catalan_verbs" title="Conjugation of auxiliary Catalan verbs">auxiliary verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_verbs" title="French verbs">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_conjugation" title="French conjugation">conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_verb_morphology" title="French verb morphology">morphology</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_conjugation" title="Italian conjugation">conjugation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Occitan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_conjugation" title="Occitan conjugation">conjugation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Portuguese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conjugation" title="Portuguese conjugation">conjugation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_verbs" title="Romanian verbs">Romanian</a></li> <li>Sardinian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_conjugation" title="Sardinian conjugation">conjugation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_verbs" title="Spanish verbs">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_conjugation" title="Spanish conjugation">conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_irregular_verbs" title="Spanish irregular verbs">irregularity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slavic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_verbs" title="Bulgarian verbs">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_conjugation" title="Bulgarian conjugation">conjugation</a></li></ul></li> <li>Czech <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_conjugation" title="Czech conjugation">conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphological_classification_of_Czech_verbs" title="Morphological classification of Czech verbs">morphology</a></li></ul></li> <li>Macedonian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_conjugation" title="Macedonian conjugation">conjugation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_verbs" title="Slovene verbs">Slovene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iranian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_verbs" title="Persian verbs">Persian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indo-Aryan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_verbs" title="Hindustani verbs">Hindustani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_verbs" title="Sanskrit verbs">Sanskrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_verbs" title="Armenian verbs">Armenian</a></li> <li>Greek <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pure_verbs" title="Pure verbs">pure verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uralic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Finnish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_conjugation" title="Finnish conjugation">conjugation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_verbs" title="Hungarian verbs">Hungarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_verbs" title="Adyghe verbs">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_verbs" title="Basque verbs">Basque</a></li> <li>Georgian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_conjugation" title="Georgian conjugation">conjugation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardian_verbs" title="Kabardian verbs">Kabardian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afroasiatic<br />(<a href="/wiki/Derived_stem" title="Derived stem">Derived stem</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_verbs" title="Arabic verbs">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_verbs" title="Modern Hebrew verbs">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigrinya_verbs" title="Tigrinya verbs">Tigrinya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Niger–Congo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Chichewa <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chichewa_tenses" title="Chichewa tenses">tenses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_verbs" title="Sotho verbs">Sotho</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_deficient_verbs" title="Sotho deficient verbs">deficient verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japonic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Japanese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_conjugation" title="Japanese conjugation">conjugation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kagoshima_verb_conjugations" title="Kagoshima verb conjugations">Kagoshima dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_godan_and_ichidan_verbs" title="Japanese godan and ichidan verbs">godan and ichidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_irregular_verbs" title="Japanese irregular verbs">irregular verbs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other East Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_verbs" title="Korean verbs">Korean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_verbs" title="Ilocano verbs">Ilocano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49228#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49228#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49228#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Austronesische Sprachen"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4120145-0">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85009779">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150115491">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb150115491">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="austronéské jazyky"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph138495&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Lenguas austronesias"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX550303">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007295743405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/092468640">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&oldid=1255902640">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&oldid=1255902640</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austronesian_languages" title="Category:Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_families" title="Category:Language families">Language families</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Category:Languages of Southeast Asia">Languages of Southeast Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Oceania" title="Category:Languages of Oceania">Languages of Oceania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sino-Austronesian_languages" title="Category:Sino-Austronesian languages">Sino-Austronesian languages</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_plain_IPA" title="Category:Pages with plain IPA">Pages with plain IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_July_2018" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from July 2018">Articles with dead external links from July 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 November 2024, at 06:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_languages&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-djcsx","wgBackendResponseTime":181,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.969","walltime":"2.319","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12510,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":349182,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":13021,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":15,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":289999,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1804.853 1 -total"," 18.79% 339.136 2 Template:Reflist"," 10.28% 185.511 28 Template:Cite_book"," 8.96% 161.684 9 Template:Navbox"," 8.87% 160.118 28 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.57% 154.651 27 Template:Sfnp"," 8.20% 148.046 1 Template:Cite_encyclopedia"," 7.62% 137.594 2 Template:Lang"," 7.32% 132.145 1 Template:Austronesian_languages"," 5.94% 107.288 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.123","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":28461038,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdelaarHimmelmann2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellwood1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellwood1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellwood1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellwoodFoxTryon1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellwoodSanchez-Mazas2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlench2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlevins2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlundell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlust\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlust1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlust1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlust1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlust2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlust2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFComrie2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCroft2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrowley2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahl1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDempwolff\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiamond2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDyen1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFox2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuller2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGonzalez1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrace1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenhillBlustGray2003–2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenhillBlustGray2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaudricourt1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_SimpsonEdmund_Weiner1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKo2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaurent_Sagart2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynchRossCrowley2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCollRacimoVinnerDemeter2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelton_et_al.1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOstapirat2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeiros2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPereltsvaig2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobbeets2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_Blust2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossPawley1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSagart2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSagart2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSagart2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSagartHsuTsaiHsing2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSapir1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSneddon2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolnit,_David_B.1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarosta1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarosta2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1888\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTerrell2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThurgood1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrejaut_et_al.2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeiYanTeoHuang2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWinter2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWoukRoss2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvan_Driem2005\"] = 1,\n [\"Homeland\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"Aka\"] = 2,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Austronesian languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 9,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Austronesian Languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 2,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 2,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Eurasian languages\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvcolnb\"] = 4,\n [\"Harvcoltxt\"] = 9,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 5,\n [\"IPA\"] = 17,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"ISSN\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox language family\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Language families\"] = 1,\n [\"Language verbs\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 26,\n [\"Main\"] = 9,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Note\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 11,\n [\"Ref\"] = 6,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 9,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 27,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 3,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 3,\n [\"Usurped\"] = 1,\n [\"Vanchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 2,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","300","24.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","220","18.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","8.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","80","6.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","6.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","4.9"],["type","40","3.3"],["validateData \u003Cmw.lua:728\u003E","40","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","3.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::unstripNoWiki","40","3.3"],["[others]","220","18.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-ktpz4","timestamp":"20241124053144","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Austronesian languages","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Austronesian_languages","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q49228","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q49228","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-10-24T23:31:16Z","dateModified":"2024-11-07T06:04:56Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/f\/f0\/Austroneske_jazyky.jpg","headline":"large language family mostly of Southeast Asia and the Pacific"}</script> </body> </html>