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id="toc-Phonological_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonological_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Phonological changes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonological_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Changes_in_common_with_other_New_Indo-Aryan_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Changes_in_common_with_other_New_Indo-Aryan_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Changes in common with other New Indo-Aryan languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Changes_in_common_with_other_New_Indo-Aryan_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morphology_and_Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morphology_and_Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Morphology and Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morphology_and_Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Old_Gujarati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Old_Gujarati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Old Gujarati</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Old_Gujarati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Gujarati" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Gujarati"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Middle Gujarati</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Gujarati-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Gujarati_(1800–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Gujarati_(1800–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Modern Gujarati (1800–present)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Gujarati_(1800–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics_and_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics_and_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Demographics and distribution</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics_and_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics and distribution subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics_and_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Official status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Writing system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Vocabulary subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Categorisation_and_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categorisation_and_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Categorisation and sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Categorisation_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tadbhav" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tadbhav"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.1</span> <span>Tadbhav</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tadbhav-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tatsam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tatsam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.2</span> <span>Tatsam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tatsam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perso-Arabic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perso-Arabic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.3</span> <span>Perso-Arabic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perso-Arabic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.4</span> <span>English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1.5</span> <span>Portuguese</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loans_into_English" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loans_into_English"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Loans into English</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loans_into_English-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sample_text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sample_text"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sample text</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sample_text-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gujarati language</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 116 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-116" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">116 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goedjarati" title="Goedjarati – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Goedjarati" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%89%E1%8C%83%E1%88%AB%E1%89%B2" title="ጉጃራቲ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጉጃራቲ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="गुजराती भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="गुजराती भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الكجراتية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الكجراتية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_gucharat%C3%AD" title="Idioma gucharatí – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Idioma gucharatí" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="গুজৰাটী ভাষা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গুজৰাটী ভাষা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guxarat%C3%ADn" title="Guxaratín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guxaratín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%C3%BCc%C9%99rat_dili" title="Qücərat dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qücərat dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basa_Gujarat" title="Basa Gujarat – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Basa Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BE" title="গুজরাতি ভাষা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গুজরাতি ভাষা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat-g%C3%AD" title="Gujarat-gí – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gujarat-gí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Гуджарат теле – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Гуджарат теле" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96" title="Гуджараці – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гуджараці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="गुजराती भाषा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="गुजराती भाषा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_(%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Гуджарати (език) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гуджарати (език)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goudjarateg" title="Goudjarateg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Goudjarateg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati" title="Gujarati – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gujarati" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinulongang_Gujarati" title="Pinulongang Gujarati – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Pinulongang Gujarati" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gud%C5%BEar%C3%A1t%C5%A1tina" title="Gudžarátština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gudžarátština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwjarati" title="Gwjarati – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwjarati" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_(sprog)" title="Gujarati (sprog) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gujarati (sprog)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujaratagiella" title="Gujaratagiella – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Gujaratagiella" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati" title="Gujarati – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gujarati" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gud%C5%BEarati_keel" title="Gudžarati keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gudžarati keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B9" title="Γλώσσα Γκουτζαράτι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλώσσα Γκουτζαράτι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_guyarat%C3%AD" title="Idioma guyaratí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma guyaratí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C4%9Darata_lingvo" title="Guĝarata lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Guĝarata lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujaratera" title="Gujaratera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gujaratera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%DA%AF%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="زبان گجراتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان گجراتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_bhasa" title="Gujarati bhasa – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Gujarati bhasa" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati" title="Gujarati – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gujarati" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Gh%C3%BAisear%C3%A1itis" title="An Ghúisearáitis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Ghúisearáitis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_gujarati" title="Lingua gujarati – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua gujarati" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%80_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BE" title="ગુજરાતી ભાષા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગુજરાતી ભાષા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarat-ng%C3%AE" title="Gujarat-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Gujarat-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EC%9E%90%EB%9D%BC%ED%8A%B8%EC%96%B4" title="구자라트어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="구자라트어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati" title="Gujarati – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Gujarati" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BB%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A9%D5%AB" title="Գուջարաթի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գուջարաթի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="गुजराती भाषा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गुजराती भाषा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gud%C5%BEaratski_jezik" title="Gudžaratski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gudžaratski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Gujarati language" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%A0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="গুজরাটি ঠার – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="গুজরাটি ঠার" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Gujarat" title="Bahasa Gujarat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati" title="Gujarati – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Gujarati" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Гуджарати – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гуджарати" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BAjarat%C3%AD" title="Gújaratí – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gújaratí" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_gujarati" title="Lingua gujarati – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua gujarati" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%95%D7%92%27%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="גוג'ראטית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גוג'ראטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AD%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%86" title="ಗುಜರಾತಿ ಭಾಷೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗುಜರಾತಿ ಭಾಷೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="გუჯარათული ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გუჯარათული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%8F%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A3%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D9%8E%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گُجرأتی زَبان – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="گُجرأتی زَبان" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigujarati" title="Kigujarati – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kigujarati" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Гуджарати – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Гуджарати" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Gujaratensis" title="Lingua Gujaratensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Gujaratensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gud%C5%BEaratu_valoda" title="Gudžaratu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gudžaratu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gud%C5%BEarat%C5%B3_kalba" title="Gudžaratų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gudžaratų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_gujarati" title="Lengua gujarati – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua gujarati" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudzsar%C3%A1ti_nyelv" title="Gudzsaráti nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gudzsaráti nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="गुजराती भाषा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="गुजराती भाषा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Гуџаратски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гуџаратски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_gojaraty" title="Fiteny gojaraty – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny gojaraty" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7" title="ഗുജറാത്തി ഭാഷ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗുജറാത്തി ഭാഷ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="गुजराती भाषा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गुजराती भाषा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="გუჯარათული ნინა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გუჯარათული ნინა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الكجراتيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكجراتيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="گجراتی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گجراتی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Gujarat" title="Bahasa Gujarat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_(taal)" title="Gujarati (taal) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gujarati (taal)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="गुजराती भाषा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गुजराती भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="गुजराती भाषा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गुजराती भाषा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E8%AA%9E" title="グジャラート語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グジャラート語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati" title="Gujarati – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Gujarati" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati" title="Gujarati – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gujarati" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati" title="Gujarati – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gujarati" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati" title="Gujarati – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gujarati" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%97%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%80_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE" title="ଗୁଜରାଟୀ ଭାଷା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଗୁଜରାଟୀ ଭାଷା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarot_tili" title="Gujarot tili – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gujarot tili" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਗੁਜਰਾਤੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗੁਜਰਾਤੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="गुजराती – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="गुजराती" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="گجراتی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گجراتی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A_%DA%98%D8%A8%D9%87" title="ګوجراتي ژبه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګوجراتي ژبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_gujarati" title="Lenga gujarati – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga gujarati" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_gud%C5%BAarati" title="Język gudźarati – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język gudźarati" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_guzerate" title="Língua guzerate – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua guzerate" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_gujarati" title="Limba gujarati – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba gujarati" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_simi" title="Gujarati simi – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Gujarati simi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Гуджарати – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гуджарати" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="गुजरातीभाषा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गुजरातीभाषा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9C%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%BD%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B4%E1%B1%A4_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱜᱩᱡᱽᱨᱟᱴᱤ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_leid" title="Gujarati leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Gujarati leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gjuha_guxharati" title="Gjuha guxharati – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Gjuha guxharati" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_language" title="Gujarati language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gujarati language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A_%D9%BB%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A" title="گجراتي ٻولي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="گجراتي ٻولي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%AC%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="زمانی گوجەراتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زمانی گوجەراتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D1%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8_(%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Гуџарати (језик) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гуџарати (језик)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gud%C5%BEarati_jezik" title="Gudžarati jezik – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gudžarati jezik" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gud%C5%BEarati" title="Gudžarati – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gudžarati" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati" title="Gujarati – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gujarati" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikang_Guharati" title="Wikang Guharati – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Wikang Guharati" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="குஜராத்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="குஜராத்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Гуджарати – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гуджарати" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%AD%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B7" title="గుజరాతీ భాష – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="గుజరాతీ భాష" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95" title="ภาษาคุชราต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาคุชราต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%83%D2%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D3%A3" title="Забони гуҷаротӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Забони гуҷаротӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86" title="ಗುಜರಾತಿ ಬಾಸೆ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಗುಜರಾತಿ ಬಾಸೆ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gucerat%C3%A7a" title="Guceratça – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Guceratça" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96" title="Гуджараті – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гуджараті" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گجراتی زبان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گجراتی زبان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%87%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%84" title="گۇجارات تىل – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="گۇجارات تىل" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Gujarat" title="Tiếng Gujarat – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%90%89%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="古吉拉特语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="古吉拉特语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E4%B9%8D%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%87" title="古乍拉地文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="古乍拉地文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guceratki" title="Guceratki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Guceratki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%90%89%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="古吉拉特语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="古吉拉特语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Gujarat" title="Bahasa Gujarat – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bahasa Gujarat" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C4%8Dar%C9%99ti_zyvon" title="Gučarəti zyvon – 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the Paraguayan <a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guarani language</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Gujarati</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;"><span title="Gujarati-language text"><span lang="gu">ગુજરાતી</span></span><br /><span title="Gujarati-language romanization"><i lang="gu-Latn">Gujarātī</i></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gujarati_Script_Sample.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gujarati_Script_Sample.svg/200px-Gujarati_Script_Sample.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gujarati_Script_Sample.svg/300px-Gujarati_Script_Sample.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gujarati_Script_Sample.svg/400px-Gujarati_Script_Sample.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="85" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding:0.35em 0.35em 0.25em;line-height:1.25em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">The word "Gujarātī" in <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati script</a></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Gujarati: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Gujarati" title="Help:IPA/Gujarati">[ɡudʒəˈɾɑːtiː]</a></span><br /> English: <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Western_India" title="Western India">Western India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li>Union-territories <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a><sup id="cite_ref-census2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujaratis</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">L1</a>: 57 million (2011 census)<sup id="cite_ref-e25_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a>: 5.0 million (2011 census)<sup id="cite_ref-e25_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Indo-Aryan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Indo-Aryan languages">Western Indo-Aryan</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_languages" title="Gujarati languages">Gujarati languages</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Gujarati</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shauraseni_Prakrit" title="Shauraseni Prakrit">Shauraseni Prakrit</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Gurjar_Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Gurjar Apabhraṃśa">Gurjar Apabhraṃśa</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Western_R%C4%81jasth%C4%81ni" title="Old Western Rājasthāni">Old Gujarati</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Gujarati" title="Middle Gujarati">Middle Gujarati</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Standard forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Standard Gujarati<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div>Inner</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="#Dialects">Amdawadi Gujarati</a><br />Old Standard Ahmedabad<br />Standard Broach<br />Nāgarī<br />Bombay<br />Suratī<br /><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_language" title="Saurashtra language">Saurashtra</a><br />Anāvla or Bhāṭelā<br /><a href="/wiki/Parsis" title="Parsis">Pārsī</a><br />Eastern Broach<br />Carotarī<br />Pāṭīdār<br />Vaḍodarī<br />Gāmaḍiā of Ahmedabad, Paṭanī<br />Thar and Parkar<br />Cutch<br />Kāṭhiyāvāḍī<br />Musalmān (Vhorāsī, Kharwā and <a href="/wiki/Lisan_ud-Dawat" title="Lisan ud-Dawat">Lisan ud-Dawat</a>)<br />Paṭṇulī, Kākarī, and Tārīmukī or Ghisāḍi<br />Ghisadi<br />Kharwa<br />Kakari <br />Tarimuki<br />Kathiawari<br /><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-e25_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent; text-align:left;"><div>Outer</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East African</a> Gujarati<br /><a href="/wiki/Mauritius#Language" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a><br /><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union#language" title="Réunion">Réunion</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-e25_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati script</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati Braille</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Official_languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Official languages of India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a> (additional)</li></ul></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;">India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li>Union territory of <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div><ul><li> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">South Africa</a> (protected language)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul></div></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Sahitya_Akademi" title="Gujarat Sahitya Akademi">Gujarat Sahitya Akademi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Gujarat" title="Government of Gujarat">Government of Gujarat</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">ISO 639-1</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?iso_639_1=gu">gu</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">ISO 639-2</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/php/langcodes_name.php?code_ID=178">guj</a></span></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/guj" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:guj">guj</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/guja1252">guja1252</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=59-AAF-h">59-AAF-h</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Gujarati_language_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gujarati_language_map.svg/320px-Gujarati_language_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gujarati_language_map.svg/480px-Gujarati_language_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Gujarati_language_map.svg/640px-Gujarati_language_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="380" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Map of the Gujarati language. Light red are regions with significant minorities, dark red a majority or plurality</div></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Gujarati</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">GUUJ</span>-ə-<span style="font-size:90%">RAH</span>-tee</i></a>;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati script</a>: <span lang="gu">ગુજરાતી</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="ISO 15919 Indic (Gujarati language) transliteration"><i lang="gu-Latn">Gujarātī</i></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="gu-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Gujarati" title="Help:IPA/Gujarati">[ɡudʒəˈɾɑːtiː]</a></span>) is an <a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Aryan language">Indo-Aryan language</a> native to the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> and spoken predominantly by the <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujarati people</a>. Gujarati is descended from <a href="/wiki/Old_Western_R%C4%81jasth%C4%81ni" title="Old Western Rājasthāni">Old Gujarati</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100–1500 CE</span>). In India, it is one of the 22 <a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">scheduled languages</a> of the Union. It is also the official language in the state of Gujarat, as well as an official language in the union territory of <a href="/wiki/Dadra_and_Nagar_Haveli_and_Daman_and_Diu" title="Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu">Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu</a>. As of 2011, Gujarati is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">6th most widely spoken language in India</a> by number of native speakers, spoken by 55.5 million speakers which amounts to about 4.5% of the total Indian population.<sup id="cite_ref-census2011_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers">26th most widely spoken language</a> in the world by number of native speakers as of 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-Nationalencyklopedin_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nationalencyklopedin-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gujarati, along with <a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a> (alias <a href="/wiki/Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Manipuri language">Manipuri</a>), hold the third place among the fastest growing <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">languages of India</a>, following <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> (first place) and <a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri language</a> (second place), according to the <a href="/wiki/2011_census_of_India" title="2011 census of India">2011 census of India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outside of Gujarat, Gujarati is spoken in many other parts of <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a> by Gujarati migrants, especially in <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (mainly in <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gujarati is also widely spoken in many countries outside South Asia by the <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_diaspora" title="Gujarati diaspora">Gujarati diaspora</a>. In North America, Gujarati is one of the fastest-growing and most widely spoken Indian languages in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Europe, Gujaratis form the second largest of the <a href="/wiki/British_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="British Asian">British South Asian</a> speech communities, and Gujarati is the fourth most commonly spoken language in <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">the UK</a>'s capital <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gujarati is also spoken in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Africa" title="Southeast Africa">Southeast Africa</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-e25_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elsewhere, Gujarati is spoken to a lesser extent in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern">Middle Eastern</a> countries such as <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-e25_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarati_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Upadesamala2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Upadesamala2.jpg/220px-Upadesamala2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Upadesamala2.jpg/330px-Upadesamala2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Upadesamala2.jpg/440px-Upadesamala2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>1666 manuscript of a 6th-century Jain Prakrit text with a 1487 commentary in Old Gujarati</figcaption></figure> <p>Gujarati (sometimes spelled <i>Gujerati</i>, <i>Gujarathi</i>, <i>Guzratee</i>, <i>Guujaratee</i>, <i>Gujrathi</i>, and <i>Gujerathi</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-e25_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMistry2001274_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMistry2001274-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a modern Indo-Aryan (IA) language <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics" title="Evolutionary linguistics">evolved</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>. The traditional practice is to differentiate the IA languages on the basis of three historical stages:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMistry2001274_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMistry2001274-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Old IA (<a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Classical</a> Sanskrit)</li> <li>Middle IA (various <a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apabhramsha" class="mw-redirect" title="Apabhramsha">Apabhramshas</a>)</li> <li>New IA (modern languages such as <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Et_cetera" title="Et cetera">etc.</a>)</li></ol> <p>Another view postulates successive family tree splits, in which Gujarati is assumed to have separated from other IA languages in four stages:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMistry2003115_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMistry2003115-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>IA languages split into Northern, Eastern, and Western divisions based on the innovate characteristics such as <a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">plosives</a> becoming <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> in the Northern (Skt. <i>danta</i> "<a href="/wiki/Tooth" title="Tooth">tooth</a>" > Punj. <i>dānd</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflex</a> <a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">sibilants</a> merging with the <a href="/wiki/Palatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal">palatal</a> in the Eastern (Skt. <i>sandhya</i> "<a href="/wiki/Evening" title="Evening">evening</a>" > Beng. <i>śājh</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMistry1997654–655_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMistry1997654–655-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Western, into Central and Southern.</li> <li>Central, in Gujarati/<a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Hindi" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Hindi">Western Hindi</a>, and Punjabi/Lahanda/Sindhi, on the basis of innovation of <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary verbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Postpositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Postpositions">postpositions</a> in Gujarati/Rajasthani.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMistry2001274_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMistry2001274-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gujarati/Rajasthani into Gujarati and Rajasthani through development of such characteristics as auxiliary <i>ch</i>- and the <a href="/wiki/Possession_(linguistics)" title="Possession (linguistics)">possessive</a> <a href="/wiki/Marker_(linguistics)" title="Marker (linguistics)">marker</a> -<i>n</i>- during the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMistry1997655_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMistry1997655-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>The principal changes from the Middle Indo-Aryan stage are the following:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMistry2003115_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMistry2003115-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonological_changes">Phonological changes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarati_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonological changes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Changes_in_common_with_other_New_Indo-Aryan_languages">Changes in common with other New Indo-Aryan languages</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarati_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Changes in common with other New Indo-Aryan languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Reduction of <a href="/wiki/Consonant_length" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonant length">geminates</a> to single <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonants</a> with lengthening of previous vowel (sometimes with spontaneous nasalization) (#NIA-1/2) <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1991188_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1991188-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Loss of final vowels (#NIA-3)</li> <li>Lengthening of vowel in -VNC- sequences (#NIA-4)</li> <li>Loss of unaccented vowels in non-final positions common (#NIA-5)</li> <li>Vowels in direct succession coalesce into long vowels or form diphthongs (#NIA-6) <ul><li>Coalescence of vowels of like quality (#NIA-6a)</li> <li>With unlike vowels, the vowel is generally dominant (#NIA-6b)</li> <li>aï and aü eventually become ε and ɔ (#NIA-6b-3)</li></ul></li> <li>Retroflextion of lateral approximent: <i>-l-</i> > <i>-ḷ-</i> (#SD-1c)</li> <li>Exception to #NIA-1 when a long vowel follows the geminate and the word is longer than two syllables (#SD-2)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle Indo-Aryan</a></th> <th>Gujarati </th> <th>English </th> <th>Rule</th> <th>Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>hattha</i></td> <td><i>hāth</i> </td> <td>hand </td> <td>#NIA1</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc411221soas_p._811._Entry_14024.]_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc411221soas_p._811._Entry_14024.]-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>aṭṭha</i></td> <td><i>āṭh</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/8" title="8">eight</a> </td> <td>#NIA1</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc01728soas_p._41._Entry_941.]_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc01728soas_p._41._Entry_941.]-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>akkhi</i> </td> <td><i>ā˜kh</i> </td> <td>eye </td> <td>#NIA2 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1991188_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1991188-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>jibbhā</i></td> <td><i>jībh</i> </td> <td>tongue </td> <td>#NIA3</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1991188_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1991188-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1966https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/soas_query.py?qs=jihv%C4%81%CC%81&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1966https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/soas_query.py?qs=jihv%25C4%2581%25CC%2581&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>gaṇṭhi</i> </td> <td><i>gā˜ṭh</i> </td> <td>knot </td> <td>#NIA4 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1991188_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1991188-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>cittaāra</i> </td> <td><i>citāro</i> </td> <td>painter </td> <td>#NIA-6a </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1991189_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1991189-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>*khava</i> </td> <td><i>kho-</i> </td> <td>lose </td> <td>#NIA-6a </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1991190_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1991190-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ghia</i> </td> <td><i>ghī</i> </td> <td>ghee </td> <td>#NIA-6b </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1991190_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1991190-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>caükkiā</i> </td> <td><i>cɔk</i> </td> <td>courtyard, square </td> <td>#NIA-6b-3 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1966https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/soas_query.py?qs=catu%E1%B9%A3ka&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1966https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/soas_query.py?qs=catu%25E1%25B9%25A3ka&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>phala</i> </td> <td><i>phaḷ</i> </td> <td>fruit </td> <td>#SD-1c </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1991193_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1991193-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kappūra</i> </td> <td><i>kapūr</i> </td> <td>camphor </td> <td>#SD-2 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1991195_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1991195-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology_and_Syntax">Morphology and Syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarati_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Morphology and Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">Morphological</a> <ul><li>Reduction in the number of <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compounds</a></li> <li>Merger of the <a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">dual</a> with <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a></li> <li>Replacement of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a> <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affixes</a> by postpositions</li> <li>Development of <a href="/wiki/Periphrasis" title="Periphrasis">periphrastic</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a>/<a href="/wiki/Grammatical_voice" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical voice">voice</a>/<a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a> constructions</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">Syntax</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Split_ergativity" title="Split ergativity">Split ergativity</a></li> <li>More complex <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agreement</a> system</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Gujarati is then customarily divided into the following three historical stages:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMistry2001274_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMistry2001274-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Old_Gujarati">Old Gujarati</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarati_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Old Gujarati"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Old_Gujarati" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Gujarati">Old Gujarati</a></div> <p>Old Gujarātī (<span title="Gujarati-language text"><span lang="gu">જૂની ગુજરાતી</span></span>; 1200 CE–1500 CE), which descended from prakrit and the ancestor of modern Gujarati and Rajasthani,<sup id="cite_ref-Dalby_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalby-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Gurjars" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurjars">Gurjars</a>, who were residing and ruling in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, Punjab, <a href="/wiki/Rajputana" title="Rajputana">Rajputana</a>, and central India.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The language was used as literary language as early as the 12th century. Texts of this era display characteristic Gujarati features such as direct/oblique noun forms, postpositions, and auxiliary verbs.<sup id="cite_ref-M2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a>, as Gujarati does today, and by around the time of 1300 CE, a fairly standardized form of this language emerged. While generally known as Old Gujarati, some scholars prefer the name Old Western Rajasthani, based upon the argument that Gujarati and Rajasthani were not yet distinct. Factoring into this preference was the belief that modern Rajasthani sporadically expressed a neuter gender, based on the incorrect conclusion that the [ũ] that came to be pronounced in some areas for masculine [o] after a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">nasal consonant</a> was analogous to Gujarati's neuter [ũ].<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Formal_grammar" title="Formal grammar">formal grammar</a>, <i>Prakrita Vyakarana</i>, of the precursor to this language, <a href="/wiki/Gurjar_Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Gurjar Apabhraṃśa">Gurjar Apabhraṃśa</a>, was written by <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jain</a> monk and eminent scholar <a href="/wiki/Hemachandra" title="Hemachandra">Acharya Hemachandra Suri</a> in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">Chaulukya</a> king <a href="/wiki/Jayasimha_Siddharaja" title="Jayasimha Siddharaja">Jayasimha Siddharaja</a> of <a href="/wiki/Anhilwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Anhilwara">Anhilwara</a> (Patan).<sup id="cite_ref-Kothari2014_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kothari2014-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Gujarati">Middle Gujarati</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarati_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Middle Gujarati"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Middle_Gujarati" title="Middle Gujarati">MIddle Gujarati</a> (AD 1500–1800) split off from Rajasthani, and developed the phonemes ɛ and ɔ, the auxiliary stem <i>ch</i>-, and the possessive marker -<i>n</i>-.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major phonological changes characteristic of the transition between Old and Middle Gujarati are:<sup id="cite_ref-CardonaSuthar661_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CardonaSuthar661-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>i, u develop to ə in open <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> əi, əu change to ɛ and ɔ in initial syllables and to e and o elsewhere</li> <li>əũ develops to ɔ̃ in initial syllables and to ű in final syllables</li></ul> <p>These developments would have grammatical consequences. For example, Old Gujarati's instrumental-locative singular in -i was leveled and eliminated, having become the same as Old Gujarati's nominative/accusative singular in -ə.<sup id="cite_ref-CardonaSuthar661_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CardonaSuthar661-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Gujarati_(1800–present)"><span id="Modern_Gujarati_.281800.E2.80.93present.29"></span>Modern Gujarati (1800–present)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarati_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern Gujarati (1800–present)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Page_from_the_Gujarati_translation_of_%27Dabist%C4%81n-i_Maz%C4%81hibm%27_prepared_and_printed_by_Fardunji_Marzban_(1815).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/A_Page_from_the_Gujarati_translation_of_%27Dabist%C4%81n-i_Maz%C4%81hibm%27_prepared_and_printed_by_Fardunji_Marzban_%281815%29.jpg/220px-A_Page_from_the_Gujarati_translation_of_%27Dabist%C4%81n-i_Maz%C4%81hibm%27_prepared_and_printed_by_Fardunji_Marzban_%281815%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/A_Page_from_the_Gujarati_translation_of_%27Dabist%C4%81n-i_Maz%C4%81hibm%27_prepared_and_printed_by_Fardunji_Marzban_%281815%29.jpg/330px-A_Page_from_the_Gujarati_translation_of_%27Dabist%C4%81n-i_Maz%C4%81hibm%27_prepared_and_printed_by_Fardunji_Marzban_%281815%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/A_Page_from_the_Gujarati_translation_of_%27Dabist%C4%81n-i_Maz%C4%81hibm%27_prepared_and_printed_by_Fardunji_Marzban_%281815%29.jpg/440px-A_Page_from_the_Gujarati_translation_of_%27Dabist%C4%81n-i_Maz%C4%81hibm%27_prepared_and_printed_by_Fardunji_Marzban_%281815%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>A page from the Gujarati translation of <i>Dabestan-e Mazaheb</i> prepared and printed by <a href="/wiki/Fardunjee_Marzban" title="Fardunjee Marzban">Fardunjee Marzban</a> (25 December 1815)</figcaption></figure> <p>A major phonological change was the deletion of final <i>ə</i>, such that the modern language has consonant-final words. Grammatically, a new plural marker of -<i>o</i> developed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECardonaSuthar2003661_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECardonaSuthar2003661-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In literature, the third quarter of the 19th century saw a series of milestones for Gujarati, which previously had verse as its dominant mode of literary composition.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1920s, the efforts to standardise Gujarati were carried out.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics_and_distribution">Demographics and distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarati_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Demographics and distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jinnah_Gandhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Jinnah_Gandhi.jpg/250px-Jinnah_Gandhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Jinnah_Gandhi.jpg/375px-Jinnah_Gandhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Jinnah_Gandhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_Jinnah" title="Muhammad Ali Jinnah">Muhammad Ali Jinnah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> were both native Gujarati speakers<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-story_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-story-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the former one advocated for the use of <a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Of the approximately 62 million speakers of Gujarati in 2022, roughly 60 million resided in India, 250,000 in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, 210,000 in Kenya, and some thousands in Pakistan. Many Gujarati speakers in Pakistan are <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">shifting</a> to Urdu;<sup id="cite_ref-e25_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, some <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujarati</a> community leaders in Pakistan claim that there are 3 million Gujarati speakers in Karachi.<sup id="cite_ref-Rehman-2015_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rehman-2015-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> used Gujarati to serve as a medium of literary expression. He helped to inspire a renewal in its literature,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalby1998237_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalby1998237-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1936 he introduced the current spelling convention at the <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Sahitya_Parishad" title="Gujarati Sahitya Parishad">Gujarati Literary Society</a>'s 12th meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMistry1997654_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMistry1997654-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Mauritians" title="Mauritians">Mauritians</a> and many <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a> islanders are of Gujarati descent and some of them still speak Gujarati.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A considerable Gujarati-speaking population exists in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, especially in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Metropolitan Area">New York City Metropolitan Area</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Greater Toronto Area</a>, which have over 100,000 speakers and over 75,000 speakers, respectively, but also throughout the major metropolitan areas of the United States and Canada. According to the 2016 census, Gujarati is the fourth most-spoken South Asian language in Toronto after <a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>. </p><p>The UK has over 200,000 speakers, many of them situated in the London area, especially in North West London, but also in <a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby,_Warwickshire" title="Rugby, Warwickshire">Rugby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a> and the former mill towns within <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>. A portion of these numbers consists of <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East African</a> Gujaratis who, under increasing discrimination and policies of Africanisation in their newly independent resident countries (especially <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Idi_Amin" title="Idi Amin">Idi Amin</a> expelled 50,000 Asians), were left with uncertain futures and <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizenships</a>. Most, with British <a href="/wiki/Passport" title="Passport">passports</a>, settled in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalby1998237_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalby1998237-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwyer1995273_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwyer1995273-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gujarati is offered as a <a href="/wiki/GCSE" title="GCSE">GCSE</a> subject for students in the UK. </p><p>Some Gujarati parents in the diaspora are not comfortable with the possibility that their children will not be fluent in the language.<sup id="cite_ref-lang_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lang-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a study, 80% of <a href="/wiki/Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malayali">Malayali</a> parents felt that "Children would be better off with English", compared to 36% of <a href="/wiki/Kannada_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada people">Kannada</a> parents and only 19% of Gujarati parents.<sup id="cite_ref-lang_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lang-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides being spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujarati people</a>, many non-Gujarati residents of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> also speak it, among them the <a href="/wiki/Kutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutch">Kutchis</a> (as a <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary language</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalby1998237_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalby1998237-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Parsi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi people">Parsis</a> (adopted as a <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">mother tongue</a>), and Hindu <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sindhi people">Sindhi</a> refugees from Pakistan.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_status">Official status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarati_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Official status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gujarati is one of the twenty-two <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official languages</a> and fourteen <a href="/wiki/Regional_language" title="Regional language">regional languages</a> of India. It is officially recognised in the state of Gujarat and the union territory of Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu. </p><p>Gujarati is recognised and taught as a minority language in the states of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a> and the union territory of <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/States_of_India_by_Gujarati_speakers" title="States of India by Gujarati speakers">States of India by Gujarati speakers</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dialects">Dialects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarati_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to British historian and philologist <a href="/wiki/William_St._Clair_Tisdall" title="William St. Clair Tisdall">William Tisdall</a>, who was an early scholar of <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_grammar" title="Gujarati grammar">Gujarati grammar</a>, three major varieties of Gujarati exist: a standard 'Hindu' dialect, a '<a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsi</a>' dialect and a '<a href="/wiki/Muslim_Gujarati" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Gujarati">Muslim</a>' dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Gujarati has undergone contemporary reclassification with respect to the widespread regional differences in vocabulary and phrasing; notwithstanding the number of poorly attested dialects and regional variations in naming. </p> <ul><li>Standard Gujarati: this forms something of a standardised variant of Gujarati across news, education and government. It is also spoken in pockets of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>. The varieties of it include Mumbai Gujarati, Nagari.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_language" title="Saurashtra language">Saurashtra</a>: spoken primarily by the <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_people" title="Saurashtra people">Saurashtrians</a> who migrated from the <a href="/wiki/Lata_(region)" title="Lata (region)">Lata region</a> of present-day <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> to <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">Southern India</a> in the Middle Ages. Saurashtra is closely related to Gujarati and the older dialects of <a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>. The script of this language is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari script</a> and shares similarities with modern-day Gujarati.</li> <li>Amdawadi Gujarati: spoken primarily in <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a> and the surrounding regions, in addition to Bharuch and Surat, where it is colloquially known as 'Surati'. The varieties of it include Ahmedabad Gamadia, Anawla, Brathela, Charotari, Eastern Broach Gujarati, Gramya, Patani, Patidari, Surati, Vadodari.</li> <li>Kathiawari: a distinctive variant spoken primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Kathiawar" title="Kathiawar">Kathiawar</a> region and subject to significant Sindhi influence. The varieties of it include Bhavnagari, Gohilwadi, Holadi/Halari, Jhalawadi, Sorathi.</li></ul> <p>Kharwa, Kakari and Tarimuki (Ghisadi) are also often cited as additional varieties of Gujarati. </p> <ul><li>Parsi: spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Parsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi">Parsi</a> minority. This highly distinctive variety has been subject to considerable lexical influence by <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical</a> Zoroastrian language.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisan_ud-Dawat" title="Lisan ud-Dawat">Lisan ud-Dawat</a>: spoken primarily by <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarati Muslim">Gujarati Muslim</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Bohra" title="Sunni Bohra">Bohra</a> communities, it has been subject to greater lexical influence by Arabic and Persian and is written in the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a>.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a> is often referred to as a dialect of Gujarati, but most linguists consider it closer to <a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Memoni_language" title="Memoni language">Memoni</a> is related to Gujarati, albeit distantly.<sup id="cite_ref-e25_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Furthermore, words used by the native languages of areas where the <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujarati people</a> have become a diaspora community, such as <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Swahili_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Swahili Coast">Swahili</a>), have become loanwords in local dialects of Gujarati.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Survey_of_India" title="Linguistic Survey of India">Linguistic Survey of India</a> noted nearly two dozen dialects of Gujarati: Standard, Old, Standard Ahmedabad, Standard Broach, Nāgarī, Bombay, Suratī, Anāvla or Bhāṭelā, Eastern Broach, Pārsī, Carotarī, Pāṭīdārī, Vaḍodarī, Gāmaḍiā of Ahmedabad, Paṭanī, Thar and Parkar, Cutch, Kāṭhiyāvāḍī, Musalmān (Vhorāsī and Kharwā), Paṭṇulī, Kākarī, and Tārīmukī or Ghisāḍī.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_languages" title="Gujarati languages">Gujarati languages</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarati_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_phonology" title="Gujarati phonology">Gujarati phonology</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarati_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></td> <td rowspan="2" valign="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span></td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span>)</td> <td colspan="2" align="center"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarati_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonants</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-alv.</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">ʈʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʃʰ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">murmured</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">bʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">dʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɖʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">dʒʱ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɡʱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span>) </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td>(<span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span>) </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">Flap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span>, <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">ɽʱ</a></span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_system">Writing system</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarati_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Writing system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarati alphabet">Gujarati alphabet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarati braille">Gujarati braille</a></div> <p>Similar to other <a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Nāgarī">Nāgarī</a> writing systems, the Gujarati script is an <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugida</a>. It is used to write the Gujarati and <a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a> languages. It is a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Devan%C4%81gar%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Devanāgarī">Devanāgarī</a> script, differentiated by the loss of the characteristic horizontal line running above the letters and by a small number of modifications in the remaining characters. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vocabulary">Vocabulary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarati_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Categorisation_and_sources">Categorisation and sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarati_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Categorisation and sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These are the three general categories of words in modern Indo-Aryan: <i>tadbhav</i>, <i>tatsam</i>, and loanwords.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tadbhav">Tadbhav</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarati_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Tadbhav"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Gujarati-language text"><span lang="gu">તદ્ભવ</span></span> <i>tadbhava</i>, "of the nature of that". Gujarati is a modern Indo-Aryan language descended from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> (old Indo-Aryan), and this category pertains exactly to that: words of Sanskritic origin that have demonstratively undergone change over the ages, ending up characteristic of modern Indo-Aryan languages specifically as well as in general. Thus the "that" in "of the nature of that" refers to Sanskrit. They tend to be non-technical, everyday, crucial words; part of the spoken vernacular. Below is a table of a few Gujarati <i>tadbhav</i> words and their Old Indo-Aryan sources: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Old Indo-Aryan </th> <th colspan="2">Gujarati </th> <th>Ref </th></tr> <tr> <td>I</td> <td><i>ahám</i></td> <td><i>hũ</i></td> <td></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc01773soas_p._44._Entry_992.]_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc01773soas_p._44._Entry_992.]-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>falls, slips</td> <td><i>khasati</i></td> <td><i>khasvũ</i></td> <td>to move</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc11229soas_p._203._Entry_3856.]_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc11229soas_p._203._Entry_3856.]-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>causes to move</td> <td><i>arpáyati</i></td> <td><i>āpvũ</i></td> <td>to give</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc01552soas_p._30._Entry_684.]_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc01552soas_p._30._Entry_684.]-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>attains to, obtains</td> <td><i>prāpnoti</i></td> <td><i>pāmvũ</i></td> <td></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc212005soas_p._502._Entry_8947.]_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc212005soas_p._502._Entry_8947.]-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tiger</td> <td><i>vyāghrá</i></td> <td><i>vāgh</i></td> <td></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc312126soas_p._706._Entry_12193.]_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc312126soas_p._706._Entry_12193.]-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>equal, alike, level</td> <td><i>samá</i></td> <td><i>samũ</i></td> <td>right, sound</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc41541soas_p._762._Entry_13173.]_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc41541soas_p._762._Entry_13173.]-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>all</td> <td><i>sárva</i></td> <td><i>sau/sāv</i></td> <td></td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc41616soas_p._766._Entry_13276.]_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc41616soas_p._766._Entry_13276.]-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tatsam">Tatsam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarati_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Tatsam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Gujarati-language text"><span lang="gu">તત્સમ</span></span> <i>tatsama</i>, "same as that". While Sanskrit eventually stopped being spoken vernacularly, in that it changed into <a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle Indo-Aryan</a>, it was nonetheless standardised and retained as a literary and <a href="/wiki/Liturgical_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical language">liturgical language</a> for long after. This category consists of these borrowed words of (more or less) pure Sanskrit character. They serve to enrich Gujarati and modern Indo-Aryan in its formal, technical, and religious vocabulary. They are recognisable by their Sanskrit inflections and markings; they are thus often treated as a separate grammatical category unto themselves. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Tatsam </th> <th>English </th> <th>Gujarati </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>lekhak</i></td> <td>writer</td> <td><i>lakhnār</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>vijetā</i></td> <td>winner</td> <td><i>jītnār</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>vikǎsit</i></td> <td>developed</td> <td><i>vikǎselũ</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>jāgǎraṇ</i></td> <td>awakening</td> <td><i>jāgvānũ</i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Many old tatsam words have changed their meanings or have had their meanings adopted for modern times. પ્રસારણ <i>prasāraṇ</i> means "spreading", but now it is used for "broadcasting". In addition to this are <a href="/wiki/Neologism" title="Neologism">neologisms</a>, often being <a href="/wiki/Calque" title="Calque">calques</a>. An example is <i>telephone</i>, which is <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> for "far talk", translated as દુરભાષ <i>durbhāṣ</i>. Most people, though, just use ફોન <i>phon</i> and thus neo-Sanskrit has varying degrees of acceptance. </p><p>So, while having unique <i>tadbhav</i> sets, modern IA languages have a common, higher <i>tatsam</i> pool. Also, <i>tatsam</i>s and their derived <i>tadbhav</i>s can also co-exist in a language; sometimes of no consequence and at other times with differences in meaning: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Tatsam </th> <th colspan="2">Tadbhav </th></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a></i></td> <td>Work—<a href="/wiki/Dharmic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmic">Dharmic</a> religious concept of works or deeds whose divine consequences are experienced in this life or the next.</td> <td><i>kām</i></td> <td>work [without any religious connotations]. </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>kṣetra</i></td> <td>Field—Abstract sense, such as a field of knowledge or activity; <i>khāngī kṣetra</i> → private sector. Physical sense, but of higher or special importance; <i>raṇǎkṣetra</i> → battlefield.</td> <td><i>khetar</i></td> <td>field [in agricultural sense]. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>What remains are words of foreign origin (<i>videśī</i>), as well as words of local origin that cannot be pegged as belonging to any of the three prior categories (<i>deśaj</i>). The former consists mainly of <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, and English, with trace elements of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkish</a>. While the phenomenon of English <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> is relatively new, Perso-Arabic has a longer history behind it. Both English and Perso-Arabic influences are quite nationwide phenomena, in a way paralleling <i>tatsam</i> as a common vocabulary set or bank. What's more is how, beyond a transposition into general Indo-Aryan, the Perso-Arabic set has also been assimilated in a manner characteristic and relevant to the specific Indo-Aryan language it is being used in, bringing to mind <i>tadbhav</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Perso-Arabic">Perso-Arabic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarati_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Perso-Arabic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Persian language in the Indian subcontinent">Persian language in the Indian subcontinent</a></div> <p>India was ruled for many centuries by Persian-speaking <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquest in the Indian subcontinent">Muslims</a>, amongst the most notable being the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_dynasty" title="Mughal dynasty">Mughal dynasty</a>. As a consequence Indian languages were changed greatly, with the large scale entry of Persian and its many Arabic loans into the Gujarati lexicon. One fundamental adoption was Persian's conjunction "that", <i>ke</i>. Also, while <i>tatsam</i> or Sanskrit is etymologically continuous to Gujarati, it is essentially of a differing grammar (or language), and that in comparison while Perso-Arabic is etymologically foreign, it has been in certain instances and to varying degrees grammatically indigenised. Owing to centuries of situation and the end of Persian education and power, (1) Perso-Arabic loans are quite unlikely to be thought of or known as loans, and (2) more importantly, these loans have often been Gujarati-ized. <i>dāvo</i> – claim, <i>fāydo</i> – benefit, <i>natījo</i> – result, and <i>hamlo</i> – attack, all carry Gujarati's masculine gender marker, <i>o</i>. <i>khānũ</i> – compartment, has the neuter <i>ũ</i>. Aside from easy slotting with the auxiliary <i>karvũ</i>, a few words have made a complete transition of verbification: <i>kabūlvũ</i> – to admit (fault), <i>kharīdvũ</i> – to buy, <i>kharǎcvũ</i> – to spend (money), <i>gujarvũ</i> – to pass. The last three are definite part and parcel. </p><p>Below is a table displaying a number of these loans. Currently some of the etymologies are being referenced to an Urdu <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">dictionary</a> so that Gujarati's singular masculine <i>o</i> corresponds to Urdu <i>ā</i>, neuter <i>ũ</i> groups into <i>ā</i> as Urdu has no neuter gender, and Urdu's Persian <i>z</i> is not upheld in Gujarati and corresponds to <i>j</i> or <i>jh</i>. In contrast to modern Persian, the pronunciation of these loans into Gujarati and other Indo-Aryan languages, as well as that of Indian-recited Persian, seems to be in line with Persian spoken in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, perhaps 500 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica199175_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica199175-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="12">Nouns </th> <th rowspan="2" colspan="12">Adjectives </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="4"><abbr title="masculine">m</abbr> </th> <th colspan="4"><abbr title="neuter">n</abbr> </th> <th colspan="4"><abbr title="feminine">f</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>fāydo</i> </td> <td>gain, advantage, benefit </td> <td>A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc511202platts_776]_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc511202platts_776]-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>khānũ</i> </td> <td>compartment </td> <td>P </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc312080platts_486]_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc312080platts_486]-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>kharīdī</i> </td> <td>purchase(s), shopping </td> <td>P </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc312215platts_489]_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc312215platts_489]-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>tājũ</i> </td> <td>fresh </td> <td>P </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc21778platts_305]_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc21778platts_305]-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>humlo</i> </td> <td>attack </td> <td>A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETisdall1892168_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETisdall1892168-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>makān</i> </td> <td>house, building </td> <td>A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc71147platts_1057]_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc71147platts_1057]-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>śardī</i> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a> </td> <td>P </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc412715platts_653]_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc412715platts_653]-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>judũ</i> </td> <td>different, separate </td> <td>P </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETisdall1892170_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETisdall1892170-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>dāvo</i> </td> <td>claim </td> <td>A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc313371platts_519]_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc313371platts_519]-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>nasīb</i> </td> <td>luck </td> <td>A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc713404platts_1142]_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc713404platts_1142]-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>bāju</i> </td> <td>side </td> <td>P </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETisdall1892160_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETisdall1892160-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>najīk</i> </td> <td>near </td> <td>P </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETisdall1892177_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETisdall1892177-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>natījo</i> </td> <td>result </td> <td>A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc712542platts_1123]_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc712542platts_1123]-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>śaher</i> </td> <td>city </td> <td>P </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETisdall1892184_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETisdall1892184-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>cījh</i> </td> <td>thing </td> <td>P </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc311580platts_471]_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc311580platts_471]-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>kharāb</i> </td> <td>bad </td> <td>A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETisdall1892172_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETisdall1892172-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>gusso</i> </td> <td>anger </td> <td>P </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc511046platts_771]_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc511046platts_771]-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>medān</i> </td> <td>plain </td> <td>P </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETisdall1892175_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETisdall1892175-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>jindgī</i> </td> <td>life </td> <td>P </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETisdall1892169_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETisdall1892169-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><i>lāl</i> </td> <td>red </td> <td>P </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc612251platts_947]_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc612251platts_947]-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Lastly, Persian, being part of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian language family</a> as Sanskrit and Gujarati are, met up in some instances with its cognates:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica199171_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica199171-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Persian</th> <th>Indo-Aryan</th> <th>English </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>marăd</i></td> <td><i>martya</i></td> <td>man, mortal </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/-stan" title="-stan">stān</a></i></td> <td><i>sthān</i></td> <td>place, land </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>ī</i></td> <td><i>īya</i></td> <td>(adjectival suffix) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>band</i></td> <td><i>bandh</i></td> <td>closed, fastened </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>shamsheri</i> </td> <td><i>aarkshak</i> </td> <td>policeman </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a> Persian <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Parsi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Parsi people">Parsis</a> also speak an accordingly Persianized form of Gujarati.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETisdall189215_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETisdall189215-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" align="right" style="margin-left: 1em"> <caption>Loan words in Gujarati </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="1" style="background:#FFA9A9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">Gujarati</th> <th rowspan="1" style="background:#FFA9A9;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;">Source language </th></tr> <tr class="plainrowheaders"> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE1E2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;"><span title="Gujarati-language text"><span lang="gu">ચા</span></span>, <span title="Gujarati-language romanization"><i lang="gu-Latn">cā</i></span>, 'tea' </td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE1E2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">茶</span></span> </td></tr> <tr class="plainrowheaders"> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE1E2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;"><span title="Gujarati-language text"><span lang="gu"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1094882035">.mw-parser-output .script-Cprt{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Cypriot",Code2001}.mw-parser-output .script-Hano{font-size:125%;font-family:"Noto Sans Hanunoo",FreeSerif,Quivira}.mw-parser-output .script-Latf,.mw-parser-output .script-de-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Breitkopf Fraktur",UnifrakturCook,UniFrakturMaguntia,MarsFraktur,"MarsFraktur OT",KochFraktur,"KochFraktur OT",OffenbacherSchwabOT,"LOB.AlteSchwabacher","LOV.AlteSchwabacher","LOB.AtlantisFraktur","LOV.AtlantisFraktur","LOB.BreitkopfFraktur","LOV.BreitkopfFraktur","LOB.FetteFraktur","LOV.FetteFraktur","LOB.Fraktur3","LOV.Fraktur3","LOB.RochFraktur","LOV.RochFraktur","LOB.PostFraktur","LOV.PostFraktur","LOB.RuelhscheFraktur","LOV.RuelhscheFraktur","LOB.RungholtFraktur","LOV.RungholtFraktur","LOB.TheuerbankFraktur","LOV.TheuerbankFraktur","LOB.VinetaFraktur","LOV.VinetaFraktur","LOB.WalbaumFraktur","LOV.WalbaumFraktur","LOB.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOV.WeberMainzerFraktur","LOB.WieynckFraktur","LOV.WieynckFraktur","LOB.ZentenarFraktur","LOV.ZentenarFraktur"}.mw-parser-output .script-en-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:Cankama,"Old English Text MT","Textura Libera","Textura Libera Tenuis",London}.mw-parser-output .script-it-Latf{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Rotunda Pommerania",Rotunda,"Typographer Rotunda"}.mw-parser-output .script-Lina{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear A"}.mw-parser-output .script-Linb{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Noto Sans Linear B"}.mw-parser-output .script-Ugar{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Ugaritic",Aegean}.mw-parser-output .script-Xpeo{font-size:1.25em;font-family:"Segoe UI Historic","Noto Sans Old Persian",Artaxerxes,Xerxes,Aegean}</style><span class="Unicode">ટુવાલ</span></span></span>, <span title="Gujarati-language romanization"><i lang="gu-Latn">tuvāl</i></span> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE1E2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>: <span title="English-language text"><span lang="en">towel</span></span> </td></tr> <tr class="plainrowheaders"> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE1E2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;"><span title="Gujarati-language text"><span lang="gu"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">મિસ્ત્રી</span></span></span>, <span title="Gujarati-language romanization"><i lang="gu-Latn">mistrī</i></span>, 'carpenter' </td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE1E2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">mestre</i></span>, 'master' </td></tr> <tr class="plainrowheaders"> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE1E2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;"><span title="Gujarati-language text"><span lang="gu"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">સાબુ</span></span></span>, <span title="Gujarati-language romanization"><i lang="gu-Latn">sābu</i></span>, 'soap' </td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE1E2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">sabão</i></span> </td></tr> <tr class="plainrowheaders"> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE1E2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;"><span title="Gujarati-language text"><span lang="gu"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">અનાનસ</span></span></span>, <span title="Gujarati-language romanization"><i lang="gu-Latn">anānas</i></span>, 'pineapple' </td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE1E2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">ananás</i></span> </td></tr> <tr class="plainrowheaders"> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE1E2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;"><span title="Gujarati-language text"><span lang="gu"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1094882035"><span class="Unicode">પાદરી</span></span></span>, <span title="Gujarati-language romanization"><i lang="gu-Latn">pādrī</i></span>, 'Catholic priest' </td> <td rowspan="1" style="background:#FAE1E2;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">padre</i></span>, 'father' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="English">English</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarati_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With the end of Perso-Arabic inflow, English became the current foreign source of new vocabulary. English had and continues to have a considerable influence over Indian languages. Loanwords include new innovations and concepts, first introduced directly through <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British colonial rule</a>, and then streaming in on the basis of continued <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">Anglophone</a> dominance in the <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">Republic of India</a>. Besides the category of new ideas is the category of English words that already have Gujarati counterparts which end up replaced or existed alongside with. The major driving force behind this latter category has to be the continuing role of English in modern India as a language of education, prestige, and mobility. In this way, Indian speech can be sprinkled with English words and expressions, even switches to whole sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica199149–50_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica199149–50-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>See <a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">Code-switching</a></i>. </p><p>In matters of sound, English <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> consonants map as <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">retroflexes</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dentals</a>. Two new characters were created in Gujarati to represent English /æ/'s and /ɔ/'s. Levels of Gujarati-ization in sound vary. Some words do not go far beyond this basic transpositional rule, and sound much like their English source, while others differ in ways, one of those ways being the carrying of dentals. <i>See <a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">Indian English</a></i>. </p><p>As English loanwords are a relatively new phenomenon, they adhere to English grammar, as <i>tatsam</i> words adhere to Sanskrit. That is not to say that the most basic changes have been underway: many English words are pluralised with Gujarati <i>o</i> over English "s". Also, with Gujarati having three genders, genderless English words must take one. Though often inexplicable, gender assignment may follow the same basis as it is expressed in Gujarati: vowel type, and the nature of word meaning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portuguese">Portuguese</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarati_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Portuguese"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The smaller foothold the Portuguese had in wider India had linguistic effects. Gujarati took up a number of words, while elsewhere the influence was great enough to the extent that creole languages came to be (<i>see <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_India" title="Portuguese India">Portuguese India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-based_creole_languages#India_and_Sri_Lanka" title="Portuguese-based creole languages">Portuguese-based creole languages in India and Sri Lanka</a></i>). Comparatively, the impact of Portuguese has been greater on coastal languages<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica199149_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica199149-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their loans tend to be closer to the Portuguese originals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica199173_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica199173-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The source dialect of these loans imparts an earlier pronunciation of <i>ch</i> as an affricate instead of the current standard of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica199175_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica199175-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loans_into_English">Loans into English</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarati_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Loans into English"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Bungalow" title="Bungalow">Bungalow</a></i>— </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>1676, from Gujarati <i>bangalo</i>, from Hindi <i>bangla</i> "low, thatched house," lit. "Bengalese," used elliptically for "house in the Bengal style."<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Coolie" title="Coolie">Coolie</a></i>— </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>1598, "name given by Europeans to hired laborers in India and China," from Hindi <i>quli</i> "hired servant," probably from <i>koli</i>, name of an aboriginal tribe or caste in Gujarat.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Tank_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tank (disambiguation)">Tank</a></i>— </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>c.1616, "pool or lake for irrigation or drinking water," a word originally brought by the Portuguese from India, ult. from Gujarati <i>tankh</i> "cistern, underground reservoir for water," Marathi <i>tanken</i>, or <i>tanka</i> "reservoir of water, tank." Perhaps from Skt. <i>tadaga-m</i> "pond, lake pool," and reinforced in later sense of "large artificial container for liquid" (1690) by Port. <i>tanque</i> "reservoir," from <i>estancar</i> "hold back a current of water," from V.L. *<i>stanticare</i> (see <i>stanch</i>). But others say the Port. word is the source of the Indian ones.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarati_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_grammar" title="Gujarati grammar">Gujarati grammar</a></div> <p>Gujarati is a head-final, or left-<a href="/wiki/Branching_(linguistics)" title="Branching (linguistics)">branching</a> language. <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjectives</a> precede <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">nouns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Direct_object" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct object">direct objects</a> come before <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a>, and there are <a href="/wiki/Postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Postposition">postpositions</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a> of Gujarati is <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">SOV</a>, and there are three <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">genders</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">numbers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are no <a href="/wiki/Definite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Definite article">definite</a> or <a href="/wiki/Indefinite_article" class="mw-redirect" title="Indefinite article">indefinite articles</a>. A verb is expressed with its <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">verbal root</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a> marking <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agreement</a> in what is called a main form, with a possible proceeding <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">auxiliary</a> form derived from <i>to be</i>, marking <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">tense</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">mood</a>, and also showing agreement. <a href="/wiki/Causative" title="Causative">Causatives</a> (up to double) and passives have a morphological basis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMistry2001276–277_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMistry2001276–277-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarati_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sample text"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gandhi%27s_hut-karadi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhi%27s_hut-karadi.jpg/250px-Gandhi%27s_hut-karadi.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhi%27s_hut-karadi.jpg/375px-Gandhi%27s_hut-karadi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gandhi%27s_hut-karadi.jpg/500px-Gandhi%27s_hut-karadi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1998" data-file-height="1153" /></a><figcaption>Gujarati sample (<a href="/wiki/Signboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Signboard">Sign</a> about <a href="/wiki/Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandhi">Gandhi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hut_(dwelling)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hut (dwelling)">hut</a>)</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati script</a>—</dt></dl> <div lang="gu"> <dl><dd>ગાંધીજીની ઝૂંપડી-કરાડી</dd></dl> <dl><dd>જગ પ્રસિદ્ધ દાંડી કૂચ પછી ગાંધીજીએ અહીં આંબાના વૃક્ષ નીચે ખજૂરી નાં છટિયાંની એક ઝૂંપડીમાં તા.૧૪-૪-૧૯૩૦ થી તા.૪-૫-૧૯૩૦ સુધી નિવાસ કર્યો હતો. દાંડીમાં છઠ્ઠી એપ્રિલે શરૂ કરેલી નિમક કાનૂન (મીઠાના સત્યાગ્રહ) ભંગની લડતને તેમણે અહીંથી વેગ આપી દેશ વ્યાપી બનાવી હતી. અહીંથી જ તેમણે ધરાસણાના મીઠાના અગરો તરફ કૂચ કરવાનો પોતાનો સંકલ્પ બ્રિટિશ વાઈસરૉયને પત્ર લખીને જણાવ્યો હતો.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>તા.૪ થી મે ૧૯૩૦ની રાતના બાર વાગ્યા પછી આ સ્થળેથી બ્રિટિશ સરકારે તેમની ધરપકડ કરી હતી.</dd></dl> </div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Transliteration" title="Transliteration">Transliteration</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Alphabet_of_Sanskrit_Transliteration" title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration">IAST</a>)—</dt></dl> <dl><dd><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">gāndhījīnī jhūmpḍī-karāḍī</i></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">jag prasiddh dāṇḍī kūc pachī gāndhījīe ahī̃ āmbānā vrukṣ nīce khajūrī nā̃ chaṭiyānnī ek jhūmpḍīmā̃ tā.14-4-1930 thī tā.4-5-1930 sudhī nivās karyo hato. dāṇḍīmā̃ chaṭhṭhī eprile śarū karelī nimak kānūn (mīṭhānā satyāgraha) bhaṅgnī laḍatne temṇe ahīnthī veg āpī deś vyāpī banāvī hatī. ahīnthī ja temṇe dharāsṇānā mīṭhānā agro taraph kūc karvāno potāno saṅkalp briṭiś vāīsarôyane patra lakhīne jaṇāvyo hato.</i></span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">tā.4thī me 1930nī rātnā bār vāgyā pachī ā sthaḷethī briṭiś sarkāre temnī dharapkaḍ karī hatī.</i></span></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_transcription" title="Phonetic transcription">Transcription</a> (<a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a>)—</dt></dl> <dl><dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡɑndʱid͡ʒini<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʒʱũpɽi-kəɾɑɽi]</span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[d͡ʒəɡ<span class="wrap"> </span>pɾəsɪddʱ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɖɑɳɖi<span class="wrap"> </span>kut͡ʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>pət͡ʃʰi<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡɑndʱid͡ʒie<span class="wrap"> </span>ə̤ȷ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑmbɑnɑ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʋɾʊkʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>nit͡ʃe<span class="wrap"> </span>kʰəd͡ʒuɾnɑ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ʃʰəʈijɑ̃ni<span class="wrap"> </span>ek<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʒʱũpɽimɑ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>tɑ<span class="wrap"> </span>_________tʰi<span class="wrap"> </span>tɑ||<span class="wrap"> </span>_______<span class="wrap"> </span>sudʱi<span class="wrap"> </span>niʋɑs<span class="wrap"> </span>kəɾjoto||<span class="wrap"> </span>ɖɑɳɖimɑ̃<span class="wrap"> </span>t͡ʃʰəʈʰʈʰi<span class="wrap"> </span>epɾile<span class="wrap"> </span>ʃəɾu<span class="wrap"> </span>kəɾeli<span class="wrap"> </span>nimək<span class="wrap"> </span>kɑnun<span class="wrap"> </span>bʱəŋɡni<span class="wrap"> </span>ləɽətne<span class="wrap"> </span>tɛmɳe<span class="wrap"> </span>ə̤ȷ̃tʰi<span class="wrap"> </span>ʋeɡ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑpi<span class="wrap"> </span>deʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʋjɑpi<span class="wrap"> </span>bənɑʋiti||<span class="wrap"> </span>ə̤ȷ̃tʰid͡ʒ<span class="wrap"> </span>tɛmɳe<span class="wrap"> </span>dʱəɾɑsəɽ̃ɑnɑ<span class="wrap"> </span>miʈʰɑnɑ<span class="wrap"> </span>əɡəɾo<span class="wrap"> </span>təɾəf<span class="wrap"> </span>kut͡ʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>kəɾʋɑno<span class="wrap"> </span>potɑno<span class="wrap"> </span>səŋkəlp<span class="wrap"> </span>bɾiʈiʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʋɑjsəɾɔjne<span class="wrap"> </span>pətɾə<span class="wrap"> </span>ləkʰine<span class="wrap"> </span>d͡ʒəɽ̃ɑʋjoto]</span></dd></dl> <dl><dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɑ|<span class="wrap"> </span>__tʰi<span class="wrap"> </span>me<span class="wrap"> </span>____ni<span class="wrap"> </span>ɾɑtnɑ<span class="wrap"> </span>bɑɾ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʋɑɡjɑ<span class="wrap"> </span>pət͡ʃʰi<span class="wrap"> </span>ɑ<span class="wrap"> </span>stʰəɭetʰi<span class="wrap"> </span>bɾiʈiʃ<span class="wrap"> </span>səɾkɑɾe<span class="wrap"> </span>tɛmni<span class="wrap"> </span>dʱəɾpəkəɽ<span class="wrap"> </span>kəɾiti]</span></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Simple <a href="/wiki/Interlinear_gloss" title="Interlinear gloss">gloss</a>—</dt></dl> <dl><dd>gandhiji's hut-karadi</dd></dl> <dl><dd>world famous dandi march after gandhiji here mango's tree under palm date's bark's one hut-in date.14-4-1930-from date.4-5-1930 until residence done was. dandi-in sixth April-at started done salt law break's fight (-to) he here-from speed gave country wide made was. <i>here</i>-from he dharasana's salt's mounds towards march doing's self's resolve British viceroy-to letter written-having notified was.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>date.4-from May 1930's night's twelve struck after this place-at-from British government his arrest done was.</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Transliteration and detailed gloss—</dt></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td>gāndhījī-n-ī</td> <td>jhū̃pṛ-ī-∅</td> <td>Karāṛī </td></tr> <tr> <td>gandhiji<small>–GEN–FEM</small></td> <td>hut<small>–FEM–SG</small></td> <td>karadi </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td>jag</td> <td>prasiddh</td> <td>dāṇḍī</td> <td>kūc</td> <td>pachī</td> <td>gāndhījī-e</td> <td>ahī̃</td> <td>āmb-ā-∅-n-ā</td> <td>vṛkṣ</td> <td>nīce </td></tr> <tr> <td>world</td> <td>famous</td> <td>dandi</td> <td>march</td> <td>after</td> <td>gandhiji<small>–ERG</small></td> <td>here</td> <td>mango<small>–MASC.OBL–SG–GEN–MASC.OBL</small></td> <td>tree</td> <td>under </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td>khajūr-ī-∅-n-ā̃</td> <td>chaṭiy-ā̃-n-ī</td> <td>ek</td> <td>jhū̃pṛ-ī-∅-mā̃</td> <td>tā.</td> <td>14 4 1930thī</td> <td>tā.</td> <td rowspan="2">4 5 1930</td> <td>sudhī </td></tr> <tr> <td>palmdate<small>–FEM–SG–GEN–NEUT.OBL</small></td> <td>bark<small>–NEUT.PL.OBL–GEN–FEM.OBL</small></td> <td>one </td> <td>hut<small>–FEM–SG–</small>in</td> <td>date</td> <td>14 4 1930<small>–</small>from</td> <td>date</td> <td>until </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td>nivās</td> <td>kar-y-o</td> <td>ha-t-o</td> <td rowspan="2">.</td> <td>dāṇḍī-mā̃</td> <td>chaṭhṭhī</td> <td>epril-e</td> <td>śarū</td> <td>kar-el-ī</td> <td>nimak </td></tr> <tr> <td>residence<small>.MASC.SG.OBJ.NOM</small></td> <td>do<small>–PERF–MASC.SG</small> </td> <td>be<small>–PAST–MASC.SG</small></td> <td>dandi–in</td> <td>sixth</td> <td>April–at</td> <td>started </td> <td>do<small>–PAST.PTCP–FEM</small></td> <td>salt </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td>kānūn</td> <td>bhaṅg-n-ī</td> <td>laṛat-∅-ne</td> <td>te-m-ṇe</td> <td>ahī̃-thī</td> <td>veg</td> <td>āp-ī</td> <td>deś</td> <td>vyāpī </td></tr> <tr> <td>law</td> <td>break<small>–GEN–FEM.OBL</small></td> <td>fight<small>.FEM.OBJ–SG–ACC</small> </td> <td><small>3.DIST–HONORIFIC–ERG</small></td> <td>here–from</td> <td>speed<small>–OBJ</small> </td> <td>give<small>–CONJUNCTIVE</small></td> <td>country</td> <td>wide </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td>ban-āv-∅-ī</td> <td>ha-t-ī</td> <td rowspan="2">.</td> <td>ahī̃-thī-j</td> <td>te-m-ṇe</td> <td>dharāsaṇā-n-ā </td></tr> <tr> <td>become<small>–CAUS–PERF–FEM</small></td> <td>be<small>–PAST–FEM</small></td> <td>here–from<small>–INTENSIFIER</small> </td> <td><small>3.DIST–HONORIFIC–ERG</small></td> <td>dharasana<small>–GEN–MASC.PL</small> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td>mīṭh-ā-n-ā</td> <td>agar-o</td> <td>taraph</td> <td>kūc</td> <td>kar-v-ā-n-o</td> <td>potā-n-o </td></tr> <tr> <td>salt<small>–NEUT.SG.OBL–GEN–MASC.PL</small></td> <td>mound<small>.MASC–PL</small></td> <td>towards </td> <td>march<small>.MASC.SG</small></td> <td>do<small>–INF–OBL–GEN–MASC.SG</small> </td> <td><small>REFL–GEN–MASC.SG</small> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td>saṅkalp</td> <td>briṭiś</td> <td>vāīsarôy-∅-ne</td> <td>patra</td> <td>lakh-īne</td> <td>jaṇ-āv-y-o</td> <td>ha-t-o</td> <td rowspan="2">.</td> <td>tā. </td></tr> <tr> <td>resolve<small>.MASC.SG.OBJ.ACC</small></td> <td>British</td> <td>viceroy<small>.OBJ–SG–DAT</small> </td> <td>letter</td> <td>write<small>–CONJUNCTIVE</small></td> <td>know<small>–CAUS–PERF–MASC.SG</small> </td> <td>be<small>–PAST–MASC.SG</small></td> <td>date </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td>4-thī</td> <td>me</td> <td>1930-n-ī</td> <td>rāt-∅-n-ā</td> <td>bār</td> <td>vāg-y-ā</td> <td>pachī</td> <td>ā</td> <td>sthaḷ-e-thī</td> <td>briṭiś </td></tr> <tr> <td>4-th</td> <td>may</td> <td>1930<small>–GEN–FEM.OBL</small></td> <td>night<small>.FEM–SG–GEN–MASC.OBL</small> </td> <td>twelve</td> <td>strike<small>–PERF–OBL</small></td> <td>after</td> <td><small>3.PROX</small> </td> <td>place–at–from</td> <td>British </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <td>sarkār-e</td> <td>te-m-n-ī</td> <td>dharpakaṛ</td> <td>kar-∅-ī</td> <td>ha-t-ī</td> <td rowspan="2">. </td></tr> <tr> <td>government<small>–ERG</small></td> <td><small>3.DIST–HONORIFIC–GEN–FEM</small> </td> <td>arrest<small>.FEM.SG.OBJ.ACC</small></td> <td>do<small>–PERF–FEM</small></td> <td>be<small>–PAST–FEM</small> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Translation" title="Translation">Translation</a>—</dt></dl> <dl><dd>Gandhiji's hut-Karadi</dd></dl> <dl><dd>After the world-famous <a href="/wiki/Salt_Satyagraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt Satyagraha">Dandi March</a> Gandhiji resided here in a <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">date palm</a> <a href="/wiki/Bark_(botany)" title="Bark (botany)">bark</a> hut underneath a/the <a href="/wiki/Mango_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Mango tree">mango tree</a>, from 14-4-1930 to 4-5-1930. From here he gave speed to and spread country-wide the anti-Salt Law struggle, started in Dandi on 6 April. From <i>here</i>, writing in a letter, he notified the British Viceroy of his resolve of marching towards the <a href="/wiki/Salt" title="Salt">salt</a> <a href="/wiki/Mound" title="Mound">mounds</a> of Dharasana.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>The British government arrested him at this location, after twelve o'clock on the night of 4 May 1930.</dd></dl> <p><b>Translation</b> (provided at location)— </p> <dl><dd>Gandhiji's hut-Karadi</dd></dl> <dl><dd>Here under the mango tree in the hut made of palm leaves (khajoori) Gandhiji stayed from 14-4-1930 to 4-5-1930 after the world famous Dandi march. From here he gave impetus to the civil disobedience movement for breaking the salt act started on 6 April at Dandi and turned it into a nationwide movement. It was also from this place that he wrote a letter to the British viceroy expressing his firm resolve to march to the salt works at Dharasana.</dd></dl> <dl><dd>This is the place from where he was arrested by the British government after midnight on 4 May 1930.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarati_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarati journalism">Gujarati journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_literature" title="Gujarati literature">Gujarati literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisaan_ud-Da%27wat_il-%27Alaviyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisaan ud-Da'wat il-'Alaviyah">Lisaan ud-Da'wat il-'Alaviyah</a> (Language of Alavi Bohras)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Gujarati-language_writers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of Gujarati-language writers">Lists of Gujarati-language writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Gujarati_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Gujarati language">Old Gujarati language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathwi_Bareli" class="mw-redirect" title="Rathwi Bareli">Rathwi Bareli</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarati_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-census2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-census2011_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-census2011_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011Census/Language-2011/Statement-1.pdf">"Scheduled Languages in descending order of speaker's strength – 2011"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Registrar_General_and_Census_Commissioner_of_India" title="Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India">Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scheduled+Languages+in+descending+order+of+speaker%27s+strength+%E2%80%93+2011&rft.pub=Registrar+General+and+Census+Commissioner+of+India&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2F2011Census%2FLanguage-2011%2FStatement-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-e25-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e25_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/guj">Gujarati</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepages.fh-giessen.de/kausen/klassifikationen/Indogermanisch.doc">Ernst Kausen, 2006. <i>Die Klassifikation der indogermanischen Sprachen</i></a> (<a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Word" title="Microsoft Word">Microsoft Word</a>, 133 KB)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/simplifiedgramma00tisdiala">A simplified grammar of the Gujarati language</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_St._Clair_Tisdall" title="William St. Clair Tisdall">William St. Clair Tisdall</a> (1892)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/simplifiedgramma00tisdiala">A simplified grammar of the Gujarati language</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_St._Clair_Tisdall" title="William St. Clair Tisdall">William St. Clair Tisdall</a> (1892)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrierson1908" class="citation book cs1">Grierson, G. 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Superintendent Government Printing. pp. viii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Survey+of+India%2C+Vol+IX%3A+Indo-Aryan+Family%2C+Central+Group%2C+Part+II%3A+Specimens+of+the+R%C4%81jasth%C4%81n%C4%AB+and+Gujar%C4%81t%C4%AB&rft.pages=viii&rft.pub=Superintendent+Government+Printing&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Grierson&rft.aufirst=G.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/kfr">Kacchi</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180216025959/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf">"51st Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>nclm.nic.in</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Minority_Affairs" title="Ministry of Minority Affairs">Ministry of Minority Affairs</a>. 15 July 2015. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nclm.nic.in&rft.atitle=51st+Report+of+the+Commissioner+for+Linguistic+Minorities+in+India&rft.date=2015-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnclm.nic.in%2Fshared%2Flinkimages%2FNCLM51stReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gov.za/documents/constitution/chapter-1-founding-provisions">"Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 – Chapter 1: Founding Provisions"</a>. <i>gov.za</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gov.za&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+South+Africa%2C+1996+%E2%80%93+Chapter+1%3A+Founding+Provisions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.za%2Fdocuments%2Fconstitution%2Fchapter-1-founding-provisions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/culturalidentity/language/bulletins/languageenglandandwales/census2021">"Language, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics"</a>. <i>www.ons.gov.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ons.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Language%2C+England+and+Wales+-+Office+for+National+Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fculturalidentity%2Flanguage%2Fbulletins%2Flanguageenglandandwales%2Fcensus2021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Laurie Bauer, 2007, <i>The Linguistics Student's Handbook</i>, Edinburgh.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nationalencyklopedin-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nationalencyklopedin_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mikael Parkvall, "Världens 100 största språk 2007" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), in <i><a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">Nationalencyklopedin</a></i>. Asterisks mark the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ne.se/spr%C3%A5k/v%C3%A4rldens-100-st%C3%B6rsta-spr%C3%A5k-2010">2010 estimates</a> for the top dozen languages.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/india/what-census-data-reveals-about-use-of-indian-languages-738340.html">"What census data reveals about use of Indian languages"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Deccan_Herald" title="Deccan Herald">Deccan Herald</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deccan+Herald&rft.atitle=What+census+data+reveals+about+use+of+Indian+languages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deccanherald.com%2Findia%2Fwhat-census-data-reveals-about-use-of-indian-languages-738340.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiaspend.com/hindi-added-100mn-speakers-in-a-decade-kashmiri-2nd-fast-growing-language-93096/">"Hindi Added 100Mn Speakers In A Decade; Kashmiri 2nd Fast Growing Language"</a>. 28 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hindi+Added+100Mn+Speakers+In+A+Decade%3B+Kashmiri+2nd+Fast+Growing+Language&rft.date=2018-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiaspend.com%2Fhindi-added-100mn-speakers-in-a-decade-kashmiri-2nd-fast-growing-language-93096%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/hindi-fastest-growing-language-in-india-finds-100-million-new-speakers-118070200029_1.html">"Hindi fastest growing language in India, finds 100 million new speakers"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hindi+fastest+growing+language+in+India%2C+finds+100+million+new+speakers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.business-standard.com%2Farticle%2Fcurrent-affairs%2Fhindi-fastest-growing-language-in-india-finds-100-million-new-speakers-118070200029_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiatoday.in/diu/story/hindi-grows-in-non-hindi-states-without-official-mandate-1936196-2022-04-11">"Hindi grew rapidly in non-Hindi states even without official mandate"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/India_Today" title="India Today">India Today</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=India+Today&rft.atitle=Hindi+grew+rapidly+in+non-Hindi+states+even+without+official+mandate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiatoday.in%2Fdiu%2Fstory%2Fhindi-grows-in-non-hindi-states-without-official-mandate-1936196-2022-04-11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParekh2017" class="citation news cs1">Parekh, Rauf (20 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1309537">"Situationer: The future of Gujarati language in Pakistan"</a>. <i>Dawn</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawn&rft.atitle=Situationer%3A+The+future+of+Gujarati+language+in+Pakistan&rft.date=2017-01-20&rft.aulast=Parekh&rft.aufirst=Rauf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dawn.com%2Fnews%2F1309537&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChitnis2013" class="citation news cs1">Chitnis, Deepak (14 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanbazaaronline.com/2013/08/14/hindi-and-gujarati-fastest-growing-indian-languages-in-the-us/">"Hindi and Gujarati fastest growing Indian languages in the US"</a>. The American Bazaar.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hindi+and+Gujarati+fastest+growing+Indian+languages+in+the+US&rft.date=2013-08-14&rft.aulast=Chitnis&rft.aufirst=Deepak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanbazaaronline.com%2F2013%2F08%2F14%2Fhindi-and-gujarati-fastest-growing-indian-languages-in-the-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattacharyya2017" class="citation news cs1">Bhattacharyya, Anirudh (3 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/punjabi-among-top-three-immigrant-languages-in-canada/story-mSpOPf0BCPBKFAJYUpBQ7L.html">"Punjabi among top three immigrant languages in Canada"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Times" title="Hindustan Times">Hindustan Times</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Punjabi+among+top+three+immigrant+languages+in+Canada&rft.date=2017-08-03&rft.aulast=Bhattacharyya&rft.aufirst=Anirudh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fworld-news%2Fpunjabi-among-top-three-immigrant-languages-in-canada%2Fstory-mSpOPf0BCPBKFAJYUpBQ7L.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards" class="citation web cs1">Edwards, Viv. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/multilingual/gujarati.shtml">"Gujarati today"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <q>Gujaratis form the second largest of the British South Asian speech communities, with important settlements in Leicester and Coventry in the Midlands, in the northern textile towns and in Greater London.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gujarati+today&rft.pub=BBC&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Viv&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fvoices%2Fmultilingual%2Fgujarati.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlasYong2010" class="citation book cs1">Barlas, Robert; Yong, Jui Lin (2010). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/uganda00barl"><i>Uganda</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Cavendish" title="Marshall Cavendish">Marshall Cavendish</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/uganda00barl/page/96">96</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761448594" title="Special:BookSources/9780761448594"><bdi>9780761448594</bdi></a>. <q>Of the non-Ugandan languages, Hindi and Gujarati are commonly spoken among members of the Asian Hindu community that migrated to Uganda during the early part of the 20th century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uganda&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780761448594&rft.aulast=Barlas&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Yong%2C+Jui+Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fuganda00barl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahistory.org.za/article/indian-south-africans">"Indian South Africans"</a>. South African History Online. <q>English is spoken as a first language by most Indian South Africans, although a minority of the Indian South African population, especially the elders, still speak some Indian languages. These languages include Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Urdu, Punjabi, and Gujarati.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indian+South+Africans&rft.pub=South+African+History+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Farticle%2Findian-south-africans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gujaratindia.com/media/news.htm?NewsID=oizr+FB0tS0FI6Z8QT3epw==">"Gujarati Community in Hong Kong organizes grand reception in the honour of Gujarat CM"</a>. Official Portal of <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Gujarat" title="Government of Gujarat">Gujarat Government</a>. <q>Addressing the community in Gujarati</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gujarati+Community+in+Hong+Kong+organizes+grand+reception+in+the+honour+of+Gujarat+CM&rft.pub=Official+Portal+of+Gujarat+Government&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgujaratindia.com%2Fmedia%2Fnews.htm%3FNewsID%3Doizr%2BFB0tS0FI6Z8QT3epw%3D%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/world/indians-abroad/indians-make-up-over-1-per-cent-of-australias-population/">"Indians make up over 1 per cent of Australia's population"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a></i>. 27 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Indians+make+up+over+1+per+cent+of+Australia%27s+population&rft.date=2014-06-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fworld%2Findians-abroad%2Findians-make-up-over-1-per-cent-of-australias-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMistry2001274-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMistry2001274_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMistry2001274_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMistry2001274_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMistry2001274_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMistry2001">Mistry (2001)</a>, pp. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMistry2003115-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMistry2003115_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMistry2003115_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMistry2003">Mistry (2003)</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMistry1997654–655-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMistry1997654–655_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMistry1997">Mistry (1997)</a>, pp. 654–655.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMistry1997655-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMistry1997655_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMistry1997">Mistry (1997)</a>, p. 655.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1991188-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1991188_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1991188_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1991188_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1991188_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica 1991</a>, p. 188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc411221soas_p._811._Entry_14024.]-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc411221soas_p._811._Entry_14024.]_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1966">Turner (1966)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.4:1:1221.soas">p. 811. Entry 14024.</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc01728soas_p._41._Entry_941.]-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc01728soas_p._41._Entry_941.]_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1966">Turner (1966)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:728.soas">p. 41. Entry 941.</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1966https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/soas_query.py?qs=jihv%C4%81%CC%81&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1966https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/soas_query.py?qs=jihv%25C4%2581%25CC%2581&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1966">Turner (1966)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/soas_query.py?qs=jihv%C4%81%CC%81&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact">https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/soas_query.py?qs=jihv%C4%81%CC%81&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1991189-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1991189_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica 1991</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1991190-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1991190_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1991190_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica 1991</a>, p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1966https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/soas_query.py?qs=catu%E1%B9%A3ka&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1966https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/soas_query.py?qs=catu%25E1%25B9%25A3ka&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1966">Turner (1966)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/soas_query.py?qs=catu%E1%B9%A3ka&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact">https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/app/soas_query.py?qs=catu%E1%B9%A3ka&searchhws=yes&matchtype=exact</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1991193-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1991193_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica 1991</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica1991195-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica1991195_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica 1991</a>, p. 195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dalby-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dalby_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalby1998">Dalby 1998</a>, p. 237</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAjay_Mitra_ShastriR._K._SharmaDevendra_Handa2005" class="citation cs2">Ajay Mitra Shastri; R. K. Sharma; Devendra Handa (2005), <i>Revealing India's past: recent trends in art and archaeology</i>, Aryan Books International, p. 227, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8173052875" title="Special:BookSources/8173052875"><bdi>8173052875</bdi></a>, <q>It is an established fact that during 10th-11th century ... Interestingly the language was known as the Gujjar Bhakha.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revealing+India%27s+past%3A+recent+trends+in+art+and+archaeology&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Aryan+Books+International&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=8173052875&rft.au=Ajay+Mitra+Shastri&rft.au=R.+K.+Sharma&rft.au=Devendra+Handa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK._Ayyappapanicker1997" class="citation cs2">K. Ayyappapanicker (1997), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA91"><i>Medieval Indian literature: an anthology, Volume 3</i></a>, Sahitya Akademi, p. 91, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788126003655" title="Special:BookSources/9788126003655"><bdi>9788126003655</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Indian+literature%3A+an+anthology%2C+Volume+3&rft.pages=91&rft.pub=Sahitya+Akademi&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9788126003655&rft.au=K.+Ayyappapanicker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKYLpvaKJIMEC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M2-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M2_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMistry2003">Mistry 2003</a>, p. 115</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, J.D. (2001) "Rajasthani." <i>Facts about the world's languages: An encyclopedia of the world's major languages, past and present</i>. Ed. Jane Garry, and Carl Rubino: New England Publishing Associates. pp. 591-593.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kothari2014-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kothari2014_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRita_Kothari2014" class="citation book cs1">Rita Kothari (8 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2-xQAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA73"><i>Translating India</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 73–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-64216-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-64216-9"><bdi>978-1-317-64216-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Translating+India&rft.pages=73-74&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-04-08&rft.isbn=978-1-317-64216-9&rft.au=Rita+Kothari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2-xQAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMistry2003">Mistry 2003</a>, pp. 115–116</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CardonaSuthar661-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CardonaSuthar661_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CardonaSuthar661_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCardonaSuthar2003">Cardona & Suthar 2003</a>, p. 661</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECardonaSuthar2003661-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECardonaSuthar2003661_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCardonaSuthar2003">Cardona & Suthar (2003)</a>, p. 661.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yashaschandra, S. (1995) "Towards Hind Svaraj: An Interpretation of the Rise of Prose in 19th-century Gujarati Literature." <i>Social Scientist</i>. Vol. 23, No. 10/12. pp. 41–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSEBASTIAN2009" class="citation journal cs1">SEBASTIAN, V (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25663396">"Gandhi and the Standardisation of Gujarati"</a>. <i>Economic and Political Weekly</i>. <b>44</b> (31): 94–101. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0012-9976">0012-9976</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25663396">25663396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economic+and+Political+Weekly&rft.atitle=Gandhi+and+the+Standardisation+of+Gujarati&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=94-101&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25663396%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0012-9976&rft.aulast=SEBASTIAN&rft.aufirst=V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25663396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenson2004" class="citation book cs1">Benson, Eugene (30 November 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nGfMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA563"><i>Encyclopedia of Post-Colonial Literatures in English</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 563. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134468485" title="Special:BookSources/9781134468485"><bdi>9781134468485</bdi></a>. <q>Gandhi's seminal work, 'Hind Swaraj' ('Indian Home Role'), appeared in the columns of <i>Indian Opinion</i> in 1909. Originally written in his mother tongue, Gujarati, it was translated into English by Gandhi and published as <i>Hind Swaraj</i> or <i>Indian Home Role</i> in 1910.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Post-Colonial+Literatures+in+English&rft.pages=563&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-11-30&rft.isbn=9781134468485&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnGfMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-story-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-story_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimeline:_Personalities" class="citation web cs1">Timeline: Personalities, Story of Pakistan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storyofpakistan.com/person.asp?perid=P009">"Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Muhammad+Ali+Jinnah+%281876%E2%80%931948%29&rft.aulast=Timeline%3A+Personalities&rft.aufirst=Story+of+Pakistan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.storyofpakistan.com%2Fperson.asp%3Fperid%3DP009&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rehman-2015-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rehman-2015_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRehman2015" class="citation news cs1">Rehman, Zia Ur (18 August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/57104-with-a-handful-of-subberstwo-newspapers-barely-keeping-gujarati-alive-in-karachi">"With a handful of subbers, two newspapers barely keeping Gujarati alive in Karachi"</a>. <i>The News International</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 January</span> 2017</span>. <q>In Pakistan, the majority of Gujarati-speaking communities are in Karachi including Dawoodi Bohras, Ismaili Khojas, Memons, Kathiawaris, Katchhis, Parsis (Zoroastrians) and Hindus, said Gul Hasan Kalmati, a researcher who authored "Karachi, Sindh Jee Marvi", a book discussing the city and its indigenous communities. Although there are no official statistics available, community leaders claim that there are three million Gujarati-speakers in Karachi – roughly around 15 percent of the city's entire population.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+News+International&rft.atitle=With+a+handful+of+subbers%2C+two+newspapers+barely+keeping+Gujarati+alive+in+Karachi&rft.date=2015-08-18&rft.aulast=Rehman&rft.aufirst=Zia+Ur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenews.com.pk%2Fprint%2F57104-with-a-handful-of-subberstwo-newspapers-barely-keeping-gujarati-alive-in-karachi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalby1998237-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalby1998237_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalby1998237_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalby1998237_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDalby1998">Dalby (1998)</a>, p. 237.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMistry1997654-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMistry1997654_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMistry1997">Mistry (1997)</a>, p. 654.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Jinnah-didnt-know-Urdu-was-fluent-in-Gujarati/articleshow/4950044.cms">"Jinnah didn't know Urdu, was fluent in Gujarati"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. 30 August 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Jinnah+didn%27t+know+Urdu%2C+was+fluent+in+Gujarati&rft.date=2009-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Findia%2FJinnah-didnt-know-Urdu-was-fluent-in-Gujarati%2Farticleshow%2F4950044.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/surat/french-island-la-reunion-is-home-to-several-gujaratis/articleshow/55988312.cms">"French island La Reunion is home to several Gujaratis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=French+island+La+Reunion+is+home+to+several+Gujaratis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fsurat%2Ffrench-island-la-reunion-is-home-to-several-gujaratis%2Farticleshow%2F55988312.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDwyer1995273-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDwyer1995273_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDwyer1995">Dwyer (1995)</a>, p. 273.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lang-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lang_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lang_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKachruKachruSridhar2008" class="citation book cs1">Kachru, Braj B.; Kachru, Yamuna; Sridhar, S. N. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O2n4sFGDEMYC&pg=PA531"><i>Language in South Asia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 531. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139465502" title="Special:BookSources/9781139465502"><bdi>9781139465502</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=531&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781139465502&rft.aulast=Kachru&rft.aufirst=Braj+B.&rft.au=Kachru%2C+Yamuna&rft.au=Sridhar%2C+S.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO2n4sFGDEMYC%26pg%3DPA531&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The geographical distribution can be found in '<a href="/wiki/Linguistic_Survey_of_India" title="Linguistic Survey of India">Linguistic Survey of India</a>' by <a href="/wiki/George_A._Grierson" class="mw-redirect" title="George A. Grierson">George A. Grierson</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180216025959/http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf">"51st Report of the Commissioner for Linguistic Minorities in India"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>nclm.nic.in</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Minority_Affairs" title="Ministry of Minority Affairs">Ministry of Minority Affairs</a>. 15 July 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nclm.nic.in/shared/linkimages/NCLM51stReport.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nclm.nic.in&rft.atitle=51st+Report+of+the+Commissioner+for+Linguistic+Minorities+in+India&rft.date=2015-07-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnclm.nic.in%2Fshared%2Flinkimages%2FNCLM51stReport.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/simplifiedgramma00tisdiala">A simplified grammar of the Gujarati language</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_St._Clair_Tisdall" title="William St. Clair Tisdall">William St. Clair Tisdall</a> (1892)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/kfr">Kacchi</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgilvie2009" class="citation cs2">Ogilvie, Sarah (2009), Keith Brown (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA469"><i>Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World</i></a> (1st ed.), Amsterdam, Netherlands: Elsevier, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780080877754" title="Special:BookSources/9780080877754"><bdi>9780080877754</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Languages+of+the+World&rft.place=Amsterdam%2C+Netherlands&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780080877754&rft.aulast=Ogilvie&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF2SRqDzB50wC%26pg%3DPA469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrierson1908" class="citation book cs1">Grierson, G. A. (1908). <i>Linguistic Survey of India, Vol IX: Indo-Aryan Family, Central Group, Part II: Specimens of the Rājasthānī and Gujarātī</i>. Superintendent Government Printing. pp. viii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Linguistic+Survey+of+India%2C+Vol+IX%3A+Indo-Aryan+Family%2C+Central+Group%2C+Part+II%3A+Specimens+of+the+R%C4%81jasth%C4%81n%C4%AB+and+Gujar%C4%81t%C4%AB&rft.pages=viii&rft.pub=Superintendent+Government+Printing&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Grierson&rft.aufirst=G.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Snell, R. (2000) <i>Teach Yourself Beginner's Hindi Script</i>. Hodder & Stoughton. pp. 83–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc01773soas_p._44._Entry_992.]-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc01773soas_p._44._Entry_992.]_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1966">Turner (1966)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:773.soas">p. 44. Entry 992.</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc11229soas_p._203._Entry_3856.]-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc11229soas_p._203._Entry_3856.]_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1966">Turner (1966)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.1:1:229.soas">p. 203. Entry 3856.</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc01552soas_p._30._Entry_684.]-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc01552soas_p._30._Entry_684.]_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1966">Turner (1966)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.0:1:552.soas">p. 30. Entry 684.</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc212005soas_p._502._Entry_8947.]-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc212005soas_p._502._Entry_8947.]_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1966">Turner (1966)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:2005.soas">p. 502. Entry 8947.</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc312126soas_p._706._Entry_12193.]-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc312126soas_p._706._Entry_12193.]_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1966">Turner (1966)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3:1:2126.soas">p. 706. Entry 12193.</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc41541soas_p._762._Entry_13173.]-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc41541soas_p._762._Entry_13173.]_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1966">Turner (1966)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.4:1:541.soas">p. 762. Entry 13173.</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc41616soas_p._766._Entry_13276.]-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurner1966[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc41616soas_p._766._Entry_13276.]_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1966">Turner (1966)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.4:1:616.soas">p. 766. Entry 13276.</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica199175-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica199175_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica199175_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica (1991)</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc511202platts_776]-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc511202platts_776]_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlatts1884">Platts (1884)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.5:1:1202.platts">776</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc312080platts_486]-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc312080platts_486]_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlatts1884">Platts (1884)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3:1:2080.platts">486</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc312215platts_489]-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc312215platts_489]_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlatts1884">Platts (1884)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3:1:2215.platts">489</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc21778platts_305]-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc21778platts_305]_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlatts1884">Platts (1884)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.2:1:778.platts">305</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETisdall1892168-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETisdall1892168_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTisdall1892">Tisdall (1892)</a>, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc71147platts_1057]-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc71147platts_1057]_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlatts1884">Platts (1884)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.7:1:147.platts">1057</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc412715platts_653]-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc412715platts_653]_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlatts1884">Platts (1884)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.4:1:2715.platts">653</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETisdall1892170-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETisdall1892170_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTisdall1892">Tisdall (1892)</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc313371platts_519]-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc313371platts_519]_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlatts1884">Platts (1884)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3:1:3371.platts">519</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc713404platts_1142]-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc713404platts_1142]_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlatts1884">Platts (1884)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.7:1:3404.platts">1142</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETisdall1892160-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETisdall1892160_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTisdall1892">Tisdall (1892)</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETisdall1892177-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETisdall1892177_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTisdall1892">Tisdall (1892)</a>, p. 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc712542platts_1123]-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc712542platts_1123]_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlatts1884">Platts (1884)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.7:1:2542.platts">1123</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETisdall1892184-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETisdall1892184_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTisdall1892">Tisdall (1892)</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc311580platts_471]-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlatts1884[httpsdsaluchicagoeducgi-binphilologicgetobjectplc311580platts_471]_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlatts1884">Platts (1884)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/philologic/getobject.pl?c.3:1:1580.platts">471</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETisdall1892172-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETisdall1892172_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTisdall1892">Tisdall (1892)</a>, p. 172.</span> </li> <li 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica199149–50-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica199149–50_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica (1991)</a>, pp. 49–50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica199149-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica199149_99-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica (1991)</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasica199173-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasica199173_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMasica1991">Masica (1991)</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=bungalow">Bungalow</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=coolie">Coolie</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=tank">Tank</a>. Online Etymology Dictionary.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mapsofindia.com/gujarat/quick-facts.html">"Facts about Gujarat"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facts+about+Gujarat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mapsofindia.com%2Fgujarat%2Fquick-facts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMistry2001276–277-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMistry2001276–277_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMistry2001">Mistry (2001)</a>, pp. 276–277.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarati_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Belsare, M.B. (1904) <i>An etymological Gujarati-English Dictionary</i>.</li> <li>Deshpande, P.G. & Parnwell, E.C. (1977) <i>Oxford Picture Dictionary. English-Gujarati</i>. Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Mehta, B.N. & Mehta, B.B. (1925) <i>The Modern Gujarati-English Dictionary</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babu_Suthar" title="Babu Suthar">Suthar, B.</a> (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/plc/gujarati/guj-engdictionary.pdf"><i>Gujarati-English Learner's Dictionary</i> (1 Mb)</a></li> <li>Waghmar, Burzine (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/8546/1/GUJCLL.pdf">Gujarati</a>. In Keith Brown and Sarah Ogilvie (eds.), <i>Concise Encyclopedia of the Languages of the World</i>. Oxford: Elsevier, pp. 468–469.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1966" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Lilley_Turner" title="Ralph Lilley Turner">Turner, Ralph Lilley</a> (1966), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dsal.uchicago.edu/dictionaries/soas/"><i>A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages</i></a>, London: Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+Dictionary+of+the+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Ralph+Lilley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdsal.uchicago.edu%2Fdictionaries%2Fsoas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardona1965" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/George_Cardona" title="George Cardona">Cardona, George</a> (1965), <i>A Gujarati Reference Grammar</i>, University of Pennsylvania Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Gujarati+Reference+Grammar&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Cardona&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTisdall1892" class="citation cs2">Tisdall, W.S. (1892), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/simplifiedgramma00tisdiala"><i>A Simplified Grammar of the Gujarati Language</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Simplified+Grammar+of+the+Gujarati+Language&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Tisdall&rft.aufirst=W.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsimplifiedgramma00tisdiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGajendragadkar1972" class="citation cs2">Gajendragadkar, S.N. 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Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-11568-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-11568-7"><bdi>0-231-11568-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Languages%3A+The+Definitive+Reference+to+More+Than+400+Languages&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-231-11568-7&rft.aulast=Dalby&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdictionaryoflang00dalb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer1995" class="citation cs2">Dwyer, Rachel (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080102081737/http://racheldwyer.com/publications.html"><i>Teach Yourself Gujarati</i></a>, London: Hodder and Stoughton, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.racheldwyer.com/publications.html">the original</a> on 2 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2007</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Teach+Yourself+Gujarati&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.racheldwyer.com%2Fpublications.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCardonaSuthar2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/George_Cardona" title="George Cardona">Cardona, George</a>; <a href="/wiki/Babu_Suthar" title="Babu Suthar">Suthar, Babu</a> (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&dq=indo-aryan+languages&pg=PA659">"Gujarati"</a>, in Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh (eds.), <i>The Indo-Aryan Languages</i>, Routledge, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77294-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77294-5"><bdi>978-0-415-77294-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gujarati&rft.btitle=The+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77294-5&rft.aulast=Cardona&rft.aufirst=George&rft.au=Suthar%2C+Babu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjPR2OlbTbdkC%26dq%3Dindo-aryan%2Blanguages%26pg%3DPA659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGujarati+language" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gujarati_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="gu:"> Gujarati edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Gujarati" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Gujarati">Gujarati</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gujarati_and_Rajasthani" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Gujarati and Rajasthani">Gujarati and Rajasthani</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a phrasebook for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Gujarati_phrasebook#Q5137" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Gujarati phrasebook">Gujarati</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Gujarati-language">Gujarati language</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gujaratilexicon.com">Gujarati Online Dictionary & Language Resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/bbjgujarati/contents.html">Bharatiya Bhasha Jyoti: Gujarati</a>—a textbook for learning Gujarati through Hindi from the <a href="/wiki/Central_Institute_of_Indian_Languages" title="Central Institute of Indian Languages">Central Institute of Indian Languages</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bdword.com/english-to-gujarati-dictionary-">English to Gujarati Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://24x7offshoring.com/english-to-gujarati-translation/">english to Gujarati translation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://englishtogujarati.com/">Translate English to Gujarati</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gujarati_language" title="Template talk:Gujarati language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gujarati_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gujarati language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gujarati_language_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gujarati language</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gujarati language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurjar_Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Gurjar Apabhraṃśa">Gurjar Apabhraṃśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Gujarati" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Gujarati">Old Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Gujarati" title="Middle Gujarati">Middle Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_languages" title="Gujarati languages">Gujarati related languages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_grammar" title="Gujarati grammar">Grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_phonology" title="Gujarati phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_numerals" title="Gujarati numerals">Numerals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_literature" title="Gujarati literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature_in_Gujarati_language" title="Children's literature in Gujarati language">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_journalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarati journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cinema" title="Gujarati cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_theatre" title="Gujarati theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_of_India_by_number_of_Gujarati_speakers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of states of India by number of Gujarati speakers">List of states of India by number of Gujarati speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gujarati-language_writers" title="List of Gujarati-language writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_State_of_Gujarat" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gujarat" title="Template:Gujarat"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gujarat" title="Template talk:Gujarat"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gujarat" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gujarat"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=&#124;alt=_State_of_Gujarat" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Gujarat.svg/25px-Flag_of_Gujarat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Gujarat.svg/38px-Flag_of_Gujarat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Gujarat.svg/50px-Flag_of_Gujarat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_union_territory_capitals_in_India" title="List of state and union territory capitals in India">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar" title="Gandhinagar">Gandhinagar</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Gujarat" title="Category:Gujarat">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Gujarat" title="Architecture of Gujarat">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cinema" title="Gujarati cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cuisine" title="Gujarati cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Gujarat" title="Culture of Gujarat">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gujarat" title="Economy of Gujarat">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Gujarat" title="Education in Gujarat">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Gujarat" title="Geography of Gujarat">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Gujarat" title="Government of Gujarat">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girnar" title="Girnar">Highest point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gujarat" title="History of Gujarat">History</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_literature" title="Gujarati literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Gujarat" title="Politics of Gujarat">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Gujarat" title="List of protected areas of Gujarat">Protected areas of Gujarats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Gujarat" title="Tourism in Gujarat">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Administrative_map_of_Gujarat.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Gujarat"><img alt="Map of Gujarat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Administrative_map_of_Gujarat.png/150px-Administrative_map_of_Gujarat.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Administrative_map_of_Gujarat.png/225px-Administrative_map_of_Gujarat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Administrative_map_of_Gujarat.png/300px-Administrative_map_of_Gujarat.png 2x" data-file-width="3014" data-file-height="2391" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions of Gujarat</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kutch" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutch">Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(region)" title="Saurashtra (region)">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Gujarat" title="North Gujarat">North Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Gujarat" title="Central Gujarat">Central Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Gujarat" title="South Gujarat">South Gujarat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_of_Gujarat" title="List of districts of Gujarat">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad_district" title="Ahmedabad district">Ahmedabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amreli_district" title="Amreli district">Amreli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_district" title="Anand district">Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aravalli_district" title="Aravalli district">Aravalli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banaskantha_district" title="Banaskantha district">Banaskantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharuch_district" title="Bharuch district">Bharuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavnagar_district" title="Bhavnagar district">Bhavnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botad_district" title="Botad district">Botad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhota_Udaipur_district" title="Chhota Udaipur district">Chhota Udaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahod_district" title="Dahod district">Dahod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dang_district,_India" title="Dang district, India">Dang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devbhumi_Dwarka_district" title="Devbhumi Dwarka district">Devbhumi Dwarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar_district" title="Gandhinagar district">Gandhinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gir_Somnath_district" title="Gir Somnath district">Gir Somnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamnagar_district" title="Jamnagar district">Jamnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junagadh_district" title="Junagadh district">Junagadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutch_district" title="Kutch district">Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda_district" title="Kheda district">Kheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahisagar_district" title="Mahisagar district">Mahisagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehsana_district" title="Mehsana district">Mehsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morbi_district" title="Morbi district">Morbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narmada_district" title="Narmada district">Narmada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navsari_district" title="Navsari district">Navsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchmahal_district" title="Panchmahal district">Panchmahal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patan_district" title="Patan district">Patan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porbandar_district" title="Porbandar district">Porbandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajkot_district" title="Rajkot district">Rajkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabarkantha_district" title="Sabarkantha district">Sabarkantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_district" title="Surat district">Surat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendranagar_district" title="Surendranagar district">Surendranagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapi_district" title="Tapi district">Tapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadodara_district" title="Vadodara district">Vadodara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valsad_district" title="Valsad district">Valsad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Gujarat_by_population" title="List of cities in Gujarat by population">Major cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amreli" title="Amreli">Amreli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand,_Gujarat" title="Anand, Gujarat">Anand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankleshwar" title="Ankleshwar">Ankleshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Bharuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavnagar" title="Bhavnagar">Bhavnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botad" title="Botad">Botad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuj" title="Bhuj">Bhuj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarka" title="Dwarka">Dwarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhidham" title="Gandhidham">Gandhidham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhinagar" title="Gandhinagar">Gandhinagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godhra" title="Godhra">Godhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamnagar" title="Jamnagar">Jamnagar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junagadh" title="Junagadh">Junagadh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kheda" title="Kheda">Kheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehsana" title="Mehsana">Mehsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morbi" title="Morbi">Morbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadiad" title="Nadiad">Nadiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navsari" title="Navsari">Navsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modasa" title="Modasa">Modasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patan,_Gujarat" title="Patan, Gujarat">Patan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porbandar" title="Porbandar">Porbandar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajkot" title="Rajkot">Rajkot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat" title="Surat">Surat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surendranagar_Dudhrej" title="Surendranagar Dudhrej">Surendranagar Dudhrej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadhwan" title="Wadhwan">Wadhwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wankaner" title="Wankaner">Wankaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udhna" title="Udhna">Udhna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadodara" title="Vadodara">Vadodara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valsad" title="Valsad">Valsad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapi" title="Vapi">Vapi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veraval" title="Veraval">Veraval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visnagar" title="Visnagar">Visnagar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ecoregions_of_India" title="Category:Ecoregions of India">Ecoregions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_River_Delta%E2%80%93Arabian_Sea_mangroves" title="Indus River Delta–Arabian Sea mangroves">Indus River Delta–Arabian Sea mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khathiar%E2%80%93Gir_dry_deciduous_forests" title="Khathiar–Gir dry deciduous forests">Khathiar–Gir dry deciduous forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Western_Ghats_moist_deciduous_forests" title="North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests">North Western Ghats moist deciduous forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aravalli_West_Thorn_Scrub_Forests" title="Aravalli West Thorn Scrub Forests">Aravalli West Thorn Scrub Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rann_of_Kutch" title="Rann of Kutch">Rann of Kutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Economy_of_Gujarat" title="Category:Economy of Gujarat">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad_Bus_Rapid_Transit_System" title="Ahmedabad Bus Rapid Transit System">Ahmedabad Bus Rapid Transit System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIFT_City" title="GIFT City">GIFT City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabarmati_Riverfront" title="Sabarmati Riverfront">Sabarmati Riverfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_Sarovar_Dam" title="Sardar Sarovar Dam">Sardar Sarovar Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_State_Wide_Area_Network" title="Gujarat State Wide Area Network">GSWAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Power_stations_of_Gujarat" title="Template:Power stations of Gujarat">Power stations and power organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_State_Petroleum_Corporation" title="Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation">Gujarat State Petroleum Corporation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarat_Gas" title="Gujarat Gas">Gujarat Gas</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_India" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_India" title="Template:Languages of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_India" title="Template talk:Languages of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_India" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_India" title="Languages of India">Languages of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Languages_with_official_status_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages with official status in India">Official<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Union-level</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_English" title="Indian English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Schedule_to_the_Constitution_of_India" title="Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India">8th schedule</a> to the<br /> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada" title="Kannada">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro_language_(India)" title="Boro language (India)">Bodo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a> (Manipuri)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santali_language" title="Santali language">Santali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State-level only</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garo_language" title="Garo language">Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurung_language" title="Gurung language">Gurung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_language" title="Ho language">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KRNB_lects" class="mw-redirect" title="KRNB lects">Kamatapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_language" title="Kharia language">Kharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasi_language" title="Khasi language">Khasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokborok" title="Kokborok">Kokborok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language" title="Kurukh language">Kurukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_language" title="Limbu language">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_language" title="Mizo language">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_language" title="Mundari language">Mundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Rai languages">Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rajbangshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherpa_language" title="Sherpa language">Sherpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikkimese language">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language" title="Sunwar language">Sunwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_language" title="Tamang language">Tamang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">Major<br />unofficial<br />languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India#More_than_one_million_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">Over 1 million<br />speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_language" title="Gondi language">Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangri dialect">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_language" title="Tulu language">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_number_of_native_speakers_in_India#100,000_to_one_million_speakers" title="List of languages by number of native speakers in India">100,000 – 1 million<br />speakers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Adi language">Adi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami_language" title="Angami language">Angami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongsen_Ao_language" title="Mongsen Ao language">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badaga_language" title="Badaga language">Badaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimasa_language" title="Dimasa language">Dimasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khotta_Bhasha" title="Khotta Bhasha">Khotta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodava_language" title="Kodava language">Kodava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolami language">Kolami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_language" title="Konyak language">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korku_language" title="Korku language">Korku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koya_language" title="Koya language">Koya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kui_language_(India)" title="Kui language (India)">Kui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuvi_language" title="Kuvi language">Kuvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladakhi_language" title="Ladakhi language">Ladakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotha_language" title="Lotha language">Lotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malto_language" title="Malto language">Malto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mising_language" title="Mising language">Mising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishi_language" title="Nishi language">Nishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phom_language" title="Phom language">Phom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabha_language" title="Rabha language">Rabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sema_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sema language">Sema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sora_language" title="Sora language">Sora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhul_language" title="Tangkhul language">Tangkhul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thadou_language" title="Thadou language">Thadou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_history_of_India" title="Linguistic history of India">Linguistic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Languages_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Languages of India">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_in_India" title="Multilingualism in India">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_India" title="List of endangered languages in India">Endangered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_states_by_most_spoken_scheduled_languages" title="Indian states by most spoken scheduled languages">Scheduled languages in states</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Pakistan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Template:Languages of Pakistan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Template talk:Languages of Pakistan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Pakistan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Pakistan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Pakistan" title="Languages of Pakistan">Languages of Pakistan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_English" title="Pakistani English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(by <a href="/wiki/Administrative_units_of_Pakistan" title="Administrative units of Pakistan">administrative unit</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Kashmir" title="Azad Kashmir">Azad Kashmir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujari_language" title="Gujari language">Gujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundal_Shahi_language" title="Kundal Shahi language">Kundal Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Balochistan,_Pakistan" title="Balochistan, Pakistan">Balochistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahui_language" title="Brahui language">Brahui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehwari_language" title="Dehwari language">Dehwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_dialect" title="Hazaragi dialect">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khetrani_language" title="Khetrani language">Khetrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanetsi" title="Wanetsi">Wanetsi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gilgit-Baltistan" title="Gilgit-Baltistan">Gilgit-Baltistan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balti_language" title="Balti language">Balti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_language" title="Dawoodi language">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purgi_language" title="Purgi language">Purgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakhi_language" title="Wakhi language">Wakhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burushaski" title="Burushaski">Burushaski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Badeshi language">Badeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateri_language" title="Bateri language">Bateri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilisso_language" title="Chilisso language">Chilisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dameli_language" title="Dameli language">Dameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar-Bati_language" title="Gawar-Bati language">Gawar-Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowro_language" title="Gowro language">Gowro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani" title="Indus Kohistani">Indus Kohistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalami language">Kalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-mun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasha-mun">Kalasha-mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkoti_language" title="Kalkoti language">Kalkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamviri_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamviri dialect">Kamviri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khowar language">Khowar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohistani_Shina" title="Kohistani Shina">Kohistani Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankiyali_language" title="Mankiyali language">Mankiyali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munji_language" title="Munji language">Munji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormuri" title="Ormuri">Ormuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palula_language" title="Palula language">Palula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashto" title="Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Dardic)" title="Sawi language (Dardic)">Sawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhani_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Shekhani dialect">Shekhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torwali_language" title="Torwali language">Torwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushoji_language" title="Ushoji language">Ushoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waziristani_dialect" title="Waziristani dialect">Wazir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yidgha_language" title="Yidgha language">Yidgha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Punjab,_Pakistan" title="Punjab, Pakistan">Punjab</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabutra_language" title="Kabutra language">Kabutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pothwari Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangri_dialect_(Haryanvi)" title="Rangri dialect (Haryanvi)">Rangri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sindh" title="Sindh">Sindh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aer_language" title="Aer language">Aer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaya_language" title="Bhaya language">Bhaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatki_language" title="Dhatki language">Dhatki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goaria_language" title="Goaria language">Goaria</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandavra_language" title="Jandavra language">Jandavra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogi_language" title="Jogi language">Jogi</a></li> <li>Koli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kachi_Koli_language" title="Kachi Koli language">Kachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadiyara_Koli_language" title="Wadiyara Koli language">Wadiyara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loarki_language" title="Loarki language">Loarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoni_language" title="Memoni language">Memoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od_language" title="Od language">Od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangri_dialect_(Haryanvi)" title="Rangri dialect (Haryanvi)">Rangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghri_language" title="Vaghri language">Vaghri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_Sign_Language" title="Indo-Pakistani Sign Language">Pakistani Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Persian language in the Indian subcontinent">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_in_Pakistan" title="Hindi in Pakistan">Pakistani Hindi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagatai_language" title="Chagatai language">Chagatai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_South_Africa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Template:Languages of South Africa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Template talk:Languages of South Africa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of South Africa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_South_Africa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_South_Africa" title="Languages of South Africa">Languages of South Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_South_African_Language_Board" title="Pan South African Language Board">Pan South African Language Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_for_the_Promotion_and_Protection_of_the_Rights_of_Cultural,_Religious_and_Linguistic_Communities" title="Commission for the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Communities">Commission for Cultural, Religious and Linguistic Community Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Arts_and_Culture_(South_Africa)" title="Department of Arts and Culture (South Africa)">Department of Arts and Culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaans" title="Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_English" title="South African English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Bantu_languages" title="Southern Bantu languages">Southern Bantu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sotho%E2%80%93Tswana_languages" title="Sotho–Tswana languages">Sotho–Tswana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Sotho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Sotho language">Northern Sotho <i>(Sesotho sa Leboa)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Southern Sotho <i>(Sesotho)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tswana_language" title="Tswana language">Tswana <i>(Setswana)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nguni_languages" title="Nguni languages">Nguni</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">Southern Ndebele <i>(isiNdebele)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swazi_language" title="Swazi language">Swazi <i>(siSwati)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa <i>(isiXhosa)</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu <i>(isiZulu)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tswa%E2%80%93Ronga_languages" title="Tswa–Ronga languages">Tswa–Ronga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga <i>(Xitsonga)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venda</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venda_language" title="Venda language">Venda <i>(Tshivenḓa)</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognised<br />unofficial languages<br />mentioned in the<br /><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Africa" title="Constitution of South Africa">1996 constitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhaca_language" title="Bhaca language">Bhaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoe_languages" title="Khoe languages">Khoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lala_language_(South_Africa)" title="Lala language (South Africa)">Lala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_language" title="Lozi language">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Nama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nhlangwini_language" title="Nhlangwini language">Nhlangwini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_language" title="Northern Ndebele language">Northern Ndebele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phuthi_language" title="Phuthi language">Phuthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> (historical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_slang" title="LGBTQ slang">LGBTQ slang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gayle_language" title="Gayle language">Gayle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/IsiNgqumo" title="IsiNgqumo">IsiNgqumo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsotsitaal_and_Camtho" title="Tsotsitaal and Camtho">Tsotsitaal and Camtho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oorlams_Creole" title="Oorlams Creole">Oorlams Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanagalo" title="Fanagalo">Fanagalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretoria_Sotho" title="Pretoria Sotho">Pretoria Sotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scamto" title="Scamto">Scamto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Sign_Language" title="South African Sign Language">SA Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angloromani_language" title="Angloromani language">Angloromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaaps" title="Kaaps">Kaaps</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indo-Aryan_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Template:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Template talk:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indo-Aryan languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indo-Aryan_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dardic_languages" title="Dardic languages">Dardic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kashmiri</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_language" title="Kashmiri language">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishtwari" title="Kishtwari">Kishtwari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shina</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shina_language" title="Shina language">Shina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brokskat" title="Brokskat">Brokskat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundal_Shahi_language" title="Kundal Shahi language">Kundal Shahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalkoti_language" title="Kalkoti language">Kalkoti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ushoji_language" title="Ushoji language">Ushoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palula_language" title="Palula language">Palula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_language_(Dardic)" title="Sawi language (Dardic)">Sawi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pashayi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashayi_languages" title="Pashayi languages">Pashayi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kunar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dameli_language" title="Dameli language">Dameli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawar-Bati_language" title="Gawar-Bati language">Gawar-Bati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nangalami_language" title="Nangalami language">Nangalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shumashti_language" title="Shumashti language">Shumashti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotapuri-Katarqalai_language" title="Wotapuri-Katarqalai language">Wotapuri-Katarqalai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chitral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalasha-mun" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasha-mun">Kalasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khowar" title="Khowar">Khowar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazara Division</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Kohistani" title="Indus Kohistani">Indus Kohistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateri_language" title="Bateri language">Bateri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilisso_language" title="Chilisso language">Chilisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gowro_language" title="Gowro language">Gowro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalami language">Kalami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirahi_language" title="Tirahi language">Tirahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mankiyali_language" title="Mankiyali language">Mankiyali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Northern Indo-Aryan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doteli" title="Doteli">Doteli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jumli_language" title="Jumli language">Jumli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepali_language" title="Nepali language">Nepali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garhwali_language" title="Garhwali language">Garhwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumaoni_language" title="Kumaoni language">Kumaoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Pahari" title="Western Pahari">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_language" title="Dogri language">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangri_language" title="Kangri language">Kangri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhadarwahi_language" title="Bhadarwahi language">Bhadarwahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churahi" title="Churahi">Churahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhateali" title="Bhateali">Bhateali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilaspuri" title="Bilaspuri">Bilaspuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambeali" title="Chambeali">Chambeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaddi_language" title="Gaddi language">Gaddi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangwali" title="Pangwali">Pangwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandeali" title="Mandeali">Mandeali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasu_Pahari" title="Mahasu Pahari">Mahasu Pahari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaunsari_language" title="Jaunsari language">Jaunsari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kullui" title="Kullui">Kullui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari_Kinnauri_language" title="Pahari Kinnauri language">Pahari Kinnauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduri_language" title="Hinduri language">Hinduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmauri_language" title="Sirmauri language">Sirmauri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarazi_language" title="Sarazi language">Sarazi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northwestern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Punjabi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_dialects_and_languages" title="Punjabi dialects and languages">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lahnda" title="Lahnda">Lahnda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindko" title="Hindko">Hindko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inku_language" title="Inku language">Inku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khetrani_language" title="Khetrani language">Khetrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahari-Pothwari" title="Pahari-Pothwari">Pahari-Pothwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraiki_language" title="Saraiki language">Saraiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_languages" title="Sindhi languages">Sindhi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jadgali_language" title="Jadgali language">Jadgali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholosi_language" title="Kholosi language">Kholosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutchi_language" title="Kutchi language">Kutchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luwati_language" title="Luwati language">Luwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memoni_language" title="Memoni language">Memoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_language" title="Sindhi language">Sindhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_languages" title="Gujarati languages">Gujarati</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aer_language" title="Aer language">Aer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gujarati</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lisan_ud-Dawat" title="Lisan ud-Dawat">Lisan ud-Dawat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jandavra_language" title="Jandavra language">Jandavra</a></li> <li>Koli <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kachi_Koli_language" title="Kachi Koli language">Kachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkari_Koli_language" title="Parkari Koli language">Parkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadiyara_Koli_language" title="Wadiyara Koli language">Wadiyara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_language" title="Saurashtra language">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaghri_language" title="Vaghri language">Vaghri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_languages" title="Rajasthani languages">Rajasthani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagri_language" title="Bagri language">Bagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goaria_language" title="Goaria language">Goaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loarki_language" title="Loarki language">Loarki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujari_language" title="Gujari language">Gujari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhundari_language" title="Dhundari language">Dhundari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harauti_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Harauti language">Harauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malvi_language" title="Malvi language">Malvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marwari_language" title="Marwari language">Marwari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewati_language" title="Mewati language">Mewati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mewari_language" title="Mewari language">Mewari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekhawati_language" title="Shekhawati language">Shekhawati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhatki_language" title="Dhatki language">Dhatki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Od_language" title="Od language">Od</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimadi_language" title="Nimadi language">Nimadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bhil_languages" title="Bhil languages">Bhil</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhili_language" title="Bhili language">Bhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilali_language" title="Bhilali language">Bhilali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chodri_language" title="Chodri language">Chodri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhodia%E2%80%93Kukna_language" title="Dhodia–Kukna language">Dhodia–Kukna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhanki_language" title="Dhanki language">Dhanki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubli_language" title="Dubli language">Dubli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauria_language" title="Bauria language">Bauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhilori_language" title="Bhilori language">Bhilori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawchi_language" title="Mawchi language">Mawchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magari_language" title="Magari language">Magari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palya_Bareli_language" title="Palya Bareli language">Palya Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauri_Bareli_language" title="Pauri Bareli language">Pauri Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rathwi_Bareli_language" title="Rathwi Bareli language">Rathwi Bareli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pardhi_language" title="Pardhi language">Pardhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamit_language" title="Gamit language">Gamit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalto_language" title="Kalto language">Kalto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasavi_language" title="Vasavi language">Vasavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagdi" title="Wagdi">Wagdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaagri_Booli_language" title="Vaagri Booli language">Vaagri Booli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khandeshi_language" title="Khandeshi language">Khandeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambadi" title="Lambadi">Lambadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_language" title="Dawoodi language">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domari_language" title="Domari language">Domari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Romani_languages" title="Template:Romani languages">list of languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Central Indo-Aryan languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braj_Bhasha" title="Braj Bhasha">Braj Bhasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundeli_language" title="Bundeli language">Bundeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_language" title="Haryanvi language">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kauravi_dialect" title="Kauravi dialect">Kauravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinglish" title="Hinglish">Hinglish</a>/<a href="/wiki/Urdish" title="Urdish">Urdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deccani_language" title="Deccani language">Deccani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Urdu" title="Judeo-Urdu">Judeo-Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_Urdu" title="Hyderabadi Urdu">Hyderabadi Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rekhta" title="Rekhta">Rekhta</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannauji_language" title="Kannauji language">Kannauji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansi_language" title="Sansi language">Sansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadhukkadi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadhukkadi">Sadhukkadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awadhi_language" title="Awadhi language">Awadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagheli_language" title="Bagheli language">Bagheli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_language" title="Chhattisgarhi language">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji_Hindi" title="Fiji Hindi">Fiji Hindi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parya_language" title="Parya language">Parya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Eastern Indo-Aryan languages">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bihari_languages" title="Bihari languages">Bihari</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bhojpuric</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhojpuri_language" title="Bhojpuri language">Bhojpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Hindustani" title="Caribbean Hindustani">Caribbean Hindustani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magahi</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magahi_language" title="Magahi language">Magahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khortha_language" title="Khortha language">Khortha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Maithili</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maithili_language" title="Maithili language">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angika" title="Angika">Angika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajjika" title="Bajjika">Bajjika</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sadanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sadri language">Sadri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmali_language" title="Kurmali language">Kurmali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tharuic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tharu_languages" title="Tharu languages">Tharu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kochila_Tharu" title="Kochila Tharu">Kochila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buksa_language" title="Buksa language">Buksa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majhi_language" title="Majhi language">Majhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musasa_language" title="Musasa language">Musasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kumhali_language" title="Kumhali language">Kumhali</a></li> <li>Kuswaric <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bote-Darai_language" title="Bote-Darai language">Bote-Darai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danwar_language" title="Danwar language">Danwar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gauda%E2%80%93Kamarupa_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauda–Kamarupa languages">Gauda–<br />Kamarupa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bengali</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_dialects" title="Bengali dialects">dialects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishnupriya_Manipuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishnupriya Manipuri language">Bishnupriya Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajong_language" title="Hajong language">Hajong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharia_Thar_language" title="Kharia Thar language">Kharia Thar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurmukar_language" title="Kurmukar language">Kurmukar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mal_Paharia_language" title="Mal Paharia language">Mal Paharia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhailla_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Noakhailla language">Noakhailla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_language" title="Sylheti language">Sylheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_language" title="Tanchangya language">Tanchangya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kamarupic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamrupi_dialects" title="Kamrupi dialects">Kamrupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goalpariya_dialects" title="Goalpariya dialects">Goalpariya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajbanshi_language_(Nepal)" title="Rajbanshi language (Nepal)">Rajbanshi (Nepal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangpuri_language" title="Rangpuri language">Rangpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surjapuri_language" title="Surjapuri language">Surjapuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chittagonian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chittagonian_language" title="Chittagonian language">Chittagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_language" title="Chakma language">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_language" title="Rohingya language">Rohingya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Odia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambalpuri_language" title="Sambalpuri language">Sambalpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desia_language" title="Desia language">Desia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatri_language" title="Bhatri language">Bhatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodo_Parja_language" title="Bodo Parja language">Bodo Parja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reli_language" title="Reli language">Reli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupia_language" title="Kupia language">Kupia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Halbic_languages" title="Halbic languages">Halbic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halbi_language" title="Halbi language">Halbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamar_language" title="Kamar language">Kamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhunjia_language_(Halbic)" title="Bhunjia language (Halbic)">Bhunjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahari_language" title="Nahari language">Nahari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marathi-Konkani_languages" title="Marathi-Konkani languages">Marathi–<br />Konkani</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marathic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marathi_language" title="Marathi language">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varhadi_dialect" title="Varhadi dialect">Varhadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andh_language" title="Andh language">Andh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berar-Deccan_Marathi" title="Berar-Deccan Marathi">Berar Deccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varli_language" title="Varli language">Varli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phudagi_language" title="Phudagi language">Phudagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katkari_language" title="Katkari language">Katkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadodi_language" title="Kadodi language">Kadodi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konkanic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konkani_language" title="Konkani language">Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_Konkani" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharashtrian Konkani">Maharashtrian Konkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarese_Konkani" title="Canarese Konkani">Canarese Konkani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Insular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_language" title="Sinhala language">Sinhala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Sanskrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Sanskrit">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_superstrate_in_Mitanni" title="Indo-Aryan superstrate in Mitanni">Mitanni superstrate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Middle Indo-Aryan languages">Middle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashokan_Prakrit" title="Ashokan Prakrit">Ashokan Prakrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Early Ardhamagadhi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle (<a href="/wiki/Prakrit" title="Prakrit">Prakrit</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Hybrid_Sanskrit" title="Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit">Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dramatic_Prakrit" title="Dramatic Prakrit">Dramatic Prakrits</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardhamagadhi_Prakrit" title="Ardhamagadhi Prakrit">Ardhamagadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magadhi_Prakrit" title="Magadhi Prakrit">Magadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtri_Prakrit" title="Maharashtri Prakrit">Maharashtri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shauraseni_Prakrit" title="Shauraseni Prakrit">Shauraseni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhari_language" title="Gandhari language">Gāndhārī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudi_Prakrit" title="Gaudi Prakrit">Gaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paishachi" title="Paishachi">Paishachi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late (<a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abahattha" title="Abahattha">Abahattha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apabhra%E1%B9%83%C5%9Ba" title="Apabhraṃśa">Apabhraṃśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elu" title="Elu">Elu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarupi_Prakrit" title="Kamarupi Prakrit">Kamarupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khasa_Prakrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Khasa Prakrit language">Khasa Prakrit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian language">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Aryan_language" title="Proto-Indo-Aryan language">Proto-Indo-Aryan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badeshi" title="Badeshi">Badeshi</a> (unknown further classification)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazigar_language" title="Bazigar language">Bazigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinali%E2%80%93Lahul_languages" title="Chinali–Lahul languages">Chinali–Lahul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinali_language" title="Chinali language">Chinali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahul_Lohar_language" title="Lahul Lohar language">Lahul Lohar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikhgal" title="Sheikhgal">Sheikhgal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pidgins<br />and creoles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Creole_Hindi" title="Andaman Creole Hindi">Andaman Creole Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombay_Hindi" title="Bombay Hindi">Bombay Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haflong_Hindi" title="Haflong Hindi">Haflong Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagamese_creole" title="Nagamese creole">Nagamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nefamese" title="Nefamese">Nefamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda_language" title="Vedda language">Vedda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nuristani_languages" title="Nuristani languages">Nuristani languages</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></dd></dl> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5137#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5137#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5137#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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