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<span>Toggle Targets, indicators and progress subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Targets,_indicators_and_progress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Target_15.1:_Conserve_and_restore_terrestrial_and_freshwater_ecosystems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Target_15.1:_Conserve_and_restore_terrestrial_and_freshwater_ecosystems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Target 15.1: Conserve and restore terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Target_15.1:_Conserve_and_restore_terrestrial_and_freshwater_ecosystems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Target_15.2:_End_deforestation_and_restore_degraded_forests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Target_15.2:_End_deforestation_and_restore_degraded_forests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Target 15.2: End deforestation and restore degraded forests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Target_15.2:_End_deforestation_and_restore_degraded_forests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Target_15.3:_End_desertification_and_restore_degraded_land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Target_15.3:_End_desertification_and_restore_degraded_land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Target 15.3: End desertification and restore degraded land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Target_15.3:_End_desertification_and_restore_degraded_land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Target_15.4:_Ensure_conservation_of_mountain_ecosystems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Target_15.4:_Ensure_conservation_of_mountain_ecosystems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Target 15.4: Ensure conservation of mountain ecosystems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Target_15.4:_Ensure_conservation_of_mountain_ecosystems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Target_15.5:_Protect_biodiversity_and_natural_habitats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Target_15.5:_Protect_biodiversity_and_natural_habitats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Target 15.5: Protect biodiversity and natural habitats</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Target_15.5:_Protect_biodiversity_and_natural_habitats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Target_15.6:_Protect_access_to_genetic_resources_and_fair_sharing_of_the_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Target_15.6:_Protect_access_to_genetic_resources_and_fair_sharing_of_the_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Target 15.6: Protect access to genetic resources and fair sharing of the benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Target_15.6:_Protect_access_to_genetic_resources_and_fair_sharing_of_the_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Target_15.7:_Eliminate_poaching_and_trafficking_of_protected_species" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Target_15.7:_Eliminate_poaching_and_trafficking_of_protected_species"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Target 15.7: Eliminate poaching and trafficking of protected species</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Target_15.7:_Eliminate_poaching_and_trafficking_of_protected_species-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Target_15.8:_Prevent_invasive_alien_species_on_land_and_in_water_ecosystems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Target_15.8:_Prevent_invasive_alien_species_on_land_and_in_water_ecosystems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Target 15.8: Prevent invasive alien species on land and in water ecosystems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Target_15.8:_Prevent_invasive_alien_species_on_land_and_in_water_ecosystems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Target_15.9:_Integrate_ecosystem_and_biodiversity_in_governmental_planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Target_15.9:_Integrate_ecosystem_and_biodiversity_in_governmental_planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Target 15.9: Integrate ecosystem and biodiversity in governmental planning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Target_15.9:_Integrate_ecosystem_and_biodiversity_in_governmental_planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Target_15.a:_Increase_financial_resources_to_conserve_and_sustainably_use_ecosystem_and_biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Target_15.a:_Increase_financial_resources_to_conserve_and_sustainably_use_ecosystem_and_biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.10</span> <span>Target 15.a: Increase financial resources to conserve and sustainably use ecosystem and biodiversity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Target_15.a:_Increase_financial_resources_to_conserve_and_sustainably_use_ecosystem_and_biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Target_15.b:_Finance_and_incentivize_sustainable_forest_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Target_15.b:_Finance_and_incentivize_sustainable_forest_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>Target 15.b: Finance and incentivize sustainable forest management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Target_15.b:_Finance_and_incentivize_sustainable_forest_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Target_15.c:_Combat_global_poaching_and_trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Target_15.c:_Combat_global_poaching_and_trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Target 15.c: Combat global poaching and trafficking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Target_15.c:_Combat_global_poaching_and_trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Custodian_agencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Custodian_agencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Custodian agencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Custodian_agencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monitoring_and_progress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monitoring_and_progress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Monitoring and progress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monitoring_and_progress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Challenges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Challenges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Impacts_of_COVID-19_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impacts_of_COVID-19_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impacts_of_COVID-19_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Links_with_other_SDGs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Links_with_other_SDGs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Links with other SDGs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Links_with_other_SDGs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%B9%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="هدف التنمية المستدامة الخامس عشر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هدف التنمية المستدامة الخامس عشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objetivo_de_Desarrollo_Sostenible_15" title="Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 15 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 15" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garapen_Jasangarrirako_15._helburua:_lehorreko_bizitza" title="Garapen Jasangarrirako 15. helburua: lehorreko bizitza – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Garapen Jasangarrirako 15. helburua: lehorreko bizitza" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%AF%D9%81_%DB%B1%DB%B5_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%87_%D9%BE%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="هدف ۱۵ توسعه پایدار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هدف ۱۵ توسعه پایدار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objectif_de_d%C3%A9veloppement_durable_no_15_des_Nations_unies" title="Objectif de développement durable no 15 des Nations unies – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Objectif de développement durable no 15 des Nations unies" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tujuan_pembangunan_berkelanjutan_15" title="Tujuan pembangunan berkelanjutan 15 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tujuan pembangunan berkelanjutan 15" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98_15" title="Цел за одржлив развој 15 – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Цел за одржлив развој 15" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="പതിനഞ്ചാം സുസ്ഥിര വികസന ലക്ഷ്യം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പതിനഞ്ചാം സുസ്ഥിര വികസന ലക്ഷ്യം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matlamat_Pembangunan_Mampan_15" title="Matlamat Pembangunan Mampan 15 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Matlamat Pembangunan Mampan 15" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Objetivo_de_Desenvolvimento_Sustent%C3%A1vel_15" title="Objetivo de Desenvolvimento Sustentável 15 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Objetivo de Desenvolvimento Sustentável 15" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obiectivul_de_Dezvoltare_Durabil%C4%83_15" title="Obiectivul de Dezvoltare Durabilă 15 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Obiectivul de Dezvoltare Durabilă 15" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%83_15" title="Мета сталого розвитку 15 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мета сталого розвитку 15" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_15" title="Sustainable Development Goal 15 – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Sustainable Development Goal 15" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mossi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Moore</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q53581245#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">15th of 17 Sustainable Development Goals to protect life on land</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">Sustainable Development Goal 15</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sustainable_Development_Goal_15LifeOnLand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sustainable_Development_Goal_15LifeOnLand.svg/250px-Sustainable_Development_Goal_15LifeOnLand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sustainable_Development_Goal_15LifeOnLand.svg/330px-Sustainable_Development_Goal_15LifeOnLand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Sustainable_Development_Goal_15LifeOnLand.svg/500px-Sustainable_Development_Goal_15LifeOnLand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mission_statement" title="Mission statement">Mission statement</a></th><td class="infobox-data">"Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commercial?</th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type of project</th><td class="infobox-data">non-profit</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">Global</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data">United Nations</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">2015</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sdgs.un.org/">sdgs<wbr />.un<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sustainable Development Goal 15</b> (<b>SDG 15</b> or <b>Global Goal 15</b>) is about "Life on land". One of the 17 <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> established by the United Nations in 2015, the official wording is: "Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage <a href="/wiki/Forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Forests">forests</a>, combat <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>, and halt and reverse <a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">land degradation</a> and halt <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> loss".<sup id="cite_ref-:17_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Goal has 12 targets to be achieved by 2030. Progress towards targets will be measured by 14 indicators. </p><p>The nine <i>outcome targets</i> include: Conserve and restore terrestrial and freshwater <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>; end <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> and restore degraded forests; end <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> and restore degraded land; ensure conservation of mountain ecosystems, protect <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">natural habitats</a>; protect access to <a href="/wiki/Genetic_resources" title="Genetic resources">genetic resources</a> and fair sharing of the benefits; eliminate <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a> and trafficking of <a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">protected species</a>; prevent <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive alien species</a> on land and in water ecosystems; and integrate ecosystem and biodiversity in governmental planning. The three <i>means of implementation targets<sup id="cite_ref-:22_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> include: Increase financial resources to conserve and sustainably use ecosystem and biodiversity; finance and incentivize <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">sustainable forest management</a>; combat global poaching and trafficking. </p><p>An annual report is prepared by the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a> evaluating the progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESC2020_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESC2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provides data on changes in forest areas, <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a> and other parameters that are of relevance for SDG 15. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Targets,_indicators_and_progress"><span id="Targets.2C_indicators_and_progress"></span>Targets, indicators and progress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_15&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Targets, indicators and progress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_SDG_targets_and_indicators" class="mw-redirect" title="List of SDG targets and indicators">List of SDG targets and indicators</a></div> <p>The UN has defined 12 Targets and 14 Indicators for SDG 15. Five of them are to be achieved by the year 2020, two by the year 2030 and the rest have no target year. </p><p>Each of the targets also has one or more indicators to measure progress. In total there are fourteen indicators for SDG 15. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">FAO</a> is the custodian agency for three of the indicators for SDG targets 15.1, 15.2 and 15.4.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Target_15.1:_Conserve_and_restore_terrestrial_and_freshwater_ecosystems">Target 15.1: Conserve and restore terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_15&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Target 15.1: Conserve and restore terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The full title of Target 15.1 is: "By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services, in particular forests, <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a>, mountains and <a href="/wiki/Drylands" title="Drylands">drylands</a>, in line with obligation under international agreements."<sup id="cite_ref-:17_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This target has two indicators:<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Indicator 15.1.1: Forest area as a proportion of the total land area</li> <li>Indicator 15.1.2: Proportion of important sites for terrestrial and freshwater biodiversity that are covered by <a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">protected areas</a>, by ecosystem type</li></ul> <p>Forests cover roughly 4 billion hectares or 30.7 per cent of the world's land area.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 93 percent are natural forests and 7 percent are planted. The forest area is defined by the land under natural or planted groups of trees of at least 5 meters <a href="/wiki/In_situ" title="In situ">in situ</a>. The trees can be either be productive or non-productive and should not include fruit plantations and <a href="/wiki/Agroforestry" title="Agroforestry">agroforestry</a> systems and trees in urban parks and gardens.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Protected_area" title="Protected area">Protected areas</a> are defined by three indicators: 1) the proportion of total terrestrial area classified as protected 2) the proportion of important sites of terrestrial biodiversity who are protected 3) and proportion of important sites of freshwater biodiversity that are protected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Target_15.2:_End_deforestation_and_restore_degraded_forests">Target 15.2: End deforestation and restore degraded forests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_15&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Target 15.2: End deforestation and restore degraded forests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The full title of Target 15.2 is: "By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of all types of forests, halt <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, restore degraded forests and substantially increase <a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reforestation" title="Reforestation">reforestation</a> globally."<sup id="cite_ref-:17_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This target has one Indicator: Indicator 15.2.1 is the "Progress towards sustainable forest management".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United Nations General Assembly has defined Sustainable forest management as a dynamic and evolving concept that aims to maintain and enhance the economic, social and environmental values of all types of forests, for the benefit of present and future generations (Resolution A/RES/62/98).<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It aims to find a balance between the increasing demands for forest products and the benefits as well as preserving the health and diversity of the forests. </p><p>SDG indicator 15.2.1 is composed of five sub-indicators that measure progress towards all dimensions of sustainable forest management. They provide qualification to the management of forest areas and assess areas with a set on national and international standards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Target_15.3:_End_desertification_and_restore_degraded_land">Target 15.3: End desertification and restore degraded land</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_15&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Target 15.3: End desertification and restore degraded land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The full title of Target 15.3 is: "By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil, including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive to achieve a land degradation-neutral world."<sup id="cite_ref-:17_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This target has one indicator: Indicator 15.3.1 is the "Proportion of land that is degraded over the total land area".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a> affects as much as one-sixth of the world's population, 70% of all drylands, and one-quarter of the total land area of the world. It also leads to spreading poverty and the degradation of billion hectares of <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_land" title="Agricultural land">cropland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Target_15.4:_Ensure_conservation_of_mountain_ecosystems">Target 15.4: Ensure conservation of mountain ecosystems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_15&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Target 15.4: Ensure conservation of mountain ecosystems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountain_Green_Cover_Index,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mountain_Green_Cover_Index%2C_OWID.svg/220px-Mountain_Green_Cover_Index%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mountain_Green_Cover_Index%2C_OWID.svg/330px-Mountain_Green_Cover_Index%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Mountain_Green_Cover_Index%2C_OWID.svg/440px-Mountain_Green_Cover_Index%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Mountain Green Cover Index, OWID<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p>The full title of Target 15.4 is: "By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including their <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, to enhance their capacity to provide benefits that are essential for sustainable development."<sup id="cite_ref-:17_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This target has two indicators:<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Indicator 15.4.1: Coverage by protected areas of important sites for mountain biodiversity<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Indicator 15.4.2: Mountain Green Cover Index</li></ul> <p>The Mountain Green Cover Index measured the percentage of mountain environments covered by green areas and the capacity of those areas to fulfil their ecosystem roles.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2017, 76% of the world's mountain areas were covered by green vegetation, including forests, shrubs, <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_land" title="Agricultural land">cropland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mountain Green Cover was lowest in Western Asia and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern Africa</a> (60%) and highest in Oceania (96%). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Red_List_Index,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Red_List_Index%2C_OWID.svg/220px-Red_List_Index%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Red_List_Index%2C_OWID.svg/330px-Red_List_Index%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Red_List_Index%2C_OWID.svg/440px-Red_List_Index%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Red List Index (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Target_15.5:_Protect_biodiversity_and_natural_habitats">Target 15.5: Protect biodiversity and natural habitats</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_15&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Target 15.5: Protect biodiversity and natural habitats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The full title of Target 15.5 is: "Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural habitats, halt the loss of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and, by 2020, protect and prevent the extinction of <a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">threatened species</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-:17_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This target has one indicator: Indicator 15.5.1 is the "<a href="/wiki/Red_List_Index" title="Red List Index">Red List Index</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A report in 2018 stated that "biodiversity must be mainstreamed across these sectors and <a href="/wiki/Spatial_planning" title="Spatial planning">spatial planning</a> integrated accordingly."<sup id="cite_ref-:6_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Target_15.6:_Protect_access_to_genetic_resources_and_fair_sharing_of_the_benefits">Target 15.6: Protect access to genetic resources and fair sharing of the benefits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_15&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Target 15.6: Protect access to genetic resources and fair sharing of the benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The full title of Target 15.6 is: "Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such resources, as internationally agreed."<sup id="cite_ref-:17_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This target has one indicator: Indicator 15.6.1 is the "Number of countries that have adopted legislative, administrative and policy frameworks to ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NagoyaProtocol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="NagoyaProtocol.svg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/NagoyaProtocol.svg/250px-NagoyaProtocol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/NagoyaProtocol.svg/330px-NagoyaProtocol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/NagoyaProtocol.svg/500px-NagoyaProtocol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>Nagoya Protocol</figcaption></figure> <p>This indicator is used to track countries' participation in protocols related to the promotion and sharing of genetic resources for plants, food and agriculture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Target_15.7:_Eliminate_poaching_and_trafficking_of_protected_species">Target 15.7: Eliminate poaching and trafficking of protected species</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_15&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Target 15.7: Eliminate poaching and trafficking of protected species"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The full title of Target 15.7 is: "Take urgent action to end <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a> and trafficking of protected species of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal wildlife products."<sup id="cite_ref-:17_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This target has one Indicator: Indicator 15.7.1 is the "Proportion of traded wildlife that was poached or illicitly trafficked".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, wildlife trade policies that incentivize sustainable use typically have more immediate positive effects on wildlife populations than outright trade bans.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No data is available for this indicator yet.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Target_15.8:_Prevent_invasive_alien_species_on_land_and_in_water_ecosystems">Target 15.8: Prevent invasive alien species on land and in water ecosystems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_15&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Target 15.8: Prevent invasive alien species on land and in water ecosystems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rhino_Killings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Rhino_Killings.jpg/220px-Rhino_Killings.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Rhino_Killings.jpg/330px-Rhino_Killings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Rhino_Killings.jpg/440px-Rhino_Killings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>Memorial to rhinos killed by poachers near St Lucia Estuary, South Africa</figcaption></figure> <p>The full title of Target 15.8 is: "By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species."<sup id="cite_ref-:17_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This target has one Indicator: Indicator is 15.8.1 is the "Proportion of countries adopting relevant national legislation and adequately resourcing the prevention or control of <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive alien species</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wildlife poaching and trafficking threaten biodiversity and ecosystems as well as local livelihoods, wellbeing and security. <a href="/wiki/Trafficking" class="mw-redirect" title="Trafficking">Trafficking</a> is normally driven by organized crime, and made easy by corruption and weak <a href="/wiki/Governance" title="Governance">governance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Target_15.9:_Integrate_ecosystem_and_biodiversity_in_governmental_planning">Target 15.9: Integrate ecosystem and biodiversity in governmental planning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_15&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Target 15.9: Integrate ecosystem and biodiversity in governmental planning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The full title of Target 15.9 is: "By 2020, integrate <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> and biodiversity values into national and local planning, development processes, <a href="/wiki/Poverty_reduction" title="Poverty reduction">poverty reduction</a> strategies and accounts."<sup id="cite_ref-:17_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indicator is 15.9.1 is the "Progress towards national targets established in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Aichi Biodiversity Target</a> 2 of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011–2020".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Aichi Biodiversity Target 2" addresses the underlying causes of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Target_15.a:_Increase_financial_resources_to_conserve_and_sustainably_use_ecosystem_and_biodiversity">Target 15.a: Increase financial resources to conserve and sustainably use ecosystem and biodiversity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_15&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Target 15.a: Increase financial resources to conserve and sustainably use ecosystem and biodiversity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Total_official_development_assistance_for_biodiversity,_by_recipient,_OWID.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Total_official_development_assistance_for_biodiversity%2C_by_recipient%2C_OWID.svg/250px-Total_official_development_assistance_for_biodiversity%2C_by_recipient%2C_OWID.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Total_official_development_assistance_for_biodiversity%2C_by_recipient%2C_OWID.svg/330px-Total_official_development_assistance_for_biodiversity%2C_by_recipient%2C_OWID.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Total_official_development_assistance_for_biodiversity%2C_by_recipient%2C_OWID.svg/500px-Total_official_development_assistance_for_biodiversity%2C_by_recipient%2C_OWID.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Total official development assistance for biodiversity, by recipient, OWID<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The full title of Target 15.a is: "Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems."<sup id="cite_ref-:17_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This target has one Indicator: Indicator 15.a.1 is the "Official development assistance and public expenditure on conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity and ecosystems".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Target_15.b:_Finance_and_incentivize_sustainable_forest_management">Target 15.b: Finance and incentivize sustainable forest management</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_15&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Target 15.b: Finance and incentivize sustainable forest management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The full title of Target 15.b is: "Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels to finance <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">sustainable forest management</a> and provide adequate incentives to <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a> to advance such management, including for conservation and reforestation."<sup id="cite_ref-:17_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This target has one indicator: Indicator 15.b.1 is the "Official development assistance and public expenditure on conservation and sustainable use of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This target aims at mobilizing resources at all levels to finance sustainable forest management. The United Nations Strategic Plan for Forests 2017–2030 (UNSPF) presents a global framework for actions at all levels to sustainably manage forests and halt deforestation and forest degradation.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Target_15.c:_Combat_global_poaching_and_trafficking">Target 15.c: Combat global poaching and trafficking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_15&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Target 15.c: Combat global poaching and trafficking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The full title of Target 15.c is: "Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking of protected species, including by increasing the capacity of local communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities."<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This target has one indicator: Indicator 15.c.1 is the "Proportion of traded wildlife that was poached or illicitly trafficked".<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The illegal trade and animal trafficking have grown significantly to become one of the world's largest black markets valued at tens of billions of dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The challenges to combat global poaching and trafficking need to be addressed by enforcing laws and strengthening institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Custodian_agencies">Custodian agencies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_15&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Custodian agencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The custodian agencies are responsible for data gathering and reporting on the indicators. They are:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Indicator 15.1.1, 15.2.1 and 15.4.2: <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO)</li> <li>Indicator 15.1.2: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environmental Programme</a>-<a href="/wiki/World_Conservation_Monitoring_Centre" title="World Conservation Monitoring Centre">World Conservation Monitoring Center</a> (UNEP-WCMC) and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environmental Programme</a></li> <li>Indicator 15.3.1 and 15.4.1: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_to_Combat_Desertification" title="United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification">United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification</a> (UNCCD)</li> <li>Indicator 15.5.1 and 15.8.1: <a href="/wiki/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature_(IUCN)_Red_List" class="mw-redirect" title="International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List">International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN)</a></li> <li>Indicator 15.6.1: <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD-Secretariat)</a></li> <li>Indicator 15.7.1 and 15.c.1: <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_on_Drugs_and_Crime" title="United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime">United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</a>, and Convention for International Trade in Endangered Species (CITIES)</li> <li>Indicator 15.9.1: <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD-Secretariat)</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environmental Programme</a> (UNEP)</li> <li>Indicator 15.a.1, 15.6.1 and 15.b.1: <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)</a>, United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) and <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank (WB)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Monitoring_and_progress">Monitoring and progress</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_15&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Monitoring and progress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An annual report is prepared by the <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a> evaluating the progress towards the <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESC2020_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESC2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the expert group meeting in preparation for the <a href="/wiki/High-level_Political_Forum_on_Sustainable_Development" title="High-level Political Forum on Sustainable Development">High-level Political Forum</a> of 2018, SDG 15 needs more indicators in areas such as forest intactness, management effectiveness of protected areas, and meaningful integration of biodiversity into other processes.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges">Challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_15&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals#Challenges" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals § Challenges</a></div> <p>As of 2023<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_15&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, there is approximately a $700 billion gap in financial support to help low-income countries protect biodiversity.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impacts_of_COVID-19_pandemic">Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_15&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Impacts of COVID-19 pandemic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2020, there was brief progress on SDGs 12 to 15 on sustainable production and consumption, climate action and biodiversity conservation, but these gains were quickly offset once restrictions were lifted. This applies to CO₂ emissions, which declined in major economies during lockdowns, but went quickly back to their pre-pandamic levels after restrictions were lifted. It is estimated that deforestation increased by 12% from 2019 to 2020, and plastic consumption and waste may also increase during pandemic.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Links_with_other_SDGs">Links with other SDGs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_15&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Links with other SDGs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The UN 17 <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> are inherently interconnected, most of the goals can be achieved only when others are also achieved. And achieving any individual goal tends to help the achievement of the other goals. </p><p>The impact of SDG 15 on gender equality (<a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_5" title="Sustainable Development Goal 5">SDG 5</a>) is also significant. In many parts of the world, women are farmers, especially poor women living in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-sdgacademylibrary.mediaspace.kaltura.com_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdgacademylibrary.mediaspace.kaltura.com-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are the main labor force in growing crops, often depend on forests for fuel, fodder and food. Their limited ownership of the land reduces their ability to adapt to losses or decide how to use it. By protecting biodiversity and thus maintaining agricultural productivity, can also empower gender equality. When forest conditions and regeneration improve, women themselves will get a greater political voice.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_6" title="Sustainable Development Goal 6">SDG 6</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_7" title="Sustainable Development Goal 7">SDG 7</a>, the availability and quality of water from the functioning of ecosystems, especially forest ecological system. Protecting biodiversity, and maintaining the integrity of wetlands and forests play a huge role in the acquisition and replenishment of freshwater resources because natural ecosystems act as filters to clean water and protect it from diseases that can harm the animal or human health.<sup id="cite_ref-research.utwente.nl_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-research.utwente.nl-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SDG 15 has a direct link to <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_8" title="Sustainable Development Goal 8">SDG 8</a> includes high-yield agriculture and tourism, which attracts tourists through protected ecosystems and biodiverse environments, thereby enhancing economic returns.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_High-Level_Political_Forum_HLPF_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_High-Level_Political_Forum_HLPF-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maintaining biodiversity plays a vital role in helping to mitigate and adapt to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>. Mangrove forests, for example, account for approximately 1% of carbon sequestration by the world's forests, but about 14% by the global ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_High-Level_Political_Forum_HLPF_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_High-Level_Political_Forum_HLPF-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, negative impacts on mangrove habitats can result in very high GHG emissions. The impact of land-based activities such as agriculture, land reclamation and urban development on ecosystems demonstrates the high degree of linkage between <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_13" title="Sustainable Development Goal 13">SDG 13</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_14" title="Sustainable Development Goal 14">SDG 14</a> and SDG 15, and the importance of the overall management of all three.<sup id="cite_ref-research.utwente.nl_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-research.utwente.nl-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_15&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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United Nations. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Resolution+adopted+by+the+General+Assembly+on+6+July+2017&rft.pub=United+Nations&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fundocs.org%2FA%2FRES%2F71%2F313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+Development+Goal+15" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:22_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBartramBrocklehurstBradleyMuller2018" class="citation journal cs1">Bartram, Jamie; Brocklehurst, Clarissa; Bradley, David; Muller, Mike; Evans, Barbara (December 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41545-018-0003-0">"Policy review of the means of implementation targets and indicators for the sustainable development goal for water and sanitation"</a>. <i>npj Clean Water</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41545-018-0003-0">10.1038/s41545-018-0003-0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:169226066">169226066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=npj+Clean+Water&rft.atitle=Policy+review+of+the+means+of+implementation+targets+and+indicators+for+the+sustainable+development+goal+for+water+and+sanitation&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2018-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41545-018-0003-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A169226066%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bartram&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft.au=Brocklehurst%2C+Clarissa&rft.au=Bradley%2C+David&rft.au=Muller%2C+Mike&rft.au=Evans%2C+Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fs41545-018-0003-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+Development+Goal+15" class="Z3988"></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a></span> Text was copied from this source, which is available under a <a href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" class="extiw" title="creativecommons:by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESC2020-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNESC2020_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESC2020_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">United Nations Economic and Social Council (2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://undocs.org/en/E/2020/57">Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals Report of the Secretary-General</a>, High-level political forum on sustainable development, convened under the auspices of the Economic and Social Council (E/2020/57), 28 April 2020</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129094712/http://www.fao.org/3/a-i7334e.pdf">"KEEPING AN EYE ON SDG 15: Working with countries to measure indicators for forests and mountains"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Report</i>. 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R.; Jones, Sarah K.; Johnson, Justin A.; Brauman, Kate A.; Chaplin-Kramer, Rebecca; Fremier, Alexander; Girvetz, Evan; Gordon, Line J.; Kappel, Carrie V.; Mandle, Lisa; Mulligan, Mark; O'Farrell, Patrick; Smith, William K.; Willemen, Louise; Zhang, Wei; DeClerck, Fabrice A. (1 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/distilling-the-role-of-ecosystem-services-in-the-sustainable-development-goals(f789be2a-6daa-40c2-a8e4-20aa4f00b36c).html">"Distilling the role of ecosystem services in the Sustainable Development Goals"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_Services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem Services">Ecosystem Services</a></i>. <b>29</b>: <span class="nowrap">70–</span>82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ecoser.2017.10.010">10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.10.010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecosystem+Services&rft.atitle=Distilling+the+role+of+ecosystem+services+in+the+Sustainable+Development+Goals&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E70-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=2018-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ecoser.2017.10.010&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Sylvia+L.+R.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Sarah+K.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Justin+A.&rft.au=Brauman%2C+Kate+A.&rft.au=Chaplin-Kramer%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Fremier%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Girvetz%2C+Evan&rft.au=Gordon%2C+Line+J.&rft.au=Kappel%2C+Carrie+V.&rft.au=Mandle%2C+Lisa&rft.au=Mulligan%2C+Mark&rft.au=O%27Farrell%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Smith%2C+William+K.&rft.au=Willemen%2C+Louise&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Wei&rft.au=DeClerck%2C+Fabrice+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.utwente.nl%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fdistilling-the-role-of-ecosystem-services-in-the-sustainable-development-goals%28f789be2a-6daa-40c2-a8e4-20aa4f00b36c%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+Development+Goal+15" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_High-Level_Political_Forum_HLPF-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_High-Level_Political_Forum_HLPF_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_High-Level_Political_Forum_HLPF_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">"UN High-Level Political Forum (HLPF)". <i>Gender Equality</i>. Encyclopedia of the UN Sustainable Development Goals: 1063. 2021. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-95687-9_300164">10.1007/978-3-319-95687-9_300164</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-95686-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-95686-2"><bdi>978-3-319-95686-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:241944728">241944728</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gender+Equality&rft.atitle=UN+High-Level+Political+Forum+%28HLPF%29&rft.pages=1063&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A241944728%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-95687-9_300164&rft.isbn=978-3-319-95686-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASustainable+Development+Goal+15" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goal_15&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal15">UN Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform – SDG 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href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_3" title="Sustainable Development Goal 3">(3) Good Health and Well-being</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_4" title="Sustainable Development Goal 4">(4) Quality Education</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_5" title="Sustainable Development Goal 5">(5) Gender Equality</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_6" title="Sustainable Development Goal 6">(6) Clean Water and Sanitation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_7" title="Sustainable Development Goal 7">(7) Affordable and Clean Energy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_8" title="Sustainable Development Goal 8">(8) Decent Work and Economic Growth</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_9" title="Sustainable Development Goal 9">(9) Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_10" title="Sustainable Development Goal 10">(10) Reducing Inequality</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_11" title="Sustainable Development Goal 11">(11) Sustainable Cities and Communities</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_12" title="Sustainable Development Goal 12">(12) Responsible Consumption and Production</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_13" title="Sustainable Development Goal 13">(13) Climate Action</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_14" title="Sustainable Development Goal 14">(14) Life Below Water</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">(15) Life On Land</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_16" title="Sustainable Development Goal 16">(16) Peace, Justice, and Strong Institutions</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_17" title="Sustainable Development Goal 17">(17) Partnerships for the Goals</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/SustainableDevelopmentGoalsLogo.svg/100px-SustainableDevelopmentGoalsLogo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/SustainableDevelopmentGoalsLogo.svg/150px-SustainableDevelopmentGoalsLogo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/SustainableDevelopmentGoalsLogo.svg/200px-SustainableDevelopmentGoalsLogo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Global_Goals_Week" title="Global Goals Week">Global Goals Week</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sustainable_Development_Goal_targets_and_indicators" title="List of Sustainable Development Goal targets and indicators">List of Sustainable Development Goal targets and indicators</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals_and_Australia" title="Sustainable Development Goals and Australia">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals_and_Ghana" title="Sustainable Development Goals and Ghana">Ghana</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_Development_Goals_and_India&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sustainable Development Goals and India (page does not exist)">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals_and_Iran" title="Sustainable Development Goals and Iran">Iran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals_and_Lebanon" title="Sustainable Development Goals and Lebanon">Lebanon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals_and_Nigeria" title="Sustainable Development Goals and Nigeria">Nigeria</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Deforestation615" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Deforestation" title="Template:Deforestation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Deforestation" title="Template talk:Deforestation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Deforestation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Deforestation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Deforestation615" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">Deforestation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_by_continent" title="Deforestation by continent">Deforestation by continent</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Angola" title="Deforestation in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Deforestation in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Ethiopia" title="Deforestation in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Kenya" title="Deforestation in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Madagascar" title="Deforestation in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Nigeria" title="Deforestation in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:NASAburningbrazil.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deforestation in Brazil"><img alt="Deforestation in Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NASAburningbrazil.jpg/120px-NASAburningbrazil.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/NASAburningbrazil.jpg/180px-NASAburningbrazil.jpg 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Central_America" title="Deforestation in Central America">Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Colombia" title="Deforestation in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Costa_Rica" title="Deforestation in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Haiti" title="Deforestation in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Mexico#Environmental_conditions" title="Geography of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_United_States" title="Deforestation in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Borneo" title="Deforestation in Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Cambodia" title="Deforestation in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_China#Deforestation" title="Environmental issues in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_India" title="Deforestation in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Indonesia" title="Deforestation in Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Borneo#Indonesian_Borneo" title="Deforestation in Borneo">Kalimantan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Laos" title="Deforestation in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Malaysia" title="Deforestation in Malaysia">Malaysia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Borneo#Malaysian_Borneo" title="Deforestation in Borneo">East Malaysia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Deforestation in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Myanmar" 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