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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-17th-century_ironmasters_(examples)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th-century_ironmasters_(examples)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>17th-century ironmasters (examples)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th-century_ironmasters_(examples)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th-century_ironmasters_(examples)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th-century_ironmasters_(examples)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>18th-century ironmasters (examples)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-18th-century_ironmasters_(examples)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 18th-century ironmasters (examples) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-18th-century_ironmasters_(examples)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Abraham_Darby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abraham_Darby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Abraham Darby</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abraham_Darby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_Wilkinson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Wilkinson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>John Wilkinson</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Wilkinson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Samuel_Van_Leer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Samuel_Van_Leer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Samuel Van Leer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Samuel_Van_Leer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th-century_ironmasters_(examples)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th-century_ironmasters_(examples)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>19th-century ironmasters (examples)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-19th-century_ironmasters_(examples)-sublist" class="cdx-button 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the films, see <a href="/wiki/The_Ironmaster_(1933_film)" title="The Ironmaster (1933 film)">The Ironmaster (1933 film)</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Ironmaster_(1948_film)" title="The Ironmaster (1948 film)">The Ironmaster (1948 film)</a>. For the 1983 film, see <a href="/wiki/Ironmaster_(film)" title="Ironmaster (film)">Ironmaster (film)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Manager of an iron forge or blast furnace</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ironbridge002.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ironbridge002.JPG/300px-Ironbridge002.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ironbridge002.JPG/450px-Ironbridge002.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ironbridge002.JPG/600px-Ironbridge002.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Iron_Bridge" title="The Iron Bridge">The Iron Bridge</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Darby_I" title="Abraham Darby I">Abraham Darby</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Coalbrookdale" title="Coalbrookdale">Coalbrookdale</a> works</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>ironmaster</b> is the manager, and usually owner, of a <a href="/wiki/Forge" title="Forge">forge</a> or <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnace</a> for the processing of iron. It is a term mainly associated with the period of the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, especially in Great Britain. </p><p>The ironmaster was usually a large-scale entrepreneur and thus an important member of a community. He would have a large country house or mansion as his residence. The organization of operations surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Refining" title="Refining">refining</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Casting" title="Casting">casting</a> of iron was labour-intensive, and so there would be numerous workers reliant on the furnace works. </p><p>There were ironmasters (possibly not called such) from the 17th century onward, but they became more prominent with the great expansion in the British iron industry during the Industrial Revolution. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="17th-century_ironmasters_(examples)"><span id="17th-century_ironmasters_.28examples.29"></span>17th-century ironmasters (examples)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ironmaster&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 17th-century ironmasters (examples)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An early ironmaster was <a href="/wiki/John_Winter_(Royalist)" title="John Winter (Royalist)">John Winter</a> (about 1600–1676) who owned substantial holdings in the <a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Dean" title="Forest of Dean">Forest of Dean</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> he cast cannons for <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(England)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restoration (England)">Restoration</a>, Winter developed his interest in the iron industry, and experimented with a new type of <a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy#Transition_to_coke_in_England" title="Ferrous metallurgy">coking oven</a>. This was a precursor to the later work of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Darby_I" title="Abraham Darby I">Abraham Darby I</a> who successfully used <a href="/wiki/Coke_(fuel)" title="Coke (fuel)">coke</a> to smelt iron.<sup id="cite_ref-knight_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knight-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="18th-century_ironmasters_(examples)"><span id="18th-century_ironmasters_.28examples.29"></span>18th-century ironmasters (examples)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ironmaster&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 18th-century ironmasters (examples)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_John_Wilkinson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Portrait_of_John_Wilkinson.jpg/130px-Portrait_of_John_Wilkinson.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Portrait_of_John_Wilkinson.jpg/195px-Portrait_of_John_Wilkinson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Portrait_of_John_Wilkinson.jpg/260px-Portrait_of_John_Wilkinson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="725" /></a><figcaption>"Iron mad" <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkinson_(industrialist)" title="John Wilkinson (industrialist)">John Wilkinson</a> (1728–1808)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abraham_Darby">Abraham Darby</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ironmaster&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Abraham Darby"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three successive generations of the same family all bearing the name <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Darby_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Abraham Darby (disambiguation)">Abraham Darby</a> are renowned for their contributions to the development of the English iron industry. Their works at <a href="/wiki/Coalbrookdale" title="Coalbrookdale">Coalbrookdale</a> in Shropshire nurtured the start of improvements in <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgy</a> that allowed large-scale production of the iron that made the development of <a href="/wiki/Steam_engine" title="Steam engine">steam engines</a> and railways possible, although their most notable innovation was <a href="/wiki/The_Iron_Bridge" title="The Iron Bridge">The Iron Bridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_Wilkinson">John Wilkinson</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ironmaster&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: John Wilkinson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the best-known ironmasters of the early part of the industrial revolution was <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkinson_(industrialist)" title="John Wilkinson (industrialist)">John Wilkinson</a> (1728–1808), who was considered to have "iron madness", extending even to making <a href="/wiki/Cast_iron" title="Cast iron">cast iron</a> coffins.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wilkinson's patented method for boring iron cylinders was first used to create cannons, but later provided the precision needed to create <a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a>'s first steam engines.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samuel_Van_Leer">Samuel Van Leer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ironmaster&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Samuel Van Leer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Van_Leer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Samuel_Van_Leer.jpg/130px-Samuel_Van_Leer.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Samuel_Van_Leer.jpg/195px-Samuel_Van_Leer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1c/Samuel_Van_Leer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption>"Capt Van Leer" <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Van_Leer" title="Samuel Van Leer">Samuel Van Leer</a>, (1747–1825)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Van_Leer" title="Samuel Van Leer">Samuel Van Leer</a> was a well-known ironmaster and a United States Army officer during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. He started a military career with enthusiasm with his neighbor General <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Anthony Wayne</a> in 1775.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His furnace, <a href="/wiki/Reading_Furnace_Historic_District" title="Reading Furnace Historic District">Reading Furnace</a> in Pennsylvania, supplied cannon and cannonballs for the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Leer's furnace was a center of colonial ironmaking and is associated with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Stove" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Stove">Franklin Stove</a>, and the retreat of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>'s army following its defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Battle of Brandywine</a>, where they came for musket repairs.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The location is listed as a temporary <a href="/wiki/List_of_Washington%27s_Headquarters_during_the_Revolutionary_War" title="List of Washington's Headquarters during the Revolutionary War">George Washington Headquarter</a>.</p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reading_Furnace_and_Farm_buildings.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Reading_Furnace_and_Farm_buildings.JPG/130px-Reading_Furnace_and_Farm_buildings.JPG" decoding="async" width="130" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Reading_Furnace_and_Farm_buildings.JPG/195px-Reading_Furnace_and_Farm_buildings.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Reading_Furnace_and_Farm_buildings.JPG/260px-Reading_Furnace_and_Farm_buildings.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>"Reading Furnace Property", Reading Furnace Historic District</figcaption></figure><p>W<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Leer's children all joined the iron business as well.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th-century_ironmasters_(examples)"><span id="19th-century_ironmasters_.28examples.29"></span>19th-century ironmasters (examples)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ironmaster&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 19th-century ironmasters (examples)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lowthian_Bell">Lowthian Bell</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ironmaster&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lowthian Bell"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isaac_Lowthian_Bell_-_britischer_Industrieller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Isaac_Lowthian_Bell_-_britischer_Industrieller.jpg/130px-Isaac_Lowthian_Bell_-_britischer_Industrieller.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Isaac_Lowthian_Bell_-_britischer_Industrieller.jpg/195px-Isaac_Lowthian_Bell_-_britischer_Industrieller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Isaac_Lowthian_Bell_-_britischer_Industrieller.jpg/260px-Isaac_Lowthian_Bell_-_britischer_Industrieller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="817" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lowthian_Bell" title="Lowthian Bell">Lowthian Bell</a>, (1816–1904) by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Bramley" title="Frank Bramley">Frank Bramley</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Lowthian_Bell" title="Lowthian Bell">Lowthian Bell</a> (1816–1904) was, like Abraham Darby, the forceful patriarch of an ironmaking dynasty. Both his son <a href="/wiki/Sir_Hugh_Bell,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir Hugh Bell, 2nd Baronet">Hugh Bell</a> and his grandson Maurice Bell were directors of the Bell iron and steel company. His father, Thomas Bell, was a founder of <a href="/wiki/Losh,_Wilson_and_Bell" title="Losh, Wilson and Bell">Losh, Wilson and Bell</a>, an iron and alkali company. The firm had works at Walker, near <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, and at <a href="/wiki/Port_Clarence" title="Port Clarence">Port Clarence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough" title="Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a>, contributing largely to the growth of those towns and of the economy of the northeast of England. Bell accumulated a large fortune, with mansions including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_New_Hall&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Washington New Hall (page does not exist)">Washington New Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rounton_Grange" title="Rounton Grange">Rounton Grange</a> near <a href="/wiki/Northallerton" title="Northallerton">Northallerton</a>, and the mediaeval <a href="/wiki/Mount_Grace_Priory" title="Mount Grace Priory">Mount Grace Priory</a> near <a href="/wiki/Osmotherley,_North_Yorkshire" title="Osmotherley, North Yorkshire">Osmotherley</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:208px;max-width:208px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Henry_Bolckow_1806-1878.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Portrait_of_Henry_Bolckow_1806-1878.jpg/100px-Portrait_of_Henry_Bolckow_1806-1878.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Portrait_of_Henry_Bolckow_1806-1878.jpg/150px-Portrait_of_Henry_Bolckow_1806-1878.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Portrait_of_Henry_Bolckow_1806-1878.jpg/200px-Portrait_of_Henry_Bolckow_1806-1878.jpg 2x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bolckow" title="Henry Bolckow">Henry Bolckow</a> (1806–1878), founder and financier</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Vaughan_1799-1868.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/John_Vaughan_1799-1868.jpg/100px-John_Vaughan_1799-1868.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/John_Vaughan_1799-1868.jpg/150px-John_Vaughan_1799-1868.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/John_Vaughan_1799-1868.jpg/200px-John_Vaughan_1799-1868.jpg 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="343" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/John_Vaughan_(Ironmaster)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Vaughan (Ironmaster)">John Vaughan</a> (1799–1868), founder and ironmaster</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Henry_Bolckow_and_John_Vaughan">Henry Bolckow and John Vaughan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ironmaster&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Henry Bolckow and John Vaughan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bolckow" title="Henry Bolckow">Henry Bolckow</a> (1806–1878) and <a href="/wiki/John_Vaughan_(Ironmaster)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Vaughan (Ironmaster)">John Vaughan</a> (1799–1868) were lifelong business partners, friends, and brothers-in-law. They established what became the largest of all <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> iron and steel companies, <a href="/wiki/Bolckow_Vaughan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolckow Vaughan">Bolckow Vaughan</a>, in Middlesbrough. Bolckow brought financial acumen, and Vaughan brought ironmaking and engineering expertise. The two men trusted each other implicitly and "never interfered in the slightest degree with each other's work. Mr. Bolckow had the entire management of the financial department, while Mr. Vaughan as worthily controlled the practical work of the establishment." At its peak the firm was the largest steel producer in Britain, possibly in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Andrew_Handyside">Andrew Handyside</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ironmaster&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Andrew Handyside"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Handyside_and_Company" title="Andrew Handyside and Company">Andrew Handyside</a> (1805–1887) was born in Edinburgh and set up works in Derby where he made ornamental items, bridges and pillar boxes, many of which survive today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Samuel_Richards">Samuel Richards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ironmaster&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Samuel Richards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Richards_(ironmaster)" title="Samuel Richards (ironmaster)">Samuel Richards</a> (1769–1842) was born in Philadelphia to William Richards, the manager of the <a href="/wiki/Batsto_Village,_New_Jersey" title="Batsto Village, New Jersey">Batsto</a> Iron Works beginning in 1784. Samuel Richards was heavily involved with the early 19th century iron industry in southern <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>. His most notable enterprise was the management of the iron works at <a href="/wiki/Atsion,_New_Jersey" title="Atsion, New Jersey">Atsion, New Jersey</a> from 1824 until his death in 1842. He was also involved with <a href="/wiki/Martha_Furnace_(New_Jersey)" title="Martha Furnace (New Jersey)">Martha Furnace</a>, and Weymouth Furnace. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ironmaster&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pig_iron" title="Pig iron">Pig iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrought_iron" title="Wrought iron">Wrought iron</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ironmaster&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWedgewood,_C.V.1958" class="citation book cs1">Wedgewood, C.V. (1958). <i>The King's War 1641 – 1647</i>. Collins. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL25430542M">25430542M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+King%27s+War+1641+%E2%80%93+1647&rft.pub=Collins&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL25430542M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.au=Wedgewood%2C+C.V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIronmaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-knight-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-knight_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2005" class="citation book cs1">Knight, Jeremy (2005). <i>Civil War and Restoration in Monmouthshire</i>. Logaston Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-904396-41-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-904396-41-0"><bdi>1-904396-41-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civil+War+and+Restoration+in+Monmouthshire&rft.pub=Logaston+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-904396-41-0&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIronmaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen1888" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leslie_Stephen" title="Leslie Stephen">Stephen, Leslie</a>, ed. (1888). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Darby,_Abraham" class="extiw" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Darby, Abraham">Darby, Abraham</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 14. London: Smith, Elder & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Darby%2C+Abraham&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1888&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIronmaster" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harris, J.R. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/29428">Wilkinson, John (1728–1808)</a></i>. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Jan 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/John-Wilkinson">"John Wilkinson | English ironmaster"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=John+Wilkinson+%7C+English+ironmaster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FJohn-Wilkinson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIronmaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vanleerarchives.org/samuel-van-leer/">"Samuel Van Leer welcomed the Revolution with enthusiasm"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Samuel+Van+Leer+welcomed+the+Revolution+with+enthusiasm.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvanleerarchives.org%2Fsamuel-van-leer%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIronmaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.pahistoricalmarkers.com/">"PHMC Historical Markers"</a>. <i>Historical Marker Database</i>. Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historical+Marker+Database&rft.atitle=PHMC+Historical+Markers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.pahistoricalmarkers.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIronmaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"General Washington retreated to Reading to have the army's muskets repaired,," <i>Reading Furnace Historical Marker</i>, May 12, 1948.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://explorepahistory.com/hmarker.php?markerId=1-A-2AC">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ironandsteelheritage.org/SE/east_nantmeal.cfm">"The Iron and Steel Heritage partners with Pennsylvania Department of Conservation and Natural Resources"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Iron+and+Steel+Heritage+partners+with+Pennsylvania+Department+of+Conservation+and+Natural+Resources.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fironandsteelheritage.org%2FSE%2Feast_nantmeal.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIronmaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/apps/historical-markers.html">"Pennsylvania Historical Marker Search"</a>. <i>www.phmc.state.pa.us</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.phmc.state.pa.us&rft.atitle=Pennsylvania+Historical+Marker+Search&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phmc.state.pa.us%2Fapps%2Fhistorical-markers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIronmaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowell2008" class="citation book cs1">Howell, Georgina (2008). <i>Gertrude Bell: Queen of the Desert, Shaper of Nations</i> (paperback ed.). Farrar, Straus and Giroux. pp. 5–6, 64–66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gertrude+Bell%3A+Queen+of+the+Desert%2C+Shaper+of+Nations&rft.pages=5-6%2C+64-66&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Howell&rft.aufirst=Georgina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIronmaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTweedale2011" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tweedale, Geoffrey (2011). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/30/101030690">"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F30690">10.1093/ref:odnb/30690</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F30690&rft.aulast=Tweedale&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Findex%2F30%2F101030690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIronmaster" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/about/news/arts-and-crafts-mount-grace/">"Arts and crafts revival planned at Mount Grace"</a>. English Heritage. 14 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arts+and+crafts+revival+planned+at+Mount+Grace&rft.pub=English+Heritage&rft.date=2010-01-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-heritage.org.uk%2Fabout%2Fnews%2Farts-and-crafts-mount-grace%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIronmaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddnb.com/index/38/101038091">"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F38091">10.1093/ref:odnb/38091</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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John Vaughan, 1799-1868"</a>. <i>Minutes of the Proceedings</i>. <b>28</b> (1869): 622–627. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1680%2Fimotp.1869.23113">10.1680/imotp.1869.23113</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1753-7843">1753-7843</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minutes+of+the+Proceedings&rft.atitle=Obituary.+John+Vaughan%2C+1799-1868&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1869&rft.pages=622-627&rft.date=1869&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1680%2Fimotp.1869.23113&rft.issn=1753-7843&rft.au=Institution+of+Civil+Engineers+%28Great+Britain%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1680%252Fimotp.1869.23113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIronmaster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ironmaster&oldid=1237293756">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ironmaster&oldid=1237293756</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ironmasters" title="Category:Ironmasters">Ironmasters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Industrial_Revolution" title="Category:Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_metallurgy" title="Category:History of metallurgy">History of metallurgy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metalworking_occupations" title="Category:Metalworking occupations">Metalworking occupations</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_Cite_DNB_template" title="Category:Articles incorporating Cite DNB template">Articles incorporating Cite DNB template</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_DNB_text_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Articles incorporating DNB text with Wikisource reference">Articles incorporating DNB text with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_ODNB" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2019">Use dmy dates from October 2019</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 July 2024, at 02:30<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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