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href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a> <a class="dropdown-item" href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item"> <a class="nav-link" href="https://waset.org/page/support" title="Support">Support</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> <main> <div class="container mt-4"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-9 mx-auto"> <form method="get" action="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search"> <div id="custom-search-input"> <div class="input-group"> <i class="fas fa-search"></i> <input type="text" class="search-query" name="q" placeholder="Author, Title, Abstract, Keywords" value="Muhammad Saarim Ghazi"> <input type="submit" class="btn_search" value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 30</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Muhammad Saarim Ghazi</h1> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">30</span> Studying the Effect of Different Sizes of Carbon Fiber on Locally Developed Copper Based Composites</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tahir%20Ahmad">Tahir Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abubaker%20Khan"> Abubaker Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Kamran"> Muhammad Kamran</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Umer%20Manzoor"> Muhammad Umer Manzoor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Taqi%20Zahid%20Butt"> Muhammad Taqi Zahid Butt</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Metal Matrix Composites (MMC) is a class of weight efficient structural materials that are becoming popular in engineering applications especially in electronic, aerospace, aircraft, packaging and various other industries. This study focuses on the development of carbon fiber reinforced copper matrix composite. Keeping in view the vast applications of metal matrix composites,this specific material is produced for its unique mechanical and thermal properties i.e. high thermal conductivity and low coefficient of thermal expansion at elevated temperatures. The carbon fibers were not pretreated but coated with copper by electroless plating in order to increase the wettability of carbon fiber with the copper matrix. Casting is chosen as the manufacturing route for the C-Cu composite. Four different compositions of the composite were developed by varying the amount of carbon fibers by 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 wt. % of the copper. The effect of varying carbon fiber content and sizes on the mechanical properties of the C-Cu composite is studied in this work. The tensile test was performed on the tensile specimens. The yield strength decreases with increasing fiber content while the ultimate tensile strength increases with increasing fiber content. Rockwell hardness test was also performed and the result followed the increasing trend for increasing carbon fibers and the hardness numbers are 30.2, 37.2, 39.9 and 42.5 for sample 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. The microstructures of the specimens were also examined under the optical microscope. Wear test and SEM also done for checking characteristic of C-Cu marix composite. Through casting may be a route for the production of the C-Cu matrix composite but still powder metallurgy is better to follow as the wettability of carbon fiber with matrix, in that case, would be better. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=copper%20based%20composites" title="copper based composites">copper based composites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mechanical%20properties" title=" mechanical properties"> mechanical properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wear%20properties" title=" wear properties"> wear properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=microstructure" title=" microstructure"> microstructure</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51132/studying-the-effect-of-different-sizes-of-carbon-fiber-on-locally-developed-copper-based-composites" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/51132.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">367</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">29</span> Where Is the Sultan of Aceh? Reconsidering the Return of the Aceh Sultanate</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Harya%20Ramdhoni">Muhammad Harya Ramdhoni</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nidzam%20Sulaiman"> Nidzam Sulaiman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Ridwan"> Muhammad Ridwan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The Helsinki Agreement between the Indonesian Government (RI) and the Aceh Liberation Movement (GAM) on 15th Aug. 2005 fails to reconcile social and political turmoil in Aceh Darussalam (NAD). The political powers that were once unified in their struggle against Indonesian Government prior to this agreement have now become divided due to differences in political and economic interests. Using descriptive analysis and intellectual discourse, this paper proposes that the Aceh Sultanate be revived as an attempt to unite these divided political powers and to curtail potential conflicts in the area. This proposal is based on three assumptions. First, the Aceh Sultanate is the only Sultanate in Sumatera that did not fall victim to the social revolution post 1945 proclamation of independence. Second, the Acehnese still acknowledge the Sultanate as a sovereign political power even though it was defeated by the Dutch in 1904. Third, there are emotional, historical and cultural ties between the Acehnese and the Sultanate as they still perceived them to be their patron. Consequently, the Sultanate is the unifying element of all political powers in the area. This, however, is not an attempt to reinstate feudalism in Aceh. It only seeks to facilitate the political reconciliation process in Aceh Darussalam founded on sociological and historical background of locals. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sultanate%20Aceh" title="Sultanate Aceh">Sultanate Aceh</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20reconciliation" title=" political reconciliation"> political reconciliation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=political%20power" title=" political power"> political power</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=patron-client" title=" patron-client"> patron-client</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20677/where-is-the-sultan-of-aceh-reconsidering-the-return-of-the-aceh-sultanate" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20677.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">271</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">28</span> Performance of VSAT MC-CDMA System Using LDPC and Turbo Codes over Multipath Channel</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hassan%20El%20Ghazi">Hassan El Ghazi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohammed%20El%20Jourmi"> Mohammed El Jourmi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Tayeb%20Sadiki"> Tayeb Sadiki</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Esmail%20Ahouzi"> Esmail Ahouzi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The purpose of this paper is to model and analyze a geostationary satellite communication system based on VSAT network and Multicarrier CDMA system scheme which presents a combination of multicarrier modulation scheme and CDMA concepts. In this study the channel coding strategies (Turbo codes and LDPC codes) are adopted to achieve good performance due to iterative decoding. The envisaged system is examined for a transmission over Multipath channel with use of Ku band in the uplink case. The simulation results are obtained for each different case. The performance of the system is given in terms of Bit Error Rate (BER) and energy per bit to noise power spectral density ratio (Eb/N0). The performance results of designed system shown that the communication system coded with LDPC codes can achieve better error rate performance compared to VSAT MC-CDMA system coded with Turbo codes. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=satellite%20communication" title="satellite communication">satellite communication</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=VSAT%20Network" title=" VSAT Network"> VSAT Network</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MC-CDMA" title=" MC-CDMA"> MC-CDMA</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LDPC%20codes" title=" LDPC codes"> LDPC codes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=turbo%20codes" title=" turbo codes"> turbo codes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=uplink" title=" uplink"> uplink</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20041/performance-of-vsat-mc-cdma-system-using-ldpc-and-turbo-codes-over-multipath-channel" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/20041.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">511</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">27</span> Trajectory Optimization of Re-Entry Vehicle Using Evolutionary Algorithm</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Umar%20Kiani">Muhammad Umar Kiani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Shahbaz"> Muhammad Shahbaz</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Performance of any vehicle can be predicted by its design/modeling and optimization. Design optimization leads to efficient performance. Followed by horizontal launch, the air launch re-entry vehicle undergoes a launch maneuver by introducing a carefully selected angle of attack profile. This angle of attack profile is the basic element to complete a specified mission. Flight program of said vehicle is optimized under the constraints of the maximum allowed angle of attack, lateral and axial loads and with the objective of reaching maximum altitude. The main focus of this study is the endo-atmospheric phase of the ascent trajectory. A three degrees of freedom trajectory model is simulated in MATLAB. The optimization process uses evolutionary algorithm, because of its robustness and efficient capacity to explore the design space in search of the global optimum. Evolutionary Algorithm based trajectory optimization also offers the added benefit of being a generalized method that may work with continuous, discontinuous, linear, and non-linear performance matrix. It also eliminates the requirement of a starting solution. Optimization is particularly beneficial to achieve maximum advantage without increasing the computational cost and affecting the output of the system. For the case of launch vehicles we are immensely anxious to achieve maximum performance and efficiency under different constraints. In a launch vehicle, flight program means the prescribed variation of vehicle pitching angle during the flight which has substantial influence reachable altitude and accuracy of orbit insertion and aerodynamic loading. Results reveal that the angle of attack profile significantly affects the performance of the vehicle. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=endo-atmospheric" title="endo-atmospheric">endo-atmospheric</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=evolutionary%20algorithm" title=" evolutionary algorithm"> evolutionary algorithm</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=efficient%20performance" title=" efficient performance"> efficient performance</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=optimization%20process" title=" optimization process"> optimization process</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1946/trajectory-optimization-of-re-entry-vehicle-using-evolutionary-algorithm" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/1946.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">414</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">26</span> Screening of Different Exotic Varieties of Potato through Adaptability Trial for Local Cultivation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Arslan%20Shehroz">Arslan Shehroz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Amjad%20Ali"> Muhammad Amjad Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Amjad%20Abbas"> Amjad Abbas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Imran%20Ramzan"> Imran Ramzan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Zunair%20Latif"> Muhammad Zunair Latif</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is the 4th most important food crop of the world after wheat, rice and maize. It is the staple food in many European countries. Being rich in starch (one of the main three food ingredients) and having the highest productivity per unit area, has great potential to address the challenge of the food security. Processed potato is also used as chips and crisps etc as ‘fast food’. There are many biotic and abiotic factors which check the production of potato and become hurdle in achievement production potential of potato. 20 new varieties along with two checks were evaluated. Plant to plant and row to row distances were maintained as 20 cm and 75 cm, respectively. The trial was conducted according to the randomized complete block design with three replications. Normal agronomic and plant protection measures were carried out in the crop. It is revealed from the experiment that exotic variety 171 gave the highest yield of 35.5 t/ha followed by Masai with 31.0 t/ha tuber yield. The check variety Simply Red 24.2 t/ha yield, while the lowest tuber yield (1.5 t/ha) was produced by the exotic variety KWS-06-125. The maximum emergence was shown by the Variety Red Sun (89.7 %). The lowest emergence was shown by the variety Camel (71.7%). Regarding tuber grades, it was noted that the maximum Ration size tubers were produced by the exotic variety Compass (3.7%), whereas 11 varieties did not produce ration size tubers at all. The variety Red Sun produced lowest percentage of small size tubers (12.7%) whereas maximum small size tubers (93.0%) were produced by the variety Jitka. Regarding disease infestation, it was noted that the maximum scab incidence (4.0%) was recorded on the variety Masai, maximum rhizoctonia attack (60.0%) was recorded on the variety Camel and maximum tuber cracking (0.7%) was noted on the variety Vendulla. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=check%20variety" title="check variety">check variety</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=potato" title=" potato"> potato</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=potential%20and%20yield" title=" potential and yield"> potential and yield</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=trial" title=" trial"> trial</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43292/screening-of-different-exotic-varieties-of-potato-through-adaptability-trial-for-local-cultivation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/43292.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">381</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">25</span> Synthesis of SnO Novel Cabbage Nanostructure and Its Electrochemical Property as an Anode Material for Lithium Ion Battery</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yongkui%20Cui">Yongkui Cui</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fengping%20Wang"> Fengping Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hailei%20Zhao"> Hailei Zhao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Zubair%20Iqbal"> Muhammad Zubair Iqbal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ziya%20Wang"> Ziya Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yan%20Li"> Yan Li</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pengpeng%20LV"> Pengpeng LV</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The novel 3D SnO cabbages self-assembled by nanosheets were successfully synthesized via template-free hydrothermal growth method under facile conditions.The XRD results manifest that the as-prepared SnO is tetragonal phase. The TEM and HRTEM results show that the cabbage nanosheets are polycrystalline structure consisted of considerable single-crystalline nanoparticles. Two typical Raman modes A1g=210 and Eg=112 cm-1 of SnO are observed by Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, galvanostatic cycling tests has been performed using the SnO cabbages as anode material of lithium ion battery and the electrochemical results suggest that the synthesized SnO cabbage structures are a promising anode material for lithium ion batteries. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=electrochemical%20property" title="electrochemical property">electrochemical property</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hydrothermal%20synthesis" title=" hydrothermal synthesis"> hydrothermal synthesis</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lithium%20ion%20battery" title=" lithium ion battery"> lithium ion battery</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=stannous%20oxide" title=" stannous oxide"> stannous oxide</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24607/synthesis-of-sno-novel-cabbage-nanostructure-and-its-electrochemical-property-as-an-anode-material-for-lithium-ion-battery" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/24607.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">468</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">24</span> Role of Environmental Risk Factors in Autism Spectrum Disorder</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dost%20Muhammad%20Halepoto">Dost Muhammad Halepoto</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Laila%20AL-Ayadhi"> Laila AL-Ayadhi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Neurodevelopmental disorders such as autism can cause lifelong disability. Genetic and environmental factors are believed to contribute to the development of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but relatively few studies have considered potential environmental risks. Several industrial chemicals and other environmental exposures are recognized causes of neurodevelopmental disorders and subclinical brain dysfunction. The toxic effects of such chemicals in the developing human brain are not known. This review highlights the role of environmental risk factors including drugs, toxic chemicals, heavy metals, pesticides, vaccines, and other suspected neurotoxicants including persistent organic pollutants for ASD. It also provides information about the environmental toxins to yield new insights into factors that affect autism risk as well as an opportunity to investigate the relation between autism and environmental exposure. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Autism%20Spectrum%20Disorder" title="Autism Spectrum Disorder">Autism Spectrum Disorder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ASD" title=" ASD"> ASD</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=environmental%20factors" title=" environmental factors"> environmental factors</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=neurodevelopmental%20disorder" title=" neurodevelopmental disorder"> neurodevelopmental disorder</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31870/role-of-environmental-risk-factors-in-autism-spectrum-disorder" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31870.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">406</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">23</span> Cubic Trigonometric B-Spline Approach to Numerical Solution of Wave Equation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shazalina%20Mat%20Zin">Shazalina Mat Zin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Abd.%20Majid"> Ahmad Abd. Majid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ahmad%20Izani%20Md.%20Ismail"> Ahmad Izani Md. Ismail</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Abbas"> Muhammad Abbas</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The generalized wave equation models various problems in sciences and engineering. In this paper, a new three-time level implicit approach based on cubic trigonometric B-spline for the approximate solution of wave equation is developed. The usual finite difference approach is used to discretize the time derivative while cubic trigonometric B-spline is applied as an interpolating function in the space dimension. Von Neumann stability analysis is used to analyze the proposed method. Two problems are discussed to exhibit the feasibility and capability of the method. The absolute errors and maximum error are computed to assess the performance of the proposed method. The results were found to be in good agreement with known solutions and with existing schemes in literature. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=collocation%20method" title="collocation method">collocation method</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cubic%20trigonometric%20B-spline" title=" cubic trigonometric B-spline"> cubic trigonometric B-spline</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20difference" title=" finite difference"> finite difference</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=wave%20equation" title=" wave equation"> wave equation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10136/cubic-trigonometric-b-spline-approach-to-numerical-solution-of-wave-equation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/10136.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">549</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">22</span> Anodization-Assisted Synthesis of Shape-Controlled Cubic Zirconia Nanotubes</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibrahim%20Dauda%20Muhammad">Ibrahim Dauda Muhammad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mokhtar%20Awang"> Mokhtar Awang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> To synthesize a specific phase of zirconia (ZrO₂) nanotubes, zirconium (Zr) foil was subjected to the anodization process in a fluorine-containing electrochemical bath for a fixed duration. The resulting zirconia nanotubes (ZNTs) were then characterized using various techniques, including UV-vis spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The XRD diffraction pattern confirmed that the ZNTs were crystalline, with a predominant texture along the [111] direction, indicating that the majority of the phase was cubic. TEM images revealed that most of the nanotubes were vertically aligned and self-organized, with diameters ranging from 32.9 to 38.8 nm and wall thicknesses between 3.0 and 7.3 nm. Additionally, the synthesized ZNTs had a length-to-width ratio of 235, which closely matches the ratio of 240 observed in another study where anodization was not used. This study demonstrates that a specific phase of zirconia nanotube can be successfully synthesized, with promising potential applications in catalysis and other areas. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=zirconia%20nanotubes" title="zirconia nanotubes">zirconia nanotubes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=anodization" title=" anodization"> anodization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=characterization" title=" characterization"> characterization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=cubic%20phase" title=" cubic phase"> cubic phase</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192982/anodization-assisted-synthesis-of-shape-controlled-cubic-zirconia-nanotubes" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/192982.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">28</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">21</span> Efficient Hydrogen Separation through Pd-Pt Membrane</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lawan%20Muhammad%20Adam">Lawan Muhammad Adam</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abduljabar%20Hilal%20Alsayoud"> Abduljabar Hilal Alsayoud</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> One of the most promising techniques to produce pure hydrogen is through a palladium-based membrane (Pd-membrane). Density functional theory (DFT) is employed in this work to examine how the physical and chemical adsorption properties of hydrogen on the surface of Pd-Pt can be mutated in the presence of contaminating gases, CH₄, CO, and CO₂. The main target is to survey the energy topology related to hydrogen adsorption while adjusting the stages of freedom in both the structure and composition. The adsorption sites, crystal plane of the slab, and relative orientation of the adsorbed molecules on its surface, as well as various arrangements of adsorbed species, have been considered in this study. The dependency of hydrogen adsorption on surface coverage is studied. The study demonstrated the physical adsorption energies of the molecules on the surface concerning the different coverages of hydrogen atoms. The most stable combinations of the adsorption sites (Top, Hollow, and Bridge) with various orientations of gaseous molecules on the Pd-Pt surface were identified according to their calculated energies. When the binding of contaminating gaseous species to the Pd-Pt surface and their impact on the physical adsorption energies of the H₂ are examined, it is observed that the most poisonous gas relative to all other gases modifies the energetics of the adsorption process of hydrogen on the surface. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DFT" title="DFT">DFT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pd-Pt-membrane" title=" Pd-Pt-membrane"> Pd-Pt-membrane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=H%E2%82%82" title=" H₂"> H₂</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO" title=" CO"> CO</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO%E2%82%82" title=" CO₂"> CO₂</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/178203/efficient-hydrogen-separation-through-pd-pt-membrane" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/178203.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">80</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">20</span> Preparation of Ag-Doped and MOFs Coupled-LaFeO₃ Nanosheet for Electrochemical CO₂ Conversion</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Iltaf%20Khan">Iltaf Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Munzir%20H.%20Suliman"> Munzir H. Suliman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Usman"> Muhammad Usman</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The rapid growth of modern industries has led to increased energy demand and worsened fossil fuel depletion, resulting in global warming, while organic pollutants pose significant threats to aquatic environments due to their stability, insolubleness, and non-biodegradability. So, scientists are investigating high-performance materials to resolve these issues. In this study, we prepared LaFeO₃ nanosheets (LFONS) employing a solvothermal method via a soft template such as polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The LFONS have good performance regarding surface area and charge separation as compared to LaFeO₃ nanoparticles (LFONP). To improve the efficiency of LFONS, it was further modified with Ag and ZIF-67 and utilized for CO₂ conversion. Herein, the results confirm that Ag-doped and ZIF-67 coupled LFONS (ZIF-67/Ag-LFONS) exhibit superior performance compared to pristine LFONP. In addition, the stability tests confirm that our optimal sample is the most active and stable one among various nanocomposites. Ultimately, our studies will open a new pave for cost-effective, eco-friendly, and electroactive nanomaterials for CO₂ conversion. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=LaFeO%E2%82%83%20nanosheets" title="LaFeO₃ nanosheets">LaFeO₃ nanosheets</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ag%20incorporation" title=" Ag incorporation"> Ag incorporation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MOFs%20coupling" title=" MOFs coupling"> MOFs coupling</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=CO%E2%82%82%20conversion" title=" CO₂ conversion"> CO₂ conversion</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181204/preparation-of-ag-doped-and-mofs-coupled-lafeo3-nanosheet-for-electrochemical-co2-conversion" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/181204.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">56</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">19</span> Antimicrobial Activity of Nauclea lotifolia (African Peach) Crude Extracts against Some Pathogenic Microorganism</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Isah%20Legbo">Muhammad Isah Legbo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of Nauclea lotifolia fruit, leaf and stem-bark extracts at various concentration of (20.0,10.0, 5.0, and 2.5 mg/ml) were evaluated against some pathogenic microorganisms such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger and Candida albicans. The antimicrobial activity was assayed using agar well diffusion method. The result obtained show appreciable inhibitory effort of acetone, aqueous and methanolic extracts of Nauclea lotifolia. However, result obtained was less active compared to that of the control antibiotic (Ciprofloxacillin). The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined using serial doubling dilution method and ranged from 5.0-10.0mg/ml, while the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was determined by plating various dilution of extracts without turbidity and the result ranged from 5.0-7.5mg/ml. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloid, anthraquinones, flavonoids, resin, steroid and saponin. The activities of the plant extract therefore justify their utilization in the treatment of various ailments associated with the test organism. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nauclea" title="Nauclea">Nauclea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lotifolia" title=" lotifolia"> lotifolia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=antimicrobial" title=" antimicrobial"> antimicrobial</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pathogens" title=" pathogens"> pathogens</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=saponin" title=" saponin"> saponin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=extract" title=" extract"> extract</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49347/antimicrobial-activity-of-nauclea-lotifolia-african-peach-crude-extracts-against-some-pathogenic-microorganism" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49347.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">419</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">18</span> Quantification of Aerodynamic Variables Using Analytical Technique and Computational Fluid Dynamics</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adil%20Loya">Adil Loya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Kamran%20Maqsood"> Kamran Maqsood</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Duraid"> Muhammad Duraid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Aerodynamic stability coefficients are necessary to be known before any unmanned aircraft flight is performed. This requires expertise on aerodynamics and stability control of the aircraft. To enable efficacious performance of aircraft requires that a well-defined flight path and aerodynamics should be defined beforehand. This paper presents a study on the aerodynamics of an unmanned aero vehicle (UAV) during flight conditions. Current research holds comparative studies of different parameters for flight aerodynamic, measured using two different open source analytical software programs. These software packages are DATCOM and XLRF5, which help in depicting the flight aerodynamic variables. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was also used to perform aerodynamic analysis for which Star CCM+ was used. Output trends of the study demonstrate high accuracies between the two software programs with that of CFD. It can be seen that the Coefficient of Lift (CL) obtained from DATCOM and XFLR is similar to CL of CFD simulation. In the similar manner, other potential aerodynamic stability parameters obtained from analytical software are in good agreement with CFD. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=XFLR5" title="XFLR5">XFLR5</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DATCOM" title=" DATCOM"> DATCOM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=computational%20fluid%20dynamic" title=" computational fluid dynamic"> computational fluid dynamic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=unmanned%20aero%20vehicle" title=" unmanned aero vehicle"> unmanned aero vehicle</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89932/quantification-of-aerodynamic-variables-using-analytical-technique-and-computational-fluid-dynamics" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/89932.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">302</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">17</span> The Expanding Role of Islamic Law in the Current Indonesian Legal Reform</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Ilham%20Agus%20Salim">Muhammad Ilham Agus Salim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Saufa%20Ata%20Taqiyya"> Saufa Ata Taqiyya</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In many Muslim countries, secularization has successfully reduced the role of Islamic law as a formal legal source during this last century. The most obvious fact was the reform of Daulah Utsmaniyah to be Secular Republic of Turkey. Religion is strictly separated from the state authorities in many countries today. But these last decades in Indonesia, a remarkable fact is apparent. Islamic law has expanded its role in Indonesian legal system, especially in districts regulations. In Aceh province, as a case in point, shariah has been the basic source of law in all regulations. There are more provinces in Indonesia which adopted Islamic law as a formal legal source by the end of 2014. Different from some other countries which clearly stipulates the status of Islam in formal ways, Indonesian constitution formally does not render any recognition for Islam to be the formal religion of the state. But in this Muslim majority country, Islamic law takes a place in democratic way, namely on the basis of the voice of majority. This paper will analyze how this reality increases significantly since what so called by Indonesian reformation era (end of nineties). Some causes will be identified regarding this tendency of expansion of role. Some lessons learned also will be recommended as the concluding remarks by the end of the paper. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Islamic%20law" title="Islamic law">Islamic law</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Indonesia" title=" Indonesia"> Indonesia</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=legal%20reform" title=" legal reform"> legal reform</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Syariah%20local%20regulation" title=" Syariah local regulation"> Syariah local regulation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49116/the-expanding-role-of-islamic-law-in-the-current-indonesian-legal-reform" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/49116.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">356</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">16</span> Sandwich Structure Composites: Effect of Kenaf on Mechanical Properties</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Maizatulnisa%20Othman">Maizatulnisa Othman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohamad%20Bukhari"> Mohamad Bukhari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zahurin%20Halim"> Zahurin Halim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Souad%20A.%20Muhammad"> Souad A. Muhammad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Khalisani%20Khalid"> Khalisani Khalid</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Sandwich structure composites produced by epoxy core and aluminium skin were developed as potential building materials. Interface bonding between core and skin was controlled by varying kenaf content. Five different weight percentage of kenaf loading ranging from 10 wt% to 50 wt% were employed in the core manufacturing in order to study the mechanical properties of the sandwich composite. Properties of skin aluminium with epoxy were found to be affected by drying time of the adhesive. Mechanical behavior of manufactured sandwich composites in relation with properties of constituent materials was studied. It was found that 30 wt% of kenaf loading contributed to increase the flexural strength and flexural modulus up to 102 MPa and 32 Gpa, respectively. Analysis were done on the flatwise and edgewise compression test. For flatwise test, it was found that 30 wt% of fiber loading could withstand maximum force until 250 kN, with compressive strength results at 96.94 MPa. However, at edgewise compression test, the sandwich composite with same fiber loading only can withstand 31 kN of the maximum load with 62 MPa of compressive strength results. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sandwich%20structure%20composite" title="sandwich structure composite">sandwich structure composite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=epoxy" title=" epoxy"> epoxy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=aluminium" title=" aluminium"> aluminium</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=kenaf%20fiber" title=" kenaf fiber "> kenaf fiber </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19014/sandwich-structure-composites-effect-of-kenaf-on-mechanical-properties" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/19014.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">398</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">15</span> Investigation of Dry Ice Mixed Novel Hybrid Lubri-Coolant in Sustainable Machining of Ti-6AL-4V Alloy: A Comparison of Experimental and Modelling</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Jamil">Muhammad Jamil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ning%20He"> Ning He</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aqib%20Mashood%20Khan"> Aqib Mashood Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Munish%20Kumar%20Gupta"> Munish Kumar Gupta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ti-6Al-4V has numerous applications in the medical, automobile, and aerospace industries due to corrosion resistivity, structural stability, and chemical inertness to most fluids at room temperature. These peculiar characteristics are beneficial for their application and present formidable challenges during machining. Machining of Ti-6Al-4V produces an elevated cutting temperature above 1000oC at dry conditions. This accelerates tool wear and reduces product quality. Therefore, there is always a need to employ sustainable/effective coolant/lubricant when machining such alloy. In this study, Finite Element Modeling (FEM) and experimental analysis when cutting Ti-6Al-4V under a distinctly developed dry ice mixed hybrid lubri-coolant are presented. This study aims to model the milling process of Ti-6Al-4V under a proposed novel hybrid lubri-coolant using different cutting speeds and feed per tooth DEFORM® software package was used to conduct the FEM and the numerical model was experimentally validated. A comparison of experimental and simulation results showed a maximum error of no more than 6% for all experimental conditions. In a nutshell, it can be said that the proposed model is effective in predicting the machining temperature precisely. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=friction%20coefficient" title="friction coefficient">friction coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20transfer" title=" heat transfer"> heat transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=finite%20element%20modeling%20%28FEM%29" title=" finite element modeling (FEM)"> finite element modeling (FEM)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=milling%20Ti-6Al-4V" title=" milling Ti-6Al-4V"> milling Ti-6Al-4V</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185154/investigation-of-dry-ice-mixed-novel-hybrid-lubri-coolant-in-sustainable-machining-of-ti-6al-4v-alloy-a-comparison-of-experimental-and-modelling" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/185154.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">71</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">14</span> Development of Fuzzy Logic Control Ontology for E-Learning</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Sollehhuddin%20A.%20Jalil">Muhammad Sollehhuddin A. Jalil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mohd%20Ibrahim%20Shapiai"> Mohd Ibrahim Shapiai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Rubiyah%20Yusof"> Rubiyah Yusof</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Nowadays, ontology is common in many areas like artificial intelligence, bioinformatics, e-commerce, education and many more. Ontology is one of the focus areas in the field of Information Retrieval. The purpose of an ontology is to describe a conceptual representation of concepts and their relationships within a particular domain. In other words, ontology provides a common vocabulary for anyone who needs to share information in the domain. There are several ontology domains in various fields including engineering and non-engineering knowledge. However, there are only a few available ontology for engineering knowledge. Fuzzy logic as engineering knowledge is still not available as ontology domain. In general, fuzzy logic requires step-by-step guidelines and instructions of lab experiments. In this study, we presented domain ontology for Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) knowledge. We give Table of Content (ToC) with middle strategy based on the Uschold and King method to develop FLC ontology. The proposed framework is developed using Protégé as the ontology tool. The Protégé’s ontology reasoner, known as the Pellet reasoner is then used to validate the presented framework. The presented framework offers better performance based on consistency and classification parameter index. In general, this ontology can provide a platform to anyone who needs to understand FLC knowledge. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=engineering%20knowledge" title="engineering knowledge">engineering knowledge</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=fuzzy%20logic%20control%20ontology" title=" fuzzy logic control ontology"> fuzzy logic control ontology</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=ontology%20development" title=" ontology development"> ontology development</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=table%20of%20content" title=" table of content"> table of content</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54717/development-of-fuzzy-logic-control-ontology-for-e-learning" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/54717.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">305</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">13</span> Ground Water Contamination by Tannery Effluents and Its Impact on Human Health in Peshawar, Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fawad%20Ali">Fawad Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Ateeq"> Muhammad Ateeq</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ikhtiar%20Khan"> Ikhtiar Khan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Ground water, a major source of drinking water supply in Peshawar has been severely contaminated by leather tanning industry. Effluents from the tanneries contain high concentration of chromium besides several other chemical species. Release of untreated effluents from the tanning industry has severely damaged surface and ground water, agriculture soil as well as vegetables and crops. Chromium is a well-known carcinogenic and mutagenic agent. Once in the human food chain, it causes multiple problems to the exposed population including various types of cancer, skin dermatitis, and DNA damage. In order to assess the extent of chromium and other heavy metals contamination, water samples were analyzed for heavy metals using Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (GFAAS, Analyst 700, Perkin Elmer). Total concentration of chromium was above the permissible limit (0.048 mg/l) in 85% of the groundwater (drinking water) samples. The concentration of cobalt, manganese, cadmium, nickel, lead, zinc and iron was also determined in the ground water, surface water, agriculture soil, and vegetables samples from the affected area. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heavy%20metals" title="heavy metals">heavy metals</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=soil" title=" soil"> soil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=groundwater" title=" groundwater"> groundwater</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=tannery%20effluents" title=" tannery effluents"> tannery effluents</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=food%20chain" title=" food chain"> food chain</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44693/ground-water-contamination-by-tannery-effluents-and-its-impact-on-human-health-in-peshawar-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/44693.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">348</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">12</span> Numerical Study of Entropy Generation Due to Hybrid Nano-Fluid Flow through Coaxial Porous Disks</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Bilal%20Ameen">Muhammad Bilal Ameen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Zubair%20Akbar%20Qureshi"> M. Zubair Akbar Qureshi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The current investigation of two-dimensional hybrid nanofluid flows with two coaxial parallel disks has been presented. Consider the hybrid nanofluid has been taken as steady-state. Consider the coaxial disks that have been porous. Consider the heat equation to examine joule heating and viscous dissipation effects. Nonlinear partial differential equations have been solved numerically. For shear stress and heat transfer, results are tabulated. Hybrid nanoparticles and Eckert numbers are increasing for heat transfer. Entropy generation is expanded with radiation parameters Eckert, Reynold, Prandtl, and Peclet numbers. A set of ordinary differential equations is obtained to utilize the capable transformation variables. The numerical solution of the continuity, momentum, energy, and entropy generation equations is obtaining using the command bvp4c of Matlab as a solver. To explore the impact of main parameters like suction/infusion, Prandtl, Reynold, Eckert, Peclet number, and volume fraction parameters, various graphs have been plotted and examined. It is concluded that a convectional nanofluid is highly compared by entropy generation with the boundary layer of hybrid nanofluid. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=entropy%20generation" title="entropy generation">entropy generation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=hybrid%20nano%20fluid" title=" hybrid nano fluid"> hybrid nano fluid</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=heat%20transfer" title=" heat transfer"> heat transfer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=porous%20disks" title=" porous disks"> porous disks</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129934/numerical-study-of-entropy-generation-due-to-hybrid-nano-fluid-flow-through-coaxial-porous-disks" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/129934.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">160</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">11</span> Lennox-gastaut Syndrome Associated with Dysgenesis of Corpus Callosum</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=A.%20Bruce%20Janati">A. Bruce Janati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Umair%20Khan"> Muhammad Umair Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Naif%20Alghassab"> Naif Alghassab</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ibrahim%20Alzeir"> Ibrahim Alzeir</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Assem%20Mahmoud"> Assem Mahmoud</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=M.%20Sammour"> M. Sammour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Rationale: Lennox-Gastaut syndrome(LGS) is an electro-clinical syndrome composed of the triad of mental retardation, multiple seizure types, and the characteristic generalized slow spike-wave complexes in the EEG. In this article, we report on two patients with LGS whose brain MRI showed dysgenesis of corpus callosum(CC). We review the literature and stress the role of CC in the genesis of secondary bilateral synchrony(SBS). Method: This was a clinical study conducted at King Khalid Hospital. Results: The EEG was consistent with LGS in patient 1 and unilateral slow spike-wave complexes in patient 2. The MRI showed hypoplasia of the splenium of CC in patient 1, and global hypoplasia of CC combined with Joubert syndrome in patient 2. Conclusion: Based on the data, we proffer the following hypotheses: 1-Hypoplasia of CC interferes with functional integrity of this structure. 2-The genu of CC plays a pivotal role in the genesis of secondary bilateral synchrony. 3-Electrodecremental seizures in LGS emanate from pacemakers generated in the brain stem, in particular the mesencephalon projecting abnormal signals to the cortex via thalamic nuclei. 4-Unilateral slow spike-wave complexes in the context of mental retardation and multiple seizure types may represent a variant of LGS, justifying neuroimaging studies. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=EEG" title="EEG">EEG</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lennox-Gastaut%20syndrome" title=" Lennox-Gastaut syndrome"> Lennox-Gastaut syndrome</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=corpus%20callosum" title=" corpus callosum "> corpus callosum </a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=MRI" title=" MRI"> MRI</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31595/lennox-gastaut-syndrome-associated-with-dysgenesis-of-corpus-callosum" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/31595.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">450</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">10</span> High Piezoelectric and Magnetic Performance Achieved in the Lead-free BiFeO3-BaTiO3 Cceramics by Defect Engineering</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Habib">Muhammad Habib</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xuefan%20Zhou"> Xuefan Zhou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Lin%20Tang"> Lin Tang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Guoliang%20Xue"> Guoliang Xue</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fazli%20Akram"> Fazli Akram</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Dou%20Zhang"> Dou Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Defect engineering approach is a well-established approach for the customization of functional properties of perovskite ceramics. In modern technology, the high multiferroic properties for elevated temperature applications are greatly demanding. In this work, the Bi-nonstoichiometric lead-free 0.67Biy-xSmxFeO3-0.33BaTiO3 ceramics (Sm-doped BF-BT for Bi-excess; y = 1.03 and Bi-deficient; y = 0.975 with x = 0.00, 0.04 and 0.08) were design for the high-temperature multiferroic property. Enhanced piezoelectric (d33  250 pC/N and d33* 350 pm/V) and magnetic properties (Mr  0.25 emu/g) with a high Curie temperature (TC  465 ℃) were obtained in the Bi-deficient pure BF-BT ceramics. With Sm-doping (x = 0.04), the TC decrease to 350 ℃ a significant improvement occurred in the d33* to 504 pm/V and 450 pm/V for Bi-excess and Bi-deficient compositions, respectively. The structural origin of the enhanced piezoelectric strain performance is related to the soft ferroelectric effect by Sm-doping and reversible phase transition from the short-range relaxor ferroelectric state to the long-range order under the applied electric field. However, a slight change occurs in the Mr 0.28 emu/g value with Sm-doping for Bi-deficient ceramics, whereas the Bi-excess ceramics shows completely paramagnetic behavior. Hence, the origin of high magnetic properties in the Bi-deficient BF-BT ceramics is mainly attributed to the proposed double exchange mechanism. We believe that this strategy will provide a new perspective for the development of lead-free multiferroic ceramics for high-temperature applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=BiFeO3-BaTiO3" title="BiFeO3-BaTiO3">BiFeO3-BaTiO3</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=lead-free%20piezoceramics" title=" lead-free piezoceramics"> lead-free piezoceramics</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetic%20properties" title=" magnetic properties"> magnetic properties</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=defect%20engineering" title=" defect engineering"> defect engineering</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159781/high-piezoelectric-and-magnetic-performance-achieved-in-the-lead-free-bifeo3-batio3-cceramics-by-defect-engineering" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/159781.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">138</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">9</span> Catalytic Hydrodesulfurization of Dibenzothiophene Coupled with Ionic Liquids over Low Pd Incorporated Co-Mo@Al₂O₃ and Ni-Mo@Al₂O₃ Catalysts at Mild Operating Conditions</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Yaseen%20Muhammad">Yaseen Muhammad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhenxia%20Zhao"> Zhenxia Zhao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Zhangfa%20Tong"> Zhangfa Tong</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A key problem with hydrodesulfurization (HDS) process of fuel oils is the application of severe operating conditions. In this study, we proposed the catalytic HDS of dibenzothiophene (DBT) integrated with ionic liquids (ILs) application at mild temperature and pressure over low loaded (0.5 wt.%) Pd promoted Co-Mo@Al₂O₃ and Ni-Mo@Al₂O₃ catalysts. Among the thirteen ILs tested, [BMIM]BF₄, [(CH₃)₄N]Cl, [EMIM]AlCl₄, and [(C₈H₁₇)(C₃H₇)₃P]Br enhanced the catalytic HDS efficiency while the latest ranked the top of activity list as confirmed by DFT studies as well. Experimental results revealed that Pd incorporation greatly enhanced the HDS activity of classical Co or Ni based catalysts. At mild optimized experimental conditions of 1 MPa H₂ pressure, 120 oC, IL:oil ratio of 1:3 and 4 h reaction time, the % DBT conversion (21 %) by Ni-Mo@Al₂O₃ was enhanced to 69 % (over Pd-Ni-Mo@ Al₂O₃) using [(C₈H₁₇) (C₃H₇)₃P]Br. The fresh and spent catalysts were characterized for textural properties using XPS, SEM, EDX, XRD and BET surface area techniques. An overall catalytic HDS activity followed the order of: Pd-Ni-Mo@Al₂O₃ > Pd-Co-Mo@Al₂O₃ > Ni-Mo@Al₂O₃ > Co-Mo@Al₂O₃. [(C₈H₁₇) (C₃H₇)₃P]Br.could be recycled four times with minimal decrease in HDS activity. Reaction products were analyzed by GC-MS which helped in proposing reaction mechanism for the IL coupled HDS process. The present approach attributed to its cost-effective nature, ease of operation with less mechanical requirements in terms of mild operating conditions, and high efficiency could be deemed as an alternative approach for the HDS of DBT on industrial level applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=DFT%20simulation" title="DFT simulation">DFT simulation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=GC-MS%20and%20reaction%20mechanism" title=" GC-MS and reaction mechanism"> GC-MS and reaction mechanism</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ionic%20liquid%20coupled%20HDS%20of%20DBT" title=" Ionic liquid coupled HDS of DBT"> Ionic liquid coupled HDS of DBT</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=low%20Pd%20loaded%20catalyst" title=" low Pd loaded catalyst"> low Pd loaded catalyst</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mild%20operating%20condition" title=" mild operating condition "> mild operating condition </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90224/catalytic-hydrodesulfurization-of-dibenzothiophene-coupled-with-ionic-liquids-over-low-pd-incorporated-co-mo-at-al2o3-and-ni-mo-at-al2o3-catalysts-at-mild-operating-conditions" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/90224.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">158</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">8</span> Feeding Habitat of Parrot (Ringed Necked Parakeet) in District Mirpurkhas Sindh Pakistan</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Aisha%20Liaquat%20Ali">Aisha Liaquat Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ghulam%20Sarwar%20Gachal"> Ghulam Sarwar Gachal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Yusuf%20Sheikh"> Muhammad Yusuf Sheikh</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The parrot (Rose Ringed) commonly known as tota, belongs to the order ‘psiitaciformes’ and family ‘Psittacidea’, Four species of parakeet inhabits tropical and subtropical regions of Pakistan mostly adopted parks in cities deciduous woodlands, light secondary jungles, semidesert, and scrubland and in orchards and cultivated farmlands. They are mostly feed on citrus fruits, guava, mango, green unripen seed and almond nuts as well as bud and flowers etc. the core aim of the present study was to investigate the Feeding Habitat of Parrot (Ringed Necked Parakeet) in District Mirpurkhas Sindh Pakistan. Sampling was obtained from various adjoining areas of District Mirpurkhas by Non-Random Method, which was conducted from June to Nov 2017. During the present study, a total no: of 84 specimens were collected from different localities of City Mirpurkhas (42.8%) were male ♂ and (57.1%) were female ♀. Maximum population density of Psittaculla Krameri Borealis (50.0%) was collected from Guava (Psidium Guajava) Orchards, Mango (Mangifera Indica) orchard (41.6%), chekoo (Manilkara Zapota) orchard (5.9%) and the Minimum No: of Psittaculla krameri Borealis (2.3%) collected Date (Phoenix Dactylifera) orchard. It was observed that Psittaculla krameri Borealis were highly consumed Guava (Psidium Guajava) and the minimum consume food was Date (Phoenix Dactylifera). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=district%20Mirpur%20Khas%20Sindh%20Pakistan" title="district Mirpur Khas Sindh Pakistan">district Mirpur Khas Sindh Pakistan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=feeding" title=" feeding"> feeding</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=habitat" title=" habitat"> habitat</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=parrot%20%28ringed%20necked%20parakeet%29" title=" parrot (ringed necked parakeet)"> parrot (ringed necked parakeet)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91976/feeding-habitat-of-parrot-ringed-necked-parakeet-in-district-mirpurkhas-sindh-pakistan" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/91976.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">188</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">7</span> Isolation and Characterization of Bio-surfactant Producing Alcaligenes sp YLA1 and Its Diesel Degradation Potentials</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Abdulrahman%20Abdulhamid%20Arabo">Abdulrahman Abdulhamid Arabo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Raji%20Arabi%20Bamanga"> Raji Arabi Bamanga</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Mujiburrahman%20Fadilu"> Mujiburrahman Fadilu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Musa%20Abubakar"> Musa Abubakar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatima%20Abdullahi%20Shehu"> Fatima Abdullahi Shehu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hafeez%20Muhammad%20Yakasai"> Hafeez Muhammad Yakasai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Nasiru%20Abdullahi"> Nasiru Abdullahi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The aim of this study was to isolate and identify biosurfactant-producing and diesel alkanes degrading bacteria. For this reason, bacteria isolated from the diesel-contaminated site were screened for their potential to produce biosurfactants and degrade diesel alkanes. Primary selection of diesel degraders was carried out by using the conventional enrichment culture technique, where 12 bacterial strains were isolated based on their ability to grow on minimal media supplemented with diesel as the sole carbon source, which was followed by qualitative screening methods for potential biosurfactant production. Isolate B11 was the only candidate that showed positive signs for drop collapse, foaming, hemolytic test, oil displacement of more than 22 ± 0.05 mm, and emulsification (E24) of 14 ± 0.30%. The effect of various culture parameters (incubation time, diesel concentration, nitrogen source, pH and temperature) on the biodegradation of diesel was evaluated. The optimum incubation time was confirmed to be 120 days for isolate B11, and the optimum PH was confirmed as 8.0 for the isolate; similarly, the optimum temperature was confirmed as 35oC. In addition, diesel oil was used as the sole carbon source for the isolates. The favorable diesel concentration was 12.5 % (v/v) for the isolate. The isolate has shown degradative ability towards Tridecane (C13), dodecane, 2, 6, 10-trimethyl- (C15), Tetradecane (C14), 2,6,10-Trimethyltridecane (C16), Pentadecane (C15). It degraded between 0.27% - 9.65% of individual diesel oil alkanes. The strain has exhibited the potential of degrading diesel oil n-alkanes and was identified as Alcaligenes species strain B11 (MZ027604) using the 16S rRNA. Sequencing. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=diesel%20oil" title="diesel oil">diesel oil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biosurfactant" title=" biosurfactant"> biosurfactant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Alcaligenes%20sp" title=" Alcaligenes sp"> Alcaligenes sp</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=biodegradation" title=" biodegradation"> biodegradation</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161553/isolation-and-characterization-of-bio-surfactant-producing-alcaligenes-sp-yla1-and-its-diesel-degradation-potentials" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/161553.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">117</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">6</span> Rational Thinking and Forgiveness in Pakistan: The Role of Democratic Values and Mass Media Attitude</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Shoaib">Muhammad Shoaib</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Every society has a set of beliefs, norms, values, folkways, mores and laws. All the principles, customs, traditions and procedures of societies are directly or indirectly related to the religion of the society and changed with the passage of time by the mediation of democratic values attitudes and mass media influence. The main objective of the present study is to examine the effects of rational thinking values on forgiveness attitude by the mediation of democratic values and mass media attitude among family members. As many other developing settings, Pakistani society is undergoing a rapid and multifaceted social change, in which traditional thinking coexists and often clashes with modern thinking. Rational thinking attitude has great effects on the forgiveness attitude among family members as well as all the members of Pakistani society. For the present study 520 respondents were sampled from two urban areas of Punjab province; Lahore and Faisalabad, through proportionate random sampling technique. A survey method was used as a technique of data collection and an interview schedule was administered to collect information from the respondents. The results support that the net of other factors, favorable democratic values attitudes are positively associated rational thinking attitudes. The results also provide support that all other things equal, mass media attitudes also have a significant positive effect on rational thinking attitudes. Favorable democratic values attitudes have a significant net positive effect and the effect of mass media attitudes is positive and statistically highly significant. It shows that the effects of both democratic values attitudes and mass media attitudes diminish in magnitude when the rational thinking attitudes scale is included. However, the effect of democratic values remains highly significant. In comparison, the effect of mass media attitudes is only marginally significant. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=rationality" title="rationality">rationality</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=forgiveness" title=" forgiveness"> forgiveness</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=democratic%20values" title=" democratic values"> democratic values</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=mass%20media" title=" mass media"> mass media</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=attitudes" title=" attitudes"> attitudes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Pakistan" title=" Pakistan "> Pakistan </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14002/rational-thinking-and-forgiveness-in-pakistan-the-role-of-democratic-values-and-mass-media-attitude" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/14002.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">371</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">5</span> Sustainable Design and Mechanical Evaluation of Al-Based Bio-composite for Structural Applications</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Akram%20Balaswad">Akram Balaswad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Farzik%20Ijaz"> Muhammad Farzik Ijaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Shahid%20Parves"> Shahid Parves</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In the face of growing global environmental concerns and the urgent need for sustainable material methods, the use of bio-composites has emerged as a promising solution. Bio-composites, which integrate natural fibers or agricultural wastes, offer several advantages, such as easy disposal, fewer health hazards, and reduced energy consumption during manufacturing. They also contribute to weight reduction in products, leading to lower carbon emissions and energy savings. This study focuses on the development and characterization of bio-composites using recycled aluminum, eggshell carbonized powder (ECP), and date seed powder (DSP) for engineering applications. The research will investigate the mechanical and corrosion characteristics of the bio-composites and assess their feasibility for practical use in various engineering fields. Recycled aluminum and agro-waste materials are utilized to enhance sustainability, reduce environmental impact, and promote a circular economy. The study will highlight the potential of these eco-friendly materials in improving mechanical and corrosion properties, making them suitable for a wide range of engineering applications. The fabrication process will involve sourcing materials from local sources, cleaning, processing, and fabricating composites using a stir casting technique. Statistical analysis using ANNOVA will be done to compare the amount of variation of organic reinforcement (ECP / DSP) between groups with the amount of variation within groups Characterization methods include tensile testing, Vickers macro-hardness testing, SEM analysis, and corrosion testing. This research will contribute to the development of sustainable engineering materials and support the global and local efforts towards environmentally conscious practices. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=bio-composites" title="bio-composites">bio-composites</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=sustainability" title=" sustainability"> sustainability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=recycled%20aluminum" title=" recycled aluminum"> recycled aluminum</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=eggshell%20carbonized%20powder%20%28ECP%29" title=" eggshell carbonized powder (ECP)"> eggshell carbonized powder (ECP)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=date%20seed%20powder%20%28DSP%29" title=" date seed powder (DSP)"> date seed powder (DSP)</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/196636/sustainable-design-and-mechanical-evaluation-of-al-based-bio-composite-for-structural-applications" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/196636.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">15</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">4</span> Induction of Callus and Expression of Compounds in Capsicum Frutescens Supplemented with of 2, 4-D</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Jamilah%20Syafawati%20Yaacob">Jamilah Syafawati Yaacob</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Aiman%20Ramli"> Muhammad Aiman Ramli</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Cili padi or Capsicum frutescens is one of capsicum species from nightshade family, Solanaceae. It is famous in Malaysia and is widely used as a food ingredient. Capsicum frutescens also possess vast medicinal properties. The objectives of this study are to determine the most optimum 2,4-D hormone concentration for callus induction from stem explants C. frutescens and the effects of different 2,4-D concentrations on expression of compounds from C. frutescens. Seeds were cultured on MS media without hormones (MS basal media) to yield aseptic seedlings of this species, which were then used to supply explant source for subsequent tissue culture experiments. Stem explants were excised from aseptic seedlings and cultured on MS media supplemented with various concentrations (0.1, 0.3 and 0.5 mg/L) of 2,4-D to induce formation of callus. Fresh weight, dry weight and callus growth percentage in all samples were recorded. The highest mean of dry weight was observed in MS media supplemented with 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D, where 0.4499 ± 0.106 g of callus was produced. The highest percentage of callus growth (16.4%) was also observed in cultures supplemented with 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D. The callus samples were also subjected to HPLC-MS to evaluate the effect of hormone concentration on expression of bio active compounds in different samples. Results showed that caffeoylferuloylquinic acids were present in all samples, but was most abundant in callus cells supplemented with 0.3 & 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D. Interestingly, there was an unknown compound observed to be highly expressed in callus cells supplemented with 0.1 mg/L 2,4-D, but its presence was less significant in callus cells supplemented with 0.3 and 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D. Furthermore, there was also a compound identified as octadecadienoic acid, which was uniquely expressed in callus supplemented with 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D, but absent in callus cells supplemented with 0.1 and 0.3 mg/L 2,4-D. The results obtained in this study indicated that plant growth regulators played a role in expression of secondary metabolites in plants. The increase or decrease of these growth regulators may have triggered a change in the secondary metabolite biosynthesis pathways, thus causing differential expression of compounds in this plant. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=callus" title="callus">callus</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=in%20vitro" title=" in vitro"> in vitro</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=secondary%20metabolite" title=" secondary metabolite"> secondary metabolite</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=2" title=" 2"> 2</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic%20acid" title="4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid">4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26039/induction-of-callus-and-expression-of-compounds-in-capsicum-frutescens-supplemented-with-of-2-4-d" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/26039.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">379</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">3</span> The Impact of Smart Educational Aids in Learning Listening Among Pupils with Attention and Listening Problems</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sadeq%20Al%20Yaari">Sadeq Al Yaari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Alkhunayn"> Muhammad Alkhunayn</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adham%20Al%20Yaari"> Adham Al Yaari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayah%20Al%20Yaari"> Ayah Al Yaari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Ayman%20Al%20Yaari"> Ayman Al Yaari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Montaha%20Al%20Yaari"> Montaha Al Yaari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sajedah%20Al%20Yaari"> Sajedah Al Yaari</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Fatehi%20Eissa"> Fatehi Eissa</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The recent rise of smart educational aids and the move away from traditional listening aids are leading to a fundamental shift in the way in which individuals with attention and listening problems (ALP) manipulate listening inputs and/or act appropriately to the spoken information presented to them. A total sample of twenty-six ALP pupils (m=20 and f=6) between 7-12 years old was selected from different strata based on gender, region and school. In the sample size, thirteen (10 males and 3 females) received the treatment in terms of smart classes provided with smart educational aids in a listening course that lasted for four months, while others did not (they studied the same course by the same instructor but in ordinary class). A pretest was administered to assess participants’ levels, and a posttest was given to evaluate their attention and listening comprehension performance, namely in phonetic and phonological tests with sociolinguistic themes that have been designed for this purpose. Test results were analyzed both psychoneurolinguistically and statistically. Results reveal a remarkable change in pupils’ behavioral listening where scores witnessed a significant difference in the performance of the experimental ALP group in the pretest compared to the posttest (Pupils performed better at the pretest-posttest on phonetics than at the two tests on phonology). It is concluded that smart educational aids designed for listening skills help not only increase the listening command of pupils with ALP to understand what they listen to but also develop their interactive listening capability and, at the same rate, are responsible for increasing concentrated and in-depth listening capacity. Plus, ALP pupils become able to grasp the audio content of text recordings, including educational audio recordings, news, oral stories and tales, views, spiritual/religious text and general knowledge. However, the pupils have not experienced individual smart audio-visual aids that connect listening to other language receptive and productive skills, which could be the future area of research. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=smart%20educational%20aids" title="smart educational aids">smart educational aids</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=listening%20attention" title=" listening attention"> listening attention</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=pupils" title=" pupils"> pupils</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=problems" title=" problems"> problems</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186311/the-impact-of-smart-educational-aids-in-learning-listening-among-pupils-with-attention-and-listening-problems" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/186311.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">58</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">2</span> Effect of Ramp Rate on the Preparation of Activated Carbon from Saudi Date Tree Fronds (Agro Waste) by Physical Activation Method</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Shoaib">Muhammad Shoaib</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Hassan%20M%20Al-Swaidan"> Hassan M Al-Swaidan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Saudi Arabia is the major date producer in the world. In order to maximize the production from date tree, pruning of the date trees is required annually. Large amount of this agriculture waste material (palm tree fronds) is available in Saudi Arabia and considered as an ideal source as a precursor for production of activated carbon (AC). The single step procedure for the preparation of micro porous activated carbon (AC) from Saudi date tree fronds using mixture of gases (N2 and CO2) is carried out at carbonization/activation temperature at 850°C and at different ramp rates of 10, 20 and 30 degree per minute. Alloy 330 horizontal reactor is used for tube furnace. Flow rate of nitrogen and carbon dioxide gases are kept at 150 ml/min and 50 ml/min respectively during the preparation. Characterization results reveal that the BET surface area, pore volume, and average pore diameter of the resulting activated carbon generally decreases with the increase in ramp rate. The activated carbon prepared at a ramp rate of 10 degrees/minute attains larger surface area and can offer higher potential to produce activated carbon of greater adsorption capacity from agriculture wastes such as date fronds. The BET surface areas of the activated carbons prepared at a ramp rate of 10, 20 and 30 degree/minute after 30 minutes activation time are 1094, 1020 and 515 m2/g, respectively. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for surface morphology, and FTIR for functional groups was carried out that also verified the same trend. Moreover, by increasing the ramp rate from 10 and 20 degrees/min the yield remains same, i.e. 18%, whereas at a ramp rate of 30 degrees/min the yield increases from 18 to 20%. Thus, it is feasible to produce high-quality micro porous activated carbon from date frond agro waste using N2 carbonization followed by physical activation with CO2 and N2 mixture. This micro porous activated carbon can be used as adsorbent of heavy metals from wastewater, NOx SOx emission adsorption from ambient air and electricity generation plants, purification of gases, sewage treatment and many other applications. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=activated%20carbon" title="activated carbon">activated carbon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=date%20tree%20fronds" title=" date tree fronds"> date tree fronds</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=agricultural%20waste" title=" agricultural waste"> agricultural waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=applied%20chemistry" title=" applied chemistry"> applied chemistry</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5327/effect-of-ramp-rate-on-the-preparation-of-activated-carbon-from-saudi-date-tree-fronds-agro-waste-by-physical-activation-method" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/5327.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">281</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card paper-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">1</span> Morphotropic Phase Boundary in Ferromagnets: Unusual Magnetoelastic Behavior In Tb₁₋ₓNdₓCo₂</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Adil%20Murtaza">Adil Murtaza</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Muhammad%20Tahir%20Khan"> Muhammad Tahir Khan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Awais%20Ghani"> Awais Ghani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Chao%20Zhou"> Chao Zhou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Sen%20Yang"> Sen Yang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=Xiaoping%20Song"> Xiaoping Song</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The morphotropic phase boundary (MPB); a boundary between two different crystallographic symmetries in the composition–temperature phase diagram has been widely studied in ferroelectrics and recently has drawn interest in ferromagnets for obtaining enhanced large field-induced strain. At MPB, the system gets a compressed free energy state, which allows the polarization to freely rotate and hence results in a high magnetoelastic response (e.g., high magnetization, low coercivity, and large magnetostriction). Based on the same mechanism, we designed MPB in a ferromagnetic Tb₁₋ₓNdₓCo₂ system. The temperature-dependent magnetization curves showed spin reorientation (SR); which can be explained by a two-sublattice model. Contrary to previously reported MPB involved ferromagnetic systems, the MPB composition of Tb₀.₃₅Nd₀.₆₅Co₂ exhibits a low saturation magnetization (MS), indicating a compensation of the Tb and Nd magnetic moments at MPB. The coercive field (HC) under a low magnetic field and first anisotropy constant (K₁) shows a minimum value at MPB composition of x=0.65. A detailed spin configuration diagram is provided for the Tb₁₋ₓNdₓCo₂ around the composition for the anisotropy compensation; this can guide the development of novel magnetostrictive materials. The anisotropic magnetostriction (λS) first decreased until x=0.8 and then continuously increased in the negative direction with further increase of Nd concentration. In addition, the large ratio between magnetostriction and the absolute values of the first anisotropy constant (λS/K₁) appears at MPB, indicating that Tb₀.₃₅Nd₀.₆₅Co₂ has good magnetostrictive properties. Present work shows an anomalous type of MPB in ferromagnetic materials, revealing that MPB can also lead to a weakening of magnetoelastic behavior as shown in the ferromagnetic Tb₁₋ₓNdₓCo₂ system. Our work shows the universal presence of MPB in ferromagnetic materials and suggests the differences between different ferromagnetic MPB systems that are important for substantial improvement of magnetic and magnetostrictive properties. Based on the results of this study, similar MPB effects might be achieved in other ferroic systems that can be used for technological applications. The finding of magnetic MPB in the ferromagnetic system leads to some important significances. First, it provides a better understanding of the fundamental concept of spin reorientation transitions (SRT) like ferro-ferro transitions are not only reorientation of magnetization but also crystal symmetry change upon magnetic ordering. Second, the flattened free energy corresponding to a low energy barrier for magnetization rotation and enhanced magnetoelastic response near MPB. Third, to attain large magnetostriction with MPB approach two terminal compounds have different easy magnetization directions below Curie temperature Tc in order to accomplish the weakening of magnetization anisotropy at MPB (as in ferroelectrics), thus easing the magnetic domain switching and the lattice distortion difference between two terminal compounds should be large enough, e.g., lattice distortion of R symmetry ˃˃ lattice distortion of T symmetry). So that the MPB composition agrees to a nearly isotropic state along with large ‘net’ lattice distortion, which is revealed in a higher value of magnetostriction. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetization" title="magnetization">magnetization</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=magnetostriction" title=" magnetostriction"> magnetostriction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=morphotropic%20phase%20boundary%20%28MPB%29" title=" morphotropic phase boundary (MPB)"> morphotropic phase boundary (MPB)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/search?q=phase%20transition" title=" phase transition"> phase transition</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95289/morphotropic-phase-boundary-in-ferromagnets-unusual-magnetoelastic-behavior-in-tb1ndco2" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts/95289.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">150</span> </span> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div id="infolinks" class="pt-3 pb-2"> <div class="container"> <div style="background-color:#f5f5f5;" class="p-3"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> About <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support#legal-information">Legal</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/WASET-16th-foundational-anniversary.pdf">WASET celebrates its 16th foundational anniversary</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Account <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile">My Account</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Explore <li><a href="https://waset.org/disciplines">Disciplines</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conferences">Conferences</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/conference-programs">Conference Program</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/committees">Committees</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Publications</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Research <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/abstracts">Abstracts</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org">Periodicals</a></li> <li><a href="https://publications.waset.org/archive">Archive</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Open Science <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Philosophy.pdf">Open Science Philosophy</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Science-Award.pdf">Open Science Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Open-Society-Open-Science-and-Open-Innovation.pdf">Open Innovation</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Postdoctoral-Fellowship-Award.pdf">Postdoctoral Fellowship Award</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow" href="https://publications.waset.org/static/files/Scholarly-Research-Review.pdf">Scholarly Research Review</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-2"> <ul class="list-unstyled"> Support <li><a href="https://waset.org/page/support">Support</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://waset.org/profile/messages/create">Report Abuse</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container text-center"> <hr style="margin-top:0;margin-bottom:.3rem;"> <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" target="_blank" class="text-muted small">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <div id="copy" class="mt-2">© 2025 World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology</div> </div> </footer> <a href="javascript:" id="return-to-top"><i class="fas fa-arrow-up"></i></a> <div class="modal" id="modal-template"> <div class="modal-dialog"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="row m-0 mt-1"> <div class="col-md-12"> <button type="button" class="close" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span></button> </div> </div> <div class="modal-body"></div> </div> </div> </div> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/plugins/bootstrap-4.2.1/js/bootstrap.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdn.waset.org/static/js/site.js?v=150220211556"></script> <script> jQuery(document).ready(function() { /*jQuery.get("https://publications.waset.org/xhr/user-menu", function (response) { jQuery('#mainNavMenu').append(response); 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