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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vichy_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Vichy France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vichy_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fifth_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fifth_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Fifth Republic</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fifth_Republic-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fifth Republic subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fifth_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French_Third_Position's_relations_with_the_National_Front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Third_Position's_relations_with_the_National_Front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>French Third Position's relations with the National Front</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Third_Position's_relations_with_the_National_Front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alain_de_Benoist's_Nouvelle_Droite_and_the_Club_de_l'Horloge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alain_de_Benoist's_Nouvelle_Droite_and_the_Club_de_l'Horloge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Alain de Benoist's <i>Nouvelle Droite</i> and the <i>Club de l'Horloge</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alain_de_Benoist's_Nouvelle_Droite_and_the_Club_de_l'Horloge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_the_National_Front_in_the_1980s_and_Mégret's_split" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_the_National_Front_in_the_1980s_and_Mégret's_split"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Rise of the National Front in the 1980s and Mégret's split</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_the_National_Front_in_the_1980s_and_Mégret's_split-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Party_of_New_Forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Party_of_New_Forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Party of New Forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Party_of_New_Forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1981_presidential_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1981_presidential_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>1981 presidential election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1981_presidential_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1983_elections_and_rise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1983_elections_and_rise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>1983 elections and rise</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1983_elections_and_rise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mégret's_split,_2002_election_results_and_subsequent_electoral_fall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mégret's_split,_2002_election_results_and_subsequent_electoral_fall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.4</span> <span>Mégret's split, 2002 election results and subsequent electoral fall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mégret's_split,_2002_election_results_and_subsequent_electoral_fall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Le_Pen's_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Le_Pen's_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.5</span> <span>Le Pen's succession</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Le_Pen's_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FN_2010s_surge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FN_2010s_surge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>FN 2010s surge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FN_2010s_surge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020s_and_onwards:_between_polarisation_of_the_rights_and_dediabolisation_strategies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020s_and_onwards:_between_polarisation_of_the_rights_and_dediabolisation_strategies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>2020s and onwards: between polarisation of the rights and dediabolisation strategies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020s_and_onwards:_between_polarisation_of_the_rights_and_dediabolisation_strategies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_elections_of_2024:_the_approach_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_elections_of_2024:_the_approach_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>European elections of 2024: the approach to power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_elections_of_2024:_the_approach_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2024_Legislative_Elections:_alliance_of_the_rights_and_countermovements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2024_Legislative_Elections:_alliance_of_the_rights_and_countermovements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>2024 Legislative Elections: alliance of the rights and countermovements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2024_Legislative_Elections:_alliance_of_the_rights_and_countermovements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individuals_and_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individuals_and_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Individuals and groups</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Individuals_and_groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Individuals and groups subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Individuals_and_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Individuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Individuals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_minor_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_minor_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Other minor groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_minor_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div 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data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extrema_dreta_a_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Extrema dreta a França – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Extrema dreta a França" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_de_la_extrema_derecha_en_Francia" title="Historia de la extrema derecha en Francia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historia de la extrema derecha en Francia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p> The <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Extrême droite</i>) tradition in France finds its origins in the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">Third Republic</a> with <a href="/wiki/Boulangism" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulangism">Boulangism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a>. In the 1880s, General <a href="/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger">Georges Boulanger</a>, called "General Revenge" (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Général Revanche</i></span>), championed demands for military revenge against <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Germany">Imperial Germany</a> as retribution for the defeat and fall of the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (1870–71). This stance, known as <a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">revanchism</a>, began to exert a strong influence on <a href="/wiki/French_nationalism" title="French nationalism">French nationalism</a>. Soon thereafter, the Dreyfus affair provided one of the political division lines of France. French nationalism, which had been largely associated with left-wing and Republican ideologies before the Dreyfus affair, turned after that into a main trait of the right-wing and, moreover, of the far right. A new right emerged, and nationalism was reappropriated by the far-right who turned it into a form of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a>, blended with <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">anti-Protestantism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">anti-Masonry</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Action_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Action française">Action française</a></i> (AF), first founded as a journal and later a political organization, was the matrix of a new type of <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">counter-revolutionary</a> right-wing, which continues to exist today. During the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar period</a>, the <i>Action française</i> and its youth militia, the <i><a href="/wiki/Camelots_du_Roi" title="Camelots du Roi">Camelots du Roi</a></i>, were very active. <a href="/wiki/Far_right_leagues" class="mw-redirect" title="Far right leagues">Far right leagues</a> organized riots. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Organisation_arm%C3%A9e_secr%C3%A8te" title="Organisation armée secrète">Organisation armée secrète</a></i> (OAS) was created in Madrid in 1961 by French military personnel opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">independence of Algeria</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a> founded the <i><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (France)">Front National</a></i> (FN) party in 1972. At the <a href="/wiki/1986_French_legislative_election" title="1986 French legislative election">1986 legislative elections</a>, the FN managed to obtain 35 seats, with 10% of the votes. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Frederiksen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Frederiksen">Mark Frederiksen</a>, a French Algeria activist, created in April 1966 a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazi">neo-Nazi</a> group, the <a href="/wiki/FANE" class="mw-redirect" title="FANE">FANE</a> (<i>Fédération d'action nationaliste et européenne</i>, Nationalist and European Federation of Action). However, in 1978, neo-Nazi members of the GNR-FANE broke again with the FN. During the 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (France)">National Front</a> managed to gather, under <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a>'s leadership, most rival far-right tendencies of France, following a succession of splits and alliances with other, minor parties, during the 1970s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Third_Republic_(1871–1914)"><span id="Third_Republic_.281871.E2.80.931914.29"></span>Third Republic (1871–1914)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_far-right_movements_in_France&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Third Republic (1871–1914)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Third_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third French Republic">Third French Republic</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a> (1871–1940) was established after France's defeat in the 1870 <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a> of 1871. From 1894 to 1906, French society became deeply divided by the <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a>, a major political scandal that proved to be a turning point in the history of France. The modern "far right", or radical right, formed as a distinct political current during the Dreyfus affair. However, it had some antecedents in earlier years of the Third Republic. </p><p>Many French nationalists came to oppose the Third Republic soon after its founding, believing that it had adopted an "English" constitution by creating a strong <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a> and a weak <a href="/wiki/Presidency" title="Presidency">presidency</a>; in place of this, nationalists favored a political system led by a strong ruler, originally a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a>, although some eventually came to support the idea of a restored <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Across French society, there was also a common feeling of pride in the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">army</a> and resentment about its defeat by the Germans. This defeat was blamed on the politicians who later became leaders of the Third Republic, and there were increasing <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitic</a> tendencies that accused Jewish politicians and officers of disloyalty to the nation.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the nationalists, the army was "the people armed", the truest representative of the nation, and any criticism of the army was seen as an attack on France itself.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, they rallied to "defend the army" when they felt it was under threat from internal enemies, such as first during the Boulanger affair and later during the Dreyfus affair. The political coalitions originally built to support the army during these affairs, provided the foundations for the 20th century radical right.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_Ernest_Boulanger_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg/170px-Georges_Ernest_Boulanger_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg/255px-Georges_Ernest_Boulanger_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg/340px-Georges_Ernest_Boulanger_by_Atelier_Nadar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2417" data-file-height="3395" /></a><figcaption>Georges Ernest Boulanger (1837–1891)</figcaption></figure> <p>The "Boulanger Affair", which culminated in 1889, championed the vague demands of the former Minister of War, General <a href="/wiki/Georges_Boulanger" class="mw-redirect" title="Georges Boulanger">Georges Boulanger</a>. Boulanger had earlier attracted popular support by ordering lenient treatment of strikers when the army was called upon to suppress strikes. He also rattled his saber against Germany, which pleased French patriots intent on taking revenge. But this alarmed the other ministers, who dropped Boulanger from the government. When his champions mounted an electoral campaign to have him elected to the Chamber of Deputies, the government reacted by forcing him out of the army. Violent agitation in Paris on the election night in 1889 convinced the government to prosecute Boulanger in order to remove him from the political scene. Instead of facing trumped up charges, Boulanger fled to Belgium. His supporters, called "Boulangists", afterward nursed an intense grievance against the Republic and reunited during the Dreyfus affair to oppose the Republic and "back the army" once again.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dreyfus_affair_and_foundation_of_the_Action_française"><span id="Dreyfus_affair_and_foundation_of_the_Action_fran.C3.A7aise"></span>Dreyfus affair and foundation of the Action française</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_far-right_movements_in_France&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Dreyfus affair and foundation of the Action française"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Action_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Action française">Action française</a>, and <a href="/wiki/French_far-right_leagues" class="mw-redirect" title="French far-right leagues">French far-right leagues</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Degradation_alfred_dreyfus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Degradation_alfred_dreyfus.jpg/170px-Degradation_alfred_dreyfus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Degradation_alfred_dreyfus.jpg/255px-Degradation_alfred_dreyfus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Degradation_alfred_dreyfus.jpg/340px-Degradation_alfred_dreyfus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2841" data-file-height="3225" /></a><figcaption>Degradation of Alfred Dreyfus, 1895</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1894, a Jewish officer, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Dreyfus" title="Alfred Dreyfus">Alfred Dreyfus</a>, was arrested on accusations of treason and sharing intelligence with the German Empire. The <a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a> provided one of the political fault lines of France. Before the Dreyfus affair, <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> had been a left-wing and Republican ideology; after, it became a main trait of the right-wing and, moreover, of the far-right.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a> entered the political scene with his open letter "<a href="/wiki/J%27Accuse%E2%80%A6!" class="mw-redirect" title="J'Accuse…!">J'Accuse…!</a>", followed by other writers, artists and scholars supporting him with a "Manifesto of the Intellectuals", helping to define the meaning of the term "<a href="/wiki/Intellectual" title="Intellectual">intellectual</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the left and right were at loggerheads, mainly over the questions of <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">human rights</a>. Until then, nationalism was a Republican, left-wing ideology, related to the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">Revolutionary Wars</a>. It was a <a href="/wiki/Liberal_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal nationalism">liberal nationalism</a>, formulated by <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Ernest Renan</a>'s definition of the nation as a "daily plebiscite" and as formed by the subjective "will to live together". Related to "revanchism", the belligerent will to take revenge against Germany and retake control of <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a>, nationalism could then be sometimes opposed to <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a>. In the 1880s, a debate thus opposed those who opposed the "<a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">colonial lobby</a>", such as <a href="/wiki/Radicalism_(historical)#France" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicalism (historical)">radical</a> <a href="/wiki/Georges_Clemenceau" title="Georges Clemenceau">Georges Clemenceau</a>, who declared that colonialism diverted France from the "blue line of the <a href="/wiki/Vosges_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Vosges mountains">Vosges</a>" (referring to Alsace-Lorraine), socialist <a href="/wiki/Jean_Jaur%C3%A8s" title="Jean Jaurès">Jean Jaurès</a> and nationalist <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Barr%C3%A8s" title="Maurice Barrès">Maurice Barrès</a>, against <a href="/wiki/Moderate_Republicans_(France,_1871%E2%80%931901)" title="Moderate Republicans (France, 1871–1901)">Moderate Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Jules Ferry</a>, republican <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Léon Gambetta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Etienne" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugène Etienne">Eugène Etienne</a>, the president of the parliamentary colonial group. </p><p>However, in the midst of the Dreyfus affair, a new right emerged, and nationalism was appropriated by the far right who turned it into a form of <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">ethnic nationalism</a>, itself blended with anti-Semitism, <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a>, anti-Protestantism and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">anti-Masonry</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Charles Maurras</a> (1868–1952), founder of "<a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">integralism</a>" (or "integral nationalism"), created the term "Anti-France" to stigmatize "internal foreigners", or the "four confederate states of Protestants, Jews, Freemasons and foreigners" (his actual word for the latter being the far less polite <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9t%C3%A8ques" class="mw-redirect" title="Métèques">métèques</a></i>). A few years later, Maurras would join the monarchist <i><a href="/wiki/Action_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Action française">Action française</a></i>, created by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pujo" title="Maurice Pujo">Maurice Pujo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henri_Vaugeois" title="Henri Vaugeois">Henri Vaugeois</a> in 1898. Maurras, who was an agnostic, spearheaded a monarchist and Catholic revival. He pragmatically conceived of religion as an <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> useful to unify the nation. Most French Catholics were conservatives, a trait that continues today. On the other hand, most Protestants, Jews and atheists belonged to the left. Henceforth, the republicans' conception was, to the contrary, that only <a href="/wiki/State_secularism" class="mw-redirect" title="State secularism">state secularism</a> could peacefully bind together diverse religious and philosophical tendencies, and avoid any return to the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</a>. Furthermore, Catholic priests were seen as a major reactionary force by the republicans, among whom <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clericalism</a> became common. The <a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry_laws" title="Jules Ferry laws">Ferry laws</a> on public education had been a first step for the Republic in rooting out the clerics' influence: they would be completed by the <a href="/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_separation_of_Church_and_State" class="mw-redirect" title="1905 French law on the separation of Church and State">1905 law on the separation of Church and State</a>. </p><p><i>Action française</i>, first founded as a review, was the matrix of a new type of counter-revolutionary right-wing, and continues to exist today. <i>Action française</i> was quite influential in the 1930s, in particular through its youth organization, the <i><a href="/wiki/Camelots_du_Roi" title="Camelots du Roi">Camelots du Roi</a></i>, founded in 1908, and which engaged in many street brawls. The <i>Camelots du Roi</i> included such figures as Catholic writer <a href="/wiki/Georges_Bernanos" title="Georges Bernanos">Georges Bernanos</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_de_Barrau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean de Barrau (page does not exist)">Jean de Barrau</a>, member of the directing committee of the National Federation, and particular secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Philippe_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_(1869%E2%80%931926)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe d'Orléans (1869–1926)">duc d'Orléans</a> (1869–1926), the son of the <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanist</a> <a href="/wiki/Philippe,_comte_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe, comte de Paris">count of Paris</a> (1838–1894) and hence Orléanist heir to the throne of France. Many members of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_arm%C3%A9e_secr%C3%A8te" title="Organisation armée secrète">OAS</a> terrorist group during the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> (1954–62) were part of the monarchist movement. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Ousset" title="Jean Ousset">Jean Ousset</a>, Maurras' personal secretary, created the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_fundamentalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic fundamentalist">Catholic fundamentalist</a> organization <i><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_catholique" title="Cité catholique">Cité catholique</a></i>, which would include OAS members and founded a branch in Argentina in the 1960s. </p><p>Apart from the <i>Action française</i>, several <a href="/wiki/Far-right_league" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right league">far-right leagues</a> were created during the Dreyfus affair. Mostly anti-Semitic, they also represented a new right-wing tendency, sharing common traits such as <a href="/wiki/Anti-parliamentarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-parliamentarism">anti-parliamentarism</a>, militarism, nationalism, and often engaged in street brawls. Thus, the nationalist poet <a href="/wiki/Paul_D%C3%A9roul%C3%A8de" title="Paul Déroulède">Paul Déroulède</a> created in 1882 the anti-semitic <a href="/wiki/Ligue_des_patriotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligue des patriotes">Ligue des patriotes</a> (League of Patriots), which at first focused on advocating 'revanche' (revenge) for the French defeat during the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>. Along with <a href="/wiki/Jules_Gu%C3%A9rin" title="Jules Guérin">Jules Guérin</a>, the journalist <a href="/wiki/Edouard_Drumont" class="mw-redirect" title="Edouard Drumont">Edouard Drumont</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_League_of_France" title="Antisemitic League of France">Antisemitic League of France</a> in 1889. Also anti-Masonic, the League became at the start of the 20th century the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grand_Occident_de_France&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grand Occident de France (page does not exist)">Grand Occident de France</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Occident_de_France" class="extiw" title="fr:Grand Occident de France">fr</a>]</span></i>, a name chosen in reaction against the Masonic lodge of the <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Orient_de_France" title="Grand Orient de France">Grand Orient de France</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Between_the_wars">Between the wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_far-right_movements_in_France&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Between the wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_France" title="Interwar France">interwar period</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Action_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Action française">Action française</a></i> (AF) and its youth militia, the <i><a href="/wiki/Camelots_du_Roi" title="Camelots du Roi">Camelots du Roi</a></i>, were very active in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from the AF, various <a href="/wiki/Far-right_leagues" title="Far-right leagues">far-right leagues</a> were formed and opposed both <i><a href="/wiki/Cartel_des_gauches" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartel des gauches">Cartel des gauches</a></i> (Coalition of the left) governments. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Taittinger" title="Pierre Taittinger">Pierre Taittinger</a> thus formed the <i><a href="/wiki/Jeunesses_Patriotes" title="Jeunesses Patriotes">Jeunesses Patriotes</a></i> in 1924, which imitated the style of the <a href="/wiki/Fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist">Fascists</a>, although it remained a more traditional authoritarian movement. The following year, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Georges Valois</a> created <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau" title="Le Faisceau">Le Faisceau</a></i>, heavily inspired by <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Fascism</a>. In 1933, the year <a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler's rise to power">Adolf Hitler gained power</a> in Germany, perfumer <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Coty" title="François Coty">François Coty</a> founded <i><a href="/wiki/Solidarit%C3%A9_fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidarité française">Solidarité française</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bucard" title="Marcel Bucard">Marcel Bucard</a> formed the <i><a href="/wiki/Francisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Francisme">Francisme</a></i>, which was subsidised by Mussolini. Another important league was <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_la_Rocque" class="mw-redirect" title="François de la Rocque">François de la Rocque</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Croix_de_Feu" class="mw-redirect" title="Croix de Feu">Croix de Feu</a></i>, which formed the base for the <i><a href="/wiki/Parti_Social_Fran%C3%A7ais" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti Social Français">Parti Social Français</a></i> (PSF), the first mass party of the French right-wing. Mussolini was much more popular in right-wing circles than Hitler due to the negative reaction many French conservatives had to Hitler's repression of dissident German conservatives and Catholics in 1933 and 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from the leagues, a group of <a href="/wiki/Neosocialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Neosocialist">Neosocialists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Marcel Déat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Renaudel" title="Pierre Renaudel">Pierre Renaudel</a>, etc.) were excluded in November 1933 from the <a href="/wiki/French_Section_of_the_Workers%27_International" title="French Section of the Workers' International">French Section of the Workers' International</a> (SFIO, the socialist party) because of their revisionist stances and admiration for fascism. Déat would become one of the most ardent collaborationists during World War II. </p><p>Another major player in France's right-wing world between the wars was <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Jacques Doriot</a>. Doriot had been expelled by the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">French Communist Party</a> after proposing a <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(France)" title="Popular Front (France)">Popular Front</a> with other leftist parties, which at that time was seen as <a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">heresy</a> by his party's hierarchy. Personally hurt and embittered by his expulsion, Doriot would slowly change sides, eventually openly denouncing communism and going on to found the <a href="/wiki/Parti_Populaire_Francais" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti Populaire Francais">Parti Populaire Francais</a> or PPF, the largest pre-war right wing party. Other important figures of the 1930s include <a href="/wiki/Xavier_Vallat" title="Xavier Vallat">Xavier Vallat</a>, who would become General Commissioner for Jewish Affairs under <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy</a>, members of the <i><a href="/wiki/La_Cagoule" title="La Cagoule">Cagoule</a></i> terrorist group (<a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Deloncle" title="Eugène Deloncle">Eugène Deloncle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Schueller" title="Eugène Schueller">Eugène Schueller</a> (the founder of <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Or%C3%A9al" title="L'Oréal">L'Oréal</a></i> cosmetic firm), <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Corr%C3%A8ze" title="Jacques Corrèze">Jacques Corrèze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Darnand" title="Joseph Darnand">Joseph Darnand</a>, who later founded the <i><a href="/wiki/Service_d%27ordre_l%C3%A9gionnaire" title="Service d'ordre légionnaire">Service d'ordre légionnaire</a></i> militia during Vichy, etc.). To obtain arms from <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">fascist Italy</a>, the group assassinated two Italian antifascists, the <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rosselli" title="Carlo Rosselli">Rosselli brothers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on June 9, 1937, and sabotaged aeroplanes clandestinely supplied by the French government to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Second Spanish Republic</a>. They also attempted a coup against the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(France)" title="Popular Front (France)">Popular Front</a> government, elected in 1936, leading to arrests in 1937, ordered by Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/Marx_Dormoy" title="Marx Dormoy">Marx Dormoy</a>, during which the police seized explosives and military weapons, including anti-tank guns.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Far_right_leagues" class="mw-redirect" title="Far right leagues">Far right leagues</a> organised <a href="/wiki/6_February_1934_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="6 February 1934 riots">major riots on 6 February 1934</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The groups did not coordinate their efforts and the riots were suppressed by the police and military. Elements on the left were convinced that unity was essential to suppress fascism, and in 1936 they formed the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(France)" title="Popular Front (France)">Popular Front</a> and dissolved the leagues. However the right-wing leagues promptly reorganized as political parties and continued vocal attacks on the left.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vichy_France">Vichy France</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_far-right_movements_in_France&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Vichy France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a> and <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fifth_Republic">Fifth Republic</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_far-right_movements_in_France&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fifth Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Organisation_arm%C3%A9e_secr%C3%A8te" title="Organisation armée secrète">Organisation armée secrète</a> (OAS) was created in Madrid by French military officers opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">independence of Algeria</a>. Many of its members would later join various <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-communist">anti-communist</a> struggles around the world. Some, for example, joined the <a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_catholique" title="Cité catholique">Cité catholique</a> fundamentalist group and went to Argentina, where they were in contact with the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Argentine Armed Forces">Argentine Armed Forces</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jean_Pierre_Cherid" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Pierre Cherid">Jean Pierre Cherid</a>, former OAS member, took part in the 1976 <a href="/wiki/Montejurra_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Montejurra massacre">Montejurra massacre</a> against left-wing Carlists.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EKAPDF_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EKAPDF-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was then part of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Grupos_Antiterroristas_de_Liberaci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Grupos Antiterroristas de Liberación">GAL</a> death squad, and participated in the 1978 assassination of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Miguel_Be%C3%B1aran_Orde%C3%B1ana" title="José Miguel Beñaran Ordeñana">Argala</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/ETA_(separatist_group)" title="ETA (separatist group)">ETA</a> members who had killed <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a>'s Prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco" title="Luis Carrero Blanco">Luis Carrero Blanco</a>, in 1973. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Tixier-Vignancour" title="Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour">Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour</a> was the far-right candidate at the <a href="/wiki/1965_French_presidential_election" title="1965 French presidential election">1965 presidential election</a>. His campaign was organised by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> said of Tixier-Vignancourt: "Tixier-Vignancour, that is Vichy, the <a href="/wiki/Collaborationism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborationism">Collaboration</a> proud of itself, the <a href="/wiki/Milice" title="Milice">Milice</a>, the OAS". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-Marie_Le_Pen_479834203_5030701e77_o.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen_479834203_5030701e77_o.jpg/170px-Jean-Marie_Le_Pen_479834203_5030701e77_o.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen_479834203_5030701e77_o.jpg/255px-Jean-Marie_Le_Pen_479834203_5030701e77_o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen_479834203_5030701e77_o.jpg/340px-Jean-Marie_Le_Pen_479834203_5030701e77_o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a> founded the Front National in 1972 and led it until 2011</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (France)">Front National</a> (FN) party in 1972, along with former <a href="/wiki/Occident_(movement)" title="Occident (movement)">Occident</a> member <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bompard" title="Jacques Bompard">Jacques Bompard</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Collaborationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborationist">Collaborationist</a> <a href="/wiki/Roland_Gaucher" title="Roland Gaucher">Roland Gaucher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Duprat" title="François Duprat">François Duprat</a>, who introduced the <a href="/wiki/Negationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Negationist">negationist</a> thesis to France,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others nostalgics of <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_fundamentalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic fundamentalist">Catholic fundamentalists</a>, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-BioRFI_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BioRFI-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Le Pen presented himself for the first time in the <a href="/wiki/1974_French_presidential_election" title="1974 French presidential election">1974 presidential election</a>, obtaining 0.74%.<sup id="cite_ref-BioRFI_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BioRFI-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The electoral rise of the FN did not start until <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Stirbois" title="Jean-Pierre Stirbois">Jean-Pierre Stirbois</a>'s victory, in 1983, in <a href="/wiki/Dreux" title="Dreux">Dreux</a>. The FN became stronger throughout the 1980s, managing to unite most far-right tendencies, passing electoral alliances with the right-wing <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a> (RPR), while some FN members quit the party to join the RPR or the <a href="/wiki/Union_for_a_French_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Union for a French Democracy">Union for a French Democracy</a> (UDF). At the <a href="/wiki/1986_French_legislative_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1986 French legislative elections">1986 legislative elections</a>, the FN managed to obtain 35 seats, with 10% of the votes. </p><p>Meanwhile, other far-right tendencies gathered in <a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Alain de Benoist</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i> think-tank, heading a pro-European and neopagan line. Some radical members of the "national revolutionary" tendency quit the FN to form other minor parties (<a href="/wiki/Party_of_New_Forces" title="Party of New Forces">Party of New Forces</a>, PFN, and <a href="/wiki/French_and_European_Nationalist_Party" title="French and European Nationalist Party">French and European Nationalist Party</a>, PNFE). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Third_Position's_relations_with_the_National_Front"><span id="French_Third_Position.27s_relations_with_the_National_Front"></span>French Third Position's relations with the National Front</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_far-right_movements_in_France&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: French Third Position's relations with the National Front"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mark_Frederiksen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Frederiksen">Mark Frederiksen</a>, a French Algeria activist, created in April 1966 a <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Nazi">neo-Nazi</a> group, the <a href="/wiki/FANE" class="mw-redirect" title="FANE">FANE</a> (<i>Fédération d'action nationaliste et européenne</i>, Nationalist and European Federation of Action). The FANE boasted at most a hundred activists, including members such as <a href="/wiki/Luc_Michel" title="Luc Michel">Luc Michel</a>, now leader of the <i><a href="/wiki/Parti_communautaire_national-europ%C3%A9en" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti communautaire national-européen">Parti communautaire national-européen</a></i> (National European Communautary Party), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Bastide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jacques Bastide (page does not exist)">Jacques Bastide</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Faci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Faci (page does not exist)">Michel Faci</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Caignet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Caignet (page does not exist)">Michel Caignet</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Caignet" class="extiw" title="fr:Michel Caignet">fr</a>]</span> and <a href="/wiki/Henri-Robert_Petit" title="Henri-Robert Petit">Henri-Robert Petit</a>, a journalist and former <a href="/wiki/Collaborationist" class="mw-redirect" title="Collaborationist">Collaborationist</a> who directed under the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy regime">Vichy regime</a> the newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Pilori" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Pilori">Le Pilori</a></i>. The FANE maintained international contacts with the British group the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Saint_George" title="League of Saint George">League of Saint George</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FANE rallied <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (France)">National Front</a> in 1974, gathered around <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Duprat" title="François Duprat">François Duprat</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alain_Renault&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alain Renault (page does not exist)">Alain Renault</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Renault" class="extiw" title="fr:Alain Renault">fr</a>]</span>'s <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Nationalist_Groups" title="Revolutionary Nationalist Groups">Revolutionary Nationalist Groups</a> (GNR), which represented the <a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">nationalist revolutionary</a> tendency of the FN. </p><p>But in 1978, neo-Nazi members of the GNR-FANE broke again with the FN, taking with them sections of the FN youth movement, the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9n%C3%A9ration_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Génération Nation">Front National de la Jeunesse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ann_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ann-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, GNR activists closer to the <a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a> (Jacques Bastide and Patrick Gorre)<sup id="cite_ref-Ann_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ann-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> joined <a href="/wiki/Jean-Gilles_Malliarakis" title="Jean-Gilles Malliarakis">Jean-Gilles Malliarakis</a> to found, on February 11, 1979, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Revolutionary_Nationalist_Movement_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolutionary Nationalist Movement (France) (page does not exist)">Revolutionary Nationalist Movement</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouvement_nationaliste_r%C3%A9volutionnaire_(France)" class="extiw" title="fr:Mouvement nationaliste révolutionnaire (France)">fr</a>]</span> (<i>Mouvement nationaliste révolutionnaire</i>), which became in 1985 <a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(France)" title="Third Way (France)">Third Way</a> (<i>Troisième Voie</i>). </p><p>After this brief passage at the National Front, Mark Fredriksen created the <i>Faisceaux nationalistes européens</i> (<a href="/wiki/FANE" class="mw-redirect" title="FANE">FANE</a>) in July 1980. These would eventually merge with the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mouvement_national_et_social_ethniste&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mouvement national et social ethniste (page does not exist)">Mouvement national et social ethniste</a></i> in 1987, and then with the <a href="/wiki/PNFE" class="mw-redirect" title="PNFE">PNFE</a> (French and European Nationalist Party) in January 1994, which also gathered former National Front members. </p><p>Dissolved first in September 1980 by <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Barre" title="Raymond Barre">Raymond Barre</a>'s government, Fredriksen's group was recreated, and dissolved again in 1985 by <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Fabius" title="Laurent Fabius">Laurent Fabius</a>' government. Finally, it was dissolved a third time in 1987 by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a>'s government, on charges of "violent demonstrations organised by this movement, which has as one of its expressed objective the establishment of a new <a href="/wiki/Nazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi">Nazi</a> regime", the "<a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> organisation of this association and its inciting of <a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">racial discrimination</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alain_de_Benoist's_Nouvelle_Droite_and_the_Club_de_l'Horloge"><span id="Alain_de_Benoist.27s_Nouvelle_Droite_and_the_Club_de_l.27Horloge"></span>Alain de Benoist's <i>Nouvelle Droite</i> and the <i>Club de l'Horloge</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_far-right_movements_in_France&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Alain de Benoist's Nouvelle Droite and the Club de l'Horloge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Alain de Benoist</a> became chief theorist of the <i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i> movement, creating the think-tank <a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a> in 1968, some of whose members were involved with the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Club_de_l%27Horloge" class="mw-redirect" title="Club de l'Horloge">Club de l'Horloge</a> in 1974. They advocated an <a href="/wiki/Ethno-nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethno-nationalist">ethno-nationalist</a> stance focused on European culture, which advocated a return of <a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">paganism</a>. Members of the GRECE quit the think tank in the 1980s, such as <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vial" title="Pierre Vial">Pierre Vial</a> who joined the FN, or <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Guillaume Faye</a> who quit the organisation along with others members in 1986. Faye participated in 2006 in a conference in the US organised by <i><a href="/wiki/American_Renaissance_(magazine)" title="American Renaissance (magazine)">American Renaissance</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/White_separatist" class="mw-redirect" title="White separatist">white separatist</a> magazine published by the <a href="/wiki/New_Century_Foundation" title="New Century Foundation">New Century Foundation</a>. </p><p>Alain de Benoist occasionally contributed to the <i><a href="/wiki/Mankind_Quarterly" title="Mankind Quarterly">Mankind Quarterly</a></i> review, which supports <a href="/wiki/Hereditarianism" title="Hereditarianism">hereditarianism</a> and is associated with the US think tank the <a href="/wiki/Pioneer_Fund" title="Pioneer Fund">Pioneer Fund</a>, headed by <a href="/wiki/J._Philippe_Rushton" title="J. Philippe Rushton">J. Philippe Rushton</a>, the author of <i><a href="/wiki/Race,_Evolution_and_Behavior" class="mw-redirect" title="Race, Evolution and Behavior">Race, Evolution and Behavior</a></i> (1995), which argues in favour of a biological conception of "<a href="/wiki/Race_(classification_of_human_beings)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (classification of human beings)">race</a>". GRECE and the Pioneer Fund are actively involved in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_race_and_intelligence_controversy" title="History of the race and intelligence controversy">race and intelligence debate</a>, postulating that there is an identifiable link between levels of intelligence and distinct <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a>. </p><p>The Club de l'horloge itself had been founded by <a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Lesquen" title="Henry de Lesquen">Henry de Lesquen</a>, a former member of the conservative <a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a>, which he quit in 1984. Others members of the Club de l'horloge, such as <a href="/wiki/Bruno_M%C3%A9gret" title="Bruno Mégret">Bruno Mégret</a>, later joined the FN after a short time in the RPR. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_the_National_Front_in_the_1980s_and_Mégret's_split"><span id="Rise_of_the_National_Front_in_the_1980s_and_M.C3.A9gret.27s_split"></span>Rise of the National Front in the 1980s and Mégret's split</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_far-right_movements_in_France&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rise of the National Front in the 1980s and Mégret's split"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/National_Front_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Front (France)">National Front</a> managed to gather, under <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a>'s leadership, most rival far-right tendencies of France, following a succession of splits and alliances with other, minor parties, during the 1970s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Party_of_New_Forces">Party of New Forces</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_far-right_movements_in_France&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Party of New Forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of those parties, the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_New_Forces" title="Party of New Forces">Party of New Forces</a> (PFN, <i>Parti des forces nouvelles</i>), was an offshoot of the National Front, formed from a 1973 split headed by <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Robert_(homme_politique)" class="extiw" title="fr:Alain Robert (homme politique)">Alain Robert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Brigneau" title="François Brigneau">François Brigneau</a> who first organised the <i><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comit%C3%A9s_faire_front" class="extiw" title="fr:Comités faire front">Comité faire front</a></i> which subsequently merged into the PFN. </p><p>The PFN was formed mainly by former members of <a href="/wiki/Ordre_Nouveau_(1960s)" title="Ordre Nouveau (1960s)">New Order</a> (<i>Ordre nouveau</i>, 1969–1973), who had refused to merge into the FN at its 1972 creation. New Order, dissolved by Interior Minister <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Marcellin" title="Raymond Marcellin">Raymond Marcellin</a> in 1973, was itself a successor to <a href="/wiki/Occident_(movement)" title="Occident (movement)">Occident</a> (1964–1968) and of the <a href="/wiki/Groupe_Union_D%C3%A9fense" title="Groupe Union Défense">Union Defense Group</a> (GUD, <i>Groupe union défense</i>). </p><p>Close to the <a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a> and supporting a "national-revolutionary" thesis, this tendency maintained links with the FN, despite some tensions. The GUD, in particular, had published the satiric monthly <i>Alternative</i> with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Youth_Front_(France)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Youth Front (France) (page does not exist)">Youth Front</a> (<i>Front de la jeunesse</i>), the youth organisation of the FN. They also had attempted alliances with other far-right parties in Europe, with New Order organising the alliance "A Fatherland for Tomorrow" (<i>Une patrie pour demain</i>) with the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falange</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a> (MSI) and the German <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party</a>. </p><p>This European strategy was continued by the PFN, who launched the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euroright&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euroright (page does not exist)">Euroright</a> alliance, with the MSI, the Spanish <a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Spain)" title="New Force (Spain)">New Force</a> and the Belgian <a href="/wiki/PFN_(Belgium)" class="mw-redirect" title="PFN (Belgium)">PFN</a>, for the <a href="/wiki/1979_European_Parliament_election" title="1979 European Parliament election">1979 European elections</a>. Headed by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Tixier-Vignancour" title="Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour">Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour</a>, the PFN won 1.3% of the vote. This electoral failure prompted <a href="/wiki/Roland_Gaucher" title="Roland Gaucher">Roland Gaucher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Brigneau" title="François Brigneau">François Brigneau</a> to quit the party and join Le Pen's National Front. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1981_presidential_election">1981 presidential election</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_far-right_movements_in_France&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1981 presidential election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The French far-right was divided in the <a href="/wiki/1981_French_presidential_election" title="1981 French presidential election">1981 presidential election</a>, with both <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pascal_Gauchon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pascal Gauchon (page does not exist)">Pascal Gauchon</a> (PFN) and Le Pen (FN) attempting, without success, to secure the 500 signatures from mayors necessary to stand as candidates. <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> (<a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">Socialist Party</a>) won those elections, competing against <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a>, RPR). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1983_elections_and_rise">1983 elections and rise</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_far-right_movements_in_France&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1983 elections and rise"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These succeeding electoral defeats prompted the far-right to unify itself. In 1983, the FN managed to make its first electoral breakthrough, taking control of the town of <a href="/wiki/Dreux" title="Dreux">Dreux</a>: <a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Stirbois" title="Jean-Pierre Stirbois">Jean-Pierre Stirbois</a> obtained 17% of the votes in the first round, for the FN municipal list. In the second round, he merged his list with Chirac's RPR list (headed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Hieaux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jean Hieaux (page does not exist)">Jean Hieaux</a>), enabling the right to claim a victory against the <a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">left</a>. Chirac supported the alliance with the far-right, claiming that the Socialist Party, allied with the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">Communist Party</a> in government, had no lessons to give.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This first electoral success was confirmed at the <a href="/wiki/1984_European_Parliament_election" title="1984 European Parliament election">1984 European elections</a>, the FN obtaining 10% of the votes. Two years later, the FN gained 35 deputies (nearly 10% of the votes) at the <a href="/wiki/1986_French_legislative_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1986 French legislative elections">1986 legislative elections</a>, running under the label of "<i>Rassemblement national</i>". Those elected included the monarchist <a href="/wiki/Georges-Paul_Wagner" title="Georges-Paul Wagner">Georges-Paul Wagner</a>. </p><p>Internal disputes continued however to divide the far-right. Following the 1986 elections, which brought <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> to power as <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister (France)">Prime Minister</a>, some hardliners inside the FN broke away to create the <a href="/wiki/French_and_European_Nationalist_Party" title="French and European Nationalist Party">French and European Nationalist Party</a> (PNFE, Parti Nationaliste Français et Européen), along with members of <a href="/wiki/Mark_Frederiksen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Frederiksen">Mark Frederiksen</a>'s Third Position <a href="/wiki/FANE" class="mw-redirect" title="FANE">FANE</a>. Three former members of the PNFE were charged of having desecrated, in 1990, a Jewish cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Carpentras" title="Carpentras">Carpentras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PNFE was also implicated in the <a href="/wiki/1988_Cannes_and_Nice_attacks" title="1988 Cannes and Nice attacks">1988 Cannes and Nice attacks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mégret's_split,_2002_election_results_and_subsequent_electoral_fall"><span id="M.C3.A9gret.27s_split.2C_2002_election_results_and_subsequent_electoral_fall"></span>Mégret's split, 2002 election results and subsequent electoral fall</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_far-right_movements_in_France&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mégret's split, 2002 election results and subsequent electoral fall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most important split was headed by <a href="/wiki/Bruno_M%C3%A9gret" title="Bruno Mégret">Bruno Mégret</a> in 1999. Taking many FN elected representatives and party officials with him, he then created the <a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Movement" title="National Republican Movement">National Republican Movement</a> (MNR). However, with an eye to the <a href="/wiki/2007_French_legislative_election" title="2007 French legislative election">2007 legislative elections</a>, he supported Le Pen's candidacy for the <a href="/wiki/2007_French_presidential_election" title="2007 French presidential election">presidential election</a>. </p><p>During these presidential elections, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Jean-Marie Le Pen</a> only took 10.4% of the vote, compared to his 16.9% <a href="/wiki/2002_French_presidential_election" title="2002 French presidential election">first round result in 2002</a>, qualifying him for the second round, where he achieved 17.79% against 82.21% for <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rally_for_the_Republic" title="Rally for the Republic">Rally for the Republic</a>, RPR). </p><p>With only 1.85% in the second round of the <a href="/wiki/2002_French_legislative_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 French legislative elections">2002 legislative elections</a>, the FN failed to gain any seats in the <a href="/wiki/Deputies_of_the_12th_French_National_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputies of the 12th French National Assembly">National Assembly</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/2007_French_presidential_election" title="2007 French presidential election">2007 presidential election</a>, Le Pen finished fourth, behind <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9gol%C3%A8ne_Royal" title="Ségolène Royal">Ségolène Royal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bayrou" title="François Bayrou">François Bayrou</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Villiers" title="Philippe de Villiers">Philippe de Villiers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Catholic traditionalist</a> candidate of the <a href="/wiki/Movement_for_France" title="Movement for France">Movement for France</a> (especially strong in the conservative <a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%A9e" title="Vendée">Vendée</a> region), was sixth, obtaining 2.23% of the vote. </p><p>This electoral slump for the FN was confirmed at the <a href="/wiki/2007_French_legislative_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2007 French legislative elections">2007 legislative elections</a>, the FN obtaining only 0.08% of the votes in the second round, and therefore no seats. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Le_Pen's_succession"><span id="Le_Pen.27s_succession"></span>Le Pen's succession</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_far-right_movements_in_France&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Le Pen's succession"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Le_Pen,_Marine-9586.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Le_Pen%2C_Marine-9586.jpg/170px-Le_Pen%2C_Marine-9586.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Le_Pen%2C_Marine-9586.jpg/255px-Le_Pen%2C_Marine-9586.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Le_Pen%2C_Marine-9586.jpg/340px-Le_Pen%2C_Marine-9586.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2486" data-file-height="3735" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a> succeeded her father as Front National leader in 2011</figcaption></figure> <p>These electoral defeats, which contrasted with the high score obtained at the 2002 presidential elections, caused financial problems for the FN, which was forced to sell its headquarters, the <i><a href="/wiki/Paquebot" class="mw-redirect" title="Paquebot">Paquebot</a></i>, in <a href="/wiki/Saint-Cloud" title="Saint-Cloud">Saint-Cloud</a>. Le Pen then announced, in 2008, that he would not compete again in presidential elections, leaving the way for contest for the leadership of the FN between his daughter, <a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Marine Le Pen</a>, whom he favoured, and <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Gollnisch" title="Bruno Gollnisch">Bruno Gollnisch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter had been condemned in January 2007 for <a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Marine Le Pen attempted to follow a slicker strategy to give the FN a more "respectable" image. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FN_2010s_surge">FN 2010s surge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_far-right_movements_in_France&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: FN 2010s surge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since her election as the leader of the party in 2011, the popularity of the FN continued to grow apace as the party won several municipalities at the <a href="/wiki/2014_French_municipal_elections" title="2014 French municipal elections">2014 municipal elections</a>; it topped the poll in France at the <a href="/wiki/2014_European_Parliament_election_in_France" title="2014 European Parliament election in France">2014 European elections</a> with 25% of the vote; and again won more votes than any other party in the <a href="/wiki/2015_French_departmental_elections" title="2015 French departmental elections">2015 departmental elections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The party once again came in first place in the <a href="/wiki/2015_French_regional_elections" title="2015 French regional elections">2015 regional elections</a> with a historic result of just under 28% of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 2015, the FN had established itself as one of the largest political forces in France, unusually being both most popular and most controversial political party.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the <a href="/wiki/2012_French_presidential_election" title="2012 French presidential election">2012 presidential election</a>, Le Pen came third in the first round, scoring 17.9% – the partys then best showing ever for the FN. </p><p>For the <a href="/wiki/2017_French_presidential_election" title="2017 French presidential election">2017 presidential election</a>, Le Pen came second in the first round, scoring 21.3% – the best showing ever for the FN. in the second round she came second with 33.9% a best for NF. </p><p>In 2018, the National Front was renamed <i>National Rally</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Le_Monde,_June_2018_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Le_Monde,_June_2018-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2020s_and_onwards:_between_polarisation_of_the_rights_and_dediabolisation_strategies">2020s and onwards: between polarisation of the rights and dediabolisation strategies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_far-right_movements_in_France&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2020s and onwards: between polarisation of the rights and dediabolisation strategies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Far right parties have never enjoyed such a big popularity as they have done since the results of the 2017 and 2022 elections. For the <a href="/wiki/2022_French_presidential_election" title="2022 French presidential election">2022 presidential election</a>, Le Pen came second in the first round, scoring 23.15% – the best showing ever for the RN. Eric Zemmour got 7.07%. Total Far Right vote was 32%, the highest vote ever in a French election. Marine Le Pen may have lost in the second round, but nonetheless her defeat had a taste of victory: the score of 41.46% was the best showing ever for the RN or for a Far Right candidate. </p><p>The main reason of the success of the <i>Rassemblement National</i> lies with the political strategies of normalisation and <a href="/wiki/Dediabolisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dediabolisation">dediabolisation</a> led by Marine Le Pen and her fellow members of the party, to rally votes of right wing centrists, and to sweep away the extremism her father had cast upon the party. </p><p>However, the most radical fraction of the <i>Rassemblement National</i> accused Marine Le Pen of not being radical enough. In parallel, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Éric Zemmour</a>, a far-right pundit with no previous party affiliation or political experience, created his own party, <a href="/wiki/Reconqu%C3%AAte" title="Reconquête">Reconquête</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Galindo-2021_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galindo-2021-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His views, as a former journalist, in topics such as immigration are much more outspoken and radical than Le Pens. He even overtook Le Pen in one of the polls in the early days of the creation of his party.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Le Pen's niece, <a href="/wiki/Marion_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Marion Maréchal">Marion Maréchal Le Pen</a>, former member of RN became a member of Reconquête in 2021 while arguing herself and her aunt had "ideological differences".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was excluded of the party on the 18th June, accused of high treason by the head-of-party Eric Zemmour after she showed support for the Central- Far Right coalition between Eric Ciotti's Party <a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">The Republicans (France)</a> and Rassemblement National. </p><p>In the June 2022 <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">Assemblée Nationale</a> election, the RN gained 89 seats in the national assembly, winning the party enough seats to form a parliamentary group for the first time since 1986. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_elections_of_2024:_the_approach_to_power">European elections of 2024: the approach to power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_far-right_movements_in_France&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: European elections of 2024: the approach to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The result of the European election was a long-awaited result for Le Pen. Arriving ahead of all other parties, Jordan Bardella's party "<i>La France revient!</i>" (<i>lit.</i> "France is coming back") cumulated 31,37% of votes.<sup id="cite_ref-vie-publique.fr_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vie-publique.fr-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turnout rate reached 51.49% and was 1.37 points higher than in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-vie-publique.fr_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vie-publique.fr-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To this, President Emmanuel Macron dissolved the French Assembly and called for anticipated legislative elections on 30th and 3 July, acknowledging "that he wouldn't act as is nothing had happened."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and arguing that far right parties are the empovrishment of French people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2024_Legislative_Elections:_alliance_of_the_rights_and_countermovements">2024 Legislative Elections: alliance of the rights and countermovements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_far-right_movements_in_France&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 2024 Legislative Elections: alliance of the rights and countermovements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the night of June 9, following the announcement of new elections, <a href="/wiki/Marion_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Marion Maréchal">Marion Maréchal</a> called for a "coalition of the rights" in the hopes of forming a union between the <a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">RN</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">LR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reconqu%C3%AAte" title="Reconquête">Reconquête!</a> and <a href="/wiki/Debout_la_France" title="Debout la France">DLF</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Public_Sénat1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Public_Sénat1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mixing right-wing and far-right parties. In the following days, <a href="/wiki/Marion_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Marion Maréchal">Marion Maréchal</a> met with <a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">RN</a> officials to discuss the modalities of a potential <a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">RN</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reconqu%C3%AAte" title="Reconquête">Reconquête!</a> coalition. However, on June 11, talks between the two parties failed as <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Bardella" title="Jordan Bardella">Jordan Bardella</a> refused "any direct or indirect association with Éric Zemmour".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite not reaching an agreement, <a href="/wiki/Marion_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Marion Maréchal">Marion Maréchal</a> exhorted her followers to vote for the RN-LR alliance the next day. <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Éric Zemmour</a> denounced <a href="/wiki/Marion_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Marion Maréchal">Marion Maréchal</a>'s declaration, calling her out for her "treason" and excluding her from <a href="/wiki/Reconqu%C3%AAte" title="Reconquête">Reconquête!</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 11, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Ciotti" title="Éric Ciotti">Éric Ciotti</a>, the president of <a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">LR</a>, announced during an interview on <a href="/wiki/TF1" title="TF1">TF1</a> that he intended to form an alliance between his party and the <a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">RN</a>, triggering <a href="/wiki/2024_The_Republicans_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 The Republicans crisis">The Republicans crisis</a>. This announcement broke the historical <i><a href="/wiki/Cordon_sanitaire_(politics)" title="Cordon sanitaire (politics)">cordon sanitaire</a></i> between the French republican right and the far-right. However, many figures of <a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">LR</a> criticized <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Ciotti" title="Éric Ciotti">Éric Ciotti</a>'s decision to ally with the RN.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview in the evening on <a href="/wiki/France_2" title="France 2">France 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Bardella" title="Jordan Bardella">Jordan Bardella</a>, president of the <a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">RN</a>, confirmed the alliance between the <a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">RN</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">LR</a>, declaring that a "deal" has been made between the two parties and that the <a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">RN</a> will support multiple candidates of <a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">LR</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On June 12, a political committee composed of influential members of <a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">LR</a> declared the exclusion of <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Ciotti" title="Éric Ciotti">Éric Ciotti</a> from the party. <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Ciotti" title="Éric Ciotti">Éric Ciotti</a> contested this decision, claiming that he was still president of the party.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This issue was brought to justice, where a judge temporarily invalidated the political committee's decision. However, a second political committee again excluded <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Ciotti" title="Éric Ciotti">Éric Ciotti</a> from <a href="/wiki/The_Republicans_(France)" title="The Republicans (France)">LR</a> on June 14.<sup id="cite_ref-Public_Sénat2_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Public_Sénat2-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the threat of a potential RN government, France's 4 major leftist parties, the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_(France)" title="Socialist Party (France)">PS</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_France_Insoumise" title="La France Insoumise">LFI</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Ecologists_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ecologists (political party)">Les Écologistes</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Communist_Party" title="French Communist Party">PCF</a>, announced a union of the lefts, forming the <a href="/wiki/New_Popular_Front" title="New Popular Front">New Popular Front</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, around 640 000 people mobilized against the far-right in a nationwide protest on June 15; 75 000 or 250 000 of which, depending on sources, were in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Individuals_and_groups">Individuals and groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_far-right_movements_in_France&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Individuals and groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individuals">Individuals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_far-right_movements_in_France&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Individuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Abellio" title="Raymond Abellio">Raymond Abellio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Augier" class="mw-redirect" title="Marc Augier">Marc Augier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Jacques Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Barr%C3%A8s" title="Maurice Barrès">Maurice Barrès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Benjamin" title="René Benjamin">René Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Benoist-M%C3%A9chin" title="Jacques Benoist-Méchin">Jacques Benoist-Méchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_B%C3%A9raud" title="Henri Béraud">Henri Béraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Bonnard" title="Abel Bonnard">Abel Bonnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Bourget" title="Paul Bourget">Paul Bourget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Boutang" title="Pierre Boutang">Pierre Boutang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Robert Brasillach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaud_Camus" title="Renaud Camus">Renaud Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline">Louis-Ferdinand Céline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chardonne" title="Jacques Chardonne">Jacques Chardonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Ch%C3%A2teaubriant" title="Alphonse de Châteaubriant">Alphonse de Châteaubriant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Daudet" title="Léon Daudet">Léon Daudet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">Pierre Drieu La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Édouard Drumont</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andr%C3%A9_Fraigneau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="André Fraigneau (page does not exist)">André Fraigneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gaxotte" title="Pierre Gaxotte">Pierre Gaxotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gripari" title="Pierre Gripari">Pierre Gripari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kl%C3%A9ber_Haedens" title="Kléber Haedens">Kléber Haedens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Jouhandeau" title="Marcel Jouhandeau">Marcel Jouhandeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Lacretelle" title="Jacques de Lacretelle">Jacques de Lacretelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Mabire" title="Jean Mabire">Jean Mabire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Massis" title="Henri Massis">Henri Massis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Maulnier" title="Thierry Maulnier">Thierry Maulnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Charles Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Maxence" title="Jean-Pierre Maxence">Jean-Pierre Maxence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Monfreid" title="Henry de Monfreid">Henry de Monfreid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Lucien Rebatet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugues_Rebell" title="Hugues Rebell">Hugues Rebell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_S%C3%A9rant" title="Paul Sérant">Paul Sérant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Sidos" title="Pierre Sidos">Pierre Sidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Soral" title="Alain Soral">Alain Soral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">Georges Vacher de Lapouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Venner" title="Dominique Venner">Dominique Venner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vial" title="Pierre Vial">Pierre Vial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Éric Zemmour</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_minor_groups">Other minor groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_far-right_movements_in_France&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other minor groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other minor groups that are or have been active in the Fifth Republic include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_Union_D%C3%A9fense" title="Groupe Union Défense">Groupe Union Défense</a> is French far-right student association</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Bastion" title="Social Bastion">Bastion Social</a> is a nationalist youth movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_Radicale" title="Unité Radicale">Unité Radicale</a> (one of its members, <a href="/wiki/Maxime_Brunerie" title="Maxime Brunerie">Maxime Brunerie</a>, tried to assassinate President <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> in 2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Identitaires" title="Les Identitaires">Les Identitaires</a>, formerly Bloc identitaire, an offshoot of Unité Radicale, dissolved after Brunerie's assassination attempt, which publicly distributes so-called "identity soups" ("<i>soupes identitaires</i>"), that is "popular soups" with pork in order to exclude religious Jews and Muslims from them.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_Nationaliste_Fran%C3%A7ais_et_Europ%C3%A9en" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti Nationaliste Français et Européen">Parti Nationaliste Français et Européen</a> (PNFE), a <a href="/wiki/Pan-European_nationalism" title="Pan-European nationalism">Pan-European nationalist</a> group with which Brunerie was also associated.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_des_forces_nouvelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Parti des forces nouvelles">Parti des forces nouvelles</a>, formed from an early anti-Le Pen faction of the Front National.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_Radical" class="mw-redirect" title="Réseau Radical">Réseau Radical</a>, a study group.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troisi%C3%A8me_Voie" class="mw-redirect" title="Troisième Voie">Troisième Voie</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a> movement with links to the far right student movement <a href="/wiki/Groupe_Union_D%C3%A9fense" title="Groupe Union Défense">Groupe Union Défense</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_far-right_movements_in_France&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_identitaire_fran%C3%A7ais" title="Rock identitaire français">Rock identitaire français</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Social-National_Workers%27_Movement" title="Breton Social-National Workers' Movement">Breton Social-National Workers' Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(Europe)" title="Radical right (Europe)">Radical right</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_far-right_movements_in_France&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Lynn Fuller, <i>The Origins of the French 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France Bleu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=L%C3%A9gislatives+2024+%3A+Jordan+Bardella+annonce+un+%22accord%22+entre+le+RN+et+LR+avec+%22plusieurs+dizaines+de+d%C3%A9put%C3%A9s%22+De+Jade+Peychieras+Mardi+11+juin+2024+%C3%A0+20%3A26+Par+France+Bleu&rft.date=2024-06-11&rft.aulast=Peychieras&rft.aufirst=Jade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.francebleu.fr%2Finfos%2Fpolitique%2Flegislatives-2024-jordan-bardella-annonce-un-accord-entre-le-rn-et-lr-avec-plusieurs-dizaines-de-deputes-4033964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+far-right+movements+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTribot_Laspière2024" class="citation news cs1">Tribot Laspière, Victor (2024-06-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.francebleu.fr/infos/politique/legislatives-2024-eric-ciotti-exclu-des-republicains-a-l-unanimite-apres-son-appel-a-faire-alliance-avec-le-rn-8941397">"Législatives 2024 : Éric Ciotti exclu des Républicains "à l'unanimité", après son appel à faire alliance avec le RN"</a>. France Bleu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=L%C3%A9gislatives+2024+%3A+%C3%89ric+Ciotti+exclu+des+R%C3%A9publicains+%22%C3%A0+l%27unanimit%C3%A9%22%2C+apr%C3%A8s+son+appel+%C3%A0+faire+alliance+avec+le+RN&rft.date=2024-06-12&rft.aulast=Tribot+Laspi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.francebleu.fr%2Finfos%2Fpolitique%2Flegislatives-2024-eric-ciotti-exclu-des-republicains-a-l-unanimite-apres-son-appel-a-faire-alliance-avec-le-rn-8941397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+far-right+movements+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Public_Sénat2-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Public_Sénat2_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVignal2024" class="citation news cs1">Vignal, François (2024-06-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.publicsenat.fr/actualites/politique/pourquoi-les-lr-vont-exclure-eric-ciotti-de-la-presidence-des-lr-une-troisieme-fois#:~:text=Entre%20temps%2C%20le%20juge%20des,pourra%20trancher%20d%C3%A9finitivement%20le%20diff%C3%A9rent.">"Pourquoi les LR vont exclure Eric Ciotti de la présidence du parti… une troisième fois ?"</a>. Public Sénat<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Pourquoi+les+LR+vont+exclure+Eric+Ciotti+de+la+pr%C3%A9sidence+du+parti%E2%80%A6+une+troisi%C3%A8me+fois+%3F&rft.date=2024-06-18&rft.aulast=Vignal&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.publicsenat.fr%2Factualites%2Fpolitique%2Fpourquoi-les-lr-vont-exclure-eric-ciotti-de-la-presidence-des-lr-une-troisieme-fois%23%3A~%3Atext%3DEntre%2520temps%252C%2520le%2520juge%2520des%2Cpourra%2520trancher%2520d%25C3%25A9finitivement%2520le%2520diff%25C3%25A9rent.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+far-right+movements+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lesechos.fr/elections/legislatives/legislatives-la-gauche-presentera-des-candidats-uniques-2100494">"Législatives 2024 : la gauche présentera des candidats uniques"</a>. Les Echos. 2024-06-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=L%C3%A9gislatives+2024+%3A+la+gauche+pr%C3%A9sentera+des+candidats+uniques&rft.date=2024-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lesechos.fr%2Felections%2Flegislatives%2Flegislatives-la-gauche-presentera-des-candidats-uniques-2100494&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+far-right+movements+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabel2014" class="citation news cs1">Gabel, Barbara (2014-06-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/fr/france/20240615-manifestation-contre-extreme-droite-je-ne-veux-pas-vivre-dans-une-france-raciste-et-fasciste-rassemblement-national-rn-legislatives-2024">"Manifestation contre l'extrême droite : "Je ne veux pas vivre dans une France raciste et fasciste"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. France 24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Manifestation+contre+l%27extr%C3%AAme+droite+%3A+%22Je+ne+veux+pas+vivre+dans+une+France+raciste+et+fasciste%22&rft.date=2014-06-15&rft.aulast=Gabel&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Ffr%2Ffrance%2F20240615-manifestation-contre-extreme-droite-je-ne-veux-pas-vivre-dans-une-france-raciste-et-fasciste-rassemblement-national-rn-legislatives-2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+far-right+movements+in+France" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_far-right_movements_in_France&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Davies, Peter. <i>The National Front in France. Ideology, Discourse and Power</i> (Routledge, 1999)</li> <li>Fuller, Robert Lynn. <i>The Origins of the French Nationalist Movement, 1886-1914</i> (McFarland, 2012)</li> <li>Hainsworth, Paul. "The Extreme Right in France: From Pétain to Le Pen". <i>Modern & Contemporary France</i> (2012) 20#3 pp: 392-392. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150626004928/http://pa.oxfordjournals.org/content/66/1/160.short">abstract</a></li> <li>Hutton, Patrick. "Popular Boulangism and the Advent of Mass Politics in France, 1886-90" <i>Journal of Contemporary History</i> (1976) 11#1 pp. 85–106 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260004">in JSTOR</a></li> <li>Irvine, William. <i>The Boulanger Affair Reconsidered, Royalism, Boulangism, and the Origins of the Radical Right in France</i> (Oxford University Press, 1989)</li> <li>Irvine, William D. <i>French Conservatism in Crisis: The Republican Federation of France in the 1930s</i> (1979).</li> <li>Kalman, Samuel, and Sean Kennedy, eds. <i>The French Right Between the Wars: Political and Intellectual Movements From Conservatism to Fascism</i> (Berghahn Books; 2014) 264 pages; scholars examine such topics as veterans and the extreme right, female right-wing militancy, and visions of masculinity in the natalist-familialist movement.</li> <li>Millington, Chris. <i>A History of Fascism in France: From the First World War to the National Front</i> (Bloomsbury, 2019) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=55594">online review</a></li> <li>Passmore, Kevin. "The Historiography of 'Fascism' in France", <i>French Historical Studies</i> 37 (2014): 469-499</li> <li>Passmore, Kevin. <i>The Right in France from the Third Republic to Vichy</i> (Oxford University Press, 2013)</li> <li>Russo, Luana. "France: The historic victory of the Front National". in <i>The European Parliament Elections of 2014</i> (2014): 181-88 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laurasudulich.eu/1/150/resources/news_647_1.pdf#page=181">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141027121835/http://www.laurasudulich.eu/1/150/resources/news_647_1.pdf#page=181">Archived</a> 2014-10-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Shields, James. "Marine Le Pen and the 'New' FN: A Change of Style or of Substance?" <i>Parliamentary affairs</i> (2013) 66#1 pp: 179–196. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130830222845/http://pa.oxfordjournals.org/content/66/1/179.short">abstract</a></li> <li>Weber, Eugen. <i>L'Action Française, Royalism and Reaction in Twentieth-Century France</i> (Stanford University Press, 1962)</li> <li>Winock, Michel. <i>Nationalism, anti-semitism, and fascism in France</i> (Stanford University Press, 1998)</li></ul> <p><b>In French</b> </p> <ul><li>Bertrand Joly, <i>Nationalistes et Conservateurs en France, 1885-1902</i> (Les Indes Savantes, 2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Winock" title="Michel Winock">Winock, Michel</a> (dir.), <i>Histoire de l'extrême droite en France</i> (1993)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_far_right" title="Template:French far right"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_far_right" title="Template talk:French far right"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_far_right" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French far right"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Far-right_politics_in_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Far-right politics in France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Precursors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Ernest_Boulanger" title="Georges Ernest Boulanger">Boulanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">de Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Drumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">de Lapouge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-1945 groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_League_of_France" title="Antisemitic League of France">Antisemitic League of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_National_Party" title="Breton National Party">Breton National Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Camelots_du_Roi" title="Camelots du Roi">Camelots du Roi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Croix-de-Feu" title="Croix-de-Feu">Croix-de-Feu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Faisceau" class="mw-redirect" title="Faisceau">Faisceau</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National-Collectivist_Party" title="French National-Collectivist Party">French National-Collectivist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jeunesses_Patriotes" title="Jeunesses Patriotes">Jeunesses Patriotes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Cagoule" title="La Cagoule">La Cagoule</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligue_des_Patriotes" title="Ligue des Patriotes">Ligue des Patriotes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milice" title="Milice">Milice</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Rally" title="National Popular Rally">National Popular Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Social_Movement" title="Revolutionary Social Movement">Revolutionary Social Movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Service_d%27ordre_l%C3%A9gionnaire" title="Service d'ordre légionnaire">Service d'ordre légionnaire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solidarit%C3%A9_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Solidarité Française">Solidarité Française</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenshirts_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenshirts (France)">Greenshirts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-1945 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Barr%C3%A8s" title="Maurice Barrès">Barrès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Benoist-M%C3%A9chin" title="Jacques Benoist-Méchin">Benoist-Méchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Bonnard" title="Abel Bonnard">Bonnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Brasillach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bucard" title="Marcel Bucard">Bucard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Cl%C3%A9menti_(politician)" title="Pierre Clémenti (politician)">Clémenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Coston" title="Henry Coston">Coston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Darnand" title="Joseph Darnand">Darnard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Daudet" title="Léon Daudet">Daudet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Deloncle" title="Eugène Deloncle">Deloncle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D%C3%A9roul%C3%A8de" title="Paul Déroulède">Déroulède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dorg%C3%A8res" title="Henry Dorgères">Dorgères</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Doriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">Drieu La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thierry_Maulnier" title="Thierry Maulnier">Maulnier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Maxence" title="Jean-Pierre Maxence">Maxence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Ousset" title="Jean Ousset">Ousset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marius_Plateau" title="Marius Plateau">Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pujo" title="Maurice Pujo">Pujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Rebatet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Vallat" title="Xavier Vallat">Vallat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Vaugeois" title="Henri Vaugeois">Vaugeois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct<br />post-1945 groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Martel_Group" title="Charles Martel Group">Charles Martel Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe-Action" title="Europe-Action">Europe-Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Rally_for_Liberty" title="European Rally for Liberty">European Rally for Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_d%27action_nationale_et_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Fédération d'action nationale et européenne">Fédération d'action nationale et européenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Nationalist_Students" title="Federation of Nationalist Students">Federation of Nationalist Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_European_Nationalist_Party" title="French and European Nationalist Party">French and European Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Alg%C3%A9rie_Fran%C3%A7aise" class="mw-redirect" title="Front Algérie Française">Front Algérie Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_Union_D%C3%A9fense" title="Groupe Union Défense">Groupe Union Défense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_R%C3%A9sistance" title="Nouvelle Résistance">Nouvelle Résistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occident_(movement)" title="Occident (movement)">Occident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordre_Nouveau_(1960s)" title="Ordre Nouveau (1960s)">Ordre Nouveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Arm%C3%A9e_Secr%C3%A8te" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation Armée Secrète">Organisation Armée Secrète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_New_Forces" title="Party of New Forces">Party of New Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalange_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Phalange Française">Phalange Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_Network" title="Radical Network">Radical Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_National_Fran%C3%A7ais" title="Rassemblement National Français">Rassemblement National Français</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Nationalist_Groups" title="Revolutionary Nationalist Groups">Revolutionary Nationalist Groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troisi%C3%A8me_Voie" class="mw-redirect" title="Troisième Voie">Troisième Voie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A9_Radicale" title="Unité Radicale">Unité Radicale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adsav" title="Adsav">Adsav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AGRIF" title="AGRIF">AGRIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alsace_First" title="Alsace First">Alsace First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_for_the_Defence_of_the_Memory_of_Marshal_P%C3%A9tain" title="Association for the Defence of the Memory of Marshal Pétain">Association for the Defence of the Memory of Marshal Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9_catholique" title="Cité catholique">Cité catholique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civitas_(movement)" title="Civitas (movement)">Civitas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrefour_de_l%27Horloge" title="Carrefour de l'Horloge">Carrefour de l'Horloge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debout_la_France" title="Debout la France">Debout la France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_and_Reconciliation" title="Equality and Reconciliation">Equality and Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe-Jeunesse" title="Europe-Jeunesse">Europe-Jeunesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nationalists_(France)" title="The Nationalists (France)">The Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Renewal" title="French Renewal">French Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generation_Identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Generation Identity">Generation Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_South_(France)" title="League of the South (France)">League of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_European_Resistance" title="National Council of European Resistance">National Council of European Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Movement" title="National Republican Movement">National Republican Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_France" title="Party of France">Party of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassemblement_National" class="mw-redirect" title="Rassemblement National">Rassemblement National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconqu%C3%AAte" title="Reconquête">Reconquête</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty,_Identity_and_Freedoms" title="Sovereignty, Identity and Freedoms">Sovereignty, Identity and Freedoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre_et_Peuple" title="Terre et Peuple">Terre et Peuple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Patriots_(France)" title="The Patriots (France)">The Patriots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-1945 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Aliot" title="Louis Aliot">Aliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Antony" title="Bernard Antony">Antony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serge_Ayoub" title="Serge Ayoub">Ayoub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Bardèche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan_Bardella" title="Jordan Bardella">Bardella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Bay" title="Nicolas Bay">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvan_Benedetti" title="Yvan Benedetti">Benedetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Binet_(neo-Fascist)" title="René Binet (neo-Fascist)">Binet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bompard" title="Jacques Bompard">Bompard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Bouchet" title="Christian Bouchet">Bouchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bousquet" title="Pierre Bousquet">Bousquet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yvan_Blot" title="Yvan Blot">Blot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Brigneau" title="François Brigneau">Brigneau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeve_Briois" title="Steeve Briois">Briois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaud_Camus" title="Renaud Camus">Camus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Coston" title="Henry Coston">Coston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">de Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_de_Lesquen" title="Henry de Lesquen">de Lesquen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Dior" title="Françoise Dior">Dior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Duprat" title="François Duprat">Duprat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Faye" title="Guillaume Faye">Faye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fredriksen" title="Mark Fredriksen">Fredriksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Gollnisch" title="Bruno Gollnisch">Gollnisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Holeindre" title="Roger Holeindre">Holeindre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Jalkh" title="Jean-François Jalkh">Jalkh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Lang" title="Carl Lang">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Le_Gallou" title="Jean-Yves Le Gallou">Le Gallou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Le_Pen" title="Jean-Marie Le Pen">Le Pen (Jean-Marie)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Le_Pen" title="Marine Le Pen">Le Pen (Marine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Luca" title="Charles Luca">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Mabire" title="Jean Mabire">Maribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Gilles_Malliarakis" title="Jean-Gilles Malliarakis">Malliarakis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Marion Maréchal">Maréchal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_M%C3%A9gret" title="Bruno Mégret">Mégret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M%C3%A9nard" title="Robert Ménard">Ménard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Messiha" title="Jean Messiha">Messiha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florian_Philippot" title="Florian Philippot">Philippot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_de_Poncins" title="Léon de Poncins">de Poncins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Pujo" title="Pierre Pujo">Pujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Rachline" title="David Rachline">Rachline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phane_Ravier" title="Stéphane Ravier">Ravier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Reynouard" title="Vincent Reynouard">Reynouard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Loup_(writer)" title="Saint-Loup (writer)">Saint-Loup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Sidos" title="Pierre Sidos">Sidos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Soral" title="Alain Soral">Soral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Stirbois" title="Jean-Pierre Stirbois">Stirbois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Susini" title="Jean-Jacques Susini">Susini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Louis_Tixier-Vignancour" title="Jean-Louis Tixier-Vignancour">Tixier-Vignancour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominique_Venner" title="Dominique Venner">Venner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vial" title="Pierre Vial">Vial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_Zemmour" title="Éric Zemmour">Zemmour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies and movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Boulangisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulangisme">Boulangisme</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Pétainism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Révolution nationale</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active publications and media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boulevard_Voltaire_(website)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boulevard Voltaire (website) (page does not exist)">Boulevard Voltaire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89l%C3%A9ments" title="Éléments">Éléments</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minute_(newspaper)" title="Minute (newspaper)">Minute</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=National-Hebdo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="National-Hebdo (page does not exist)">National-Hebdo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/National-Hebdo" class="extiw" title="fr:National-Hebdo">fr</a>]</span></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_%C3%89cole" title="Nouvelle École">Nouvelle École</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sent" title="Présent">Présent</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Courtoisie" title="Radio Courtoisie">Radio Courtoisie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rivarol_(magazine)" title="Rivarol (magazine)">Rivarol</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV-Libert%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="TV-Libertés">TV-Libertés</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/6_February_1934_crisis" title="6 February 1934 crisis">6 February 1934 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_War" title="Algerian War">Algerian War</a> (<a href="/wiki/Algiers_putsch_of_1961" title="Algiers putsch of 1961">Algiers putsch of 1961</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Far-right_politics_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Europe topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Far-right_politics_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Far-right politics in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Albania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Albania (page does not exist)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Andorra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Andorra (page does not exist)">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Bosnia and Herzegovina (page does not exist)">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Bulgaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Bulgaria (page does not exist)">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Croatia" title="Far-right politics in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Cyprus (page does not exist)">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_the_Czech_Republic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in the Czech Republic (page does not exist)">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Denmark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Denmark (page does not exist)">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right politics in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Finland" title="Far-right politics in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right politics in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Georgia_(country)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Georgia (country) (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right politics in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right politics in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right politics in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Iceland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Iceland (page does not exist)">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in the Republic of Ireland (page does not exist)">Ireland</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right politics in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Kazakhstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Kazakhstan (page does not exist)">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Liechtenstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Liechtenstein (page does not exist)">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Malta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Malta (page does not exist)">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Moldova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Moldova (page does not exist)">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Monaco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Monaco (page does not exist)">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Montenegro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Montenegro (page does not exist)">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right politics in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_North_Macedonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in North Macedonia (page does not exist)">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Norway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Norway (page does not exist)">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Poland" title="Far-right politics in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Portugal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Portugal (page does not exist)">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right politics in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Russia" title="Far-right politics in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_San_Marino&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in San Marino (page does not exist)">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Serbia" title="Far-right politics in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Slovakia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Slovakia (page does not exist)">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Slovenia" title="Far-right politics in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Far-right politics in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Sweden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Sweden (page does not exist)">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Switzerland" title="Far-right politics in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Turkey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Turkey (page does not exist)">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Ukraine" title="Far-right politics in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Far-right politics in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited<br />recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Kosovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Kosovo (page does not exist)">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Northern_Cyprus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Northern Cyprus (page does not exist)">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Transnistria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Transnistria (page does not exist)">Transnistria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and<br />other entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_the_Faroe_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in the Faroe Islands (page does not exist)">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Gibraltar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Gibraltar (page does not exist)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_the_Isle_of_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in the Isle of Man (page does not exist)">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Jersey (page does not exist)">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Far-right_politics_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Far-right politics in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from 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