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Cyril Burt - Wikipedia
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href="#Work_in_educational_psychology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Work in educational psychology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_in_educational_psychology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Later career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientific_misconduct" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientific_misconduct"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Scientific misconduct</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientific_misconduct-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Biographies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books_by_Burt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_by_Burt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Books by Burt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_by_Burt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles_by_Burt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_by_Burt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Articles by Burt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_by_Burt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Readings_on_the_Burt_Affair" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Readings_on_the_Burt_Affair"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Readings on the Burt Affair</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Readings_on_the_Burt_Affair-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyril Burt</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="سیریل برت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سیریل برت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Burt" title="Cyril Burt – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cyril Burt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Burt" title="Cyril Burt – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cyril Burt" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="سیریل برت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیریل برت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Burt" title="Cyril Burt – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cyril Burt" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Lodowic_Burt" title="Cyril Lodowic Burt – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cyril Lodowic Burt" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Burt" title="Cyril Burt – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cyril Burt" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Burt" title="Cyril Burt – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Cyril Burt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="سيريل بيرت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيريل بيرت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Burt" title="Cyril Burt – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cyril Burt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Burt" title="Cyril Burt – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cyril Burt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Burt" title="Cyril Burt – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cyril Burt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv 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biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;">Sir</div><div class="fn">Cyril Burt</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyril_Burt_1930s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cyril_Burt_1930s.jpg/220px-Cyril_Burt_1930s.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cyril_Burt_1930s.jpg/330px-Cyril_Burt_1930s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cyril_Burt_1930s.jpg/440px-Cyril_Burt_1930s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="1028" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cyril Burt in 1930</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Cyril Lodowic Burt</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1883-03-03</span>)</span>3 March 1883<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Westminster" title="Westminster">Westminster</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">10 October 1971<span style="display:none">(1971-10-10)</span> (aged 88)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">London, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Warwick_School" title="Warwick School">King's School, Warwick</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_Hospital" title="Christ's Hospital">Christ's Hospital</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jesus_College,_Oxford" title="Jesus College, Oxford">Jesus College, Oxford</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Twin study; fraudulent research</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/E._L._Thorndike_Award" title="E. L. Thorndike Award">E. L. Thorndike Award</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1968)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Liverpool_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverpool University">Liverpool University</a>, <a href="/wiki/London_County_Council" title="London County Council">London County Council</a> (LCC), <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_McDougall_(psychologist)" title="William McDougall (psychologist)">William McDougall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell" title="Raymond Cattell">Raymond Cattell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Jensen" title="Arthur Jensen">Arthur Jensen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Brand" title="Chris Brand">Chris Brand</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Notes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align: left;">After he died it became evident that his research on twins separated at birth was based on falsified data.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir Cyril Lodowic Burt</b>, <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a> (3 March 1883 – 10 October 1971) was an English <a href="/wiki/Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">educational psychologist</a> and geneticist who also made contributions to statistics. He is known for his studies on the <a href="/wiki/Heritability_of_IQ" title="Heritability of IQ">heritability of IQ</a>. </p><p>Shortly after he died, his studies of inheritance of intelligence were discredited after evidence emerged indicating he had <a href="/wiki/Scientific_misconduct" title="Scientific misconduct">falsified</a> research data, inventing correlations in separated twins which did not exist, alongside other fabrications. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Childhood_and_education">Childhood and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyril_Burt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Childhood and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Burt was born on 3 March 1883, the first child of Cyril Cecil Barrow Burt (b. 1857), a medical practitioner, and his wife, Martha Decina Evans.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was born in London (some sources give his place of birth as <a href="/wiki/Stratford-upon-Avon" title="Stratford-upon-Avon">Stratford-upon-Avon</a>, probably because his entry in <i><a href="/wiki/Who%27s_Who_(UK)" title="Who's Who (UK)">Who's Who</a></i> gave his father's address as <a href="/wiki/Snitterfield" title="Snitterfield">Snitterfield</a>, Stratford; in fact the Burt family moved to Snitterfield when he was ten).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Burt's father initially kept a chemist shop to support his family while he studied medicine. On qualifying, he became the assistant house surgeon and obstetrical assistant at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hospital" title="Westminster Hospital">Westminster Hospital</a>, London.<sup id="cite_ref-Hearnshaw,_1979,_p2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hearnshaw,_1979,_p2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The younger Cyril Burt's education began in London at a <a href="/wiki/Board_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Board school">Board school</a> near <a href="/wiki/St_James%27s_Park" title="St James's Park">St James's Park</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hearnshaw,_1979,_p2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hearnshaw,_1979,_p2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1890, the family briefly moved to Jersey then to <a href="/wiki/Snitterfield" title="Snitterfield">Snitterfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a>, in 1893, where Burt's father opened a rural practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Hearnshaw,_1979,_p2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hearnshaw,_1979,_p2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in Burt's life he showed a precocious nature, so much so that his father often took the young Burt with him on his medical rounds.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the elder Burt's more famous patients was Darwin Galton, brother of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a>. The visits the Burts made to the Galton estate not only allowed the young Burt to learn about the work of Francis Galton, but also allowed Burt to meet him on multiple occasions and to be strongly drawn to his ideas; especially his studies in statistics and individual differences, two defining characters of the London School of Psychology whose membership includes both Galton and Burt.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He attended King's (now known as <a href="/wiki/Warwick_School" title="Warwick School">Warwick</a>) School, in the <a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">county town</a>, from 1892 to 1895, and later won a scholarship to <a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_Hospital" title="Christ's Hospital">Christ's Hospital</a>, then located in London, where he developed his interest in psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1902, he attended <a href="/wiki/Jesus_College,_Oxford" title="Jesus College, Oxford">Jesus College, Oxford</a>, where he studied Classics and took an interest in philosophy and psychology, the latter under <a href="/wiki/William_McDougall_(psychologist)" title="William McDougall (psychologist)">William McDougall</a>. McDougall, knowing Burt's interest in Galton's work, taught him the elements of psychometrics, thus helping Burt with his first steps in the development and structure of mental tests, an interest that would last the rest of his life. Burt was one of a group of students who worked with McDougall, which included <a href="/wiki/William_Brown_(psychologist)" title="William Brown (psychologist)">William Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Fl%C3%BCgel" title="John Flügel">John Flügel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/May_Smith_(psychologist)" title="May Smith (psychologist)">May Smith</a>, who all went on to have distinguished careers in psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Burt graduated with second-class honours in Literae Humaniores (Classics) in 1906, taking a special paper in psychology in his Final Examinations. He subsequently supplemented his BA with a teaching diploma. </p><p>In 1907, McDougall invited Burt to help with a nationwide survey of physical and mental characteristics of the British people, proposed by Francis Galton, in which he was to work on the standardization of psychological tests. This work brought Burt into contact with <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Spearman" title="Charles Spearman">Charles Spearman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson" title="Karl Pearson">Karl Pearson</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the summer of 1908, Burt visited the <a href="/wiki/University_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="University of Würzburg">University of Würzburg</a>, Germany, where he first met the psychologist <a href="/wiki/Oswald_K%C3%BClpe" title="Oswald Külpe">Oswald Külpe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work_in_educational_psychology">Work in educational psychology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyril_Burt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work in educational psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Picture_of_Dr._Cyril_Burt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Picture_of_Dr._Cyril_Burt.jpg/340px-Picture_of_Dr._Cyril_Burt.jpg" decoding="async" width="340" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Picture_of_Dr._Cyril_Burt.jpg/510px-Picture_of_Dr._Cyril_Burt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Picture_of_Dr._Cyril_Burt.jpg/680px-Picture_of_Dr._Cyril_Burt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Burt (at the time psychologist to the London County Council) measuring the speed of the thought of a child with a chronoscope</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1908, Burt took up the post of Lecturer in Psychology and Assistant Lecturer in Physiology at Liverpool University, where he was to work under the famed physiologist <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Sherrington" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Charles Sherrington">Sir Charles Sherrington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1909 Burt made use of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Spearman" title="Charles Spearman">Charles Spearman</a>'s model of general intelligence to analyse his data on the performance of schoolchildren in a battery of tests. This first research project was to define Burt's life's work in quantitative <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligence testing">intelligence testing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Inheritance_of_intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Inheritance of intelligence">inheritance of intelligence</a>. One of the conclusions in his 1909 paper was that upper-class children in private preparatory schools did better in the tests than those in the ordinary elementary schools, and that the difference was innate. </p><p>In 1913, Burt took the part-time position of a <a href="/wiki/School_psychology" title="School psychology">school psychologist</a> for the <a href="/wiki/London_County_Council" title="London County Council">London County Council</a> (LCC), with the responsibility of picking out the "feeble-minded" children, in accordance with the Mental Deficiency Act of 1913.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He notably established that girls were equal to boys in general intelligence. The post also allowed him to work in Spearman's laboratory, and receive research assistants from the National Institute of Industrial Psychology, including <a href="/wiki/Winifred_Raphael" title="Winifred Raphael">Winifred Raphael</a>. </p><p>Burt was much involved in the initiation of child guidance in Great Britain and his 1925 publication <i>The Young Delinquent</i> led to opening of the London Child Guidance Clinic in <a href="/wiki/Islington" title="Islington">Islington</a> in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1924 Burt was also appointed part-time professor of <a href="/wiki/Educational_psychology" title="Educational psychology">educational psychology</a> at the <a href="/wiki/London_Day_Training_College" class="mw-redirect" title="London Day Training College">London Day Training College</a> (LDTC), and carried out much of his child guidance work on the premises.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_career">Later career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyril_Burt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Later career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1931 Burt resigned his position at the LCC and the LDTC after he was appointed professor and Chair of Psychology at <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a>, taking over the position from Charles Spearman, thus ending his almost 20-year career as a school psychological practitioner. One of his students, Reuben Conrad, recalled that he once arrived at the university with a chimpanzee that he had borrowed from London Zoo, though Conrad could not recall what point Burt was trying to make.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While at London, Burt influenced many students, including <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell" title="Raymond Cattell">Raymond Cattell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Hans Eysenck</a>, and toward the end of his life, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Jensen" title="Arthur Jensen">Arthur Jensen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chris_Brand" title="Chris Brand">Chris Brand</a>. Burt was a consultant with the committees that developed the <a href="/wiki/Eleven-plus_exam" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleven-plus exam">11-plus</a> examinations. This issue, and the allegations of fraudulent scholarship against him, are discussed in various books and articles listed <a href="#Readings_on_the_Burt_Affair">below</a>, including <i>Cyril Burt: Fraud or Framed</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mismeasure_of_Man" title="The Mismeasure of Man">The Mismeasure of Man</a></i>. </p><p>Despite his lasting reputation as a statistical psychologist Cyril Burt was also involved in psychoanalysis. He was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Tavistock_and_Portman_NHS_Foundation_Trust" title="Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust">Tavistock Clinic</a> Council in the early 1930s<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of the <a href="/wiki/British_Psychoanalytical_Society" title="British Psychoanalytical Society">British Psychoanalytical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>The Young Delinquent</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he expressed the view that "nearly every tragedy of crime is in its origin a drama of domestic life."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1942 Burt was elected president of the <a href="/wiki/British_Psychological_Society" title="British Psychological Society">British Psychological Society</a>. In 1946 he became the first British psychologist to be <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighted</a> for his contributions to psychological testing and for making educational opportunities more widely available, according to an account by <a href="/wiki/J._Philippe_Rushton" title="J. Philippe Rushton">J. Philippe Rushton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rushton_1994_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rushton_1994-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (September 2018)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Burt was a member of the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Differential_Psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="London School of Differential Psychology">London School of Differential Psychology</a>, and of the <a href="/wiki/British_Eugenics_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="British Eugenics Society">British Eugenics Society</a>. Because he had suggested on radio in 1946 the formation of an organization for people with high <a href="/wiki/IQ" class="mw-redirect" title="IQ">IQ</a> scores, he was made honorary president of <a href="/wiki/Mensa_International" title="Mensa International">Mensa</a> in 1960. He officially joined Mensa soon thereafter.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Burt retired in 1951 at the age of 68, but continued writing articles and books. He died of cancer at age 88 in London on 10 October 1971. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scientific_misconduct">Scientific misconduct</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyril_Burt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scientific misconduct"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Burt published numerous articles and books on a host of topics ranging from <a href="/wiki/Psychometrics" title="Psychometrics">psychometrics</a> through <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">philosophy of science</a> to <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">parapsychology</a>. It is his research in <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_genetics" title="Quantitative genetics">behaviour genetics</a>, most notably in studying the heritability of intelligence (as measured in IQ tests) using <a href="/wiki/Twin_study" title="Twin study">twin studies</a>, that has created the most controversy, frequently referred to as "the Burt Affair."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shortly after Burt died it became known that all of his notes and records had been burnt, and he was accused of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_misconduct" title="Scientific misconduct">falsifying</a> research data. From the late 1970s, it has been generally accepted that "he had fabricated some of the data, though some of his earlier work remained unaffected by this revelation."<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedias_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedias-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was due in large part to research by <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Gillie" title="Oliver Gillie">Oliver Gillie</a> (1976) and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Kamin" title="Leon Kamin">Leon Kamin</a> (1974).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2007 <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> noted it is widely acknowledged that his later work was flawed and many academics agree that data were falsified, though his earlier work is generally accepted as valid.<sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedias_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedias-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The possibility of fabrication was first brought to the attention of the scientific community when Kamin noticed that Burt's correlation coefficients of <a href="/wiki/Twin#Monozygotic_twins" title="Twin">monozygotic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Twin#Dizygotic_twins" title="Twin">dizygotic</a> twins' IQ scores were the same to three decimal places, across articles – even when new data were twice added to the sample of twins. <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Hearnshaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Leslie Hearnshaw">Leslie Hearnshaw</a>, a close friend of Burt and his official biographer, concluded after examining the criticisms that most of Burt's data from after World War II were unreliable or fraudulent.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_H._Tucker_(psychologist)" title="William H. Tucker (psychologist)">William H. Tucker</a> argued in a 1997 article that: "A comparison of his twin sample with that from other well documented studies, however, leaves little doubt that he committed fraud."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two other psychologists <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Jensen" title="Arthur Jensen">Arthur Jensen</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._Philippe_Rushton" title="J. Philippe Rushton">J. Philippe Rushton</a>, themselves involved in controversy for their views on race,<sup id="cite_ref-Jensen_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jensen-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have claimed that the contentious correlations reported by Burt are in line with the correlations found in other twin studies.<sup id="cite_ref-Rushton_1994_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rushton_1994-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-miele_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miele-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rushton (1997) wrote that five different studies on twins reared apart by independent researchers corroborated Cyril Burt's findings and had given almost the same heritability estimate (average estimate 0.75 vs. 0.77 by Burt).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jensen argued that "[n]o one with any statistical sophistication, and Burt had plenty, would report exactly the same correlation, 0.77, three times in succession if he were trying to fake the data."<sup id="cite_ref-miele_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miele-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burt's statistical sophistication was, however, called into question by his student Charlotte Banks, who in a foreword to Burt's last book, published posthumously, wrote that he combined samples gathered from schoolchildren in different earlier years in his later papers without comment. A paper Burt published in 1943, Burt states an average IQ of 153.2 for the parents in the higher professional or administrative classes, at a time when there were no standardised IQ tests for adults in the upper ranges of IQ. In 1961, Burt revised this figure to 139.7 and, in other papers, noted that he had arrived at such figures by "assessment", or guesswork, rather than testing.<sup id="cite_ref-Did_Sir_Cyril_Burt_Fake_His_Research_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Did_Sir_Cyril_Burt_Fake_His_Research-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Earl_B._Hunt" title="Earl B. Hunt">Earl B. Hunt</a>, it may never be found out whether Burt was intentionally fraudulent or merely careless. Noting that other studies on the heritability of IQ have produced results very similar to those of Burt's, Hunt argues that Burt did not harm science in the narrow sense of misleading scientists with false results, but that in the broader sense science in general and behaviour genetics in particular were profoundly harmed by the Burt Affair, leading to a general rejection of genetic studies of intelligence and a drying up of funding for such studies.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gillie's 1976 article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></i>, reprinted in The Phi Delta Kappan in 1977, summarised attempts to trace two of Burt's supposed collaborators, Margaret Howard and J. Conway. Publications attributed to these two were published in a journal edited by Burt between 1952 and 1959, including a joint paper of Burt and Howard,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> remarkable as one of the few, if not the only, research paper not authored solely by Burt.<sup id="cite_ref-Did_Sir_Cyril_Burt_Fake_His_Research_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Did_Sir_Cyril_Burt_Fake_His_Research-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The papers in the names of Howard or Conway were published after Burt's retirement from University College although their affiliations were said to be with University College, Howard's specifically with its Psychology Department. No-one with these names was registered as a member of staff or student at University College between 1914 and 1976, or in any other institution within the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a>, and its Psychology Department could not trace either of them. Between 1952 and 1959, Burt lived in London and had two associates, Charlotte Banks and Gertrude Keir, neither of who ever met Howard or Conway. Although they suggested to Gillie that Burt may have corresponded with the two, there was no trace of any such correspondence in Burt's papers. Burt's housekeeper from 1950 recalled to Gillie that she had questioned Burt on why he had written papers in the names of Howard and Conway; his response was that they had done the research and should be credited. He explained their absence and lack of contact by adding that both had emigrated and he had lost their addresses. Based on his investigation, Gillie considered it likely that neither Howard nor Conway existed, but were a fantasy of the ageing Burt himself.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arthur Jensen was given the opportunity to respond to Gillie's article in the same issue of the same journal, and described the claims as libellous, without evidence and driven by opposition to Burt's theories. However, he does not address the central issue, that Burt wrote scientific papers and published them as editor of a journal under false names and without the consent of the supposed authors.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to articles by Fletcher, claiming that his biography of Burt and attacks by others were motivated by ideological or political malice, Hernshaw added to Gillie's claims by stating that Burt's detailed records of visitors contained no records of visits by Howard or Conway in the years they were supposed to have collaborated with him on collecting and testing 32 pairs of separated monozygotic twins, that his papers contained no correspondence with or written material from them, and that no one close to Burt had met them. He added that testing separated twins was expensive: Burt had no research funds to pay research workers and his own finances were too stretched to pay for it himself. Further, he instanced two other example of what he terms Burt's deviousness ignored by Fletcher. The first was Burt's falsification of the early history of factorial analysis and his untruthful claim to have been the first to use that technique. The second was that Burt could not have obtained the results on the declining levels of scholastic attainments in the 1950s and 1960s that he claimed to have. Finally, Hernshaw claimed that Burt's failings in his years of retirement went far beyond carelessness.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1991 book, Fletcher questioned Gillie's claim of the lack of independent articles published by Howard or Conway in scientific journals other than the <i>Journal of Statistical Psychology</i> edited by Burt, claiming Howard was also said to be mentioned in the membership list of the British Psychological Society, John Cohen was said to have remembered her well during the 1930s,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Donald MacRae had personally received an article from her in 1949 and 1950. According to Ronald Fletcher, there is documentary evidence of the existence of Conway <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Other writers have suggested that Howard and Conway may have existed, but that Burt had simply used their names to support his research, as he had been shown to have done with another named so-called researcher.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Robert Joynson (in 1989) and Ronald Fletcher (in 1991) published books in support of Burt. However Joynson accepted that Burt frequently used assumed names to publish (in the journal Burt edited, the Journal of Statistical Psychology) papers that Burt had written himself: the names he used included those of Howard and Conway.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burt's defenders have claimed that everyone knew that, after his retirement, Burt's data was flawed and that he published articles under pseudonyms, adding that the British Psychological Society could have stopped this if it had violated accepted ethical norms of the time.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, although it is clear that some individual members of the British Psychological Society were aware of Burt's questionable conduct, the reason why he was not censured were as likely to be that it would have been in bad taste to call such a great man to public account, a fault of a profession and its members that could tolerate at the time, and apologise later, for Burt's behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mackintosh" title="Nicholas Mackintosh">Nicholas Mackintosh</a> edited <i>Cyril Burt: Fraud or Framed?</i>, which was presented by the publisher as arguing that "his defenders have sometimes, but by no means always, been correct, and that his critics have often jumped to hasty conclusions. In their haste, however, these critics have missed crucial evidence that is not easily reconciled with Burt's total innocence, leaving the perception that both the defence and prosecution cases are seriously flawed."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/W._D._Hamilton" title="W. D. Hamilton">W. D. Hamilton</a> claimed in a 2000 book review shortly before Hamilton's death that the claims made by his detractors in the so-called "Burt Affair" had been either wrong or grossly exaggerated.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Mackintosh himself, then emeritus professor of Experimental Psychology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, summed up the evidence against Burt in 1995, saying that the data Burt presented were "so woefully inadequate and riddled with error", that consequently "no reliance (could) be placed on the numbers he present(ed)", and went on to confirm his agreement with Kamin's original conclusion, that Burt had fabricated his data.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyril_Burt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographies">Biographies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyril_Burt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Biographies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBurt1949" class="citation journal cs1">Burt, C.L. (1949). "An autobiographical sketch". <i>Occupational Psychology</i>. <b>23</b>: <span class="nowrap">9–</span>20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occupational+Psychology&rft.atitle=An+autobiographical+sketch&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=C.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Valentine, Charles (1965). "Cyril Burt: A Biographical Sketch and Appreciation." In C. Banks, & P. L. Broadhurst (eds), <i>Stephanos: Studies in Psychology Present to Cyril Burt</i> (pp. 11–20). London: University of London.</li> <li>Hearnshaw, L.S. (1979). <i>Cyril Burt: Psychologist</i>. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. Also published London: Hodder and Stoughton.</li> <li>(1983) "Sir Cyril Burt". <i>AEP (Association of Educational Psychologists) Journal</i>, 6 (1) [Special issue].</li> <li>Fancher, R.E. (1985) <i>The Intelligence Men: Makers of the I.Q. Controversy</i>. New York: Norton.</li> <li>Scarr, S. (1994). "Burt, Cyril L.", in R.J. Sternberg (ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of Intelligence</i> (Vol. 1, pp. 231–234). New York: Macmillan.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_by_Burt">Books by Burt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyril_Burt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Books by Burt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Burt, C.L. (1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/distributionrela00burtrich#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>The Distribution and Relations of Educational Abilities</i></a>. London: The Campfield Press.</li> <li>Burt, C.L. (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/mentalscholastic00burt#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Mental and Scholastic Tests</i></a>. London: P. S. King. Republished and revised (4th ed.). London: Staples (1962).</li> <li>Burt, C.L. (1923). <i>Handbook of Tests for Use in Schools</i>. London: P. S. King. Republished (2nd ed.) London: Staples (1948).</li> <li>Burt, C.L. (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/youngdelinquent001158mbp#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>The Young Delinquent</i></a>. London: University of London Press. Republished and revised (3rd ed.) London: University of London Press (1938); (4th ed.) Bickley: University of London Press (1944).</li> <li>Burt, C.L. (1930). <i>The Study of the Mind</i>. London: BBC.</li> <li>Burt, C.L. (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/howmindworks00burt#page/n5/mode/2up"><i>How the Mind Works</i></a>. New York: D. Appleton-Century Company. Republished London: Allen & Unwin (1945).</li> <li>Burt, C.L. (1935). <i>The Subnormal Mind</i>. London: Oxford University Press. Republished London: Oxford University Press (1937).</li> <li>Burt, C.L. (1937). <i>The Backward Child</i>. London: University of London Press. Republished (5th ed.) London: University of London Press (1961).</li> <li>Burt, C.L. (1940). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/factorsofthemind032090mbp#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>The Factors of the Mind: An Introduction to Factor Analysis in Psychology</i></a>. London: University of London Press.</li> <li>Burt, C.L. (1946). <i>Intelligence and Fertility</i>. London.</li> <li>Burt, C.L. (1957). <i>The Causes and Treatments of Backwardness</i> (4th ed.). London: University of London Press.</li> <li>Burt, C.L. (1959). <i>A Psychological Study of Typography</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Burt, C.L. (1968). <i>Psychology and Psychical Research: the Seventeenth Frederic W. H. Myers Memorial Lecture</i>, The Society for Psychical Research.</li> <li>Burt, C.L. (1975). <i>The Gifted Child</i>. New York: Wiley and London: Hodder and Stoughton</li> <li>Burt, C.L. (1975). <i>ESP and Psychology</i>. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. Edited by Anita Gregory.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_by_Burt">Articles by Burt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyril_Burt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Articles by Burt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurt1909" class="citation journal cs1">Burt, C.L. (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/britishjournalof03brituoft#page/94/mode/2up">"Experimental Texts of General Intelligence"</a>. <i>The British Journal of Psychology</i>. <b>3</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">94–</span>177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2044-8295.1909.tb00197.x">10.1111/j.2044-8295.1909.tb00197.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=Experimental+Texts+of+General+Intelligence&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E94-%3C%2Fspan%3E177&rft.date=1909&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2044-8295.1909.tb00197.x&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=C.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbritishjournalof03brituoft%23page%2F94%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurt1915" class="citation journal cs1">Burt, C.L. (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/childstudyjourna08chiluoft#page/n15/mode/2up">"Mental Tests"</a>. <i>Child Study</i>. <b>8</b>: <span class="nowrap">8–</span>13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Child+Study&rft.atitle=Mental+Tests&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E8-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=C.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fchildstudyjourna08chiluoft%23page%2Fn15%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurt1920" class="citation journal cs1">Burt, C.L. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/studiesinmentali11920cent#page/n73/mode/2up">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"The Definition and Diagnosis of Mental Deficiency" "Part II"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Studies in Mental Inefficiency</i>. <b>1</b>: <span class="nowrap">47–</span>54, 69 & 77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Mental+Inefficiency&rft.atitle=%22The+Definition+and+Diagnosis+of+Mental+Deficiency%22+%22Part+II%22&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E54%2C+69+%26+77&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=C.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fstudiesinmentali11920cent%23page%2Fn73%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurt1920" class="citation journal cs1">Burt, C.L. (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/studiesinmentali11920cent#page/n291/mode/2up">"The Neurotic School Child"</a>. <i>Studies in Mental Inefficiency</i>. <b>4</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">7–</span>12. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5109117">5109117</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28909975">28909975</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Mental+Inefficiency&rft.atitle=The+Neurotic+School+Child&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=1920&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5109117%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28909975&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=C.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fstudiesinmentali11920cent%23page%2Fn291%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurt1923" class="citation journal cs1">Burt, C.L. (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/britishjournal0304brit#page/n13/mode/2up">"The Causal Factors of Juvenile Crime"</a>. <i>British Journal of Medical Psychology</i>. <b>3</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2044-8341.1923.tb00430.x">10.1111/j.2044-8341.1923.tb00430.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Medical+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+Causal+Factors+of+Juvenile+Crime&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=1923&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2044-8341.1923.tb00430.x&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=C.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbritishjournal0304brit%23page%2Fn13%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurt1923" class="citation journal cs1">Burt, C.L. (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/britishjournal0304brit#page/n181/mode/2up">"Delinquency and Mental Defect"</a>. <i>British Journal of Medical Psychology</i>. <b>3</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">168–</span>178. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2044-8341.1923.tb00446.x">10.1111/j.2044-8341.1923.tb00446.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Medical+Psychology&rft.atitle=Delinquency+and+Mental+Defect&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E168-%3C%2Fspan%3E178&rft.date=1923&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2044-8341.1923.tb00446.x&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=C.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbritishjournal0304brit%23page%2Fn181%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurt1949" class="citation journal cs1">Burt, C.L. (1949). "Alternative Methods of Factor Analysis and their Relations to Pearson's Method of 'Principal Axes'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>British Journal of Psychology</i>. <b>2</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">98–</span>121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2044-8317.1949.tb00271.x">10.1111/j.2044-8317.1949.tb00271.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=Alternative+Methods+of+Factor+Analysis+and+their+Relations+to+Pearson%27s+Method+of+%27Principal+Axes%27&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E98-%3C%2Fspan%3E121&rft.date=1949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2044-8317.1949.tb00271.x&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=C.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Burt, C. L. (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/centuryofscience029484mbp#page/n279/mode/2up/search/burt">"General Psychology"</a>. In Dingle, Herbert (ed.), <i>A Century of Science</i> (pp. 272–286). Hutchinson's Scientific And Technical Publications.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurt1954" class="citation journal cs1">Burt, C.L. (1954). "The Differentiation of Intellectual Ability". <i>The British Journal of Educational Psychology</i>. <b>24</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">76–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2044-8279.1954.tb02882.x">10.1111/j.2044-8279.1954.tb02882.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Educational+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+Differentiation+of+Intellectual+Ability&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E76-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=1954&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2044-8279.1954.tb02882.x&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=C.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurt1955" class="citation journal cs1">Burt, C.L. (1955). "The Evidence for the Concept of Intelligence". <i>British Journal of Educational Psychology</i>. <b>25</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">158–</span>177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2044-8279.1955.tb03305.x">10.1111/j.2044-8279.1955.tb03305.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Educational+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+Evidence+for+the+Concept+of+Intelligence&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E158-%3C%2Fspan%3E177&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2044-8279.1955.tb03305.x&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=C.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurt1958" class="citation journal cs1">Burt, C.L. (1958). "Definition and Scientific Method in Psychology". <i>British Journal of Statistical Psychology</i>. <b>11</b>: <span class="nowrap">31–</span>69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2044-8317.1958.tb00190.x">10.1111/j.2044-8317.1958.tb00190.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Statistical+Psychology&rft.atitle=Definition+and+Scientific+Method+in+Psychology&rft.volume=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E31-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2044-8317.1958.tb00190.x&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=C.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurtGregory1958" class="citation journal cs1">Burt, C.L.; Gregory, W.L. (1958). "Scientific Method in Psychology: II". <i>British Journal of Statistical Psychology</i>. <b>11</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">105–</span>128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2044-8317.1958.tb00007.x">10.1111/j.2044-8317.1958.tb00007.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Statistical+Psychology&rft.atitle=Scientific+Method+in+Psychology%3A+II&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E105-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.date=1958&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2044-8317.1958.tb00007.x&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=C.L.&rft.au=Gregory%2C+W.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurt1958" class="citation journal cs1">Burt, C.L. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2973696">"The Inheritance of Mental Ability"</a>. <i>American Psychologist</i>. <b>13</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0049002">10.1037/h0049002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2973696">2973696</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21260739">21260739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=The+Inheritance+of+Mental+Ability&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2973696%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21260739&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0049002&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=C.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2973696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurt1959" class="citation journal cs1">Burt, C.L. (1959). "General Ability and Special Aptitudes". <i>Educational Research</i>. <b>1</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">3–</span>16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0013188590010201">10.1080/0013188590010201</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Educational+Research&rft.atitle=General+Ability+and+Special+Aptitudes&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0013188590010201&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=C.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurt1959" class="citation journal cs1">Burt, C.L. (1959). "The Examination at Eleven Plus". <i>British Journal of Educational Studies</i>. <b>7</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">99–</span>117. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00071005.1959.9973017">10.1080/00071005.1959.9973017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Educational+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Examination+at+Eleven+Plus&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E99-%3C%2Fspan%3E117&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00071005.1959.9973017&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=C.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurt1960" class="citation journal cs1">Burt, C.L. (1960). "The Mentally Subnormal". <i>Medical World</i>. <b>93</b>: <span class="nowrap">297–</span>300. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13689249">13689249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+World&rft.atitle=The+Mentally+Subnormal&rft.volume=93&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E297-%3C%2Fspan%3E300&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13689249&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=C.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurt1961" class="citation journal cs1">Burt, C.L. (1961). "Factor Analysis and its Neurological Basis". <i>British Journal of Statistical Psychology</i>. <b>14</b>: <span class="nowrap">53–</span>71. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2044-8317.1961.tb00067.x">10.1111/j.2044-8317.1961.tb00067.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Statistical+Psychology&rft.atitle=Factor+Analysis+and+its+Neurological+Basis&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2044-8317.1961.tb00067.x&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=C.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurt1962" class="citation journal cs1">Burt, C.L. (1962). "Francis Galton and his Contributions to Psychology". <i>British Journal of Statistical Psychology</i>. <b>15</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2044-8317.1962.tb00081.x">10.1111/j.2044-8317.1962.tb00081.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Statistical+Psychology&rft.atitle=Francis+Galton+and+his+Contributions+to+Psychology&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2044-8317.1962.tb00081.x&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=C.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurtWilliams1962" class="citation journal cs1">Burt, C.L.; Williams, E.L. (1962). "The Influence of Motivation on the Results of Intelligence Tests". <i>British Journal of Statistical Psychology</i>. <b>15</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">129–</span>135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2044-8317.1962.tb00094.x">10.1111/j.2044-8317.1962.tb00094.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Statistical+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+Influence+of+Motivation+on+the+Results+of+Intelligence+Tests&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E129-%3C%2Fspan%3E135&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2044-8317.1962.tb00094.x&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=C.L.&rft.au=Williams%2C+E.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurt1963" class="citation journal cs1">Burt, C.L. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abelard.org/burt/burt-ie.asp">"Is Intelligence Distributed Normally?"</a>. <i>British Journal of Statistical Psychology</i>. <b>16</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">175–</span>190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2044-8317.1963.tb00208.x">10.1111/j.2044-8317.1963.tb00208.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Statistical+Psychology&rft.atitle=Is+Intelligence+Distributed+Normally%3F&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E190&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2044-8317.1963.tb00208.x&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=C.L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abelard.org%2Fburt%2Fburt-ie.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurt1966" class="citation journal cs1">Burt, C.L. (1966). "The Genetic Determination of Differences in Intelligence: A Study of Monozygotic Twins Reared Together and Apart". <i>British Journal of Psychology</i>. <b>57</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">137–</span>153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2044-8295.1966.tb01014.x">10.1111/j.2044-8295.1966.tb01014.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5949392">5949392</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=The+Genetic+Determination+of+Differences+in+Intelligence%3A+A+Study+of+Monozygotic+Twins+Reared+Together+and+Apart&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E137-%3C%2Fspan%3E153&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2044-8295.1966.tb01014.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5949392&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=C.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurt1966" class="citation journal cs1">Burt, C.L. (1966). "Parapsychology and its Implications". <i>International Journal of Neuropsychiatry</i>. <b>2</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">363–</span>377. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5339556">5339556</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Neuropsychiatry&rft.atitle=Parapsychology+and+its+Implications&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E363-%3C%2Fspan%3E377&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5339556&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=C.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Burt, C.L. (1968). "An Illustration of Factor Analysis". In Butcher, Harold J. <i>Human Intelligence: Its Nature and Assessment</i> (pp. 66–71). London: Methuen.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurt1969" class="citation journal cs1">Burt, C.L. (1969). "Intelligence and Heredity: Some Common Misconceptions". <i>Irish Journal of Education</i>. <b>3</b>: <span class="nowrap">75–</span>94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Journal+of+Education&rft.atitle=Intelligence+and+Heredity%3A+Some+Common+Misconceptions&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E94&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=C.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurt1971" class="citation journal cs1">Burt, C.L. (1971). "Quantitative Genetics in Psychology". <i>British Journal of Mathematical & Statistical Psychology</i>. <b>24</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2044-8317.1971.tb00447.x">10.1111/j.2044-8317.1971.tb00447.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5557516">5557516</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Mathematical+%26+Statistical+Psychology&rft.atitle=Quantitative+Genetics+in+Psychology&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2044-8317.1971.tb00447.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5557516&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=C.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurt1972" class="citation journal cs1">Burt, C.L. (1972). "Inheritance of General Intelligence". <i>American Psychologist</i>. <b>27</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">175–</span>190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0033789">10.1037/h0033789</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5009980">5009980</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Inheritance+of+General+Intelligence&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E175-%3C%2Fspan%3E190&rft.date=1972&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0033789&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F5009980&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=C.L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Readings_on_the_Burt_Affair">Readings on the Burt Affair</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyril_Burt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Readings on the Burt Affair"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlinkhorn1989" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Steve_Blinkhorn" title="Steve Blinkhorn">Blinkhorn, S.F.</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F340439a0">"Was Burt Stitched Up?"</a>. <i>Nature</i>. <b>340</b> (6233): <span class="nowrap">439–</span>440. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Natur.340..439B">1989Natur.340..439B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F340439a0">10.1038/340439a0</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4282529">4282529</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Was+Burt+Stitched+Up%3F&rft.volume=340&rft.issue=6233&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E439-%3C%2Fspan%3E440&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4282529%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F340439a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1989Natur.340..439B&rft.aulast=Blinkhorn&rft.aufirst=S.F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F340439a0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Blinkhorn" title="Steve Blinkhorn">Blinkhorn, S. F.</a> (1995). "Burt and the Early History of Factor Analysis", in N.J. Mackintosh, <i>Cyril Burt: Fraud or Framed?</i>, Oxford University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Loring_Brace" title="C. Loring Brace">Brace, C. Loring</a> (2005). "Sir Cyril Burt: Scientific Fraud", in <i>Race is a Four Lettered Word, the Genesis of the Concept</i>, Oxford University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFButlerPetrulis1999" class="citation journal cs1">Butler, Brian E.; Petrulis, Jennifer (1999). "Some Further Observations Concerning Sir Cyril Burt". <i>British Journal of Psychology</i>. <b>90</b>: <span class="nowrap">155–</span>160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1348%2F000712699161206">10.1348/000712699161206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=Some+Further+Observations+Concerning+Sir+Cyril+Burt&rft.volume=90&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E160&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1348%2F000712699161206&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Brian+E.&rft.au=Petrulis%2C+Jennifer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCohen1977" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, John (1977). "The Detractors". <i>Encounter</i>. <b>48</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">86–</span>89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encounter&rft.atitle=The+Detractors&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E86-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEysenck1977" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Eysenck" title="Hans Eysenck">Eysenck, H.J.</a> (1977). "The Case of Sir Cyril Burt". <i>Encounter</i>. <b>48</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">19–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1976Sci...194.1377P">1976Sci...194.1377P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.194.4272.1377">10.1126/science.194.4272.1377</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17819262">17819262</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Encounter&rft.atitle=The+Case+of+Sir+Cyril+Burt&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17819262&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.194.4272.1377&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1976Sci...194.1377P&rft.aulast=Eysenck&rft.aufirst=H.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Fletcher, Ronald (1991). <i>Science, Ideology, and the Media</i>. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Jay_Gould" title="Stephen Jay Gould">Gould, S. J.</a> (1996). "The Real Error of Cyril Burt Factor Analysis and the Reification of Intelligence," in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mismeasure_of_Man" title="The Mismeasure of Man">The Mismeasure of Man</a></i>, W. W. Norton & Company.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHartleyRooum1983" class="citation journal cs1">Hartley, James; <a href="/wiki/Donald_Rooum" title="Donald Rooum">Rooum, Donald</a> (1983). "Sir Cyril Burt and Typography: A Re-evaluation". <i>British Journal of Psychology</i>. <b>74</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">203–</span>212. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.2044-8295.1983.tb01856.x">10.1111/j.2044-8295.1983.tb01856.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=Sir+Cyril+Burt+and+Typography%3A+A+Re-evaluation&rft.volume=74&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E203-%3C%2Fspan%3E212&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.2044-8295.1983.tb01856.x&rft.aulast=Hartley&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Rooum%2C+Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGillie1977" class="citation journal cs1">Gillie, O. (1977). "Did Sir Cyril Burt Fake His Research on Heritability of Intelligence? Part I". <i>The Phi Delta Kappan</i>. <b>58</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">469–</span>71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Phi+Delta+Kappan&rft.atitle=Did+Sir+Cyril+Burt+Fake+His+Research+on+Heritability+of+Intelligence%3F+Part+I&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E469-%3C%2Fspan%3E71&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Gillie&rft.aufirst=O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHernshaw1992" class="citation journal cs1">Hernshaw, L. (1992). "Burt Redivivus". <i>The Psychologist</i>. <b>5</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">169–</span>70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Burt+Redivivus&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Hernshaw&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Joynson, R.B. (1989). <i>The Burt Affair</i>. New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-01039-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-01039-X">0-415-01039-X</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKarier1980" class="citation journal cs1">Karier, C. (1980). "In Praise of Great Men: essay review of Cyril Burt, Psychologist". <i>History of Education Quarterly</i>. <b>20</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">473–</span>86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F367859">10.2307/367859</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/367859">367859</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11617058">11617058</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:43365768">43365768</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Education+Quarterly&rft.atitle=In+Praise+of+Great+Men%3A+essay+review+of+Cyril+Burt%2C+Psychologist&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E473-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=1980&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11617058&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A43365768%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F367859%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F367859&rft.aulast=Karier&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMackintosh,_Nicholas1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Mackintosh" title="Nicholas Mackintosh">Mackintosh, Nicholas</a>, ed. (1995). <i>Cyril Burt: Fraud or Framed?</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852336-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-852336-9"><bdi>978-0-19-852336-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyril+Burt%3A+Fraud+or+Framed%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-852336-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRowePlomin1978" class="citation journal cs1">Rowe, D.; Plomin, R. (1978). "The Burt Controversy: The Comparison of Burt's Data on IQ with Data from Other Studies". <i>Behavior Genetics</i>. <b>8</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">81–</span>83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fbf01067708">10.1007/bf01067708</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/637830">637830</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19858214">19858214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Behavior+Genetics&rft.atitle=The+Burt+Controversy%3A+The+Comparison+of+Burt%27s+Data+on+IQ+with+Data+from+Other+Studies&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E81-%3C%2Fspan%3E83&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19858214%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F637830&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fbf01067708&rft.aulast=Rowe&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Plomin%2C+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTizard1976" class="citation journal cs1">Tizard, Jack (1976). "Progress and Degeneration in the IQ Debate: Comments on Urbach". <i>The British Journal for the Philosophy of Science</i>. <b>27</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">251–</span>258. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbjps%2F27.3.251">10.1093/bjps/27.3.251</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120887693">120887693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+for+the+Philosophy+of+Science&rft.atitle=Progress+and+Degeneration+in+the+IQ+Debate%3A+Comments+on+Urbach&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E251-%3C%2Fspan%3E258&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbjps%2F27.3.251&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A120887693%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tizard&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTucker1994" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Tucker_(psychologist)" title="William H. Tucker (psychologist)">Tucker, W. H.</a> (1994). "Fact and Fiction in the Discovery of Sir Cyril Burt's Flaws". <i>Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences</i>. <b>30</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">335–</span>347. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1520-6696%28199410%2930%3A4%3C335%3A%3Aaid-jhbs2300300403%3E3.0.co%3B2-5">10.1002/1520-6696(199410)30:4<335::aid-jhbs2300300403>3.0.co;2-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+the+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.atitle=Fact+and+Fiction+in+the+Discovery+of+Sir+Cyril+Burt%27s+Flaws&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E335-%3C%2Fspan%3E347&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1520-6696%28199410%2930%3A4%3C335%3A%3Aaid-jhbs2300300403%3E3.0.co%3B2-5&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTucker1997" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Tucker_(psychologist)" title="William H. Tucker (psychologist)">Tucker, W. H.</a> (1997). "Re-reconsidering Burt: Beyond a Reasonable Doubt". <i>Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences</i>. <b>33</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">145–</span>162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28sici%291520-6696%28199721%2933%3A2%3C145%3A%3Aaid-jhbs6%3E3.3.co%3B2-g">10.1002/(sici)1520-6696(199721)33:2<145::aid-jhbs6>3.3.co;2-g</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9149386">9149386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+the+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.atitle=Re-reconsidering+Burt%3A+Beyond+a+Reasonable+Doubt&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E162&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28sici%291520-6696%28199721%2933%3A2%3C145%3A%3Aaid-jhbs6%3E3.3.co%3B2-g&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9149386&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Wooldridge" title="Adrian Wooldridge">Woolridge, Adrian</a> (1994). <i>Measuring the Mind: Education and Psychology in England, c.1860-c.1990</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyril_Burt&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Archival collections related to Burt in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Liverpool University Special Collection and Archives holds Burt's personal papers (Ref: D191), and the papers of his secretary Margarethe Archer (Ref: D432).</li> <li>The British Psychological Society History of Psychology Centre holds Burt's correspondence and reprints, c1920–1971 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.bps.org.uk/hopc">[2]</a>.</li> <li>Oxford University: Bodleian Library, Special Collections and Western Manuscripts holds Burt's correspondence with CD Darlington, 1960–1966, and correspondence with Society for Protection of Science and Learning, 193–1934 (Ref: SPSL) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/">[3]</a>.</li> <li>Imperial College, University of London, Archives and Corporate Records Unit holds Burt's correspondence with Herbert Dingle, 1951–1959 (Ref: H Dingle collection) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/recordsandarchives">[4]</a>.</li> <li>University College London (UCL), University of London, Special Collections holds letters from Burt to LS Penrose,</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyril_Burt&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Arthur R. Jensen, "Sir Cyril Burt (1883–1971)", Psychometrika <b>37</b>, Number 2 (1972), 115–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHearnshaw1979" class="citation book cs1">Hearnshaw, Leslie Spencer (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cyrilburtpsychol00lshe"><i>Cyril Burt, Psychologist</i></a></span>. London: Hodder and Stoughton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-1244-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-1244-8"><bdi>978-0-8014-1244-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cyril+Burt%2C+Psychologist&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-1244-8&rft.aulast=Hearnshaw&rft.aufirst=Leslie+Spencer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcyrilburtpsychol00lshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hearnshaw (1979), p. 2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMazumdar" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mazumdar, Pauline H. "Burt, Sir Cyril Lodowic". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F30880">10.1093/ref:odnb/30880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Burt%2C+Sir+Cyril+Lodowic&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F30880&rft.aulast=Mazumdar&rft.aufirst=Pauline+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoynson1989" class="citation book cs1">Joynson, Robert Billington (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/burtaffair0000joyn"><i>The Burt Affair</i></a></span>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-01039-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-01039-9"><bdi>978-0-415-01039-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Burt+Affair&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-415-01039-9&rft.aulast=Joynson&rft.aufirst=Robert+Billington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fburtaffair0000joyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The birth of Cyril Lodowic Burt was recorded in the General Register Office (now part of the Office for National Statistics) index of births in England and Wales for the June quarter of 1883:-<i>BURT, Cyril Lodowic St. Geo. H. Sq. 1a 486</i> (The Registration district was St. Georges, Hanover Square, which included parts of Westminster)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hearnshaw,_1979,_p2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hearnshaw,_1979,_p2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hearnshaw,_1979,_p2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hearnshaw,_1979,_p2_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hearnshaw (1979), p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hearnshaw (1979), p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_University_Press-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_University_Press_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Burt, Sir Cyril Lodowic (1883–1971)". <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>. Oxford University Press. 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Burt%2C+Sir+Cyril+Lodowic+%281883%E2%80%931971%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hearnshaw (1979), p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hearnshaw (1979), p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFArnold2013" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Christopher (2013). "The Rise of Education". In Arnold, Christopher; Hardy, Julia (eds.). <i>British Educational Psychology: The First Hundred Years</i>. The British Psychological Society. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85433-720-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85433-720-7"><bdi>978-1-85433-720-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Education&rft.btitle=British+Educational+Psychology%3A+The+First+Hundred+Years&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.pub=The+British+Psychological+Society&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-85433-720-7&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hearnshaw (1979) p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAldrich2002" class="citation book cs1">Aldrich, Richard (2002). <i>The Institute of Education 1902–2002 : a centenary history</i>. London: Institute of Education. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85473-635-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85473-635-5"><bdi>978-0-85473-635-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Institute+of+Education+1902%E2%80%932002+%3A+a+centenary+history&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Institute+of+Education&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-85473-635-5&rft.aulast=Aldrich&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Bishop, July 2016 The Psychologist Vol.29 (pp.578–579) <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-29/july/quality-and-longevity">https://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-29/july/quality-and-longevity</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henry Dicks, <i>50 years of the Tavistock Clinic</i>. Routledge 1970, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malcolm Pines, "The Development of the Psychodynamic Movement", in: <i>150 Years of British Psychiatry, 1841–1991</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Burt, <i>The Young Delinquent</i>, London: University of London Press, 1925.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quoted by Adrian Wooldridge, <i>Measuring the Mind: Education and Psychology in England, c. 1860 – c. 1990</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rushton_1994-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rushton_1994_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rushton_1994_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJ._Philippe_Rushton1994" class="citation journal cs1">J. Philippe Rushton (March–April 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041013222543/http://www.mugu.com/cgi-bin/Upstream/rushton-burt?embedded=yes&cumulative_category_title=J.+Phillipe+Rushton&cumulative_category_id=Rushton">"Victim of Scientific Hoax (Cyril Burt and the Genetic IQ Controversy)"</a>. <i>Society</i>. <b>31</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">40–</span>44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02693229">10.1007/BF02693229</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144482788">144482788</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mugu.com/cgi-bin/Upstream/rushton-burt?embedded=yes&cumulative_category_title=J.+Phillipe+Rushton&cumulative_category_id=Rushton">the original</a> on 13 October 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 October</span> 2005</span> – via Upstream.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Society&rft.atitle=Victim+of+Scientific+Hoax+%28Cyril+Burt+and+the+Genetic+IQ+Controversy%29&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E40-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=1994-03%2F1994-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02693229&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144482788%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=J.+Philippe+Rushton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mugu.com%2Fcgi-bin%2FUpstream%2Frushton-burt%3Fembedded%3Dyes%26cumulative_category_title%3DJ.%2BPhillipe%2BRushton%26cumulative_category_id%3DRushton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVictor_Serebriakoff1986" class="citation book cs1">Victor Serebriakoff (1986). <i>Mensa – The Society for the Highly Intelligent</i>. Stein and Day. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-3091-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8128-3091-0"><bdi>978-0-8128-3091-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mensa+%E2%80%93+The+Society+for+the+Highly+Intelligent&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Stein+and+Day&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8128-3091-0&rft.au=Victor+Serebriakoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPlucker" class="citation web cs1">Plucker, Jonathan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~intell/burtaffair.shtml">"The Cyril Burt Affair"</a>. <i>Human Intelligence</i>. Indiana University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Intelligence&rft.atitle=The+Cyril+Burt+Affair&rft.aulast=Plucker&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiana.edu%2F~intell%2Fburtaffair.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSamelson1997" class="citation journal cs1">Samelson, F. (1997). "What to do about fraud charges in science; or, will the Burt affair ever end?". <i>Genetica</i>. <b>99</b> (<span class="nowrap">2–</span>3): <span class="nowrap">145–</span>51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1018302319394">10.1023/A:1018302319394</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9463070">9463070</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23231496">23231496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genetica&rft.atitle=What+to+do+about+fraud+charges+in+science%3B+or%2C+will+the+Burt+affair+ever+end%3F&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E51&rft.date=1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23231496%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9463070&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1018302319394&rft.aulast=Samelson&rft.aufirst=F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas_J._BouchardDonald_D._Dorfman1995" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas J. Bouchard & Donald D. Dorfman (May 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://felix.unife.it/Root/d-Mensa-files/d-Intelligence/t-Bell-curve-reviews">"Two Views of The Bell Curve"</a>. <i>Contemporary Psychology</i>. <b>40</b> (5)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Psychology&rft.atitle=Two+Views+of+The+Bell+Curve&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=5&rft.date=1995-05&rft.au=Thomas+J.+Bouchard&rft.au=Donald+D.+Dorfman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffelix.unife.it%2FRoot%2Fd-Mensa-files%2Fd-Intelligence%2Ft-Bell-curve-reviews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joynson, R. B. (1989). The Burt Affair. London: Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher, Ronald (1991). <i>Science, Ideology and the Media: The Cyril Burt Scandal</i>. New Brunswick, US: Transaction Publishers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mackintosh, N. J. (1995). <i>Cyril Burt: Fraud or Framed? Oxford</i> Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedias-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedias_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedias_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9358363/Sir-Cyril-Burt">"Sir Cyril Burt."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071208093254/http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9358363/Sir-Cyril-Burt">Archived</a> 8 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007. Britannica Concise Encyclopædia. 19 April 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bartleby.com/65/bu/Burt-Cyr.html">"Burt, Cyril Lodowic"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090109002413/http://www.bartleby.com/65/bu/Burt-Cyr.html">Archived</a> 9 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Kamin" title="Leon Kamin">Kamin, L. J.</a> (1974). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Science_and_Politics_of_IQ" class="mw-redirect" title="The Science and Politics of IQ">The Science and Politics of IQ</a></i>. Potomac, Maryland: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gillie, O. (24 October 1976). <i>Crucial data was faked by eminent psychologist.</i> London: Sunday Times.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGillie1977" class="citation journal cs1">Gillie, O (1977). "Did Sir Cyril Burt Fake His Research on Heritability of Intelligence, Part I?". <i>The Phi Delta Kappan</i>. <b>58</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">469–</span>471.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Phi+Delta+Kappan&rft.atitle=Did+Sir+Cyril+Burt+Fake+His+Research+on+Heritability+of+Intelligence%2C+Part+I%3F&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E469-%3C%2Fspan%3E471&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Gillie&rft.aufirst=O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hearnshaw, L.S. (1979). <i>Cyril Burt: Psychologist</i>. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTucker1997" class="citation journal cs1">Tucker, William H (1997). "Re-reconsidering Burt: Beyond a Reasonable Doubt". <i>Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences</i>. <b>33</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">145–</span>162. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F%28sici%291520-6696%28199721%2933%3A2%3C145%3A%3Aaid-jhbs6%3E3.3.co%3B2-g">10.1002/(sici)1520-6696(199721)33:2<145::aid-jhbs6>3.3.co;2-g</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9149386">9149386</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+the+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.atitle=Re-reconsidering+Burt%3A+Beyond+a+Reasonable+Doubt&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E145-%3C%2Fspan%3E162&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F%28sici%291520-6696%28199721%2933%3A2%3C145%3A%3Aaid-jhbs6%3E3.3.co%3B2-g&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9149386&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=William+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jensen-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Jensen_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFox2012" class="citation news cs1">Fox, Margalit (1 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/02/science/arthur-r-jensen-who-set-off-debate-on-iq-dies.html">"Arthur R. Jensen Dies at 89; Set Off Debate About I.Q."</a> <i>The New York Times</i>. <q>Arthur R. Jensen, an educational psychologist who ignited an international firestorm with a 1969 article suggesting that the gap in intelligence-test scores between black and white students might be rooted in genetic differences between the races ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Arthur+R.+Jensen+Dies+at+89%3B+Set+Off+Debate+About+I.Q.&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Margalit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2012%2F11%2F02%2Fscience%2Farthur-r-jensen-who-set-off-debate-on-iq-dies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See, for example: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGraves2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Graves" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph L. Graves">Graves, J. L.</a> (2002). "What a tangled web he weaves: Race, reproductive strategies and Rushton's life history theory". <i>Anthropological Theory</i>. <b>2</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">131–</span>154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1469962002002002627">10.1177/1469962002002002627</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1463-4996">1463-4996</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144377864">144377864</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Theory&rft.atitle=What+a+tangled+web+he+weaves%3A+Race%2C+reproductive+strategies+and+Rushton%27s+life+history+theory&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E154&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144377864%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1463-4996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1469962002002002627&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=J.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrace1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._Loring_Brace" title="C. Loring Brace">Brace, C. Loring</a> (March 1996). "Review: Racialism and Racist Agendas". <i>American Anthropologist</i>. New Series. <b>98</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">176–</span>177. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1996.98.1.02a00250">10.1525/aa.1996.98.1.02a00250</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/682972">682972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Racialism+and+Racist+Agendas&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E176-%3C%2Fspan%3E177&rft.date=1996-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1996.98.1.02a00250&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F682972%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brace&rft.aufirst=C.+Loring&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Francisco Gil-White, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hirhome.com/rr/rrchap10.htm">Resurrecting Racism, Chapter 10</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120618042900/http://www.hirhome.com/rr/rrchap10.htm">Archived</a> 18 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1991" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Judith L. (1991). "Rushton's racial comparisons: An ecological critique of theory and method". <i>Canadian Psychology</i>. <b>32</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">51–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fh0078956">10.1037/h0078956</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1878-7304">1878-7304</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54854642">54854642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Psychology&rft.atitle=Rushton%27s+racial+comparisons%3A+An+ecological+critique+of+theory+and+method.&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54854642%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1878-7304&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fh0078956&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Judith+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Douglas Wahlsten (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060226020150/http://www.cjsonline.ca/articles/wahlsten.html">Book Review of Race, Evolution and Behavior</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeslie2002" class="citation book cs1">Leslie, Charles (2002). <i>New Horizons in Medical Anthropology</i>. New York: Routledge. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27793-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27793-8"><bdi>978-0-415-27793-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Horizons+in+Medical+Anthropology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-27793-8&rft.aulast=Leslie&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuznar1997" class="citation book cs1">Kuznar, Lawrence (1997). <i>Reclaiming a Scientific Anthropology</i>. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-9114-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-9114-4"><bdi>978-0-7619-9114-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reclaiming+a+Scientific+Anthropology&rft.place=Walnut+Creek&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=AltaMira+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-9114-4&rft.aulast=Kuznar&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-miele-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-miele_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-miele_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Miele, Frank (2002). <i>Intelligence, Race, And Genetics: Conversations with Arthur R. Jensen</i>, pp. 99–103. Oxford: Westview Press; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-4274-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-4274-0">0-8133-4274-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRushton1997" class="citation journal cs1">Rushton, J. P. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050310013515/http://www.ssc.uwo.ca/psychology/faculty/rushtonpdfs/Gould.pdf">"Race, Intelligence, And The Brain"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Personality and Individual Differences</i>. <b>23</b>: <span class="nowrap">169–</span>180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0191-8869%2897%2980984-1">10.1016/s0191-8869(97)80984-1</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ssc.uwo.ca/psychology/faculty/rushtonpdfs/Gould.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 March 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personality+and+Individual+Differences&rft.atitle=Race%2C+Intelligence%2C+And+The+Brain&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E180&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0191-8869%2897%2980984-1&rft.aulast=Rushton&rft.aufirst=J.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ssc.uwo.ca%2Fpsychology%2Ffaculty%2Frushtonpdfs%2FGould.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Did_Sir_Cyril_Burt_Fake_His_Research-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Did_Sir_Cyril_Burt_Fake_His_Research_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Did_Sir_Cyril_Burt_Fake_His_Research_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGillie1977" class="citation journal cs1">Gillie, O (1977). "Did Sir Cyril Burt Fake His Research on Heritability of Intelligence? Part 1". <i>The Phi Delta Kappan</i>. <b>58</b> (6): 470.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Phi+Delta+Kappan&rft.atitle=Did+Sir+Cyril+Burt+Fake+His+Research+on+Heritability+of+Intelligence%3F+Part+1&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=470&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Gillie&rft.aufirst=O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hunt, Earl (2011). <i>Human Intelligence</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 234–235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burt, C., & Howard, M. (1956). The multifactorial theory of inheritance and its application to intelligence. <i>British Journal of Statistical Psychology</i>, 9, pp. 95–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGillie1977" class="citation journal cs1">Gillie, O (1977). "Did Sir Cyril Burt Fake His Research on Heritability of Intelligence? Part I". <i>The Phi Delta Kappan</i>. <b>58</b> (6): 470.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Phi+Delta+Kappan&rft.atitle=Did+Sir+Cyril+Burt+Fake+His+Research+on+Heritability+of+Intelligence%3F+Part+I&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=470&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Gillie&rft.aufirst=O&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJensen1977" class="citation journal cs1">Jensen, A (1977). "Did Sir Cyril Burt Fake His Research on Heritability of Intelligence? Part II". <i>The Phi Delta Kappan</i>. <b>58</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">491–</span>492.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Phi+Delta+Kappan&rft.atitle=Did+Sir+Cyril+Burt+Fake+His+Research+on+Heritability+of+Intelligence%3F+Part+II&rft.volume=58&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E491-%3C%2Fspan%3E492&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHernshaw1992" class="citation journal cs1">Hernshaw, L (1992). "Burt Redivivus". <i>The Psychologist</i>. <b>5</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">169–</span>170.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Burt+Redivivus&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Hernshaw&rft.aufirst=L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher, Ronald (1991). <i>Science, Ideology & the Media: The Cyril Burt Scandal</i>. New Brunswick, N J: Transaction Publishers, p. 392.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://drgeoffnutrition.wordpress.com/2016/05/24/sir-cyril-burt-1883-1971-and-the-heritability-of-intelligence-debate/">"Sir Cyril Burt (1883–1971) and the heritability of intelligence debate"</a>. 24 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Cyril+Burt+%281883%E2%80%931971%29+and+the+heritability+of+intelligence+debate&rft.date=2016-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdrgeoffnutrition.wordpress.com%2F2016%2F05%2F24%2Fsir-cyril-burt-1883-1971-and-the-heritability-of-intelligence-debate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFancher1989" class="citation news cs1">Fancher, Raymond (9 November 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lrb.co.uk/v11/n21/raymond-fancher/fixing-it-for-heredity">"Fixing it For Heredity"</a>. <i>London Review of Books</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Fixing+it+For+Heredity&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=1989-11-09&rft.aulast=Fancher&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fv11%2Fn21%2Fraymond-fancher%2Ffixing-it-for-heredity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFletcher,_Ronald1991" class="citation book cs1">Fletcher, Ronald (1991). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scienceideologyt00flet"><i>Science, Ideology and the Media</i></a></span>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780887383762" title="Special:BookSources/9780887383762"><bdi>9780887383762</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science%2C+Ideology+and+the+Media&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780887383762&rft.au=Fletcher%2C+Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fscienceideologyt00flet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. J. Cronbach (1979), Hearnshaw on Burt, <i>Science</i>, Vol. 206, p. 1392</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Karier (1980). "In Praise of Great Men": essay review of Cyril Burt, Psychologist. <i>History of Education Quarterly</i>, Vol. 20, No. 4, p. 481.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Publisher's book description. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.amazon.com/Cyril-Burt-N-J-Mackintosh/dp/019852336X">https://www.amazon.com/Cyril-Burt-N-J-Mackintosh/dp/019852336X</a> the first use of "critics" refers to Burt's attackers; the second use of "critics" refers to Burt's defenders, so is confusing</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFW._D._Hamilton2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/W._D._Hamilton" title="W. D. Hamilton">W. D. Hamilton</a> (July 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1469-1809.2000.6440363.x">"A Review of Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Human_Genetics" title="Annals of Human Genetics">Annals of Human Genetics</a></i>. <b>64</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">363–</span>374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1469-1809.2000.6440363.x">10.1046/j.1469-1809.2000.6440363.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=A+Review+of+Dysgenics%3A+Genetic+Deterioration+in+Modern+Populations&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E363-%3C%2Fspan%3E374&rft.date=2000-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1046%2Fj.1469-1809.2000.6440363.x&rft.au=W.+D.+Hamilton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1046%252Fj.1469-1809.2000.6440363.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACyril+Burt" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mackintosh, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Register of Archives <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/searches/subjectView.asp?ID=P4317">[1]</a>, Accessed 18 August 2007.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyril_Burt&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cyril_Burt" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cyril Burt">Cyril Burt</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=au%3A%22Cyril+Burt%22&wc=on&fc=on">Works by Cyril Burt</a>, at <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/?term=cyril+burt">Works by Cyril Burt</a>, at Eugenics Review</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~intell/burt.shtml">Concise summary of Cyril Burt</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9358363/Sir-Cyril-Burt">"Sir Cyril Burt." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2007</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071208093254/http://concise.britannica.com/ebc/article-9358363/Sir-Cyril-Burt">Archived</a> 8 December 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041026005255/http://www.individualdifferences.info/LondonBurt.htm">The London School of Differential Psychology: Cyril L. Burt</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/nra/default.asp">National Register of Archives</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000919121629/http://sca.lib.liv.ac.uk/collections/archive/burt.html">The Cyril Burt Archives at University of Liverpool Special Collections</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bps.org.uk/history/resources/resources_home.cfm">The British Psychological Society History of Psychology Centre</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110517061820/http://www.bps.org.uk/history/resources/resources_home.cfm">Archived</a> 17 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/">Oxford University: Bodleian Library, Special Collections and Western Manuscripts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucl.ac.uk/Library/special-coll/">University College London (UCL), University of London, Special Collections</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/recordsandarchives">Imperial College London Archives and Corporate Records</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npg.org.uk/live/search/person.asp?search=ss&sText=cyril+burt&LinkID=mp58783">Likenesses of Burt in the National Portrait Gallery</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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L. Thorndike Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:E._L._Thorndike_Award" title="Template talk:E. L. Thorndike Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:E._L._Thorndike_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:E. L. Thorndike Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="E._L._Thorndike_Award_recipients76" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/E._L._Thorndike_Award" title="E. L. Thorndike Award">E. L. Thorndike Award</a> recipients</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Sidney_L._Pressey" title="Sidney L. Pressey">Sidney L. Pressey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/William_A._Brownell" title="William A. Brownell">William Brownell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/B._F._Skinner" title="B. F. Skinner">B. F. Skinner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Lee_Cronbach" title="Lee Cronbach">Lee Cronbach</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cyril Burt</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Havighurst" title="Robert J. Havighurst">Robert J. Havighurst</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/John_Bissell_Carroll" title="John Bissell Carroll">John Bissell Carroll</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Thorndike" title="Robert L. Thorndike">Robert L. Thorndike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Flanagan" title="John C. Flanagan">John C. Flanagan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Bloom" title="Benjamin Bloom">Benjamin Bloom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Gagn%C3%A9" title="Robert M. Gagné">Robert M. Gagné</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/J._P._Guilford" title="J. P. Guilford">J. P. Guilford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/David_Ausubel" title="David Ausubel">David Ausubel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Julian_Stanley" title="Julian Stanley">Julian Stanley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Suppes" title="Patrick Suppes">Patrick Suppes</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Atkinson" title="Richard C. Atkinson">Richard C. Atkinson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Bruner" title="Jerome Bruner">Jerome Bruner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Glaser" title="Robert Glaser">Robert Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Chall" title="Jeanne Chall">Jeanne Chall</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Anne_Anastasi" title="Anne Anastasi">Anne Anastasi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Rothkopf" title="Ernst Rothkopf">Ernst Rothkopf</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Gage" title="Nathaniel Gage">Nathaniel Gage</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Merlin_Wittrock" title="Merlin Wittrock">Merlin Wittrock</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Wilbert_J._McKeachie" title="Wilbert J. McKeachie">Wilbert J. McKeachie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Frank_H._Farley" title="Frank H. Farley">Frank H. Farley</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Snow" title="Richard E. Snow">Richard E. Snow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Klausmeier" title="Herbert Klausmeier">Herbert Klausmeier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Linn" title="Robert L. Linn">Robert L. Linn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Messick" title="Samuel Messick">Samuel Messick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/James_Greeno" title="James Greeno">James Greeno</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Lee_Shulman" title="Lee Shulman">Lee Shulman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Berliner" title="David Berliner">David Berliner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Anderson" title="Richard C. Anderson">Richard C. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Lauren_Resnick" title="Lauren Resnick">Lauren Resnick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Bandura" title="Albert Bandura">Albert Bandura</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Mayer" title="Richard E. Mayer">Richard E. Mayer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/John_D._Bransford" title="John D. Bransford">John D. Bransford</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Joel_Levin" title="Joel Levin">Joel Levin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sternberg" title="Robert Sternberg">Robert Sternberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/G._Michael_Pressley" title="G. Michael Pressley">G. Michael Pressley</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Jacquelynne_Eccles" title="Jacquelynne Eccles">Jacquelynne Eccles</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Alexander" title="Patricia Alexander">Patricia Alexander</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Jere_Brophy" title="Jere Brophy">Jere Brophy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Weiner" title="Bernard Weiner">Bernard Weiner</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Carol_Dweck" title="Carol Dweck">Carol Dweck</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Shavelson" title="Richard Shavelson">Richard Shavelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Zimmerman" title="Barry Zimmerman">Barry Zimmerman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Keith_Stanovich" title="Keith Stanovich">Keith Stanovich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Graham" title="Sandra Graham">Sandra Graham</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Stephen_J._Ceci" title="Stephen J. Ceci">Stephen J. Ceci</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Michelene_Chi" title="Michelene Chi">Michelene Chi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Edward_Haertel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edward Haertel (page does not exist)">Edward Haertel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Slavin" title="Robert Slavin">Robert Slavin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joanna_P._Williams&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joanna P. Williams (page does not exist)">Joanna P. Williams</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Steve_Graham_(Educational_Psychologist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steve Graham (Educational Psychologist) (page does not exist)">Steve Graham</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_L._Good&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas L. Good (page does not exist)">Thomas L. Good</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Daniel_L._Schwartz" title="Daniel L. Schwartz">Daniel L. Schwartz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q513197#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2090" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q513197#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2090" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q513197#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110536894">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/35255390">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1758656/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwMG9DY8Rpv4TXMmbrKBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118924931">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79032945">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16093656v">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16093656v">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000700261&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/807976">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p06905214X">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90526082">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/dbqsskmx5t9h0b4">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810650277205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007277035005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058599340506706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1228722">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/059672528">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w69176p2">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.eqiad.main‐d9b8679f5‐kzhtl Cached time: 20250211195815 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.864 seconds Real time usage: 1.137 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 6748/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 175448/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 6672/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 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