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<span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations_and_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations_and_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Citations and sources</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Citations_and_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Citations and sources subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Citations_and_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Ancient sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Modern sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Germania</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="جرمانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جرمانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xermania_Magna" title="Xermania Magna – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xermania Magna" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Старажытная Германія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Старажытная Германія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Магна Германия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Магна Германия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanija" title="Germanija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Germanija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A0nia_(regi%C3%B3)" title="Germània (regió) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Germània (regió)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A1nie" title="Germánie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Germánie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanien" title="Germanien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Germanien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_magna" title="Germania magna – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Germania magna" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaania" title="Germaania – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Germaania" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B7_%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μεγάλη Γερμανία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεγάλη Γερμανία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_Magna" title="Germania Magna – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Germania Magna" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Cermanio" title="Ĝermanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝermanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_Magna" title="Germania Magna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Germania Magna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ژرمانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژرمانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanie" title="Germanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Germanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germaanje" title="Germaanje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Germaanje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xermania_Magna" title="Xermania Magna – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Xermania Magna" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B2%8C%EB%A5%B4%EB%A7%88%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84" title="게르마니아 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="게르마니아" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%B3%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Հին Գերմանիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հին Գերմանիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanija" title="Germanija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Germanija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_Magna" title="Germania Magna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Germania Magna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="גרמאניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרמאניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanya" title="Germanya – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Germanya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%8B_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Байыркы германдар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Байыркы германдар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania_Transrhenana" title="Germania Transrhenana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Germania Transrhenana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A2erm%C4%81nija" title="Ģermānija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ģermānija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanija" title="Germanija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Germanija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jermania" title="Jermania – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jermania" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germani%C3%AB" title="Germanië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Germanië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B2%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="ゲルマニア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゲルマニア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="جرمانیا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جرمانیا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A2nia" title="Germânia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Germânia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%8F_%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Древняя Германия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Древняя Германия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="جرمنيا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="جرمنيا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ%C3%A1nia" title="Germánia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Germánia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velika_Germanija" title="Velika Germanija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Velika Germanija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Германија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Германија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanija" title="Germanija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Germanija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania" title="Germania – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Germania" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical region in north-central Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Germania_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Germania (disambiguation)">Germania (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p><b>Germania</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/./: syllable break">.</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">jər-<span style="font-size:90%">MAY</span>-nee-ə</i></a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Latin:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[ɡɛrˈmaːni.a]</a></span>), also more specifically called <b>Magna Germania</b> (English: <i>Great Germania</i>), <b>Germania Libera</b> (English: <i>Free Germania</i>), or <b>Germanic <a href="/wiki/Barbaricum" title="Barbaricum">Barbaricum</a></b> to distinguish it from the Roman provinces of <a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Historical_region" title="Historical region">historical region</a> in north-central Europe during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman era">Roman era</a>, which was associated by Roman authors with the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>. According to Roman geographers, this region stretched roughly from the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> in the west to the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> in the east, and to the <a href="/wiki/Danube#Sectioning" title="Danube">Upper Danube</a> in the south, and the known parts of southern <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> in the north. Archaeologically, these people correspond roughly to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a> of those regions. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Germania_-_New_York,_Harper_and_Brothers_1849.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ancient_Germania_-_New_York%2C_Harper_and_Brothers_1849.jpg/220px-Ancient_Germania_-_New_York%2C_Harper_and_Brothers_1849.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ancient_Germania_-_New_York%2C_Harper_and_Brothers_1849.jpg/330px-Ancient_Germania_-_New_York%2C_Harper_and_Brothers_1849.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ancient_Germania_-_New_York%2C_Harper_and_Brothers_1849.jpg/440px-Ancient_Germania_-_New_York%2C_Harper_and_Brothers_1849.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1964" data-file-height="1619" /></a><figcaption>1849 map of ancient Germania</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> name <i>Germania</i> means "land of the <a href="/wiki/Germani" class="mw-redirect" title="Germani">Germani</a>", but the <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> of the name <i>Germani</i> itself is uncertain. During the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a> of the 1st century BC, the Roman general <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> encountered <i>Germani</i> originating from beyond the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>. He referred to their lands beyond the Rhine as "Germania". West of the Rhine, the prosperous <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman provinces</a> of Germania Superior and Germania Inferior, sometimes collectively referred to as "Roman Germania", were established in northeast <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a>, while territories east of the Rhine remained independent of Roman control. The Roman emperors also sought to expand east of the Rhine to the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a>, but these efforts were hampered by the victory of <a href="/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Arminius</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">Battle of the Teutoburg Forest</a> in 9 AD. </p><p>From the 3rd century AD, Germanic peoples moving out of Magna Germania began encroaching upon and occupying parts of Roman Germania. This contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a> in the 5th century AD, after which territories of Roman Germania were captured and settled by <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">migrating</a> Germanic people. Large parts of Germania subsequently became part of the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Frankish Empire</a> and later <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Germany">name of Germany</a> in English and many other languages is derived from the name <i>Germania</i>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germanias.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Germanias.png/500px-Germanias.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Germanias.png/750px-Germanias.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Germanias.png/1000px-Germanias.png 2x" data-file-width="1682" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Several different regions called Germania in the Roman era</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"The name <b>Germany</b>, on the other hand, they say, is modern and newly introduced, from the fact that the tribes which first crossed the Rhine and drove out the Gauls, and are now called Tungrians, were then called Germans. Thus what was the name of a tribe, and not of a race, gradually prevailed, till all called themselves by this self-invented name of Germans, which the conquerors had first employed to inspire terror."<sup id="cite_ref-Tacitus_II_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tacitus_II-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Murdoch_55_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murdoch_55-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a></cite></p> </div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, the name <i>Germania</i> means "lands where people called <a href="/wiki/Germani" class="mw-redirect" title="Germani">Germani</a> live".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholars do not agree on the etymology of the name <i>Germani</i>. <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illyrian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Illyrian languages">Illyrian</a> and Latin etymologies have been suggested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd20049_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd20049-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main source on the origin of the names <i>Germania</i> and <i>Germani</i> is the book <i><a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">Germania</a></i> (98 AD) by <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Murdoch_55_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murdoch_55-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tacitus writes that the name <i>Germania</i> was "modern and newly introduced". According to Tacitus, the name <i>Germani</i> had once been applied only to the <a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a>, west of the Rhine, but it became an "artificial name" (<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inventus" class="extiw" title="wikt:inventus">invento</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/nomen#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:nomen">nomine</a></i>) for supposedly-related peoples east of the Rhine.<sup id="cite_ref-Tacitus_II_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tacitus_II-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Murdoch_55_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murdoch_55-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many modern scholars consider Tacitus's story to be plausible, but they are unsure whether the name was commonly used by <i>Germani</i> to refer to themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd20049_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd20049-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram20054_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram20054-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XVII_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XVII-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Murdoch_55_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murdoch_55-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ptolemaeus_Magna_Germania.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ptolemaeus_Magna_Germania.jpg/300px-Ptolemaeus_Magna_Germania.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ptolemaeus_Magna_Germania.jpg/450px-Ptolemaeus_Magna_Germania.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Ptolemaeus_Magna_Germania.jpg/600px-Ptolemaeus_Magna_Germania.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5440" data-file-height="3909" /></a><figcaption>15th-century map of Germania as described by <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Ptolemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography (Ptolemy)</a></i> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 150</span> AD)</figcaption></figure> <p>The boundaries of Germania are not clearly defined, particularly at its northern and eastern fringes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XII_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XII-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magna Germania stretched approximately from the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> in the west to beyond the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> river in the east, and from the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> in the south and northwards along the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> seas, including <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a> encompassed parts of modern-day Switzerland, southwest Germany and eastern France, while <a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a> encompassed much of modern-day Belgium and Netherlands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XII_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XII-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his <i><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a></i> (AD 150), the Roman geographer <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> provides descriptions of the geography of Germania.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholars have been able to localize many of the place names mentioned by Ptolemy, and associated them with place names of the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinebergLelgemannKnoblochMarx2012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinebergLelgemannKnoblochMarx2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Germania was inhabited by a large number of peoples, and there was not much unity among them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather200753_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather200753-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears that Germania was not entirely inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hydronymy" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydronymy">Hydronymy</a> provides evidence for the presence of another Indo-European group, which probably lived under Germanic domination.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nordic_Bronze_Age.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Nordic_Bronze_Age.png/220px-Nordic_Bronze_Age.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Nordic_Bronze_Age.png/330px-Nordic_Bronze_Age.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Nordic_Bronze_Age.png/440px-Nordic_Bronze_Age.png 2x" data-file-width="657" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Area of the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a> culture, which is considered ancestral to the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic people">Germanic people</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1750</span>–500 BC<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_warfare_between_the_Romans_and_Germanic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic tribes">Chronology of warfare between the Romans and Germanic tribes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germania_romana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Germania_romana.jpg/300px-Germania_romana.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Germania_romana.jpg/450px-Germania_romana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Germania_romana.jpg/600px-Germania_romana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="992" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Germania_Antiqua" title="Germania Antiqua">Germania Antiqua</a> (marked in yellow), from 7 BC to AD 9</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Wars" title="Gallic Wars">Gallic Wars</a> of the 1st century BC, the Roman general <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> came into contact with peoples originating east of the Rhine. In his <i><a href="/wiki/Commentarii_de_Bello_Gallico" title="Commentarii de Bello Gallico">Commentarii de Bello Gallico</a></i>, Caesar refers to these peoples as the Germani, and the lands from where they originated as Germania.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans appear to have borrowed the name from the <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Having defeated the Germanic chieftain <a href="/wiki/Ariovistus" title="Ariovistus">Ariovistus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, Caesar built <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_Rhine_bridges" title="Caesar's Rhine bridges">bridges</a> across the Rhine and conducted punitive expeditions in Germania.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He writes the area was composed of numerous Germanic states, which were not entirely united.<sup id="cite_ref-Caesar_5_55_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caesar_5_55-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Caesar_6_32_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caesar_6_32-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Caesar, the Gallic <a href="/wiki/Volcae_Tectosages" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcae Tectosages">Volcae Tectosages</a> had once crossed the Rhine and colonized parts of Germania, but had since become militarily inferior to the Germani.<sup id="cite_ref-Caesar_6_24_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caesar_6_24-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also writes that Germani had once crossed the Rhine into northeast Gaul and driven away its Gallic inhabitants, and that the <a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> claimed to be largely descended from these Germanic invaders.<sup id="cite_ref-Caesar_2_3_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caesar_2_3-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>"There are still to be seen in the groves of Germany the Roman standards which I hung up to our country's gods... [O]ne thing there is which Germans will never thoroughly excuse, their having seen between the Elbe and the Rhine the Roman rods, axes, and toga... If you prefer your fatherland, your ancestors, your ancient life to tyrants and to new colonies, follow as your leader Arminius to glory and to freedom..."<sup id="cite_ref-Tacitus_1_59_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tacitus_1_59-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Arminius</a></cite></p> </div> <p>In the late 1st century BC, the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Early_Imperial_campaigns_in_Germania" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Imperial campaigns in Germania">campaigns</a> across the Rhine, and incorporated areas of Germania as far east as the <a href="/wiki/Elbe" title="Elbe">Elbe</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, creating the short-lived Roman province of <a href="/wiki/Germania_Antiqua" title="Germania Antiqua">Germania Antiqua</a> in 7 BC, with further aims of establishing a greater province of Magna Germania, with headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Colonia_Claudia_Ara_Agrippinensium" title="Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium">Colonia</a> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>). The Roman campaign was severely hampered by the victory of <a href="/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Arminius</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Teutoburg_Forest" title="Battle of the Teutoburg Forest">Battle of the Teutoburg Forest</a> in AD 9.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The outcome of this battle dissuaded the Romans from their ambition of conquering Germania, and is thus considered one of the most important events in <a href="/wiki/European_history" class="mw-redirect" title="European history">European history</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurdoch200457_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurdoch200457-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rhine eventually became the border between the Roman Empire and Magna Germania. Areas of northeast <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> bordering the Rhine remained under Roman control, and are often referred to as "Roman Germania". Four <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Roman legions</a> were stationed there, and a Roman fleet, the <i><a href="/wiki/Classis_Germanica" title="Classis Germanica">Classis Germanica</a></i>, was also established. The area was effectively governed as <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">Roman provinces</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Areas of Germania independent of Roman control were referred to as "Magna Germania".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern scholars sometimes refer to the Magna Germania as "Free Germania" (Latin: <i>Germania Libera</i>) or Germanic <a href="/wiki/Barbaricum" title="Barbaricum">Barbaricum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XIII_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XIII-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As parts of Roman <a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(political_science)" title="Social engineering (political science)">social engineering</a> efforts, large numbers of Germani, including <a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a>, were settled within Roman Germania in order to prevent revolts by resident Gauls. Roman Germania became characterized by a mixed Celtic, Germanic and Roman population, which became progressively <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanized</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XII_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XII-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the mid 1st century AD, between eight and ten Roman legions were stationed in Roman Germania to protect the frontiers. From AD 69 to AD 70, Roman Germania was heavily affected by the <a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Batavi" title="Revolt of the Batavi">Revolt of the Batavi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tacitus writes that the leader of the revolt, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Civilis" title="Gaius Julius Civilis">Gaius Julius Civilis</a>, recruited a vast amount of warriors from his self-described "kinsmen" all over Germania, and hailed Arminius for having liberated Germania from slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-Tacitus_4_14_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tacitus_4_14-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tacitus_4_17_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tacitus_4_17-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tacitus_4_28_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tacitus_4_28-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civilis' rebels seized Colonia (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>), capital of Roman Germania and home of the Germanic Ubii, who according to Tacitus were considered traitors by other Germani for having "forsworn its native country".<sup id="cite_ref-Tacitus_4_28_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tacitus_4_28-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClay2008136–138_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClay2008136–138-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After initially seeking to raze all of Colonia to the ground, the forces of Civilis declared the city returned "into the unity of the German nation and name" and "an open city for all Germans".<sup id="cite_ref-Tacitus_4_63_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tacitus_4_63-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClay2008136–138_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClay2008136–138-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although initially declaring the rebels and "other Germans" their "kinsmen by blood", the Ubii, a Germanic Tribe eventually assisted the Romans in recapturing the Colonia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tacitus_4_63_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tacitus_4_63-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperium_Romanum_Germania.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Imperium_Romanum_Germania.png/300px-Imperium_Romanum_Germania.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Imperium_Romanum_Germania.png/450px-Imperium_Romanum_Germania.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Imperium_Romanum_Germania.png/600px-Imperium_Romanum_Germania.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and Magna Germania in the early 2nd century AD</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 1st century AD, under the leadership of the <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a>, the provinces of Germania Inferior (headquartered at Colonia) and Germania Superior (headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Mogontiacum" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogontiacum">Mogontiacum</a>) were created out of Roman Germania and other eastern parts of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Roman Gaul</a>. They hosted a large military force and carried out lucrative trade with Magna Germania, which greatly contributed to the wealth of Roman Gaul.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater2012612_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater2012612-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XII_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XII-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Germania</i> (98 AD) by Tacitus provided vivid descriptions of the peoples of Magna Germania.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1st and early 2nd century AD, the Romans reoccupied areas lying between the Rhine, Main, and Danube rivers. This area became known as the <a href="/wiki/Agri_Decumates" title="Agri Decumates">Agri Decumates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XII_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XII-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional numbers of Germani were settled by the Romans within this area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Roman fortifications on the border with Magna Germania were known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Limes_Germanicus" title="Limes Germanicus">Limes Germanicus</a></i>. The 3rd century AD saw the emergence of several powerful Germanic confederations in Magna Germania, such as the <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a> included raids on Roman Germania by Alemanni and Franks, and the area briefly became part of the <a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic Empire</a> established by the usurper <a href="/wiki/Postumus" title="Postumus">Postumus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 280 AD, the Agri Decumates were evacuated by the Romans and occupied by Alemanni.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XII_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XII-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> (3rd century AD), Germania Superior was renamed <i>Germania Secunda</i>, while Germania Inferior was renamed <i>Maxima Sequanorum</i>. Both provinces were under the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Gaul" title="Diocese of Gaul">Diocese of Gaul</a>. The provinces of Roman Germania continued to be subjected to repeated Alemannic and Frankish attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater2012612_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater2012612-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 4th century AD and early 5th century AD, <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Wars">Gothic Wars</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> forced the Romans to withdraw troops from Roman Germania. In 406, a large number of people fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> <a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Rhine" title="Crossing of the Rhine">crossed</a> the Rhine from Magna Germania into Roman Germania and Gaul, leading to the eventual collapse of Roman rule there, and the emigration of large numbers of Romans, particularly Roman elites. Roman Germania was subsequently occupied by Alemanni and Franks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During subsequent centuries, peoples of Germania played a major role in dismembering what was left of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XII_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XII-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large parts of Germania, including all of Roman Germania, were eventually incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Frankish Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257_12-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germania_(SM_1116).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Germania_%28SM_1116%29.png/220px-Germania_%28SM_1116%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Germania_%28SM_1116%29.png/330px-Germania_%28SM_1116%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Germania_%28SM_1116%29.png/440px-Germania_%28SM_1116%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3692" data-file-height="5455" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Germania_(St._Paul%27s_Church,_Frankfurt_am_Main)" title="Germania (St. Paul's Church, Frankfurt am Main)">Painting</a> of <a href="/wiki/Germania_(personification)" title="Germania (personification)">Germania</a>, the personification of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Germans</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Veit" title="Philipp Veit">Philipp Veit</a>, 1836</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></div> <p>From the 1st to the 4th century AD, Magna Germania corresponds archaeologically to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XI_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XI-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In recent years, progress in archaeology has contributed greatly to the understanding of Germania. Areas of Magna Germania were largely <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agrarian</a>, and display archaeological commonalities with each other, while being strongly differentiated from that of Roman Germania, largely due to the absence of cities and independent <a href="/wiki/Coin" title="Coin">coinage</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XVII–XIX_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XVII–XIX-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological discoveries testify to flourishing trade between Magna Germania and the Roman Empire. <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">Amber</a> was a primary export out of Magna Germania, while Roman luxury goods were imported on a large scale. Such goods have been found as far as Scandinavia and <a href="/wiki/Western_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Russia">Western Russia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurdoch200464–65_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurdoch200464–65-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Germany">Name of Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Germania_(personification)" title="Germania (personification)">Germania (personification)</a></div> <p>The name Germania is attested in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> translations of <a href="/wiki/Bede" title="Bede">Bede</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orosius" title="Orosius">Orosius</a>. Since the 17th century, the most common <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Germany">name of Germany</a> in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> has been derived from the name <i>Germania</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XVI_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XVI-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandza" title="Scandza">Scandza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibernia" title="Hibernia">Hibernia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thule" title="Thule">Thule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_(city)" title="Germania (city)">Germania (city)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations_and_sources">Citations and sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Citations and sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Tacitus_II-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tacitus_II_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tacitus_II_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus1876a">Tacitus 1876a</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Germania_(Church_%26_Brodribb)#II" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Germania (Church & Brodribb)">II</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murdoch_55-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murdoch_55_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murdoch_55_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murdoch_55_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murdoch_55_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurdoch2004">Murdoch 2004</a>, p. 55. "[T]he origins of the name “Germani” are uncertain. Our main source for this, as for so much about Germany at this period, is Tacitus, whose Germania, subtitled On the Origin and Geography of Germany (De origine et situ Germanorum) was completed toward the end of the first century. He suggests that the name is a modern invention. “It comes from the fact,” he tells us in the second chapter of the Germania, “that the tribes which first crossed the Rhine and drove out the Gauls, and are now called Tungrians, were then called Germans. Thus what was the name of a tribe, and not of a race, gradually prevailed, till all called themselves by this self-invented name of Germans, which the conquerors had first employed to inspire terror.” It is as plausible an explanation as any..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJamesKrmnicek2020">James & Krmnicek 2020</a>, pp. XI, XVII. "Augustus, Rome's first emperor, tried to conquer <i>Germania</i> ("land of the people(s) called <i>Germani</i>") but failed.... <i>Germania</i> means "lands where people called <i>Germani</i> live". The etymological origins of the word <i>Germanus</i> remain obscure. It might well, as Tacitus claimed (<i>Germania</i> 2), originally have been the name of one small group, which was picked up by the Greeks and Romans, perhaps following Gaulish usage, and applied to any other foreign neighbours considered similar in language and other aspects of culture."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETodd20049-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd20049_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETodd20049_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTodd2004">Todd 2004</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWolfram20054-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWolfram20054_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram2005">Wolfram 2005</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XVII-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XVII_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJamesKrmnicek2020">James & Krmnicek 2020</a>, p. XVII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XII-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XII_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XII_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XII_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XII_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XII_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XII_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XII_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJamesKrmnicek2020">James & Krmnicek 2020</a>, p. XII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2007">Heather 2007</a>, p. 49. "Germanic-speaking groups dominated most of central and northern Europe beyond Rome's riverine frontiers. The Germani, as the Romans called them, spread all the way from the Rhine in the west (which, before the Roman conquest, had marked an approximate boundary between Europe's Germanic and Celtic speakers) to beyond the River Vistula in the east, and from the Danube in the south to the North and Baltic Seas."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJamesKrmnicek2020">James & Krmnicek 2020</a>, p. XII. "In recent decades, a vast amount of new information has been discovered and published about the peoples and cultures of the region, both inside the empire (in <i>Germania Superior</i>, <i>Germania Inferior</i>, and other nearby provinces) and beyond the imperial frontiers in <i>Germania Magna</i> ('Great Germany' or central European <i>Barbaricum</i>). This vast and (especially to the east and north) ill-defined and fluid region spanned what today comprises multiple modern countries from the Netherlands to Poland, and from Scandinavia to the Danube..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram1999">Wolfram 1999</a>, p. 466. "Germania, an area, roughly speaking, between the oceans in the north and the Danube in the south, the Rhine in the west and the Vistula in the east. This ancient Germania also included Scandinavia, which was considered to be an island in the Baltic Sea."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson1988">Davidson 1988</a>, p. 5. "What the Romans knew as Germania was the area between the Rhine and the Danube, extending possibly as far as the Vistula, and including in north Denmark and the southern parts of Norway and Sweden."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257_12-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257_12-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257_12-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257_12-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScardigli1998245–257_12-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScardigli1998">Scardigli 1998</a>, pp. 245–257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleinebergLelgemannKnoblochMarx2012-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleinebergLelgemannKnoblochMarx2012_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKleinebergLelgemannKnoblochMarx2012">Kleineberg et al. 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather200753-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather200753_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2007">Heather 2007</a>, p. 53.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather2007">Heather 2007</a>, p. 53. "While the territory of ancient Germania was clearly dominated in a political sense by Germanic-speaking groups, it has emerged that the population of this vast territory was far from entirely Germanic... [Germanic] expansion did not annihilate the indigenous, non-Germanic population of the areas concerned, so it is important to perceive Germania as meaning <i>Germanic-dominated Europe</i>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt1991" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Horst_Schmidt" class="extiw" title="de:Karl Horst Schmidt">Schmidt, Karl Horst</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in German]</span> (1991). "The Celts and the Ethnogenesis of the Germanic People". <i><a href="/wiki/Historische_Sprachforschung" title="Historische Sprachforschung">Historische Sprachforschung</a></i>. <b>104</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Vandenhoeck_%26_Ruprecht" title="Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht">Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht</a>: 129–152. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40849016">40849016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historische+Sprachforschung&rft.atitle=The+Celts+and+the+Ethnogenesis+of+the+Germanic+People&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=129-152&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40849016%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Karl+Horst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram1999">Wolfram 1999</a>, p. 467. "The Romans borrowed the Germanic name from the conquered Gauls... Caesar did not discover the Germans..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWolfram2005">Wolfram 2005</a>, p. 6. "Caesar advanced into Germania..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caesar_5_55-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caesar_5_55_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaesar1869">Caesar 1869</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Gallic_War/Book_5#55" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Commentaries on the Gallic War/Book 5">5. 55</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caesar_6_32-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caesar_6_32_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaesar1869">Caesar 1869</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Gallic_War/Book_6#32" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Commentaries on the Gallic War/Book 6">6. 32</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caesar_6_24-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caesar_6_24_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaesar1869">Caesar 1869</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Gallic_War/Book_6#24" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Commentaries on the Gallic War/Book 6">6. 24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caesar_2_3-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caesar_2_3_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaesar1869">Caesar 1869</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Gallic_War/Book_2#3" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Commentaries on the Gallic War/Book 2">2. 3–4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tacitus_1_59-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tacitus_1_59_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus1876b">Tacitus 1876b</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)/Book_1#59" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Annals (Tacitus)/Book 1">1. 59</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurdoch200457-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurdoch200457_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurdoch2004">Murdoch 2004</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XIII-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XIII_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJamesKrmnicek2020">James & Krmnicek 2020</a>, p. XIII.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tacitus_4_14-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tacitus_4_14_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus1876c">Tacitus 1876c</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Histories_(Tacitus)/Book_4#14" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Histories (Tacitus)/Book 4">4. 14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tacitus_4_17-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tacitus_4_17_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus1876c">Tacitus 1876c</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Histories_(Tacitus)/Book_4#17" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Histories (Tacitus)/Book 4">4. 17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tacitus_4_28-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tacitus_4_28_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tacitus_4_28_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus1876c">Tacitus 1876c</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Histories_(Tacitus)/Book_4#28" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Histories (Tacitus)/Book 4">4. 28</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClay2008136–138-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClay2008136–138_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClay2008136–138_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClay2008">Clay 2008</a>, pp. 136–138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tacitus_4_63-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tacitus_4_63_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tacitus_4_63_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTacitus1876c">Tacitus 1876c</a>, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Histories_(Tacitus)/Book_4#63" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Histories (Tacitus)/Book 4">4. 63–65</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater2012612-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater2012612_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDrinkwater2012612_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDrinkwater2012">Drinkwater 2012</a>, p. 612.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XI-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XI_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJamesKrmnicek2020">James & Krmnicek 2020</a>, p. XI.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XVII–XIX-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XVII–XIX_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJamesKrmnicek2020">James & Krmnicek 2020</a>, pp. XVII–XIX.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMurdoch200464–65-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMurdoch200464–65_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMurdoch2004">Murdoch 2004</a>, pp. 64–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XVI-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJamesKrmnicek2020XVI_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJamesKrmnicek2020">James & Krmnicek 2020</a>, p. XVI.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_sources">Ancient sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ancient sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaesar1869" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Caesar</a> (1869). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Gallic_War"><i>Commentaries on the Gallic War</i></a>. Translated by McDevitte, William Alexander; Bohn, W. S.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentaries+on+the+Gallic+War&rft.date=1869&rft.au=Caesar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FCommentaries_on_the_Gallic_War&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPtolemy1932" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> (1932). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Periods/Roman/_Texts/Ptolemy/home.html"><i>Geography</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Public_Library" title="New York Public Library">New York Public Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geography&rft.pub=New+York+Public+Library&rft.date=1932&rft.au=Ptolemy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FGazetteer%2FPeriods%2FRoman%2F_Texts%2FPtolemy%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTacitus1876a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> (1876a). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Germania_(Church_%26_Brodribb)"><i>Germania</i></a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_John_Church" title="Alfred John Church">Church, Alfred John</a>; Brodribb, William Jackson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germania&rft.date=1876&rft.au=Tacitus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FGermania_%28Church_%2526_Brodribb%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTacitus1876b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> (1876b). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Annals_(Tacitus)"><i>The Annals</i></a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_John_Church" title="Alfred John Church">Church, Alfred John</a>; Brodribb, William Jackson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annals&rft.date=1876&rft.au=Tacitus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Annals_%28Tacitus%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTacitus1876c" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> (1876c). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Histories_(Tacitus)"><i>The Histories</i></a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_John_Church" title="Alfred John Church">Church, Alfred John</a>; Brodribb, William Jackson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Histories&rft.date=1876&rft.au=Tacitus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Histories_%28Tacitus%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_sources">Modern sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Modern sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClay2008" class="citation journal cs1">Clay, Cheryl Louise (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.16995%2FTRAC2007_131_150">"Developing the 'Germani' in Roman Studies"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_Roman_Archaeology_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal">Theoretical Roman Archaeology Journal</a></i>. <b>1</b> (2007). <a href="/wiki/Open_Library_of_Humanities" title="Open Library of Humanities">Open Library of Humanities</a>: 131–150. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.16995%2FTRAC2007_131_150">10.16995/TRAC2007_131_150</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theoretical+Roman+Archaeology+Journal&rft.atitle=Developing+the+%27Germani%27+in+Roman+Studies&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2007&rft.pages=131-150&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.16995%2FTRAC2007_131_150&rft.aulast=Clay&rft.aufirst=Cheryl+Louise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.16995%252FTRAC2007_131_150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Ellis_Davidson" title="Hilda Ellis Davidson">Davidson, Hilda Ellis</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XpI2MuTZTIEC"><i>Myths and Symbols in Pagan Europe</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-2441-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-2441-7"><bdi>0-8156-2441-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+and+Symbols+in+Pagan+Europe&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-8156-2441-7&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Hilda+Ellis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXpI2MuTZTIEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrinkwater2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Frederick_Drinkwater" class="mw-redirect" title="John Frederick Drinkwater">Drinkwater, John Frederick</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199545568.001.0001/acref-9780199545568-e-2828?">"Germania"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Simon_Hornblower" title="Simon Hornblower">Hornblower, Simon</a>; Spawforth, Antony; <a href="/wiki/Esther_Eidinow" title="Esther Eidinow">Eidinow, Esther</a> (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Classical_Dictionary" class="mw-redirect" title="The Oxford Classical Dictionary">The Oxford Classical Dictionary</a></i> (4 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 612. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191735257" title="Special:BookSources/9780191735257"><bdi>9780191735257</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germania&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.pages=612&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780191735257&rft.aulast=Drinkwater&rft.aufirst=John+Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199545568.001.0001%2Facref-9780199545568-e-2828%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeather2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Heather" title="Peter Heather">Heather, Peter</a> (2007). "Germania and the Limits of the Empire". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iy9pAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Fall of the Roman Empire: A New History of Rome and the Barbarians</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 49–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199978618" title="Special:BookSources/9780199978618"><bdi>9780199978618</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germania+and+the+Limits+of+the+Empire&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire%3A+A+New+History+of+Rome+and+the+Barbarians&rft.pages=49-100&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780199978618&rft.aulast=Heather&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Diy9pAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinebergLelgemannKnoblochMarx2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kleineberg, Andreas; Lelgemann, Dieter; Knobloch, Eberhard; Marx, Christian, eds. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C3yO2zzdfOUC"><i>Germania und die Insel Thule: Die Entschlüsselung von Ptolemaios' "Atlas der Oikumene"</i></a> (in German) (2 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Wissenschaftliche_Buchgesellschaft" title="Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft">Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3534721795" title="Special:BookSources/978-3534721795"><bdi>978-3534721795</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germania+und+die+Insel+Thule%3A+Die+Entschl%C3%BCsselung+von+Ptolemaios%27+%22Atlas+der+Oikumene%22&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Wissenschaftliche+Buchgesellschaft&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3534721795&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC3yO2zzdfOUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurdoch2004" class="citation book cs1">Murdoch, Adrian (2004). "Germania Romana". In <a href="/wiki/Brian_O._Murdoch" title="Brian O. Murdoch">Murdoch, Brian</a>; Read, Malcolm (eds.). <i><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_Literature_and_Culture" title="Early Germanic Literature and Culture">Early Germanic Literature and Culture</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer" title="Boydell & Brewer">Boydell & Brewer</a>. pp. 55–73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/157113199X" title="Special:BookSources/157113199X"><bdi>157113199X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germania+Romana&rft.btitle=Early+Germanic+Literature+and+Culture&rft.pages=55-73&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=157113199X&rft.aulast=Murdoch&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScardigli1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Scardigli, Barbara (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QlBOJPI5YosC&pg=PA245">"I. Geschichte. B. Germania (Provinzname) - Germania Magna"</a> [I. History. B. Germania (Provincial Name) - Germania Magna]. In <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Beck_(philologist)" title="Heinrich Beck (philologist)">Beck, Heinrich</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Geuenich" title="Dieter Geuenich">Geuenich, Dieter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Heiko_Steuer" title="Heiko Steuer">Steuer, Heiko</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C3yO2zzdfOUC"><i>Germanen, Germania, Germanische Altertumskunde</i></a> [<i>Germani, Germania, Germanic Antiquity</i>]. <a href="/wiki/Reallexikon_der_Germanischen_Altertumskunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde">Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde</a> (in German). Vol. 11. <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>. pp. 245–257. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3110158329" title="Special:BookSources/3110158329"><bdi>3110158329</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I.+Geschichte.+B.+Germania+%28Provinzname%29+-+Germania+Magna&rft.btitle=Germanen%2C+Germania%2C+Germanische+Altertumskunde&rft.series=Reallexikon+der+Germanischen+Altertumskunde&rft.pages=245-257&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=3110158329&rft.aulast=Scardigli&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQlBOJPI5YosC%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesKrmnicek2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Simon_James_(archaeologist)" title="Simon James (archaeologist)">James, Simon</a>; Krmnicek, Stefan, eds. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xcjXDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of Roman Germany</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199665730" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199665730"><bdi>978-0199665730</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Archaeology+of+Roman+Germany&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0199665730&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxcjXDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTodd2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Todd" title="Malcolm Todd">Todd, Malcolm</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxXltwAACAAJ"><i>The Early Germans</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-1714-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-1714-1"><bdi>1-4051-1714-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Germans&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-4051-1714-1&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZxXltwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfram1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herwig_Wolfram" title="Herwig Wolfram">Wolfram, Herwig</a> (1999). "Germanic Tribes". In <a href="/wiki/Glen_Bowersock" title="Glen Bowersock">Bowersock, G. W.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Brown_(historian)" title="Peter Brown (historian)">Brown, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Grabar" title="Oleg Grabar">Grabar, Oleg</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c788wWR_bLwC"><i>Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Belknap_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Belknap Press">Belknap Press</a>. pp. 466–468. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-51173-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-51173-5"><bdi>0-674-51173-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germanic+Tribes&rft.btitle=Late+Antiquity%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Postclassical+World&rft.pages=466-468&rft.pub=Belknap+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-674-51173-5&rft.aulast=Wolfram&rft.aufirst=Herwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc788wWR_bLwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfram2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Herwig_Wolfram" title="Herwig Wolfram">Wolfram, Herwig</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_7EwDwAAQBAJ"><i>The Roman Empire and Its Germanic Peoples</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520244900" title="Special:BookSources/9780520244900"><bdi>9780520244900</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+and+Its+Germanic+Peoples&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780520244900&rft.aulast=Wolfram&rft.aufirst=Herwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_7EwDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Beck_(philologist)" title="Heinrich Beck (philologist)">Beck, Heinrich</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dieter_Geuenich" title="Dieter Geuenich">Geuenich, Dieter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Heiko_Steuer" title="Heiko Steuer">Steuer, Heiko</a>, eds. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C3yO2zzdfOUC"><i>Germanen, Germania, Germanische Altertumskunde</i></a> [<i>Germani, Germania, Germanic Antiquity</i>]. <a href="/wiki/Reallexikon_der_Germanischen_Altertumskunde" class="mw-redirect" title="Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde">Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde</a> (in German). Vol. 11. <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3110158329" title="Special:BookSources/3110158329"><bdi>3110158329</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germanen%2C+Germania%2C+Germanische+Altertumskunde&rft.series=Reallexikon+der+Germanischen+Altertumskunde&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=3110158329&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC3yO2zzdfOUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Howatson, M. C., ed. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199548545.001.0001/acref-9780199548545-e-1367?">"Germany"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Classical_Literature" title="The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature">The Oxford Companion to Classical Literature</a></i> (3 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191739422" title="Special:BookSources/9780191739422"><bdi>9780191739422</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germany&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Classical+Literature&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780191739422&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780199548545.001.0001%2Facref-9780199548545-e-1367%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_Todd" title="Malcolm Todd">Todd, Malcolm</a> (2004). "Germania". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZxXltwAACAAJ"><i>The Early Germans</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a>. pp. 15–135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-1714-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-1714-1"><bdi>1-4051-1714-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Germania&rft.btitle=The+Early+Germans&rft.pages=15-135&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-4051-1714-1&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZxXltwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGermania" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germania&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unrv.com/provinces/germania.php">Germania</a> at UNRV.com</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Germanic_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_peoples" title="Template talk:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern European</a> origin primarily identified as speakers of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">Early culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_early_Germanic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Family in early Germanic culture">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Folklore </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_folklore" title="Proto-Germanic folklore">Proto-Germanic folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon mythology">Anglo-Saxon mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_funerary_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic funerary practices">Funerary practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial_mounds" title="Anglo-Saxon burial mounds">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_law" title="Germanic law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_law" title="Medieval Scandinavian law">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Numbers in Germanic paganism">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic paganism">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture#Scripts" title="Early Germanic culture">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic symbols">Symbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_warfare" title="Early Germanic warfare">Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_and_Vandal_warfare" title="Gothic and Vandal warfare">Gothic and Vandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Viking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisigavi" title="Brisigavi">Brisgavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucinobantes" title="Bucinobantes">Bucinobantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentienses" title="Lentienses">Lentienses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetovari" title="Raetovari">Raetovari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrabaecampi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrabaecampi">Adrabaecampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrones" title="Ambrones">Ambrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampsivarii" title="Ampsivarii">Ampsivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalausi" title="Armalausi">Armalausi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auiones" title="Auiones">Auiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarpi" title="Avarpi">Avarpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baemi" title="Baemi">Baemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banochaemae" title="Banochaemae">Banochaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerosi" title="Caerosi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_(tribe)" title="Segni (tribe)">Segni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateinoi" title="Bateinoi">Bateinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetasii" title="Baetasii">Betasii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brondings" title="Brondings">Brondings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritni" title="Caritni">Caritni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuari" title="Casuari">Casuari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaedini" title="Chaedini">Chaedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaemae" title="Chaemae">Chaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali" title="Chali">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charudes" title="Charudes">Charudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuarii" title="Chasuarii">Chasuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattuarii" title="Chattuarii">Chattuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobandi" title="Cobandi">Cobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corconti" title="Corconti">Corconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cugerni" title="Cugerni">Cugerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauciones" title="Dauciones">Dauciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulgubnii" title="Dulgubnii">Dulgubnii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favonae" title="Favonae">Favonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firaesi" title="Firaesi">Firaesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosi" title="Fosi">Fosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisiavones" title="Frisiavones">Frisiavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrivii" title="Gambrivii">Gambrivii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutones" title="Gutones">Gutones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Thracian Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilleviones" title="Hilleviones">Hilleviones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacringi" title="Lacringi">Lacringi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hea%C3%B0obards" title="Heaðobards">Heaðobards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diduni" title="Diduni">Diduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helisii" class="mw-redirect" title="Helisii">Helisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helveconae" title="Helveconae">Helveconae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimi" title="Manimi">Manimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahanarvali" title="Nahanarvali">Nahanarvali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsacii" title="Marsacii">Marsacii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Marsi (Germanic tribe)">Marsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattiaci" title="Mattiaci">Mattiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njars" title="Njars">Njars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuithones" title="Nuithones">Nuithones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osi_(tribe)" title="Osi (tribe)">Osi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reudigni" title="Reudigni">Reudigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugini" title="Rugini">Rugini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suarines" title="Suarines">Suarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunici" title="Sunici">Sunici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifals" title="Taifals">Taifals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelir" title="Thelir">Thelir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texandri" title="Texandri">Toxandri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboci" title="Triboci">Triboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubantes" title="Tubantes">Tubantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulingi" title="Tulingi">Tulingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagoth" title="Vagoth">Vagoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangiones" title="Vangiones">Vangiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varisci" title="Varisci">Varisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victohali" title="Victohali">Victohali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidivarii" title="Vidivarii">Vidivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoviloth" title="Vinoviloth">Vinoviloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warini" title="Warini">Warini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Christianization of the Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization of Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Christianization of Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Germanic_peoples" title="Category:Germanic peoples">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Roman_sites_in_Germany" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Roman_sites_in_Germany" title="Template:Ancient Roman sites in Germany"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Roman_sites_in_Germany" title="Template talk:Ancient Roman sites in Germany"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Roman_sites_in_Germany" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Roman sites in Germany"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Roman_sites_in_Germany" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Ancient Roman sites in Germany</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Germania_Antiqua" title="Germania Antiqua">Germania Antiqua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania Superior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania Inferior</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augsburg#History" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_in_the_Roman_period" title="Heidelberg in the Roman period">Heidelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augusta_Treverorum" title="Augusta Treverorum">Trier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz#History" title="Mainz">Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonia_Claudia_Ara_Agrippinensium" title="Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium">Cologne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xanten#History" title="Xanten">Xanten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treva" title="Treva">Hamburg</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Limes2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Limes2.png/120px-Limes2.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Limes2.png/180px-Limes2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Limes2.png/240px-Limes2.png 2x" data-file-width="5906" data-file-height="5906" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Barricades</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limes_Germanicus" title="Limes Germanicus">Limes Germanicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Limes" title="Main Limes">Main Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Germanic-Rhaetian_Limes" title="Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes">Upper Germanic-Rhaetian Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Germanic_Limes" title="Lower Germanic Limes">Lower Germanic Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neckar-Odenwald_Limes" title="Neckar-Odenwald Limes">Neckar-Odenwald Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetterau_Limes" title="Wetterau Limes">Wetterau Limes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lautertal_Limes" title="Lautertal Limes">Lautertal Limes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Camps & Vicus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliso_(Roman_camp)" title="Aliso (Roman camp)">Aliso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castra_Alteium" title="Castra Alteium">Castra Alteium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flevum" title="Flevum">Flevum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastell_W%C3%B6rth" title="Kastell Wörth">Kastell Wörth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesselbach_Castle" title="Hesselbach Castle">Hesselbach Castle</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_camp,_Marktbreit" title="Roman camp, Marktbreit">Roman camp, Marktbreit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nida_(Roman_town)" title="Nida (Roman town)">Nida (Roman town)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novaesium" title="Novaesium">Novaesium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldgirmes_Forum" title="Waldgirmes Forum">Waldgirmes Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trennfurt_Roman_Fort" title="Trennfurt Roman Fort">Trennfurt Roman Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hachelbich_(Roman_camp)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hachelbich (Roman camp) (page does not exist)">Hachelbich</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6merlager_Bentumersiel" class="extiw" title="de:Römerlager Bentumersiel">Roman camp Bentumersiel</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marschlager_Ermelo" class="extiw" title="de:Marschlager Ermelo">Marching camp Ermelo</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6merlager_Holsterhausen" class="extiw" title="de:Römerlager Holsterhausen">Marching camp Holsterhausen</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6merlager_Haltern" class="extiw" title="de:Römerlager Haltern">Cohort camp Haltern</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6merlager_Olfen" class="extiw" title="de:Römerlager Olfen">Roman camp Olfen</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6merlager_Beckinghausen" class="extiw" title="de:Römerlager Beckinghausen">Shore fort Beckinghausen</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6merlager_Bielefeld-Sennestadt" class="extiw" title="de:Römerlager Bielefeld-Sennestadt">Roman fort Bielefeld-Sennestadt</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6merlager_Oberaden" class="extiw" title="de:Römerlager Oberaden">Roman camp Oberaden</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6merlager_Kneblinghausen" class="extiw" title="de:Römerlager Kneblinghausen">Roman camp Kneblinghausen</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6merlager_Anreppen" class="extiw" title="de:Römerlager Anreppen">Roman camp Anreppen</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6merlager_Porta_Westfalica" class="extiw" title="de:Römerlager Porta Westfalica">Roman camp Porta Westfalica</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6merlager_Hedem%C3%BCnden" class="extiw" title="de:Römerlager Hedemünden">Roman camp Hedemünden</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6merlager_Limburg" class="extiw" title="de:Römerlager Limburg">Roman camp Limburg</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6merlager_Oberbrechen" class="extiw" title="de:Römerlager Oberbrechen">Roman camp Oberbrechen</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6merlager_Lahnau-Dorlar" class="extiw" title="de:Römerlager Lahnau-Dorlar">Roman camp Dorlar</a></li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6misches_Marschlager_von_Wilkenburg" class="extiw" title="de:Römisches Marschlager von Wilkenburg">Marching camp Wilkenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Classical_antiquity_by_region" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Classical_antiquity" title="Template:Classical antiquity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Classical_antiquity" title="Template talk:Classical antiquity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Classical_antiquity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Classical antiquity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Classical_antiquity_by_region" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a> by region</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gallia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thracia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Hispania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asia" title="History of Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythia" title="Scythia">Scythia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia" title="Classical Anatolia">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_ancient_Levant" title="History of the ancient Levant">Levant (Greater Syria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_classical_antiquity" title="North Africa during classical antiquity">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Libya" title="Ancient Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Aegyptus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Igbo-Ukwu" title="Archaeology of Igbo-Ukwu">Igbo-Ukwu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Territories_with_limited_Roman_Empire_occupation_and_contact" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Territories_with_limited_Roman_Empire_occupation_and_contact" title="Template:Territories with limited Roman Empire occupation and contact"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Territories_with_limited_Roman_Empire_occupation_and_contact" title="Template talk:Territories with limited Roman Empire occupation and contact"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Territories_with_limited_Roman_Empire_occupation_and_contact" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Territories with limited Roman Empire occupation and contact"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Territories_with_limited_Roman_Empire_occupation_and_contact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Territories with limited <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> occupation and contact</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Occupied<br />partially or temporarily</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romans_in_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans in Arabia">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_influence_in_Caucasian_Albania" title="Roman influence in Caucasian Albania">Caucasian Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Roman Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Byzantine Armenia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyria_(Roman_province)" title="Assyria (Roman province)">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Crimea">Roman Crimea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherson_(theme)" title="Cherson (theme)">Cherson</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romans_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romans_in_Persia" title="Romans in Persia">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romans_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Nubian_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman–Nubian relations">Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_SPQR_banner.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/100px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/150px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Roman_SPQR_banner.svg/200px-Roman_SPQR_banner.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="229" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contacts &<br />explorations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands_in_pre-colonial_times#Historical_background" title="Canary Islands in pre-colonial times">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Roman_relations" title="Sino-Roman relations">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo%E2%80%93Roman_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo–Roman relations">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Roman_relations" title="Hiberno-Roman relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic-Roman_contacts" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic-Roman contacts">Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romans_in_Sub-Saharan_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans in Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero%27s_exploration_of_the_Nile_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Nero's exploration of the Nile river">Equatorial Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Borders of the Roman Empire">Borders of the Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_Roman_and_Byzantine_Empire_in_modern_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Roman_history_by_territory" title="Template:Roman history by territory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_history_by_territory" title="Template talk:Roman history by territory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_history_by_territory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman history by territory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_Roman_and_Byzantine_Empire_in_modern_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in modern territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Albania#Greeks_and_Romans" title="History of Albania">Albania (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Albania_under_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="Albania under the Byzantine Empire">Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra#Iberian_and_Roman_Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Armenia" title="Roman Armenia">Armenia (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Armenia" title="Byzantine Armenia">Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_influence_in_Caucasian_Albania" title="Roman influence in Caucasian Albania">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria#Roman_era" title="History of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Balkans#Roman_period" title="History of the Balkans">Balkans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallia_Belgica" title="Gallia Belgica">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina#Roman_period" title="Early history of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Bulgaria">Bulgaria (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_(theme)" title="Bulgaria (theme)">High Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britain (England)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Crimea">Crimea (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Cherson_(theme)" title="Cherson (theme)">Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Croatia#Roman_provinces_of_Pannonia_and_Dalmatia" title="History of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Cyprus_in_the_Middle_Ages#Byzantine_period" title="Cyprus in the Middle Ages">Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Egypt (Roman province)">Egypt (Classical ~ Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Corsica_and_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica and Sardinia">Corsica (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Corsica#Eastern_Imperial_suzerainty" title="Medieval Corsica">Early Medieval)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Greece">Greece (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greece" title="Byzantine Greece">Medieval)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crete_and_Cyrenaica" title="Crete and Cyrenaica">Crete (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Medieval)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guernsey#Prehistory" title="History of Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary_before_the_Hungarian_Conquest#Roman_era" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hungary before the Hungarian Conquest">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq#History" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">(Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(theme)" title="Mesopotamia (theme)">Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iudaea_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Iudaea Province">Israel (Classical ~ Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Medieval)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Sicily">Sicily (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Sicily_(theme)" title="Sicily (theme)">Medieval)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsica_and_Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Corsica and Sardinia">Sardinia (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sardinia" title="Byzantine Sardinia">Early Medieval)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jersey#Early_history" title="History of Jersey">Jersey</a> <a href="/wiki/Gallia_Lugdunensis" title="Gallia Lugdunensis">(Classical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan#Classical_period" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">(Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Ghassanids" title="Ghassanids">Late Antique/Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo#Roman_period" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_heritage_in_Kosovo" title="Roman heritage in Kosovo">(Classical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia_under_Roman_rule" title="Phoenicia under Roman rule">Lebanon (Classical ~ Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Libya" title="Roman Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein#Antiquity" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Luxembourg#Early_history" title="History of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malta#Roman_rule" title="History of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="History of Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesian_Limes#Expansion_beyond" title="Moesian Limes">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Monaco#Roman_rule" title="History of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Roman,_and_sub-Roman_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romans_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Romans in the Netherlands">The Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_classical_antiquity#Roman_era" title="North Africa during classical antiquity">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Palestine" title="Roman Palestine">Palestine (Classical ~ Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Portugal#Romanization" title="History of Portugal">Portugal</a> <a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">(Classical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino#The_Foundation_Myth" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Romans_in_Arabia" title="History of the Romans in Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <a href="/wiki/Limes_Arabicus" title="Limes Arabicus">(Classical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotland_during_the_Roman_Empire" title="Scotland during the Roman Empire">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovakia#Iron_Age_and_the_Roman_era" title="History of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia#Ancient_Romans" title="History of Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania" title="Hispania">Spain (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Spain">Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria (Classical ~ Late Antique)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City#Early_history" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a> <a href="/wiki/Ager_Vaticanus" title="Ager Vaticanus">(Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rome" title="Duchy of Rome">Early Medieval)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesian_Limes#Expansion_beyond" title="Moesian Limes">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman-era_Tunisia" title="History of Roman-era Tunisia">Tunisia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Carthage" title="Roman Carthage">Roman Carthage</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Anatolia">Turkey (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Medieval)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Thrace">Thrace (Classical</a> - <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine Thrace">Medieval)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Wales">Wales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/21px-SPQRomani.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/32px-SPQRomani.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/SPQRomani.svg/42px-SPQRomani.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="931" data-file-height="548" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Rome" title="Portal:Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/19px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/29px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/38px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Germania</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Germania" class="extiw" title="wikt:Germania">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Germania_magna" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Germania magna">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62646#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germania&oldid=1240647160">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Germania&oldid=1240647160</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germania" title="Category:Germania">Germania</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Germany_in_the_Roman_era" title="Category:Germany in the Roman era">Germany in the Roman era</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_regions" title="Category:Historical regions">Historical regions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_regions_in_Germany" title="Category:Historical regions in Germany">Historical regions in Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Netherlands_in_the_Roman_era" title="Category:Netherlands in the Roman era">Netherlands in the Roman era</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prehistoric_Poland" title="Category:Prehistoric Poland">Prehistoric Poland</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_interwiki-linked_names" title="Category:CS1 interwiki-linked names">CS1 interwiki-linked names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Latin_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Latin IPA">Pages with Latin IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a 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