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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonotactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonotactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Phonotactics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonotactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_of_clicks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_of_clicks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Status of clicks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_of_clicks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_dahalo" title="Idioma dahalo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma dahalo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahaloeg" title="Dahaloeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dahaloeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahalo_(Sprache)" title="Dahalo (Sprache) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dahalo (Sprache)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_dahalo" title="Idioma dahalo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma dahalo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahalo" title="Dahalo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dahalo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahalo_(langue)" title="Dahalo (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dahalo (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshe_Dahalo" title="Harshe Dahalo – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Harshe Dahalo" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahalo_jezik" title="Dahalo jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dahalo jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahalo_language" title="Dahalo language – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Dahalo language" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidahalo" title="Kidahalo – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kidahalo" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Дахалски јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дахалски јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%80%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="ダハロ語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ダハロ語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dahalo" title="Dahalo – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dahalo" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Дахало – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дахало" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Дагало – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дагало" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q35143#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Dahalo</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #faecc8;"><span title="Dahalo-language text"><i lang="dal">numma guhooni</i></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Coast_Province,_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Coast Province, Kenya">Coast Province</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Dahalo people</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">580 (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afro-Asiatic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Lowland_East_Cushitic_languages" title="Lowland East Cushitic languages">Lowland East</a>?<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Dahalo</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #faecc8;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/dal" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:dal">dal</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/daha1245">daha1245</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Endangered_Languages_Project" title="Endangered Languages Project">ELP</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/lang/4064">Dahalo</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_60-DE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Definitely Endangered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/320px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/480px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lang_Status_60-DE.svg/640px-Lang_Status_60-DE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Dahalo is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a> (2010)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Dahalo</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered</a> <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a> language spoken by around 500–600 Dahalo people on the coast of Kenya, near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Tana_River_(Kenya)" title="Tana River (Kenya)">Tana River</a>. Dahalo is unusual among the world's languages in using all four <a href="/wiki/Airstream_mechanism" title="Airstream mechanism">airstream mechanisms</a> found in human language: <a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">clicks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">implosives</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejectives</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_consonant" title="Pulmonic consonant">pulmonic consonants</a>. </p><p>While the language is known primarily as "<i>Dahalo</i>" to linguists, the term itself is an exonym supposedly used by <a href="/wiki/Aweer_language" title="Aweer language">Aweer</a> speakers that itself essentially means “stupid” or “worthless.”<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The speakers themselves refer to the language as <b><span title="Dahalo-language text"><i lang="dal">numma guhooni</i></span></b>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dahalo_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Dahalo, former elephant hunters, are dispersed among <a href="/wiki/Swahili_people" title="Swahili people">Swahili</a> and other Bantu peoples, with no villages of their own, and are bilingual in those languages. Children no longer learn the language, which would make it <a href="/wiki/Moribund_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moribund language">moribund</a>, and it may be extinct.<sup id="cite_ref-e25_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e25-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dahalo has a highly diverse sound system using all four <a href="/wiki/Airstream_mechanism" title="Airstream mechanism">airstream mechanisms</a> found in human language: <a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">clicks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejectives</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">implosives</a>, as well as the universal <a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_egressive" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonic egressive">pulmonic</a> sounds. Nguni languages such as Xhosa and Zulu also use all four airstream mechanisms, although the ejective consonants in these languages are weak, and vary between speakers. </p><p>In addition, Dahalo makes a number of uncommon distinctions. It contrasts <a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a> stops, as in languages of Australia and California; <a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiglottal consonant">epiglottal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">glottal</a> stops and fricatives, as in the Mideast, the Caucasus, and the American Pacific Northwest; and is perhaps the only language in the world to contrast <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">alveolar lateral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal lateral fricative">palatal lateral</a> fricatives and affricates. </p><p>It is suspected that the Dahalo may have once spoken a <a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a>- or <a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a>-like language, and that they retained clicks in some words when they <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">shifted</a> to Cushitic, because many of the words with clicks are basic vocabulary. If so, the clicks represent a <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)#Substratum" title="Stratum (linguistics)">substratum</a>. </p><p>Dahalo is also called <i>Sanye</i>, a name shared with neighboring <a href="/wiki/Waata" title="Waata">Waata</a>, also spoken by former hunter-gatherers. The Waata may once have spoken a language more like Dahalo before shifting to <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a>. </p><p>The classification of Dahalo is obscure. Traditionally included in <a href="/wiki/South_Cushitic" class="mw-redirect" title="South Cushitic">South Cushitic</a>, Tosco (1991) argues instead that it is <a href="/wiki/East_Cushitic" class="mw-redirect" title="East Cushitic">East Cushitic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Tosco_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tosco-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Kießling (2001) agrees that it has too many Eastern features to be South Cushitic.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dahalo_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dahalo_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dahalo has, by all accounts, a large consonant inventory. 62 consonants are reported by Maddieson et al. (1993),<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas Tosco (1991) recognizes 50.<sup id="cite_ref-Tosco_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tosco-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inventory according to the former is presented below: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post-<br />alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiglottal consonant">Epiglottal</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Labialisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Labialisation">labial</a></small> </th> <th><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Labialisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Labialisation">labial</a></small> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><b><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span></b> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span></b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2">Nasalized<br /><a href="/wiki/Click_consonant" title="Click consonant">click</a> <sup>(1)</sup> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Nasal_click" title="Nasal click">plain</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><b><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental nasal click">ᵑʇ</a></span></b> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵑʇʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Glottalized_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Glottalized nasal click">glottalized</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottalized_dental_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Glottalized dental nasal click">ᵑʇˀ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵑʇˀʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th rowspan="4"><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><b><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span></b> </td> <td><b><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t̪</a></span></b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t͇</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><b><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span></b> </td> <td><b><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷ</a></span></b> </td> <td><b><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_plosive" title="Epiglottal plosive">ʡ</a></span></b> </td> <td><b><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><b><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span></b> </td> <td><b><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d̪</a></span></b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d͇</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><b><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span></b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɡʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a></small> </th> <td><b><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a></span></b> </td> <td><b><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental ejective stop">t̪ʼ</a></span></b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">t͇ʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><b><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span></b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">kʷʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">implosive</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">ɗ</a></span></b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">prenasalized</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵐp</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿt̪</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿt͇</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵑk</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵑkʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵐb</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿd̪</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿd͇</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿd͇ʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵑɡ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᵑɡʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th rowspan="3"><small>plain</small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">dzʷ</a></span> </td> <td><b><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span></b> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">tsʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">tʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small> <a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar lateral ejective affricate">tɬʼ</a></span></b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Palatal lateral ejective affricate">c𝼆ʼ</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><small><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">prenasalized</a></small> </th> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voiceless" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless">voiceless</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿts</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᶮtʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ⁿdz</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Prenasalized_consonant" title="Prenasalized consonant">ᶮdʒ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small> <a href="/wiki/Central_consonant" title="Central consonant">central</a></small> </th> <td><b><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span></b> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span></b>   <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><b><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiceless epiglottal trill">ʜ</a></span></b> </td> <td><b><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span></b> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a></small> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><b><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ͇</a></span></b> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">ɬʷ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal lateral fricative">𝼆</a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span></b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><b><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">w̜</a></span></b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"><b><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span></b> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd><sup>1</sup> The dental clicks are most commonly written ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ǀ</span>⟩, but that can be misread as ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">l</span>⟩. Thus, for legibility, the alternative letter ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ʇ</span>⟩ is used here; this is found in a few sources such as Elderkin. They may freely vary as <a href="/wiki/Lateral_clicks" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral clicks">lateral clicks</a>.</dd></dl> <p>Tosco's account differs in not including the labialized clicks, the palatal laterals, and the voiceless prenasalized consonants (on which see below), analyzing <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t͇ʼ/</span> as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tsʼ/</span>, and adding <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dɮ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʄ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<b>v</b>/</span> (which Maddieson et al. believe to be an allophone of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w/</span>). </p><p>This typologically extraordinary inventory appears to result from extended contact influence from substratal and superstratal languages, due to long-running bilinguality. Only 27 consonants (shown in <b>bold</b>) are found in the final position of verbal stems, which Tosco suggests represents the inherited Cushitic component of the consonant inventory. </p><p>Several phonemes can be shown to be recent intrusions into the language through loanwords:<sup id="cite_ref-Tosco_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tosco-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/z/</span> is only found in recent loans from Bantu and can be nativized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d̪/</span>.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tʃʼ/</span> is only found in loanwords from Swahili.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʃ/</span> is only found in loanwords from Swahili and Somali.</li></ul> <p>Additionally, several consonants are marginal in their occurrence. Five are only attested in a single root: </p> <ul><li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ⁿd͇ʷ/</span></li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᶮdʒ/</span>, in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/kípuᶮdʒu/</span> 'place where maize is seasoned'</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵑɡʷ/</span>, in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/háᵑɡʷaraᵑɡʷára/</span> 'centipede'</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɬʷ/</span>, in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɬʷaʜ-/</span> 'to pinch'.</li> <li><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j/</span>, in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/jáːjo/</span> 'mother'.</li></ul> <p>Less than five examples each are known of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵑʇˀʷ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tʃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tsʼ,<span class="wrap"> </span>tʃʼ,<span class="wrap"> </span>kʷʼ,<span class="wrap"> </span>dɮ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʄ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ⁿd͇,<span class="wrap"> </span>ⁿdz/</span>. </p><p>The prenasalized voiceless stops have been analyzed as syllabic nasals plus stops by some researchers. However, one would expect this additional syllable to give Dahalo words additional <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tonic</a> possibilities, as Dahalo pitch accent is syllable-dependent (see below), and Maddieson et al. report that this does not seem to be the case. Tosco (1991)<sup id="cite_ref-Tosco_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tosco-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> analyzes these as <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a>, on the grounds that Dahalo allows long vowels in <a href="/wiki/Open_syllable" class="mw-redirect" title="Open syllable">open syllables</a> only, and that while words such as /tʃaːⁿda/ 'finger' can be found, only short vowels occur preceding the alleged voiceless prenasalized consonants. He additionally reports fricative and glottalized clusters: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nf/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nt̪ʼ/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ntɬʼ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/nʔ/</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Allophony">Allophony</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dahalo_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Allophony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The laminal coronals are <a href="/wiki/Denti-alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Denti-alveolar">denti-alveolar</a>, whereas the apicals are alveolar tending toward <a href="/wiki/Post-alveolar" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-alveolar">post-alveolar</a>. </p><p>When geminate, the epiglottals are a voiceless stop and fricative. In utterance-initial position they may be a partially voiced (negative <a href="/wiki/Voice_onset_time" title="Voice onset time">voice onset time</a>) stop and fricative. However, as singletons between vowels, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʡ/</span> is a <a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">flap</a> or even an approximant with weak voicing, whereas <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʜ/</span> is a fully voiced approximant. Other <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruents</a> are similarly affected intervocalically, though not to the same degree. </p><p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b<span class="wrap"> </span>d̪<span class="wrap"> </span>d͇/</span> are often opened to approximants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced bilabial approximant">β̞</a><span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental approximant">ð̞</a><span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ð͇˕</a>]</span> or weak fricatives <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a><span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a><span class="wrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative">ð͇</a>]</span> between vowels (sometimes a retraction diacritic is used as in ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">d̠</span>⟩, serving merely to emphasize that it is further back than <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d̪/</span>). Initially, they and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> are often voiceless, whereas <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/p<span class="wrap"> </span>t̪<span class="wrap"> </span>t͇<span class="wrap"> </span>k/</span> are fortis (perhaps aspirated). <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/w̜/</span> has little rounding. </p><p>There is a lot of variability in the voicing of clicks, so this distinction may be being lost. The nasal clicks are nasalized prior to the click release and are voiced throughout; the voiceless clicks usually have about 30ms of <a href="/wiki/Voice_onset_time" title="Voice onset time">voice onset time</a>, but sometimes less. There is no voiceless nasal airflow, but following vowels may have a slightly nasalized onset. Thus these clicks are similar to glottalized nasal clicks in other languages. Voiceless clicks are much more common than voiced clicks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dahalo_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dahalo has a symmetric 5-vowel system of pairs of short and long <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>, totaling 10 vowels: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">High</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> / <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">iː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> / <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> / <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> / <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">oː</a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Low</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> / <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">aː</a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonotactics">Phonotactics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dahalo_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phonotactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dahalo words are commonly 2–4 syllables long. Syllables are exclusively of the <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">C</a><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">V</a> pattern, except that consonants may be <a href="/wiki/Geminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Geminate">geminate</a> between vowels. As with many other <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic languages</a>, gemination is grammatically productive. Voiced consonants partially devoice, and prenasalized stops denasalize when geminated as part of a grammatical function. However, lexical prenasalised geminate stops also occur. </p><p>The consonants <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d̠/</span> are systematically excluded from the word-initial position. </p><p>(It is likely that the glottals and clicks do not occur as geminates, although only a few words with intervocalic clicks are known, such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʜáŋ̊|ana/</span>.) </p><p>Dahalo has <a href="/wiki/Pitch_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitch accent">pitch accent</a>, normally with zero to one high-pitched syllables (rarely more) per root word. If there is a high pitch, it is most frequently on the first syllable; in the case of disyllabic words, this is the only possibility: e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʡani/</span> <i>head</i>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/pʼúʡʡu/</span> <i>pierce</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status_of_clicks">Status of clicks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dahalo_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Status of clicks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dahalo is one of very few languages outside southern Africa to have phonemic clicks (the others being <a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a> in Tanzania and <a href="/wiki/Damin" title="Damin">Damin</a>, a ceremonial register of <a href="/wiki/Lardil_language" title="Lardil language">Lardil</a> formerly spoken on <a href="/wiki/Mornington_Island" title="Mornington Island">Mornington Island</a> in Australia). The clicks in Dahalo are not Cushitic in origin, and may be a remnant of a shift from a non-Cushitic language. Ten Raa shows some slight evidence that speakers of Dahalo once spoke a language similar to Sandawe, which does have clicks.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This might explain why clicks are only present in about 40 lexical items, some of which are basic (e.g. "breast," "saliva," and "forest").<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ehret reported that different words had either dental and <a href="/wiki/Lateral_click" title="Lateral click">lateral clicks</a>, while Elderkin reported that these were allophones. It's not clear if an old distinction has merged, or if the place of articulation is variable because there is no distinction to maintain. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dahalo_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e25-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/dal">Dahalo</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (25th ed., 2022) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.wal.unesco.org/languages/dahalo">"Atlas of the world's languages in danger"</a>. <i>UNESCO Digital Library</i>. p. 183<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=Atlas+of+the+world%27s+languages+in+danger&rft.pages=183&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wal.unesco.org%2Flanguages%2Fdahalo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADahalo+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">STILES, D. (1982). A HISTORY OF THE HUNTING PEOPLES OF THE NORTHERN EAST AFRICA COAST: Ecological and Socio-Economic Considerations. Paideuma, 28, 165-174. Retrieved from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41409881?seq=1">www.jstor.org/stable/41409881</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tosco-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tosco_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tosco_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tosco_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tosco_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTosco1991" class="citation book cs1">Tosco, Mauro (1991). <i>A Grammatical Sketch of Dahalo (including texts and a glossary)</i>. Kuschitische Sprachstudien. Vol. 8. Hamburg, Germany: Helmut Buske Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Grammatical+Sketch+of+Dahalo+%28including+texts+and+a+glossary%29&rft.place=Hamburg%2C+Germany&rft.series=Kuschitische+Sprachstudien&rft.pub=Helmut+Buske+Verlag&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Tosco&rft.aufirst=Mauro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADahalo+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKießling2001" class="citation book cs1">Kießling, Roland (2001). "South Cushitic links to East Cushitic". In Zaborski, Andrzej (ed.). <i>New Data and New Methods in Afroasiatic Linguistics</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=South+Cushitic+links+to+East+Cushitic&rft.btitle=New+Data+and+New+Methods+in+Afroasiatic+Linguistics&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Kie%C3%9Fling&rft.aufirst=Roland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADahalo+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaddiesonSpajićSandsLadefoged1993" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Maddieson" title="Ian Maddieson">Maddieson, Ian</a>; Spajić, Siniša; Sands, Bonny; <a href="/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged" title="Peter Ladefoged">Ladefoged, Peter</a> (1993), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8k45g432">"Phonetic structures of Dahalo"</a>, in Maddieson, Ian (ed.), <i>UCLA working papers in phonetics: Fieldwork studies of targeted languages</i>, vol. 84, Los Angeles: The UCLA Phonetics Laboratory Group, pp. 25–65</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Phonetic+structures+of+Dahalo&rft.btitle=UCLA+working+papers+in+phonetics%3A+Fieldwork+studies+of+targeted+languages&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=25-65&rft.pub=The+UCLA+Phonetics+Laboratory+Group&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Maddieson&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=Spaji%C4%87%2C+Sini%C5%A1a&rft.au=Sands%2C+Bonny&rft.au=Ladefoged%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F8k45g432&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADahalo+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ten Raa, E. (1969). "Sanye and Sandawe: A common substratum?" <i>African Language Review</i> <b>8</b>, 148–155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sands, Bonny & Tom Güldemann (2009). "What click languages can and can't tell us about language origins". In Botha, Rudolf & Chris Knight (Eds.), The Cradle of Language, pp. 213–15. Oxford.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dahalo_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/rosettaproject_dal_swadesh-1/dal.txt">Dahalo Swadesh List</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajuni_dialect" title="Bajuni dialect">Bajuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digo_language" title="Digo language">Digo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embu_language" title="Embu language">Embu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gusii_language" title="Gusii language">Gusii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki_language" title="Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki language">Idaxo-Isuxa-Tiriki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilwana_language" title="Ilwana language">Ilwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_language" title="Kamba language">Kamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khayo_language" title="Khayo language">Khayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikuyu_language" title="Kikuyu language">Kikuyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuria_language" title="Kuria language">Kuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logoli_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Logoli language">Logoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luhya_language" title="Luhya language">Luhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marachi_language" title="Marachi language">Marachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mijikenda_language" title="Mijikenda language">Mijikenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meru_language" title="Meru language">Meru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyole_language_(Kenya)" title="Nyole language (Kenya)">Nyole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokomo_language" title="Pokomo language">Pokomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samia_language" title="Samia language">Samia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suba_language" title="Suba language">Suba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taita_language" title="Taita language">Taita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nyala_language" title="West Nyala language">West Nyala</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aweer_language" title="Aweer language">Aweer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burji_language" title="Burji language">Burji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daasanach_language" title="Daasanach language">Daasanach</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dahalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Molo_language" title="El Molo language">El Molo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orma_language" title="Orma language">Orma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendille_language" title="Rendille language">Rendille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Oromo_language" title="Southern Oromo language">Southern Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waata_language" title="Waata language">Waata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaaku_language" title="Yaaku language">Yaaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nilo-Saharan_languages" title="Nilo-Saharan languages">Nilo-Saharan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kipsigis_language" title="Kipsigis language">Kipsigis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dholuo" title="Dholuo">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_language" title="Maasai language">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naandi_language" title="Naandi language">Naandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogiek_language" title="Ogiek language">Ogiek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omotik_language" title="Omotik language">Omotik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B6koot_language" title="Pökoot language">Pökoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samburu_language" title="Samburu language">Samburu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tugen_language" title="Tugen language">Tugen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkana_language" title="Turkana language">Turkana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Sign_Language" title="Kenyan Sign Language">Kenyan Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Urban languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheng_slang" title="Sheng slang">Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engsh" title="Engsh">Engsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cushitic_languages" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cushitic_languages" title="Template:Cushitic languages"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cushitic_languages" title="Template talk:Cushitic languages"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cushitic_languages" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cushitic languages"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cushitic_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Agaw_languages" title="Agaw languages">Central</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awngi_language" title="Awngi language">Awngi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kayla_dialect" title="Kayla dialect">Kayla</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qimant_language" title="Qimant language">Qimant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qwara_dialect" title="Qwara dialect">Qwara</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilen_language" title="Bilen language">Bilen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xamtanga_language" title="Xamtanga language">Xamtanga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Highland_East_Cushitic_languages" title="Highland East Cushitic languages">Highland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burji_language" title="Burji language">Burji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sidamoid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hadiyyaic–Kambaataic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hadiyyaic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadiyya_language" title="Hadiyya language">Hadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libido_language" title="Libido language">Libido</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kambaataic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaba-K%CA%BCabeena_language" title="Alaba-Kʼabeena language">Alaba-Kʼabeena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kambaata_language" title="Kambaata language">Kambaata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gedeo–Sidama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gedeo_language" title="Gedeo language">Gedeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidama_language" title="Sidama language">Sidama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lowland_East_Cushitic_languages" title="Lowland East Cushitic languages">Lowland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Omo%E2%80%93Tana_languages" title="Omo–Tana languages">Omo–Tana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Omo%E2%80%93Tana_languages" title="Western Omo–Tana languages">Arboroid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbore_language" title="Arbore language">Arbore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daasanach_language" title="Daasanach language">Daasanach</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/El_Molo_language" title="El Molo language">El Molo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macro-Somali_languages" title="Macro-Somali languages">Somaloid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baiso_language" title="Baiso language">Baiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girirra_language" title="Girirra language">Girirra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rendille%E2%80%93Boni_languages" title="Rendille–Boni languages">Rendille–Boni</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aweer_language" title="Aweer language">Aweer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendille_language" title="Rendille language">Rendille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Somali_languages" title="Somali languages">Somali languages</a>/<a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digil</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dabarre_language" title="Dabarre language">Dabarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garre_language" title="Garre language">Garre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunni_language" title="Tunni language">Tunni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashraf_Somali" title="Ashraf Somali">Ashraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benadiri_Somali" title="Benadiri Somali">Benadiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhiban#Af-Caloowe" title="Madhiban">Caloowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harla_people#Language" title="Harla people">Harlaad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiiddu_language" title="Jiiddu language">Jiiddu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maay_Maay" title="Maay Maay">Maay Maay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Somali" title="Northern Somali">Waqooyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yibir#Language" title="Yibir">Yibir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oromoid_languages" title="Oromoid languages">Oromoid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=West%E2%80%93Central_Oromo_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="West–Central Oromo language (page does not exist)">West–Central Oromo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central–East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Oromo_language" title="Southern Oromo language">Borana–Arsi–Guji Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orma_language" title="Orma language">Orma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Oromo_language" title="Eastern Oromo language">Eastern Oromo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waata_language" title="Waata language">Waata</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Konsoid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Konso_language" title="Konso language">Konso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bussa–Dirasha</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bussa_language" title="Bussa language">Bussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirasha_language" title="Dirasha language">Dirasha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dullay_languages" title="Dullay languages">Dullay</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ale_language" title="Ale language">Ale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobase_language" title="Dobase language">Dobase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsamai_language" title="Tsamai language">Tsamai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saho%E2%80%93Afar_languages" title="Saho–Afar languages">Saho–Afar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afar_language" title="Afar language">Afar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saho_language" title="Saho language">Saho</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boon_language" title="Boon language">Boon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dahalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaaku_language" title="Yaaku language">Yaaku</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medjay#Language" title="Medjay">North</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blemmyes#Language" title="Blemmyes">Blemmyan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beja_language" title="Beja language">Beja</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Cushitic_languages" title="South Cushitic languages">South</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Taita_Cushitic_languages" title="Taita Cushitic languages">Taita Cushitic</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rift</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>East</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asa_language" title="Asa language">Asa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kw%CA%BCadza_language" title="Kwʼadza language">Kwʼadza</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burunge_language" title="Burunge language">Burunge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alagwa_language" title="Alagwa language">Alagwa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iraqwoid</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gorowa_language" title="Gorowa language">Gorowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqw_language" title="Iraqw language">Iraqw</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mbugu_language" title="Mbugu language">Maʼa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i>Italics</i> indicate <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">extinct languages</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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