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<span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Diagnosis subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lung" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lung"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Lung</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lung-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Heart</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nerves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nerves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Nerves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nerves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hypothalamus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hypothalamus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Hypothalamus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hypothalamus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kidneys,_stomach,_spleen_and_other_vascular_organs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kidneys,_stomach,_spleen_and_other_vascular_organs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Kidneys, stomach, spleen and other vascular organs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kidneys,_stomach,_spleen_and_other_vascular_organs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cowden_syndrome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cowden_syndrome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>Cowden syndrome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cowden_syndrome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Prognosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hamartoma</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%85_%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="ورم عيبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ورم عيبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamartoma" title="Hamartoma – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hamartoma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamartom" title="Hamartom – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hamartom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamartom" title="Hamartom – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hamartom" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamartoma" title="Hamartoma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hamartoma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85" title="هامارتوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هامارتوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamartome" title="Hamartome – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hamartome" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamartoma" title="Hamartoma – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hamartoma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amartoma" title="Amartoma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Amartoma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%94" title="המארטומה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המארטומה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Гамартома – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гамартома" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamartoma" title="Hamartoma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hamartoma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamartoom" title="Hamartoom – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hamartoom" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E8%AA%A4%E8%85%AB" title="過誤腫 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="過誤腫" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamartoma" title="Hamartoma – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Hamartoma" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamartoma" title="Hamartoma – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hamartoma" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamartoma" title="Hamartoma – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hamartoma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Гамартома – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гамартома" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamartooma" title="Hamartooma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hamartooma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamartom" title="Hamartom – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hamartom" data-language-autonym="Svenska" 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genetic condition</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Hematoma" title="Hematoma">hematoma</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Hamartoma</th></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Spleen_hamartom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Spleen_hamartom.jpg/220px-Spleen_hamartom.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Spleen_hamartom.jpg/330px-Spleen_hamartom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Spleen_hamartom.jpg/440px-Spleen_hamartom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="537" data-file-height="376" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">A large hamartoma of the <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a>. The hamartoma is the dark circular object on the left that dominates the image. This is a cross-section; the growth is about 9 cm in diameter, while the entire spleen is about 11 cm in diameter.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pronunciation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>hăm-ăr-tō′mă </li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Medical_genetics" title="Medical genetics">Medical genetics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pathology" title="Pathology">pathology</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q525075?uselang=en#P1995" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chest_x-ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Chest x-ray">Chest x-ray</a>, <a href="/wiki/CT_scan" title="CT scan">CT scan</a>, <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">ultrasound</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bronchoscopy" title="Bronchoscopy">bronchoscopy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamartoma_statpearls_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamartoma_statpearls-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>hamartoma</b> is a mostly benign,<sup id="cite_ref-urlTabers_Medical_Dictionary_:_hamartoma_definition_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlTabers_Medical_Dictionary_:_hamartoma_definition-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> local malformation of cells that resembles a <a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">neoplasm</a> of local tissue but is usually due to an overgrowth of multiple aberrant cells, with a basis in a systemic genetic condition, rather than a growth descended from a single mutated cell (<a href="/wiki/Monoclonality" title="Monoclonality">monoclonality</a>), as would typically define a benign neoplasm/tumor.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, many hamartomas are found to have clonal <a href="/wiki/Chromosomal_aberrations" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosomal aberrations">chromosomal aberrations</a> that are acquired through somatic mutations, and on this basis the term <i>hamartoma</i> is sometimes considered synonymous with neoplasm. Hamartomas are by definition benign, slow-growing or self-limiting,<sup id="cite_ref-urlTabers_Medical_Dictionary_:_hamartoma_definition_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlTabers_Medical_Dictionary_:_hamartoma_definition-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though the underlying condition may still predispose the individual towards <a href="/wiki/Malignancies" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignancies">malignancies</a>. </p><p>Hamartomas are usually caused by a genetic syndrome that affects the <a href="/wiki/Cell_cycle" title="Cell cycle">development cycle</a> of all or at least multiple cells.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these conditions are classified as <a href="/wiki/Overgrowth_syndromes" class="mw-redirect" title="Overgrowth syndromes">overgrowth syndromes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cancer_syndromes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cancer syndromes">cancer syndromes</a>. Hamartomas occur in many different parts of the body and are most often asymptomatic <a href="/wiki/Incidentaloma" class="mw-redirect" title="Incidentaloma">incidentalomas</a> (undetected until they are found incidentally on an imaging study obtained for another reason). Additionally, the definition of hamartoma versus benign neoplasm is often unclear, since both lesions can be clonal. Lesions such as <a href="/wiki/Adenoma" title="Adenoma">adenomas</a>, developmental <a href="/wiki/Cyst" title="Cyst">cysts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemangioma" title="Hemangioma">hemangiomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lymphangioma" class="mw-redirect" title="Lymphangioma">lymphangiomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhabdomyoma" title="Rhabdomyoma">rhabdomyomas</a> within the kidneys, lungs or pancreas are interpreted by some experts as hamartomas while others consider them true neoplasms. Moreover, even though hamartomas show a benign histology, there is a risk of some rare but life-threatening complications such as those found in <a href="/wiki/Neurofibromatosis_type_I" title="Neurofibromatosis type I">neurofibromatosis type I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuberous_sclerosis" title="Tuberous sclerosis">tuberous sclerosis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is different from <a href="/wiki/Choristoma" title="Choristoma">choristoma</a>, a closely related form of <a href="/wiki/Heterotopia_(medicine)" title="Heterotopia (medicine)">heterotopia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two can be differentiated as follows: a hamartoma is an excess of normal tissue in a normal situation (e.g., a <a href="/wiki/Birthmark" title="Birthmark">birthmark</a> on the skin), while a choristoma is an excess of tissue in an abnormal situation (e.g., pancreatic tissue in the <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>hamartoma</i> is from the Greek ἁμαρτία, <i><a href="/wiki/Hamartia" title="Hamartia">hamartia</a></i> ("error"), and was introduced by D.P.G. Albrecht in 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-Patil_Rao_Majumdar_2015_p._347_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patil_Rao_Majumdar_2015_p._347-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamartoma&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Causes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hamartomas are caused by abnormal formation in normal tissue and can occur spontaneously or as a result of an underlying disorder. Hamartomas are most likely the result of developmental error and can manifest itself in multiple locations. The development of hamartomas has also been linked to certain <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> such as <a href="/wiki/SMAD4" class="mw-redirect" title="SMAD4">SMAD4</a>, <a href="/wiki/PTEN_(gene)" title="PTEN (gene)">PTEN</a>, <a href="/wiki/STK1" class="mw-redirect" title="STK1">STK1</a>, and <a href="/wiki/BMPR1A" title="BMPR1A">BMPR1A</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamartoma_statpearls_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamartoma_statpearls-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disorders associated with hamartomas include <a href="/wiki/Tuberous_sclerosis" title="Tuberous sclerosis">tuberous sclerosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cowden_syndrome" title="Cowden syndrome">cowden syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/PTEN_hamartoma_tumor_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="PTEN hamartoma tumor syndrome">PTEN hamartoma tumour syndrome</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peutz%E2%80%93Jeghers_syndrome" title="Peutz–Jeghers syndrome">Peutz–Jeghers syndrome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hamartoma_statpearls_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamartoma_statpearls-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamartoma&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Diagnosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classification">Classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamartoma&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lung">Lung</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamartoma&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lung"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamartoma_of_the_lung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hamartoma_of_the_lung.jpg/220px-Hamartoma_of_the_lung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hamartoma_of_the_lung.jpg/330px-Hamartoma_of_the_lung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Hamartoma_of_the_lung.jpg/440px-Hamartoma_of_the_lung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="676" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Parenchymal hamartoma of the lung. The surrounding lung falls away from the well-circumscribed mass, a typical feature of these lesions. The hamartoma shows a variegated yellow and white appearance, which corresponds respectively to fat and cartilage.</figcaption></figure> <p>About 5–8% of all solitary <a href="/wiki/Lung_nodules" class="mw-redirect" title="Lung nodules">lung nodules</a> and about 75% of all benign lung tumors, are hamartomas.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ten percent of hamartomas are endobronchial lesions, with the majority occurring in the peripheral lung <a href="/wiki/Parenchyma" title="Parenchyma">parenchyma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wu_Chen_Li_Li_2021_p._12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wu_Chen_Li_Li_2021_p.-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peripheral pulmonary hamartomas typically do not cause any symptoms.<sup id="cite_ref-SINGH_KHANNA_CHANDRAN_Jetley_1999_pp._79–80_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SINGH_KHANNA_CHANDRAN_Jetley_1999_pp._79–80-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patients may experience <a href="/wiki/Hemoptysis" title="Hemoptysis">hemoptysis</a>, obstructive <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shortness_of_breath" title="Shortness of breath">dyspnea</a>, persistent <a href="/wiki/Cough" title="Cough">cough</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chest_pain" title="Chest pain">chest pain</a>, depending on the size and location.<sup id="cite_ref-Grigoraş_Amălinei_Lovin_Grigoraş_2023_pp._607–613_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grigoraş_Amălinei_Lovin_Grigoraş_2023_pp._607–613-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typically, lung hamartomas appear as solitary nodules on thoracic <a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Computed tomography">computed tomography</a> (CT) scans, with a diameter of less than 4 cm.<sup id="cite_ref-Saadi_Barakeh_Husain_Hajjar_2015_pp._487–489_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Saadi_Barakeh_Husain_Hajjar_2015_pp._487–489-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lung hamartomas are more common in men than in women, and may present additional difficulties in smokers.<sup id="cite_ref-Vuckovic_Koledin_Vuckovic_Koledin_2020_p._16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vuckovic_Koledin_Vuckovic_Koledin_2020_p.-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heart">Heart</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamartoma&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Heart"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cardiac <a href="/wiki/Rhabdomyoma" title="Rhabdomyoma">rhabdomyomas</a> is an uncommon, benign <a href="/wiki/Mesenchyme" title="Mesenchyme">mesenchymal</a> tumor that originated from striated muscle. Usually, it affects the head and neck.<sup id="cite_ref-Hansen_Katenkamp_2005_pp._849–854_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hansen_Katenkamp_2005_pp._849–854-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been found that <a href="/wiki/Tuberous_sclerosis" title="Tuberous sclerosis">tuberous sclerosis</a> is linked to 80–90% of <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_rhabdomyomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiac rhabdomyomas">cardiac rhabdomyomas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sarkar_Siddiqui_2022_t131_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarkar_Siddiqui_2022_t131-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The symptoms may manifest as <a href="/wiki/Pericardial_effusion" title="Pericardial effusion">pericardial effusion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrops_fetalis" title="Hydrops fetalis">hydrops fetalis</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Heart_block" title="Heart block">heart blocks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hinton_Prakash_Romp_Krueger_2014_p._19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hinton_Prakash_Romp_Krueger_2014_p.-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nerves">Nerves</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamartoma&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nerves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sometimes nerves can also be affected. The most common nerve to be affected by hamartoma is reported to be <a href="/wiki/Median_nerve" title="Median nerve">median nerve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ranjan_Kumar_Jeyaraman_Kumar_2020_pp._267–272_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ranjan_Kumar_Jeyaraman_Kumar_2020_pp._267–272-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hypothalamus">Hypothalamus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamartoma&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hypothalamus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the most troublesome hamartomas occurs on the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>. Unlike most such growths, a <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic_hamartoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothalamic hamartoma">hypothalamic hamartoma</a> is symptomatic; it most often causes <a href="/wiki/Gelastic_seizure" title="Gelastic seizure">gelastic seizures</a>, and can cause visual problems, other seizures, rage disorders associated with hypothalamic diseases, and early onset of <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>. The symptoms typically begin in early infancy and are progressive, often into general cognitive and/or functional disability. Moreover, resection is usually difficult, as the growths are generally adjacent to, or even intertwined with, the optic nerve. Symptoms tend to be resistant to medical control; however, surgical techniques are improving and can result in immense improvement of prognosis.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kidneys,_stomach,_spleen_and_other_vascular_organs"><span id="Kidneys.2C_stomach.2C_spleen_and_other_vascular_organs"></span>Kidneys, stomach, spleen and other vascular organs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamartoma&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Kidneys, stomach, spleen and other vascular organs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamartoma_in_breast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Hamartoma_in_breast.jpg/220px-Hamartoma_in_breast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Hamartoma_in_breast.jpg/330px-Hamartoma_in_breast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Hamartoma_in_breast.jpg/440px-Hamartoma_in_breast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption>Hamartoma in breast with ultrasound</figcaption></figure> <p>Renal hamartomas are benign tumors that most likely developed from birth defects in the organ. They are frequently abundant in blood vessels and contain varying amounts of fat and smooth muscle components.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmisano_1967_pp._249–252_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmisano_1967_pp._249–252-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Myoepithelial_hamartoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Myoepithelial hamartoma">myoepithelial hamartoma</a>, also known as a <b>pancreatic rest</b>, is <a href="/wiki/Ectopia_(medicine)" title="Ectopia (medicine)">ectopic</a> pancreatic tissue found in the stomach, duodenum, or proximal jejunum. When seen on <a href="/wiki/Upper_gastrointestinal_series" title="Upper gastrointestinal series">upper gastrointestinal series</a>, a pancreatic rest may appear to be a submucosal mass or gastric neoplasm. Most are asymptomatic, but they can cause dyspepsia or upper gastrointestinal bleeding.<sup id="cite_ref-Shah_Gordon_Ginsberg_Furth_2007_pp._600–602_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shah_Gordon_Ginsberg_Furth_2007_pp._600–602-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A hamartoma has been identified as a cause of partial outflow obstruction in the <a href="/wiki/Abomasum" title="Abomasum">abomasum</a> (true gastric stomach) of a dairy goat.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Splenic hamartoma is an uncommon benign vascular proliferative tumor that is identified by the vascular <a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">endothelial</a> lining cells' <a href="/wiki/CD8" title="CD8">CD8</a> immunopositivity. It is made up of an unusual combination of typical splenic components, like red and white pulp.<sup id="cite_ref-Sim_Ahn_Han_Jun_2013_p._217_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sim_Ahn_Han_Jun_2013_p._217-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cowden_syndrome">Cowden syndrome</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamartoma&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cowden syndrome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cowden_syndrome" title="Cowden syndrome">Cowden syndrome</a> is an uncommon hereditary disorder marked by numerous hamartomas in a range of tissues from all three layers of the embryo. This is a syndrome that predisposes people to <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> and increases the risk of developing cancer in many different tissues, but particularly in the endometrium, thyroid, and breast. It is inherited autosomally dominantly, with a germ-line mutation of the <a href="/wiki/PTEN_(gene)" title="PTEN (gene)">PTEN</a> tumor suppressor gene present in about 80% of patients.<sup id="cite_ref-Farooq_Walker_Bowling_Audisio_2010_pp._577–583_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Farooq_Walker_Bowling_Audisio_2010_pp._577–583-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamartoma&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Prognosis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hamartomas, while generally benign, can cause problems due to their location. For example, when located on the skin, especially on the face or neck, they can be very disfiguring. Cases have been reported of hamartomas the size of a small orange.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They may obstruct practically any organ in the body, such as the <a href="/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colon (anatomy)">colon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_eye" title="Human eye">eye</a>, etc. They are particularly likely to cause major health issues when located in the <a href="/wiki/Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">hypothalamus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidneys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lips" class="mw-redirect" title="Lips">lips</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Spleen" title="Spleen">spleen</a>. They can be removed surgically if necessary, and are not likely to recur. Prognosis will depend upon the location and size of the lesion, as well as the overall health of the patient.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamartoma&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamartia_(medical_term)" title="Hamartia (medical term)">Hamartia (medical term)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cutaneous_conditions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cutaneous conditions">List of cutaneous conditions</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamartoma&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUthman1999" class="citation web cs1">Uthman E (2 January 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140615160455/http://web2.airmail.net/uthman/specimens/images/splnhamr.html">"Hamartoma of the spleen"</a>. <i>[Personal website]</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tabers.com/tabersonline/ub/view/Tabers/74408/43/hamartoma?q=hamartoma">the original</a> on 7 December 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Taber%27s+Medical+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Hamartoma+definition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tabers.com%2Ftabersonline%2Fub%2Fview%2FTabers%2F74408%2F43%2Fhamartoma%3Fq%3Dhamartoma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamartoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBatsakis1984" class="citation journal cs1">Batsakis JG (1984-01-01). "Pathology consultation. 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Elsevier BV: 577–583. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ctrv.2010.04.002">10.1016/j.ctrv.2010.04.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-7372">0305-7372</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20580873">20580873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cancer+Treatment+Reviews&rft.atitle=Cowden+syndrome&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=577-583&rft.date=2010&rft.issn=0305-7372&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20580873&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ctrv.2010.04.002&rft.aulast=Farooq&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Walker%2C+L.J.&rft.au=Bowling%2C+J.&rft.au=Audisio%2C+R.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamartoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060515050539/http://dermatlas.med.jhmi.edu/derm/IndexDisplay.cfm?ImageID=2040682463">"Dermatology Images"</a>. <i>Dermatology Image Atlas</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dermatlas.med.jhmi.edu/derm/IndexDisplay.cfm?ImageID=2040682463">the original</a> on 2006-05-15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dermatology+Image+Atlas&rft.atitle=Dermatology+Images&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdermatlas.med.jhmi.edu%2Fderm%2FIndexDisplay.cfm%3FImageID%3D2040682463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamartoma" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamartoma&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dermnetnz.org/topics/hamartoma">DermNet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/24652-hamartoma">Cleveland Clinic</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q525075" class="extiw" title="d:Q525075">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#1427672516%2Funspecified">LD2D.Z</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/Q85.9">Q85.9</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=759.6">759.6</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D006222">D006222</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb19785.htm">19785</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/SNOMED_CT" title="SNOMED CT">SNOMED CT</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snomed.info/id/51398009">51398009</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1254012-overview">article/1254012</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/hamartomas">Hamartoma</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Radiopaedia" title="Radiopaedia">Radiopaedia</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://radiopaedia.org/articles/74428">74428</a></li><li><b><a href="/wiki/Orphanet" title="Orphanet">Orphanet</a></b>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=en&Expert=79386">79386</a></li><li><b>Scholia</b>: <a class="external text" href="https://tools.wmflabs.org/scholia/topic/Q525075">Q525075</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Phakomatosis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Phakomatoses" title="Template:Phakomatoses"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Phakomatoses" title="Template talk:Phakomatoses"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Phakomatoses" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Phakomatoses"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Phakomatosis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phakomatosis" title="Phakomatosis">Phakomatosis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angiomatosis" title="Angiomatosis">Angiomatosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sturge%E2%80%93Weber_syndrome" title="Sturge–Weber syndrome">Sturge–Weber syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Von_Hippel%E2%80%93Lindau_disease" title="Von Hippel–Lindau disease">Von Hippel–Lindau disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamartoma</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuberous_sclerosis" title="Tuberous sclerosis">Tuberous sclerosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic_hamartoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypothalamic hamartoma">Hypothalamic hamartoma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pallister%E2%80%93Hall_syndrome" title="Pallister–Hall syndrome">Pallister–Hall syndrome</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalencephaly" title="Megalencephaly">Megalencephaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_hamartoma_syndrome" title="Multiple hamartoma syndrome">Multiple hamartoma syndrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_syndrome" title="Proteus syndrome">Proteus syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowden_syndrome" title="Cowden syndrome">Cowden syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannayan%E2%80%93Riley%E2%80%93Ruvalcaba_syndrome" title="Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome">Bannayan–Riley–Ruvalcaba syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhermitte%E2%80%93Duclos_disease" title="Lhermitte–Duclos disease">Lhermitte–Duclos disease</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neurofibromatosis" title="Neurofibromatosis">Neurofibromatosis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neurofibromatosis_type_I" title="Neurofibromatosis type I">Type I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurofibromatosis_type_II" title="Neurofibromatosis type II">Type II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdallat%E2%80%93Davis%E2%80%93Farrage_syndrome" title="Abdallat–Davis–Farrage syndrome">Abdallat–Davis–Farrage syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ataxia_telangiectasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ataxia telangiectasia">Ataxia telangiectasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incontinentia_pigmenti" title="Incontinentia pigmenti">Incontinentia pigmenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peutz%E2%80%93Jeghers_syndrome" title="Peutz–Jeghers syndrome">Peutz–Jeghers syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encephalocraniocutaneous_lipomatosis" title="Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis">Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Overview_of_tumors,_cancer_and_oncology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tumors" title="Template:Tumors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tumors" title="Template talk:Tumors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tumors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tumors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Overview_of_tumors,_cancer_and_oncology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview of <a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">tumors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oncology" title="Oncology">oncology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benign_tumor" title="Benign tumor">Benign tumors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperplasia" title="Hyperplasia">Hyperplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyst" title="Cyst">Cyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudocyst" title="Pseudocyst">Pseudocyst</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hamartoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malignant progression</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dysplasia" title="Dysplasia">Dysplasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinoma_in_situ" title="Carcinoma in situ">Carcinoma in situ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metastasis" title="Metastasis">Metastasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primary_tumor" title="Primary tumor">Primary tumor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentinel_lymph_node" title="Sentinel lymph node">Sentinel lymph node</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_and_neck_cancer" title="Head and neck cancer">Head and neck</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_cancer" title="Oral cancer">oral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oropharyngeal_cancer" title="Oropharyngeal cancer">oropharyngeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_cancer" title="Laryngeal cancer">laryngeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasopharyngeal_carcinoma" title="Nasopharyngeal carcinoma">nasopharyngeal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digestive_system_neoplasm" title="Digestive system neoplasm">Digestive system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplasm" title="Neoplasm">Respiratory system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tumor" title="Bone tumor">Bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_cancer" title="Skin cancer">Skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urogenital_neoplasm" title="Urogenital neoplasm">Urogenital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system_neoplasm" title="Nervous system neoplasm">Nervous system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_gland_neoplasm" title="Endocrine gland neoplasm">Endocrine system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Histology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carcinoma" title="Carcinoma">Carcinoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcoma" title="Sarcoma">Sarcoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastoma" title="Blastoma">Blastoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papilloma" title="Papilloma">Papilloma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adenoma" title="Adenoma">Adenoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Precancerous_condition" title="Precancerous condition">Precancerous condition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraneoplastic_syndrome" title="Paraneoplastic syndrome">Paraneoplastic syndrome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cancer_staging" title="Cancer staging">Staging</a>/<a href="/wiki/Grading_(tumors)" title="Grading (tumors)">grading</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TNM_staging_system" title="TNM staging system">TNM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor_staging" title="Ann Arbor staging">Ann Arbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostate_cancer_staging" title="Prostate cancer staging">Prostate cancer staging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleason_grading_system" title="Gleason grading system">Gleason grading system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukes_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes classification">Dukes classification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carcinogenesis" title="Carcinogenesis">Carcinogenesis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_cell" title="Cancer cell">Cancer cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">Carcinogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumor_suppressor_gene" title="Tumor suppressor gene">Tumor suppressor genes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oncogene" title="Oncogene">oncogenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clonally_transmissible_cancer" title="Clonally transmissible cancer">Clonally transmissible cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oncovirus" title="Oncovirus">Oncovirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinogenic_bacteria" title="Carcinogenic bacteria">Carcinogenic bacteria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Misc.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_research" title="Cancer research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_oncology_articles" title="Index of oncology articles">Index of oncology articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cancer" title="History of cancer">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_pain" title="Cancer pain">Cancer pain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_and_nausea" title="Cancer and nausea">Cancer and nausea</a></li> <li><a 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