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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Radio" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep 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[o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Radio" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Radio" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inleiding</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-AM_en_FM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#AM_en_FM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>AM en FM</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-AM_en_FM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digitale_oorskakeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digitale_oorskakeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Digitale oorskakeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digitale_oorskakeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ontwikkeling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontwikkeling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ontwikkeling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontwikkeling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moderne_apparatuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moderne_apparatuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Moderne apparatuur</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Moderne_apparatuur-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Moderne apparatuur subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Moderne_apparatuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Senders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Senders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Senders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Senders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antennes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antennes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Antennes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antennes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ontvangers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontvangers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Ontvangers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontvangers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stereoradio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stereoradio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Stereoradio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stereoradio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multipleksstelsels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multipleksstelsels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Multipleksstelsels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multipleksstelsels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radiokommunikasie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radiokommunikasie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Radiokommunikasie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Radiokommunikasie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Wissel Radiokommunikasie subafdeling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Radiokommunikasie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Soorte_radiokommunikasie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soorte_radiokommunikasie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Soorte radiokommunikasie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soorte_radiokommunikasie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Straalsenders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Straalsenders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Straalsenders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Straalsenders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Steurings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Steurings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Steurings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Steurings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spesiale_radiotoepassings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spesiale_radiotoepassings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Spesiale radiotoepassings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spesiale_radiotoepassings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sien_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sien_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sien ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sien_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Inhoudsopgawe" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Wissel die inhoudsopgawe" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Wissel die inhoudsopgawe</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Radio</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gaan na 'n artikel in 'n ander taal. Beskikbaar in 154 tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-154" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">154 tale</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6rfunk" title="Hörfunk – Switserse Duits" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hörfunk" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Switserse Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%B2%E1%8B%AE" title="ራዲዮ – Amharies" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ራዲዮ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(medio_de_comunicaci%C3%B3n)" title="Radio (medio de comunicación) – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Radio (medio de comunicación)" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%AAtweorp" title="Ūtweorp – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Ūtweorp" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B" title="रेडियो – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रेडियो" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A" title="اتصال راديوي – Arabies" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اتصال راديوي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A6%DC%AA%DC%A3_%DC%A9%DC%A0%DC%90" title="ܦܪܣ ܩܠܐ – Aramees" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܦܪܣ ܩܠܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AA_%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88" title="بت د الراديو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بت د الراديو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%81%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="অনাতাঁৰ প্ৰযুক্তি – Assamees" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অনাতাঁৰ প্ৰযুক্তি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(mediu_de_comunicaci%C3%B3n)" title="Radio (mediu de comunicación) – Asturies" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Radio (mediu de comunicación)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B" title="रेडियो – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="रेडियो" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Azerbeidjans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidjans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88" title="رادیو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رادیو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Радио – Baskir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Радио" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baskir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rad%C4%97js" title="Radėjs – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Radėjs" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyo" title="Radyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Radyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%91" title="Радыё – Belarussies" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Радыё" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%91" title="Радыё – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Радыё" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Радио – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Радио" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="বেতার – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বেতার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skingomz" title="Skingomz – Bretons" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Skingomz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretons" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Bosnies" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A0dio" title="Ràdio – Katalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ràdio" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%86" title="ڕادیۆ – Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕادیۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiokomunikace" title="Radiokomunikace – Tsjeggies" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Radiokomunikace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjeggies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Радио – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Радио" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Wallies" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%86%CF%89%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Ραδιόφωνο – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ραδιόφωνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A2dio" title="Râdio – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Râdio" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiofonio" title="Radiofonio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Radiofonio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocomunicaci%C3%B3n" title="Radiocomunicación – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Radiocomunicación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raadio" title="Raadio – Estnies" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Raadio" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrati-komunikazio" title="Irrati-komunikazio – Baskies" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Irrati-komunikazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88" title="رادیو – Persies" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رادیو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raadio" title="Raadio – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Raadio" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Atvarp" title="Útvarp – Faroëes" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Útvarp" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroëes" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocommunication" title="Radiocommunication – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Radiocommunication" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raidi%C3%B3" title="Raidió – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Raidió" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E9%9B%BB" title="無線電 – Gan-Sjinees" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="無線電" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A8idio" title="Rèidio – Skotse Gallies" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Rèidio" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Skotse Gallies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(medio_de_comunicaci%C3%B3n)" title="Radio (medio de comunicación) – Galisies" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Radio (medio de comunicación)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91e%27%E1%BA%BDas%C3%A3i" title="Ñe'ẽasãi – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñe'ẽasãi" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rediyo" title="Rediyo – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Rediyo" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/La-chi-yok" title="La-chi-yok – Hakka-Sjinees" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="La-chi-yok" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95" title="רדיו – Hebreeus" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רדיו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B" title="रेडियो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रेडियो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Kroaties" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1di%C3%B3z%C3%A1s" title="Rádiózás – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rádiózás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B8" title="Ռադիո – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռադիո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Indonesies" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Atvarp" title="Útvarp – Yslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Útvarp" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Yslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_(elettronica)" title="Radio (elettronica) – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Radio (elettronica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%82%AA" title="ラジオ – Japannees" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラジオ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japannees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riedio" title="Riedio – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Riedio" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radhio" title="Radhio – Javaans" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Radhio" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D" title="რადიო – Georgies" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რადიო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimasi_f%C9%9By%C9%A9_ka%C5%8Bgalafu_heyinau" title="Nimasi fɛyɩ kaŋgalafu heyinau – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Nimasi fɛyɩ kaŋgalafu heyinau" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Радио – Kazaks" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Радио" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%BB" title="វិទ្យុ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="វិទ្យុ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B" title="ರೇಡಿಯೋ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರೇಡಿಯೋ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EB%94%94%EC%98%A4" title="라디오 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라디오" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyo" title="Radyo – Koerdies" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Radyo" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiophonia" title="Radiophonia – Latyn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Radiophonia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Lombardies" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%9B%CC%81ni_ya_lad%C3%AD%C3%B3" title="Sɛ́ni ya ladíó – Lingaals" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Sɛ́ni ya ladíó" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radijas" title="Radijas – Litaus" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Radijas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Letties" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onjam-peo" title="Onjam-peo – Malgassies" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Onjam-peo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malgassies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Minangkabaus" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabaus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Радио – Masedonies" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Радио" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Masedonies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B" title="റേഡിയോ – Malabaars" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റേഡിയോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malabaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Радио – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Радио" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%93" title="रेडिओ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रेडिओ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_(quemunica%C3%A7on)" title="Rádio (quemunicaçon) – Mirandees" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Rádio (quemunicaçon)" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="ရေဒီယို – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရေဒီယို" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Nederduits" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nederduits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B" title="रेडियो – Nepalees" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रेडियो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B" title="रेदियो – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रेदियो" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Nederlands" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Nederlands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Nuwe Noors" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nuwe Noors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Boeknoors" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Boeknoors" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A0dio" title="Ràdio – Oksitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ràdio" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Oksitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raadiyoo" title="Raadiyoo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Raadiyoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%93" title="ਰੇਡੀਓ – Pandjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰੇਡੀਓ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reedio" title="Reedio – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Reedio" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%88" title="ریڈیو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ریڈیو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%89%D9%8A%D9%88" title="راډيو – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="راډيو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A1dio" title="Rádio – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rádio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankichina" title="Ankichina – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ankichina" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tarandíne</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Радио – Russies" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Радио" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE" title="Радіо – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Радіо" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B" title="रेडियो – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रेडियो" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8C%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%B0" title="Араадьыйа – Jakoeties" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Араадьыйа" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakoeties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B2%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A2_(%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%B3)" title="ᱨᱚᱲᱭᱚᱢ (ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱳ) – Santalies" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱚᱲᱭᱚᱢ (ᱨᱮᱰᱤᱭᱳ)" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santalies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Skots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Serwo-Kroaties" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serwo-Kroaties" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA" title="ගුවන්විදුලිය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගුවන්විදුලිය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozhlas_(zvuk)" title="Rozhlas (zvuk) – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rozhlas (zvuk)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Sloweens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloweens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leti%C5%8D" title="Letiō – Samoaans" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Letiō" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Радио – Serwies" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Радио" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serwies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Sundanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Sweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redio" title="Redio – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Redio" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF" title="வானொலி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வானொலி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%8B" title="ರೇಡಿಯೋ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ರೇಡಿಯೋ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B" title="రేడియో – Teloegoe" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రేడియో" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teloegoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Радио – Tadjiks" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Радио" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadjiks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B8" title="การกระจายเสียงวิทยุ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การกระจายเสียงวิทยุ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyo" title="Radyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Radyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C9%99dio" title="Rədio – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Rədio" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyo" title="Radyo – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Radyo" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Радио – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Радио" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE" title="Радіо – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Радіо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%88_%D9%86%D8%B4%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="ریڈیو نشریات – Oerdoe" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ریڈیو نشریات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Oerdoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Oesbekies" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oesbekies" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Venesiaans" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio" title="Radio – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Radio" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truy%E1%BB%81n_thanh_radio" title="Truyền thanh radio – Viëtnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Truyền thanh radio" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Viëtnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radyo" title="Radyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Radyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ce%C3%B1%C3%B1eer-mbej" title="Ceññeer-mbej – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Ceññeer-mbej" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E9%9B%BB" title="無線電 – Wu-Sjinees" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="無線電" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Радио – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Радио" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D" title="რადიო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რადიო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%93%D7%99%D7%90" title="ראדיא – Jiddisj" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ראדיא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jiddisj" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%BA%BF%E7%94%B5" title="无线电 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="无线电" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/La-j%C3%AD-oh_h%C3%B2ng-s%C3%A0ng" title="La-jí-oh hòng-sàng – Min Nan-Sjinees" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="La-jí-oh hòng-sàng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan-Sjinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E9%9B%BB" title="無線電 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="無線電" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umsakazo" title="Umsakazo – Zoeloe" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Umsakazo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zoeloe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q872#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Wysig skakels tussen tale" class="wbc-editpage">Wysig skakels</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Radio" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span 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accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&action=history" title="Ouer weergawes van hierdie bladsy [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gereedskap" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gereedskap</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">versteek</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Radio"><span>Lees</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&veaction=edit" title="Redigeer hierdie bladsy [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Wysig</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&action=edit" title="Wysig die bladsy se bonkode [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Wysig bron</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&action=history"><span>Wys geskiedenis</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Algemeen </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Skakels_hierheen/Radio" title="'n Lys bladsye wat hierheen skakel [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Skakels hierheen</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:OnlangseVeranderingsMetSkakels/Radio" rel="nofollow" title="Onlangse wysigings aan bladsye wat vanaf hierdie bladsy geskakel is [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Verwante veranderings</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&oldid=2686497" title="'n Permanente skakel na hierdie weergawe van die bladsy"><span>Permanente skakel</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Bladinligting</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:CiteThisPage&page=Radio&id=2686497&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Inligting oor hoe u hierdie bladsy kan verwys"><span>Haal dié blad aan</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRadio"><span>Kry verkorte URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Faf.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FRadio"><span>Laai QR-kode af</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Druk/uitvoer </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Boek&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Radio"><span>Skep boek</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:DownloadAsPdf&page=Radio&action=show-download-screen"><span>Laai af as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&printable=yes" title="Drukbare weergawe van hierdie bladsy [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukbare weergawe</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ander projekte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Radio" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q872" title="Skakel na gekonnekteerde databank item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Voorkoms"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Voorkoms</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">skuif na kantbalk</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">versteek</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">in Wikipedia, die vrye ensiklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="af" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Lampenbakmetmuziek.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lampenbakmetmuziek.jpg/220px-Lampenbakmetmuziek.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lampenbakmetmuziek.jpg/330px-Lampenbakmetmuziek.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Lampenbakmetmuziek.jpg/440px-Lampenbakmetmuziek.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2291" data-file-height="1425" /></a><figcaption>'n Lampradio uit die jare vyftigs.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Noorse_radio_kl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Noorse_radio_kl.jpg/220px-Noorse_radio_kl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Noorse_radio_kl.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>'n Ou <a href="/wiki/Noorwe%C3%AB" title="Noorweë">Noorse</a> radio</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%AAer:Radio_hidden_in_a_book.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Radio_hidden_in_a_book.jpg/250px-Radio_hidden_in_a_book.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Radio_hidden_in_a_book.jpg/330px-Radio_hidden_in_a_book.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Radio_hidden_in_a_book.jpg/500px-Radio_hidden_in_a_book.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>In die <a href="/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog">Tweede Wêreldoorlog</a> word radio's dikwels in boeke versteek.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Radio</b> is draadlose <a href="/wiki/Telekommunikasie" title="Telekommunikasie">telekommunikasie</a>. Dit is 'n tegniek om met <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiogolf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiogolf (bladsy bestaan nie)">radiogolwe</a> draadloos boodskappe vanaf die stuurder na die ontvanger oor te dra. </p><p>Die grootste ontwikkeling van radio het egter eers van ongeveer <a href="/wiki/1920" title="1920">1920</a> af plaasgevind, toe elektroniese versterkingstegnieke algemeen begin gebruik is. Sedertdien het radio 'n belangrike plek in die samelewing ingeneem, in sowel die vorm van radio- as televisie-uitsendings (<a href="/wiki/Televisie" title="Televisie">televisie</a> maak in wese ook van radiotegniek gebruik), en ook in die vorm van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiotelekommunikasie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiotelekommunikasie (bladsy bestaan nie)">radiotelekommunikasie</a>. </p><p>Hiertoe behoort die stelsels waarin verbinding onderhou word met <a href="/wiki/Vliegtuig" title="Vliegtuig">vliegtuie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skip" title="Skip">skepe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voertuig" title="Voertuig">landvoertuie</a> en selfs met <a href="/wiki/Ruimtetuig" title="Ruimtetuig">ruimtetuie</a>. <a href="/wiki/Telegrafie" title="Telegrafie">Telegrafie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teleks" title="Teleks">teleks</a> en <a href="/wiki/Telefoon" title="Telefoon">telefoonverbindings</a> word gedeeltelik deur middel van radioverbindings met behulp van straalsenders en <a href="/wiki/Satelliet" title="Satelliet">satelliete</a> onderhou. Ander belangrike toepassings van radio is onder meer <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, radionavigasie en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afstandbeheer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afstandbeheer (bladsy bestaan nie)">afstandbeheer</a>. </p><p>'n Radiostelsel bestaan uit minstens een sender en een ontvanger waartussen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiogolwe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiogolwe (bladsy bestaan nie)">golwe</a> gestuur word. Vir spraak en musiek word hierdie golwe gemoduleer en daarvoor word AM en FM (amplitude- en frekwensiemodulasie) asook die moderne pulsmodulasie (PM) gebruik. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="AM_en_FM">AM en FM</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Wysig afdeling: AM en FM" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: AM en FM"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aanvanklik vind klankoordrag plaas deur die <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a> van die dragolf te varieer. Die variasie is eweredig ten opsigte van die amplitude van die draende klanksien. Hierdie modulasievorm word amplitudemodulasie, of kortweg AM genoem. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Edwin_Armstrong&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Edwin Armstrong (bladsy bestaan nie)">Edwin Armstrong</a> ontdek 'n beter metode om die dragolf te moduleer: deur nie die amplitude nie, maar die <a href="/wiki/Frekwensie" title="Frekwensie">frekwensie</a> van die dragolf met die amplitude van die sein te varieer, ontstaan frekwensiemodulasie (FM). </p><p>FM is minder gevoelig vir steurings as AM en lewer <a href="/wiki/Ho%C3%ABtrou-klank" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoëtrou-klank">hoëtrou-klank</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digitale_oorskakeling">Digitale oorskakeling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Wysig afdeling: Digitale oorskakeling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Digitale oorskakeling"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hoewel meeste radiouitsendings steeds analoog plaasvind (AM of FM), sal dit in die toekoms slegs <a href="/wiki/Digitaal" title="Digitaal">digitaal</a> gestuur word. Dit sal die gehalte van die klank verder verbeter en meer radiospektrum vir ander gebruike beskikbaar maak. </p><p>Dit is ook moontlik om na <a href="/wiki/Radiostasie" title="Radiostasie">radiostasies</a> op die <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> te luister. Hierdie uitsendings maak nie van radiogolwe gebruik nie, maar van die internetverbinding tussen <a href="/wiki/Rekenaar" title="Rekenaar">rekenaars</a>, wat digitale inligting na mekaar stuur. Hierdie verbinding kan egter steeds draadloos wees, en dus van radiogolwe gebruik maak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ontwikkeling">Ontwikkeling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Wysig afdeling: Ontwikkeling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Ontwikkeling"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die eerste, hoewel onbewuste, radio-uitsending het in 1787 plaasgevind toe <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Luigi Galvani</a> (1737- 1798) met 'n soort elektrifiseerder en 'n <a href="/wiki/Antenne" title="Antenne">antenne</a> geëksperimenteer het. Met behulp van sy apparaat kon hy kort pootjies aan die antenne laat beweeg. <a href="/wiki/Fisika" title="Fisika">Fisici</a> was egter eers 'n eeu later goed genoeg toegerus om met doelgerigte eksperimente te begin. Een van die bekendste radio-eksperimenteerders was <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a> (1857- 1894). </p><p>Hy het onder meer in <a href="/wiki/1888" title="1888">1888</a> met twee <a href="/wiki/Parabool" title="Parabool">paraboliese</a> weerkaatsers daarin geslaag om <a href="/wiki/Sein" title="Sein">seine</a> oor 'n kort afstand oor te dra. Om dit te doen, het hy 'n vonk in die brandpunt van een van die weerkaatsers opgewek, waardeur 'n vonk tussen twee <a href="/wiki/Elektrode" title="Elektrode">elektrodes</a> in die brandpunt van die ander weerkaatsers gespring het (vonksender). Met dergelike eksperimente kon Hertz die voorspellings bewaarheid van die persoon wat die elektromagnetiese golfteorie geformuleer het, naamlik <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> (1831 - 1879). </p><p>Hertz se send- en ontvangstoestelle het egter 'n beperkte vermoë gehad en prakties georiënteerde fisici soos <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nicola Tesla</a> (1856-1943<a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">), Guglielmo Marconi</a> (1874-1 937), <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Karl Ferdinand Braun</a> (1850- 1918) en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksandr_Popov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksandr Popov (bladsy bestaan nie)">Aleksandr Popov</a> (1859-1906) was die persone wat die ontwikkeling verder gevoer het. In 1897 het Marconi byvoorbeeld 'n radio-ontwikkelingsmaatskappy gestig, en in 1898 het Popov ŉ stelsel voltooi waardeur verbinding tussen <a href="/wiki/Oorlogskip" title="Oorlogskip">oorlogskepe</a> en die land bewerkstellig is. </p><p>Inmiddels is die <a href="/w/index.php?title=Koherer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koherer (bladsy bestaan nie)">koherer</a> uitgevind, 'n glasbuis met ystervylsels waarvan die elektriese weerstand verander het by die ontvangs van 'n sein (golf). Met behulp van 'n koherer en 'n vonksender het Marconi daarin geslaag om 'n <a href="/wiki/Morsekode" title="Morsekode">morsekode</a> 3 200 km ver te stuur en te ontvang. Hierdeur het ŉ wêreldwye belangstelling in radio ontstaan en verdere ontwikkeling het vinnig plaasgevind. Marconi het veral groot bevrediging gesmaak toe hy ŉ transatlantiese uitsending kon waarneem, strydig met die voorspellings dat golwe nie verder as ongeveer 300 km gesend kon word nie. Dit het tot die ontdekking van die <a href="/wiki/Ionosfeer" title="Ionosfeer">ionosfeer</a> gelei. </p><p>'n Werklike groot sprong vorentoe is geneem met die ontwikkeling van <a href="/wiki/Vakuumbuis" title="Vakuumbuis">vakuumelektronbuise</a> deur sir Ambrose Fleming (1849-1945) en Leede Forest (1873-1961). Daarmee het die elektroniese versterking van seine en die bou van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ossillator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ossillator (bladsy bestaan nie)">ossillators</a> moontlik geword. Ossillators het vonksenders heeltemal verdring aangesien dit golwe van 'n spesifieke frekwensiegebied kon uitsend en selektiwiteit daardeur bevorder is. </p><p>Deur sendantennes te gebruik wat by die golflengtes aangepas is, kon sterk gekonsentreerde golwe gestuur en uiters selektief ontvang word. Die belangrikste ontwikkeling wat buise egter meegebring het, was die sogenaamde modulasie van golwe, waarmee byvoorbeel spraak gesend kon word. In <a href="/wiki/1915" title="1915">1915</a> is die eerste spraakseine versend en dieselfde beginsels wat toe vir die modulasietegniek opgestel is, geld vandag nog. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spraakgolwe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spraakgolwe (bladsy bestaan nie)">Spraakgolwe</a> (geluidsgolwe) kan nie regstreeks gestuur word nie. </p><p>Om spraak oor te dra, word konstante, hoëfrekwensiegolwe (dragolwe) uitgesend en dan gemoduleer. Modulasie vind plaas deur middel van geluidsgolwe wat met behulp van 'n <a href="/wiki/Mikrofoon" title="Mikrofoon">mikrofoon</a> in elektriese spanningsveranderings omgesit word. Die spanningsvariasies word dan by die hoëfrekwensie-spanningsvariasies van die dragolf gevoeg, wat meebring dat die amplitude (golfgrootte of seinsterkte) van die dragolf in ooreenstemming met die oudiogolwe varieer. </p><p>By die ontvanger word die dragolf dan gedemoduleer (gelykgerig en gefiltreer) en die oudiogolf deur 'n klankversterker versterk. Spoedig het radio-omroep tot stand gekom en sendstasies is oor die hele wêreld opgerig. Afgesien van militêre en navigasiekommunikasie is radio vir vermaaklikheidsprogramme gebruik en die "kommunikasie-ontploffing" het begin. Na 1930 is die beroemde super-heterodienontvangers in gebruik geneem waarmee 'n uitstekende selektiwiteit sowel as 'n sensitiwiteit moontlik gemaak is. </p><p>Dit het die kommersiële gebruik van lang-, medium- en kortgolfbande geweldig gestimuleer. Nog voor die <a href="/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog">Tweede Wêreldoorlog</a> is die eerste mikrogolwe (frekwensie 1,7 GHz, golflengte 18 cm) opgewek en het radar en radio<a href="/wiki/Sterrekunde" title="Sterrekunde">sterrekunde</a> 'n werklikheid geword. Veral radarontwikkeling is gedurende die <a href="/wiki/Tweede_W%C3%AAreldoorlog" title="Tweede Wêreldoorlog">Tweede Wêreldoorlog</a> gestimuleer en ironies genoeg het radio-ontwikkeling oor die algemeen heelwat aan die oorlog te danke. Afgesien van die bestaande AM-netwerke is FM-netwerke na die Tweede Wêreldoorlog opgerig en feitlik steuringsvrye kommunikasie het moontlik geword. </p><p>FM- en UHF (ultrahoëfrekwensie-) uitsendings het dan ook die kommunikasieontploffing aan die hand gewerk, waarby ook <a href="/wiki/Satelliet" title="Satelliet">satelliete</a> ingespan is. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Moderne_apparatuur">Moderne apparatuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Wysig afdeling: Moderne apparatuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Moderne apparatuur"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Met 'n <a href="/w/index.php?title=Radiosender&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radiosender (bladsy bestaan nie)">radiosender</a> word kragtige elektromagnetiese golwe (sinusgolwe) met 'n konstante <a href="/wiki/Frekwensie" title="Frekwensie">frekwensie</a> (dragolwe) opgewek, wat as "draer" van die eintlike informasie, soos <a href="/wiki/Morsekode" title="Morsekode">morsekode</a>, spraak of musiek, dien. Die inligtings - of oudiosein word in die sender se mengtrap (menger) tot die dragolf toegevoer en dit staan bekend as modulasie. Modulasie kan <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitudemodulasie</a> (AM), frekwensiemodulasie (FM) of <a href="/wiki/Puls" title="Puls">pulsmodulasie</a> (PM) omvat. </p><p>Tipiese AM-dragolffrekwensies wissel van 100 kHz tot ongeveer 1 500 kHz. (1 Hz = 1 hertz en dit is gelyk aan een trillingsperiode of siklus per sekonde. Verder is 1 000 Hz = 1 kHz, 1 000 kHz = 1 MHz en 1 000 MHz = GHz, waar k = <a href="/wiki/Kilo" title="Kilo">kilo</a>, M = <a href="/wiki/Mega" title="Mega">mega</a> en G = <a href="/wiki/Giga" title="Giga">giga</a>.) Oudiofrekwensies wissel tussen 20 Hz en 20 kHz. Dit blyk dat wanneer 'n dragolf met 'n oudiogolf gemoduleer word, 'n frekwensie verkry word wat gelyk is aan die saamgestelde frekwensie van die dragolf en die modulasiegolf. </p><p>Wanneer 'n dragolf van 1 000 kHz met byvoorbeeld 'n oudiogolf van 5 kHz gemoduleer word, bestaan die totale uitsending uit frekwensies tussen 995 kHz en 1 005 kHz. Die sogenaamde bandwydte van die 1 000-kHz-kanaal is dus 10 kHz. 'n <a href="/w/index.php?title=Golfband&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golfband (bladsy bestaan nie)">Golfband</a> tussen 100 kHz en 1 500 kHz kan dan uit 140 kanale bestaan wat elk 10 kHz "wyd" is. Die <a href="/wiki/Bandwydte" title="Bandwydte">bandwydte</a> van die totale radiospektrum, dit wil sê alle elektromagnetiese golwe wat vir radio gebruik kan word, wissel van ongeveer 1 kHz tot 300 GHz. </p><p>Die owerhede het dus 'n enorme taak om die ongeveer 300 000 miljoen frekwensies in kanale op te deel wat deur die samelewing benut kan word. 'n Bandwydte van 10 kHz beteken dat <a href="/wiki/Musiek" title="Musiek">musiek</a> byvoorbeeld geen hoër tone as vyf kHz moet bevat nie (hoë frekwensies lewer hoë tone en lae frekwensies lae tone). Musiek van hoë kwaliteit kan slegs deur middel van 'n FM-stelsel uitgesend word aangesien die dragolffrekwensie 100 MHz en die bandwydte ongeveer 200 kHz is. </p><p>Vir die uitsending van <a href="/wiki/Televisie" title="Televisie">televisieseine</a> is 'n baie wye band (ongeveer 4,2 MHz) nodig, terwyl dit vir <a href="/wiki/Spraak" title="Spraak">spraak</a> (telekommunikasie) slegs 3 kHz en vir teks so min as 120 Hz hoef te wees. </p><p>In die verskillende stelsels moet daar ook maatreëls teen die interferensie van dragolwe getref word. So kan twee dragolwe van 1 000 kHz en 2 001 kHz byvoorbeeld meng en 'n verskilfrekwensie van 1 001 kHz lewer, wat deur 'n ontvanger ontvang kan word wat op 1 000 kHz ingestem is. In so 'n geval ontstaan daar 'n steuring (fluittoon) in die ontvanger. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Senders">Senders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Wysig afdeling: Senders" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Senders"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>'n Radiosender het drie essensiële onderdele, naamlik 'n <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ossillator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ossillator (bladsy bestaan nie)">ossillator</a>, waarmee die dragolf opgewek word, 'n menger vir die modulering van die dragolf, en ŉ versterker waarmee die gemoduleerde golf versterk word. Die versterkingsvermoë van senders wissel tussen 50 en 300 kW (kilo<a href="/wiki/Drywing" title="Drywing">watt</a>), hoewel daar ook senders met 'n vermoë van 1000 kW is. Hoewel radiobuise grootliks deur halfgeleiers vervang is (<a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistors</a>, ensovoorts) word dit steeds by senders gebruik omdat dit baie betroubaar is (dit kan hoë strome en <a href="/wiki/Temperatuur" title="Temperatuur">temperatuur</a> goed weerstaan). </p><p>By radiostasies word buise gebruik wat selfs hoër as 'n meter is en deur middel van water afgekoel word. Die frekwensie waarteen 'n buis-ossillator ossilleer word bepaal deur 'n netwerk van induktors (spoele), <a href="/wiki/Kapasitor" title="Kapasitor">kapasitors</a> en <a href="/wiki/Resistor" title="Resistor">resistors</a> in ŉ sogenaamde LCA-kring. By AM-senders word die ossillator gestabiliseer met behulp van 'n <a href="/wiki/Pi%C3%ABso-elektrisiteit" title="Piëso-elektrisiteit">piësoëlektriese</a> <a href="/wiki/Kristal" title="Kristal">kristal</a>. By FM-senders kan die ossillator nie gestabiliseer word nie aangesien die modulasie by FM juis op die variëring van die frekwensie neerkom. Daar word egter tog maatreëls getref om die ongemoduleerde golf onregstreeks te stabiliseer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antennes">Antennes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Wysig afdeling: Antennes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Antennes"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Antenne" title="Antenne">Antennes</a> word so ontwerp dat dit optimaal geskik is vir die send en ontvangs van 'n bepaalde frekwensies of frekwensiebande. Uitsending en ontvangs word byvoorbeeld beïnvloed deur die vorm en afmetings van antenne-elemente en dit moet eweredig aan die <a href="/wiki/Golflengte" title="Golflengte">golflengte</a> van die betrokke golwe wees. Die lengte van 'n golf word bepaal uit die vergelyking v = c/λ, waar v die frekwensie, λ die golflengte en c 'n konstante (die voortplantingsnelheid van <a href="/wiki/Elektromagnetiese_spektrum" title="Elektromagnetiese spektrum">elektromagnetiese</a> golwe: 300 000 km/s) is. </p><p>Die golflengte van 'n 300-MHz-golf (300 000 000 Hz) is byvoorbeeld 1 m (onthou 300 000 km = 300 000 000 m). <a href="/wiki/Antenne" title="Antenne">Antennes</a> kan voorts eenrigting of alomgerigte antennes wees. AM-antennes is dikwels alomgerigte antennes, terwyl FM-antennes eenrigting antennes is en op 'n sender gerig moet word. Antennes word ook so opgestel dat dit golwe horisontaal of vertikaal laat voortplant (polariseer). In oop gebiede word golwe gewoonlik horisontaal gepolariseer terwyl dit tussen heuwels en geboue vertikaal gepolariseer word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ontvangers">Ontvangers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Wysig afdeling: Ontvangers" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Ontvangers"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>'n Radio-ontvanger bestaan, net soos die sender, ook uit drie dele, naamlik 'n instemmer waarmee 'n bepaalde <a href="/wiki/Frekwensie" title="Frekwensie">frekwensie</a> of frekwensieband geselekteer word, 'n demodulator, waarmee die dra- en oudiogolwe geskei word, en ŉ klankversterker, waarmee 'n <a href="/wiki/Luidspreker" title="Luidspreker">luidspreker</a> aangedryf word. Die instemmer bestaan uit ŉ instemkring (kombinasie van ŉ <a href="/wiki/Induktor" title="Induktor">induktor</a> en 'n verstelbare kapasitor in 'n sogenaamde LC-kring) wat deur 'n AF- (radiofrekwensie-) versterker en 'n ossillator (lokale ossillator) ondersteun word. </p><p>Aangesien 'n radio 'n hele aantal verskillende frekwensies kan ontvang, moet die versterkers in die radio almal wyebandversterkers wees (die frekwensies almal ewe goed versterk). Sulke versterkers is egter baie duur en daarom word die inkomende sein met die van die lokale ossillator gemeng, waardeur 'n golf opgewek word wat deur ŉ goedkoper tussenversterker (smalband) versterk kan word. Ontvangers het gewoonlik ook AFC-kringe (outomatiese frekwensiebeheer) en AVA-kringe (outomatiese versterkingsbeheer). </p><p>Die AFC-kring help die instemmer om op 'n bepaalde sein ingestem te bly, al sou die sein effens van frekwensie verander as gevolg van die temperatuurveranderings van komponente, ensovoorts. Die AVR-kring beheer die seinsterkte nadat die sein ontvang is. Die seinsterkte van uitgesende seine wissel van plek tot plek en kan veroorsaak dat die radio dit oneweredig versterk. In die demodulator of detektor word die oudiogolf van die dragolf geskei. Die dragolf word uitgefiltreer (weggevoer) terwyl die oudiosein deur die klankversterker versterk word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stereoradio">Stereoradio</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Wysig afdeling: Stereoradio" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Stereoradio"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In sommige lande word stereofoniese uitsendings gedoen. By die stelsel word voorsiening gemaak vir die send en ontvang van twee kanale, die sogenaamde linkerkanaal (L) en die regterkanaal (A), waardeur byvoorbeeld die gehalte van musiek wat uitgesend word, baie verbeter word. Vir stereo-uitsendings word ŉ FM-sender van 'n ekstra modulator, 'n sogenaamde stereokodeerder, voorsien. Die stereokodeerder sorg dat die regte balans tussen die twee kanale gehandhaaf word en moduleer die dragolf dus met twee seine. Die FM-stereo-ontvanger het 'n dekodeerkring waarin die seine na die L- en die A-kanaal van die klankversterker gevoer word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multipleksstelsels">Multipleksstelsels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Wysig afdeling: Multipleksstelsels" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Multipleksstelsels"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In multipleksers word 'n ander vorm van modulasie, naamlik pulsmodulasie, gebruik. Pulsmodulasie is veral nuttig in die <a href="/wiki/Telekommunikasie" title="Telekommunikasie">telekommunikasie</a> waar nie slegs gesprekke en beeld uitgesend word nie, maar ook rekenaargegewens. By pulsmodulasie word 'n dragolf in baie kort pulse, in ooreenstemming met die pulswydte, uitgesend. As die dragolwe egter op die konvensionele manier per frekwensiebande gestuur word, bly die aantal beskikbare frekwensiebande steeds beperk. </p><p>Die pulse word daarom deur middel van 'n multiplekser uitgesend. Dit is in beginsel 'n <a href="/wiki/Skakelaar" title="Skakelaar">skakelaar</a> wat 'n enorme aantal skakelposisies het (multiskakelaar). Hoewel die meganiese skakelaar hier as voorbeeld gebruik word, word elektroniese skakelaars in die praktyk gebruik. Die multiplekser hoef slegs deur middel van 'n enkele dragolf of ŉ enkele <a href="/wiki/Telefoon" title="Telefoon">telefoonlyn</a> met die ontvangskakelaar (demultiplekser) verbind te wees. Die uitsending word nou op 'n roterende basis gedoen, met ander woorde elke skakelaarkontak word om die beurt met die sender verbind, en die sender stuur 'n aantal pulse, een na die ander uit. </p><p>Die demultiplekser ontvang dan die pulse in dieselfde volgorde, dit wil sê dit moet met die versend-multiplekser gesinchroniseer wees. Die rotasie in die multiplekser en die demultiplekser vind so vinnig plaas dat dit vir die ontvanger (by 'n spesifieke kontak) voorkom asof hy 'n ononderbroke sein ontvang. Op hierdie manier kan tot 100 000 gesprekke gelyktydig deur 'n enkele kanaal gestuur word. Waar 'n frekwensieband van tussen 100 en 110 MHz dus slegs 101-MHz-kanale beskikbaar gehad het, word dit nou uitgebrei na 'n miljoen kanale. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radiokommunikasie">Radiokommunikasie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Wysig afdeling: Radiokommunikasie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Radiokommunikasie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radiogolwe bereik teenswoordig nie alleen die mees geïsoleerde plekke op <a href="/wiki/Aarde" title="Aarde">aarde</a> nie, maar ook ruimtevaartuie in die uithoeke van die sonnestelsel. Die golwe het, danksy die elektronika, ontwikkel tot 'n universele inligtingsvervoermiddel. Desondanks word die bestaande frekwensiegebiede (kanale) reeds oorlaai en word daar, veral in die <a href="/wiki/Telekommunikasie" title="Telekommunikasie">telekommunikasie</a>, gewerk aan die ontsluiting van die mikrogolfgebied (met golflengtes korter as 1 mm, byvoorbeeld 300 GHz en hoër). </p><p>Die bestaande kanale word wel uitgebrei met behulp van multi- en demultipleksers, maar die apparaat is baie gekompliseerd. Dit word nietemin suksesvol gebruik en verlig die kommunikasiedruk terwyl daar met 'n baie belowende tegnologie geëksperimenteer word, naamlik <a href="/wiki/Optiese_vesel" title="Optiese vesel">optiese vesel</a> met lig as dragolfmedium. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soorte_radiokommunikasie">Soorte radiokommunikasie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Wysig afdeling: Soorte radiokommunikasie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Soorte radiokommunikasie"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Die radiotelegraaf word vir die send van morsekodeboodskappe gebruik. Die sein word nie gemoduleer nie en die punte en strepe van die kode word in kort en lang golfpulse uitgestuur. Op see word 'n 500-kHz-dragolf gebruik vir byvoorbeeld die uitsend van die noodsein SOS (... --- ... ). In aangepaste vorm word die radiotelegraaf vir die send van teleksboodskappe gebruik. Die enkele sleutel waarmee byvoorbeeld morsekodes uitgestuur word, word deur 'n toetsbord op ŉ spesiale tikmasjien vervang. </p><p>Aan die ontvangkant word die uitgesaaide kode outomaties gedekodeer en die boodskap in woorde deur 'n aangepaste <a href="/wiki/Tikmasjien" title="Tikmasjien">tikmasjien</a> uitgetik. Die radiotelefoon ("walkie-talkie") bestaan uit 'n sender en 'n ontvanger waarby 'n dragolf deur byvoorbeeld spraak gemoduleer word. Die radio het vinnig ontwikkel tot die tweerigtingradio's wat in die 1970's, veral tussen voertuie, gebruik is. Die radiotelefoon word ook in kombinasie met die gewone telefoon as 'n mobilofoon gebruik. </p><p>Dit stel 'n persoon byvoorbeeld in staat om selfs vanuit sy motor met iemand oorsee te kommunikeer. Die bekendste radiotoepassing is egter radio-omroep, waarby 'n enkele, kragtige sender vir algemene uitsendings gebruik word. Daarvan spreek die talle nasionale en handel senders oor die hele wêreld. Die gewildste frekwensiebande is teenswoordig die AM-medium- en kortgolfbande tussen 100 en 1 600 kHz, en die FM-bande tussen 88 en 108 MHz. </p><p>Nog 'n radiotoepassing is amateurradio, 'n stokperdjie waarmee <a href="/wiki/Kommunikasie" title="Kommunikasie">kommunikasie</a> tot in die uithoeke van die aarde onderhou word. Radio-amateurs gebruik ook die medium- en kortgolfbande, en veral mediumgolwe geniet voorkeur vanweë die groot reikafstand. Die lang (ongeveer 1 km) golwe weerkaats om die beurt tussen die aarde en die ionosfeer en stel 'n radioamateur in staat om op redelik eenvoudige maniere baie groot reikafstande te verkry. </p><p>Telekommunikasie is egter waarskynlik die grootste radiotoepassingsgebied. Dit word uiteindelik die draer van inligting, nie net vir telefoongesprekke nie, maar ook vir rekenaargegewens, televisie-uitsendings, ensovoorts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Straalsenders">Straalsenders</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Wysig afdeling: Straalsenders" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Straalsenders"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Straalsenders word veral in die telekommunikasie gebruik. Dit werk in die hoëfrekwensiegebied en word deur paraboliese antennes ondersteun wat uiters rigtinggevoelig is Die antennes word op kort afstande, so min as 50 km, uit mekaar opgestel op torings wat ongeveer 50 tot 100 m hoog is. Dit bring mee dat uitsendings feitlik steuringsvry is en in Suid-Afrika is daar 'n hele netwerk van antennes waarmee selfs rekenaarinligting oorgesein word sonder dat 'n enkele brokkie verlore gaan. </p><p>Wanneer 'n uitsending verder moet geskied as wat 'n toringnetwerk strek, word 'n telekommunikasiesatelliet gebruik. Teenswoordig is daar in werklikheid 'n hele aantal satelliete wat op vaste posisies saam met die aarde wentel (<a href="/wiki/Geostasion%C3%AAre_satelliet" class="mw-redirect" title="Geostasionêre satelliet">geostasionêre satelliet</a>). Die bekendste hiervan is Intelsat, 'n familie van satelliete waarvan Intelsat IV A byvoorbeeld deel vorm. Die satelliet het 'n massa van ongeveer 800 kg en beskik oor 6 000 kommunikasiekanale. Die sendvermoë is 500 W (0,5 kW) met ŉ totale bandwydte van 800 MHz. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Steurings">Steurings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Wysig afdeling: Steurings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Steurings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radiosteurings bly steeds 'n praktiese probleem, en al word baie golwe (1 cm en korter) gebruik wat redelik steuringsvry is, is daar tog twee soorte steurings waarmee radio-ingenieurs te kampe het, naamlik natuurlike en mensgemaakte steurings. Bronne van natuurlike steurings is onder meer weerlig, sogenaamde sonwinde en -vlekke, ensovoorts, terwyl bronne deur menslike toedoen skakelaars, motors se onstekingstelsels, ensovoorts, insluit. </p><p>Oor die algemeen word steurings uitgeskakel deur filters en onderdrukkers te gebruik. Filters word ingedeel in passiewe en aktiewe filters, en passiewe filters bestaan uit LCR-kringe (induktorkapasitor- resistor-kringe). Aktiewe filters bestaan uit aangepaste versterkers wat so ingerig is dat dit 'n hoë sein-tot-ruising-verhouding het en dus steurings kan onderdruk deur 'n sein byvoorbeeld 1 000 000 keer meer as die ruising (steurings) te versterk. </p><p>Onderdrukkers kan 'n tweeledige funksie verrig, naamlik die van 'n ruisingsonderdrukker by 'n ontvanger, of andersins die van onderdrukking by bronne van ruising, waaronder die genoemde skakelaars en ontstekingstelsels, asook by verbruikertoestelle soos yskaste, waaiers, haardroërs, ensovoorts. Onderdrukkers word van filters onderskei deurdat dit dikwels slegs uit 'n enkele komponent soos 'n resistor of 'n kapasitor bestaan, wat hoewel eenvoudig, tog baie doeltreffend by bronne van ruising is omdat dit die ruisingsenergie absorbeer Dit word teenswoordig ook deur die owerhede vereis dat elektriese toestelle van onderdrukkers voorsien moet wees. </p><p>Natuurlike steurings, behalwe weerlig en sonvlekke, word dikwels deur weerkaatsing veroorsaak. Skadubeelde op televisie word byvoorbeeld veroorsaak deur golwe wat deur geboue en metaalvoorwerpe weerkaats word. Dit word uitgeskakel deur gerigte antennes en antenneversterkers te gebruik. Die absorpsie van radiogolwe veroorsaak dikwels ook steurings deurdat die sein- tot- ruisingverhouding van uitgesende golwe kleiner word. </p><p>Radiogolfabsorpsie vind plaas wanneer 'n <a href="/wiki/Radiogolfvoortplanting" title="Radiogolfvoortplanting">radiogolf</a> by die deurgang deur (of verby) stowwe (lug, grond, ensovoorts) energie verloor. Langgolfoordrag (mediumgolwe) word byvoorbeeld deur die grond soorte en die humiditeit van die lug in sekere gebiede beïnvloed. Baie kort golwe (mikrogolwe) word aan die ander kant byvoorbeeld deur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lugmolekules&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lugmolekules (bladsy bestaan nie)">lugmolekules</a> (O<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>) geabsorbeer. Steurings kan ook deur interferensie plaasvind. By medium en kortgolfuitsendings gebeur dit byvoorbeeld dat die grondgolwe (weerkaatste golwe) en direkte golwe mekaar beïnvloed, en mekaar selfs kan uitdoof. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spesiale_radiotoepassings">Spesiale radiotoepassings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Wysig afdeling: Spesiale radiotoepassings" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Spesiale radiotoepassings"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radio kan onder meer ook vir afstandbeheer gebruik word. Stokperdjiegeesdriftiges gebruik dit byvoorbeeld by modelvliegtuie en -skepe. Die stelsel bestaan uit 'n sender met 'n kodeerder en 'n ontvanger met 'n dekodeerder, bygestaan deur 'n servomeganisme. Wanneer die ontvanger 'n sekere sein ontvang, stel dit die servo in werking, waardeur byvoorbeeld die rigtingroer van die vliegtuig in werking kom. Die servo bestaan gewoonlik uit 'n elektromotor wat bewegings deur middel van ratte en hefbome bewerkstellig. </p><p>Vir die meer professionele toepassings word afstandbeheer vir werklike vliegtuie, missiele en vir ruimtevaartuie gebruik. Die beginsels vir afstandbeheer bly dieselfde as by amateurradiobeheer, hoewel veel kragtiger en gesofistikeerder toerusting gebruik word. In die radiotelemetrie word opnames (lugfoto's, ensovoorts) byvoorbeeld aan boord van 'n vliegtuig gemaak en die gegewens na 'n ontvanger gesend. Dit vergemaklik die taak van landmeters en geoloë aansienlik, aangesien hulle 'n gebied dikwels nie self hoef te besoek om inligting aangaande opmetings en mineraalbronne te bekom nie. </p><p>Radiogolwe word ook vir radar gebruik. By radar word een van die minder wenslike verskynsels by gewone radio, naamlik die weerkaatsing van golwe, juis vir die opsporing van voorwerpe gebruik. Die radarstelsel bestaan uit ŉ sender en 'n ontvanger op dieselfde plek, waarmee seine uitgestuur en die weerkaatsing opgevang Word. Die weerkaatste seine word dan verwerk sodat die inligting op die radarskerm vertoon kan word. By radionavigasie word 'n aantal vaste bakens gebruik wat deurlopend radioseine uitsend en vliegtuie en skepe help om hul rigting te bepaal. </p><p>Rigtingbepaling word met behulp van rigtinggevoelige antennes gedoen, terwyl afstandbepaling gedoen word uit die berekening van fase- en tydsverskille in golwe wat deur verskillende bakens uitgesend word. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sien_ook">Sien ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Wysig afdeling: Sien ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Sien ook"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting" title="Digital Audio Broadcasting">Digital Audio Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiostasie" title="Radiostasie">Radiostasie</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bron">Bron</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Wysig afdeling: Bron" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>wysig</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radio&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Bron"><span>wysig bron</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%AAreldspektrum" title="Wêreldspektrum">Wêreldspektrum</a>, 1982, <a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Boekbronne/0908409648" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0908409648</a>, volume 23, bl. 157</li></ul> <table role="presentation" class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="background-color:var(--background-color-base, #fff);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1);color:inherit;Susterprojek/styl.css"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons bevat media in verband met <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Radio" class="extiw" title="commons:Radio">Radio</a></b></i>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Normdata_frameless_&#124;text-top_&#124;10px_&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata_&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q872&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks 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