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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Italian_invasion_of_Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_invasion_of_Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Italian invasion of Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_invasion_of_Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_Desert_Force" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_Desert_Force"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Western Desert Force</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_Desert_Force-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maletti_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maletti_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Maletti Group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maletti_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prelude</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prelude subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nibeiwa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nibeiwa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Nibeiwa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nibeiwa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>British plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Subsequent operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> 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id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Attack on Nibeiwa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%88%EB%B2%A0%EC%9D%B4%EC%99%80_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="니베이와 전투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="니베이와 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Nibeiwa" title="Battaglia di Nibeiwa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Nibeiwa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napad_na_Nibeiwu" title="Napad na Nibeiwu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Napad na Nibeiwu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cu%E1%BB%99c_t%E1%BA%A5n_c%C3%B4ng_Nibeiwa" title="Cuộc tấn công Nibeiwa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cuộc tấn công Nibeiwa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3636549#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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location"><span class="latitude">31°23′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">25°53′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.38333°N 25.88333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.38333; 25.88333</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">WWII: British Army raid on Italian fort in Egypt</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Attack on Nibeiwa</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Operation Compass</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:AfricaMap1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/AfricaMap1.jpg/300px-AfricaMap1.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/AfricaMap1.jpg/450px-AfricaMap1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/AfricaMap1.jpg/600px-AfricaMap1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="451" /></a></span><br />Map of the Italian invasion of Egypt</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>9 December 1940</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">'Alam Nibeiwa (Nibeiwa Hill)</div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Attack_on_Nibeiwa&params=31_23_00_N_25_53_00_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">31°23′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">25°53′00″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">31.38333°N 25.88333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">31.38333; 25.88333</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> British victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/23px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/35px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/46px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British India</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span data-sort-value="Italy"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Italy</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_O%27Connor" title="Richard O'Connor">Richard O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Savory" title="Reginald Savory">Reginald Savory</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Maletti" title="Pietro Maletti">Pietro Maletti</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11th_Indian_Infantry_Brigade" title="11th Indian Infantry Brigade">11th Indian Infantry Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Royal_Tank_Regiment" title="7th Royal Tank Regiment">7th Royal Tank Regiment</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Maletti_Group" title="Maletti Group">Maletti Group</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 5,000 soldiers<br />47 tanks</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 4,100 soldiers<br />23 tanks</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 56 killed<br />27 tanks disabled/broken down</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 819 killed<br />1,338 wounded<br />2,000 prisoners<br />28 tanks</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:200px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nibeiwa camp is located in Egypt"><img alt="Nibeiwa camp is located in Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Egypt_adm_location_map.svg/200px-Egypt_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Egypt_adm_location_map.svg/300px-Egypt_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Egypt_adm_location_map.svg/400px-Egypt_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="973" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:6.636%;left:12.85%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Nibeiwa camp"><img alt="Nibeiwa camp" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Nibeiwa camp</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Egypt_adm_location_map.svg" title="File:Egypt adm location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Nibeiwa, 12 mi (19 km) south of the port of Sidi Barrani</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_Desert_Campaign" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Western_Desert" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Western Desert"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_Desert_Campaign" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign"><span class="wrap"> Western Desert Campaign </span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1940</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="Italian invasion of Egypt">Invasion of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass"><i>Compass</i></a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nibeiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sidi_Barrani" title="Battle of Sidi Barrani">Sidi Barrani</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1941</b> </p> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bardia" title="Battle of Bardia">1st Bardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_capture_of_Tobruk" title="British capture of Tobruk">Tobruk 1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_at_Mechili" title="Action at Mechili">Mechili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beda_Fomm" title="Battle of Beda Fomm">Beda Fomm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Kufra" title="Capture of Kufra">Kufra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Giarabub" title="Siege of Giarabub">Giarabub</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sonnenblume" title="Operation Sonnenblume"><i>Sonnenblume</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk" title="Siege of Tobruk">Tobruk siege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Bardia" title="Raid on Bardia">2nd Bardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Pimples_raid" title="Twin Pimples raid">Twin Pimples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Brevity" title="Operation Brevity"><i>Brevity</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Skorpion" title="Operation Skorpion"><i>Skorpion</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Battleaxe" title="Operation Battleaxe"><i>Battleaxe</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crusader" title="Operation Crusader"><i>Crusader</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Flipper" title="Operation Flipper"><i>Flipper</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_at_Bir_el_Gubi_(November_1941)" title="Action at Bir el Gubi (November 1941)">1st Bir el Gubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Point_175" title="Battle of Point 175">Point 175</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_at_Bir_el_Gubi_(December_1941)" title="Action at Bir el Gubi (December 1941)">2nd Bir el Gubi</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1942</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Acrobat" title="Operation Acrobat"><i>Acrobat</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Gazala</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bir_Hakeim" title="Battle of Bir Hakeim">Bir Hakeim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_capture_of_Tobruk" title="Axis capture of Tobruk">Tobruk 1942</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mersa_Matruh" title="Battle of Mersa Matruh">Mersa Matruh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">1st Alamein</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Sidi_Haneish_Airfield" title="Raid on Sidi Haneish Airfield">Sidi Haneish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alam_el_Halfa" title="Battle of Alam el Halfa">Alam Halfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Agreement" title="Operation Agreement"><i>Agreement</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bigamy" title="Operation Bigamy"><i>Bigamy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Caravan" title="Operation Caravan"><i>Caravan</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nicety" title="Operation Nicety"><i>Nicety</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">2nd Alamein</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bertram" title="Operation Bertram"><i>Bertram</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Braganza" title="Operation Braganza"><i>Braganza</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_Outpost_Snipe" title="Defence of Outpost Snipe">Outpost Snipe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Agheila" title="Battle of El Agheila">El Agheila</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Associated articles</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Wire_(Libya)" title="Frontier Wire (Libya)">Frontier Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_gardens" title="Devil's gardens">Devil's gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Capuzzo" title="Fort Capuzzo">Fort Capuzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maletti_Group" title="Maletti Group">Maletti Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Command_Camouflage_Directorate" title="Middle East Command Camouflage Directorate">Camouflage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babini_Group" title="Babini Group">Babini Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combeforce" title="Combeforce">Combeforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Indian_Motor_Brigade" title="3rd Indian Motor Brigade">3rd Indian Motor Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baggush_Box" title="Baggush Box">Baggush Box</a></li> <li><span title="German-language text"><i lang="de"><a href="/wiki/Sonderkommando_Blaich" title="Sonderkommando Blaich">Sonderkommando Blaich</a></i></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Operation_Compass" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Operation_Compass" title="Template:Campaignbox Operation Compass"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Operation_Compass" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Operation Compass"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Operation_Compass" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Operation Compass"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Operation_Compass" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass"><span class="wrap"> Operation Compass </span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nibeiwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sidi_Barrani" title="Battle of Sidi Barrani">Sidi Barrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bardia" title="Battle of Bardia">Bardia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_capture_of_Tobruk" title="British capture of Tobruk">Tobruk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=British_capture_of_Derna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="British capture of Derna (page does not exist)">Derna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_at_Mechili,_24_January_1941" class="mw-redirect" title="Action at Mechili, 24 January 1941">Mechili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beda_Fomm" title="Battle of Beda Fomm">Beda Fomm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Attack on Nibeiwa</b> took place on 9 December 1940 near Nibeiwa, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, when the Italian fortified camp held by the <a href="/wiki/Maletti_Group" title="Maletti Group">Maletti Group</a>, the armoured force of the <a href="/wiki/10th_Army_(Italy)" title="10th Army (Italy)">10th Army</a>, was overrun by <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">Indian</a> troops. The attack was the opening engagement of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Operation Compass</a>, a British raid which, if successful, would be followed up to try to expel the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italians</a> from Egypt. Italy had declared war on <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> and Britain on 10 June and in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="Italian invasion of Egypt">Italian invasion of Egypt</a> (<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Operazione E</i></span>) from 9 to 16 September 1940, the Italian <a href="/wiki/Italian_Tenth_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Tenth Army">10th Army</a> had reached the port of <a href="/wiki/Sidi_Barrani" title="Sidi Barrani">Sidi Barrani</a> and dug in to await the completion of the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Via_della_Vittoria" title="Via della Vittoria">Via della Vittoria</a></i></span>, an extension of the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Litoranea_Balbo" class="mw-redirect" title="Litoranea Balbo">Via Balbia</a></i></span>, being built from the frontier. The Maletti Group garrisoned a camp at Nibeiwa,12 mi (19 km) south of the port of Sidi Barrani. </p><p>The British had fought a delaying action during the Italian advance with the 7th Support Group of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Armoured_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)">7th Armoured Division</a> and kept their main force at the railhead of <a href="/wiki/Mersa_Matruh" title="Mersa Matruh">Mersa Matruh</a> about 80 mi (130 km) east of Sidi Barrani. The British probed the Italian defences continually and then planned a five-day raid on Italian fortified camps, which had been built in an arc from the coast at Maktila to Sofafi in the south-west on the inland escarpment. The British intended to advance into the Nibeiwa–Rabia gap and attack Nibeiwa from the west. If the attack succeeded, the British would move on to attack the camps at Tummar West and Tummar East. The tanks of the 7th Armoured Division would form a defensive screen to the west, to protect the flank of the <a href="/wiki/4th_Indian_Infantry_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Indian Infantry Division">4th Indian Infantry Division</a> as it attacked the camps and be ready to intercept an Italian counter-attack. </p><p>The British and Indian infantry rehearsed an attack with the <a href="/wiki/Infantry_tank" title="Infantry tank">infantry tanks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Royal_Tank_Regiment" title="7th Royal Tank Regiment">7th Royal Tank Regiment</a> in late November and another rehearsal was announced for early December, which was actually the attack. On the night of 9/10 December the attack began with diversions on the east side as the main force closed up from the west. The real attack took the Italians by surprise, destroyed the 28 tanks before their crews could react and then broke into the camp. The Italian and <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libyan</a> garrison resisted the attack with great determination but were systematically overrun by a combination of tanks, artillery firing from <a href="/wiki/Point-blank_range" title="Point-blank range">point-blank range</a> and infantry. The Italian and Libyan troops suffered 4,157 casualties for a British loss of 56 men killed and 27 tanks disabled or broken down. The success at Nibeiwa began the collapse of the Italian position in Egypt. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Nibeiwa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_invasion_of_Egypt">Italian invasion of Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Nibeiwa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Italian invasion of Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Fort_Capuzzo" title="Fort Capuzzo">Fort Capuzzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="Italian invasion of Egypt">Italian invasion of Egypt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frontier_Wire_(Libya)" title="Frontier Wire (Libya)">Frontier Wire (Libya)</a></div> <p>The Italian invasion of Egypt <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">(Operazione E)</i></span> by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Italian</a> <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Army_(Italy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenth Army (Italy)">10th Army</a> began against the Western Desert Force on 13 September 1940, after several days of operations on the Italian side of the border to push back British troops. The original goal of the offensive had been an advance by the 10th Army from <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Italian Libya</a> along the Egyptian coast to the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>. After numerous delays, the aim of the offensive was reduced to the capture of the port of Sidi Barrani, an advance of about 65 mi (105 km). Two divisions of the 10th Army advanced and met screening forces of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Support_Group_(United_Kingdom)" title="7th Support Group (United Kingdom)">7th Support Group</a> (<a href="/wiki/7th_Armoured_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)">7th Armoured Division</a>) which fell back slowly from Sollum. On 16 September, the 10th Army halted and took up defensive positions around Sidi Barrani, to build fortified camps while the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Via Balbia</i></span> was extended by the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Via della Vittoria</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie195127–28_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie195127–28-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the road was built and supplies had been accumulated, an advance on Mersa Matruh, about 80 mi (130 km) further east was to begin. Camps were built from Maktila with the 1st Libyan Division, 15 mi (24 km) east of Sidi Barrani, south through Tummars (east and west, 2nd Libyan Division), to Nibeiwa (Maletti Group) thence to four camps at Sofafi to the south-west, on the escarpment above the coastal strip. Blackshirt divisions held Sidi Barrani and Sollum; a metropolitan division garrisoned Buq Buq. Italian engineers worked on a new road from Fort Capuzzo through Sollum to Buq Buq, close to Sidi Barrani and a water pipe from Bardia. In December the 10th Army in Egypt had about <span class="nowrap">80,000 men,</span> <span class="nowrap">250 guns</span> and <span class="nowrap">120 tanks.</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie195127–28,_35–37_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie195127–28,_35–37-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Western_Desert_Force">Western Desert Force</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Nibeiwa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Western Desert Force"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Force" title="Western Desert Force">Western Desert Force</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Matilda_Compass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Matilda_Compass.jpg/170px-Matilda_Compass.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Matilda_Compass.jpg/255px-Matilda_Compass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Matilda_Compass.jpg/340px-Matilda_Compass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">A Matilda tank in the Western Desert, December 1940</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The British <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Command" title="Middle East Command">Middle East Command</a> (General <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Wavell" class="mw-redirect" title="Archibald Wavell">Archibald Wavell</a>) had in Egypt and Palestine about <span class="nowrap">36,000 British,</span> <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_French_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Forces">Free French</a> soldiers, <span class="nowrap">120 guns,</span> <span class="nowrap">275 tanks</span> and <span class="nowrap">142 aircraft,</span> in two squadrons of <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hurricanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawker Hurricanes">Hurricanes</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Gladiators" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloster Gladiators">Gloster Gladiators</a>, three of <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Blenheim" title="Bristol Blenheim">Bristol Blenheims</a>, three of <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">Vickers Wellingtons</a> and one of <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Bombay" title="Bristol Bombay">Bristol Bombays</a>, about <span class="nowrap">46 fighters</span> and <span class="nowrap">116 bombers.</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1954262_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1954262-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_Force" title="Western Desert Force">Western Desert Force</a> (WDF, <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant-General">Lieutenant-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_O%27Connor" title="Richard O'Connor">Richard O'Connor</a>) comprised the <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="4th Infantry Division (India)">4th Indian Infantry Division</a> (Major-General <a href="/wiki/Noel_Beresford-Peirse" title="Noel Beresford-Peirse">Noel Beresford-Peirse</a>) and the 7th Armoured Division (Major-General Sir <a href="/wiki/Michael_O%27Moore_Creagh" title="Michael O'Moore Creagh">Michael O'Moore Creagh</a>). The British had some fast <a href="/wiki/Cruiser_Mk_I" title="Cruiser Mk I">Cruiser Mk I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cruiser_Mk_II" title="Cruiser Mk II">Cruiser Mk II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cruiser_Mk_III" title="Cruiser Mk III">Cruiser Mk III</a> tanks with <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_2-pounder" title="Ordnance QF 2-pounder">2-pounder</a> guns, which were superior to Italian M11/39 tanks. The British also had a battalion <a href="/wiki/Matilda_II" title="Matilda II">Matilda II</a> <a href="/wiki/Infantry_tank" title="Infantry tank">infantry tanks</a> that, while slow, carried the 2-pounder and armour that was impervious to Italian <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_gun" title="Anti-tank gun">anti-tank guns</a> and field guns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitt2001102_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitt2001102-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maletti_Group">Maletti Group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Nibeiwa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Maletti Group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maletti_Group" title="Maletti Group">Maletti Group</a></div> <p>The I Medium Tank Battalion (Major Victor Ceva) and the II Medium Tank Battalion (Major Eugenio Campanile) and their M11/39 tanks of the <a href="/wiki/32nd_Tank_Regiment_(Italy)" title="32nd Tank Regiment (Italy)">32nd Tank Infantry Regiment</a> in Italy had landed in Libya on 8 July 1940 and transferred to the command of the <a href="/wiki/4th_Tank_Regiment_(Italy)" title="4th Tank Regiment (Italy)">4th Tank Infantry Regiment</a>. The two battalions had an establishment of <span class="nowrap">600 men,</span> <span class="nowrap">72 tanks,</span> <span class="nowrap">56 vehicles,</span> <span class="nowrap">37 motorcycles</span> and <span class="nowrap">76 trailers</span> each. The medium tanks reinforced the <span class="nowrap">324 <a href="/wiki/L3/33" title="L3/33">L3/35 tankettes</a></span> already in Libya.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrind_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrind-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Maletti Group/<span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Raggruppamento Maletti</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Maletti" title="Pietro Maletti">Pietro Maletti</a>) was formed at Derna the same day, with seven Libyan motorised infantry battalions, a company of M11/39 tanks, a company of L3/33 tankettes, motorised artillery and supply units as the main motorised unit of the 10th Army and the first combined arms unit in North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199932_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie199932-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Nibeiwa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nibeiwa">Nibeiwa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Nibeiwa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nibeiwa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captured_Italian_tanks_005042.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Captured_Italian_tanks_005042.jpg/220px-Captured_Italian_tanks_005042.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Captured_Italian_tanks_005042.jpg/330px-Captured_Italian_tanks_005042.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Captured_Italian_tanks_005042.jpg/440px-Captured_Italian_tanks_005042.jpg 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Italian <a href="/wiki/Fiat_M11/39" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat M11/39">M11/39</a> tanks (photographed after they had been captured and manned by Australians).</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Nibeiwa was about 12 mi (20 km) south of Sidi Barrani; the camp was a double stone walled rectangle about 0.62 by 1.24 mi (1 by 2 km), with shelters every 50 yd (46 m) behind an <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_trench" title="Anti-tank trench">anti-tank trench</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Minefield" class="mw-redirect" title="Minefield">minefield</a>, which had a gap to the north-west to allow easier access for supply trucks. The 10th Army began to prepare an advance to Mersa Matruh for 16 December. Only the IX Light Tank Battalion with L3/33 tankettes attached to the 2nd Libyan Division "Pescatori", the II Medium Tank Battalion with M11/39s, with the Maletti Group at Nibeiwa camp and the LXIII and XX Light Tank battalions, with the XXI Corps HQ, were still in Egypt. The five fortified camps from the coast to the escarpment were well defended, but too far apart for overlapping fields of fire, and the defenders were reliant on ground and air patrols to link the camps and watch the British.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199957_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie199957-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italian air reconnaissance spotted British vehicle movements in the area, but Maletti was apparently not informed. On 8 December, Maletti alerted the nearby 2nd Libyan Division "Pescatori" that unusual low-level flying by the RAF was probably intended disguise the movement of armoured units. At <span class="nowrap">6:30 a.m.</span> on 9 December, Maletti contacted the commanders of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Libyan_Division_(Italy)" title="1st Libyan Division (Italy)">1st Libyan Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/2nd_Libyan_Division_(Italy)" title="2nd Libyan Division (Italy)">2nd Libyan Division</a>, reporting British preparatory movements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontanari1985204,_306_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontanari1985204,_306-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_plan">British plan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Nibeiwa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: British plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Operation Compass</a></div> <p>Training Exercise No.1 was held from 25 to 26 November near Matruh, on a model marked to resemble the Italian camps at Nibeiwa and the Tummars, and the troops were told that another rehearsal would be run in early December. The exercise was useful in providing experience in night moves under moonlight and attack tactics against a defensive position in the desert. <i>A Method of Attack on an entrenched Camp in the Desert</i> was distributed to units ready for Training Exercise No.2.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaugh199392_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaugh199392-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 7th Armoured Division and the 4th Indian Division were reinforced with the British 16th Infantry Brigade, the 7th RTR and the Matruh Garrison Force of a Coldstream Guards battalion and a battery of field artillery; the 7th Indian Brigade was to act as a reserve and protect the lines of communication. Guarded by the Support Group, the rest of 7th Armoured Division and the 4th Indian Division were to drive between Nibeiwa and the Sofafi camps and then attack Nibeiwa from the west with the <a href="/wiki/11th_Indian_Infantry_Brigade" title="11th Indian Infantry Brigade">11th Indian Infantry Brigade</a> (Colonel <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Arthur_Savory" class="mw-redirect" title="Reginald Arthur Savory">Reginald Savory</a>) and 47 Matilda II tanks of the 7th RTR. The <a href="/wiki/Cruiser_tank" title="Cruiser tank">cruiser tanks</a> of the 7th Armoured Division were to prevent a counter-attack from Sofafi and cover the left flank of the 4th Indian Division. Once Nibewa had been captured, the attackers would move on to the Tummars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie195136–37_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie195136–37-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each division was to have a field supply depot about 40 mi (64 km) west of Matruh, which were elaborately camouflaged and filled sufficiently for five days' operations and two days' supply of water.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1954262–263_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1954262–263-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the attack succeeded, the 7th Armoured Division tanks were to drive north to cut off the Italian line of retreat from Sidi Barrani while the Indians captured the other camps near the port. Maktila was to be cut off by the Matruh Garrison Force, and the tanks were to drive for Buq Buq to cut off the retreat of the garrison to Sollum.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaugh199388_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaugh199388-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the night of 6/7 December, the 4th Indian Division left camp for Training Exercise No.2 in a cold wind that raised dust and concealed the lorries of the 4th and 6th New Zealand Reserve Mechanical Transport companies as they drove spread out over the desert, in air formation (no lorry to be within 250 yd (230 m) of another).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson200321_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson200321-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After driving for 50 mi (80 km) the force rendezvoused at Bir Kenayis, about 30 mi (48 km) south of Matruh and dug slit trenches. The troops rested on 7 December, unseen by Italian air reconnaissance, and were told that the attack was the real one that evening. On 8 December, the advance continued into a bright, cold windless day at about 8 mph (13 km/h) at the front and in 40 mph (64 km/h) bursts at the back, with everyone expecting to be attacked by Italian aircraft that did not appear.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson200321_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson200321-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By late afternoon, the Indians were 15 mi (24 km) south-east of Nibeiwa, 100 mi (160 km) west of their jumping-off point. At dusk two battalions of the 11th Indian Brigade and the 7th RTR moved off and drove in moonlight to a position 6 mi (9.7 km) south-west of Nibeiwa; before sunrise the units assembled at a jumping-off point 4,000 yd (2.3 mi; 3.7 km) north-west of the camp. The third battalion drove about 3 mi (4.8 km) short of the east side of the camp, which was on a flat plateau with a shallow valley on that side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie195137–38_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie195137–38-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Nibeiwa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_North_Africa_1940_E1498.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/The_British_Army_in_North_Africa_1940_E1498.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_in_North_Africa_1940_E1498.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/The_British_Army_in_North_Africa_1940_E1498.jpg/330px-The_British_Army_in_North_Africa_1940_E1498.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/The_British_Army_in_North_Africa_1940_E1498.jpg/440px-The_British_Army_in_North_Africa_1940_E1498.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Matilda II <a href="/wiki/Infantry_tank" title="Infantry tank">Infantry tank</a> and crew, North Africa, 1940 E1498</div></figcaption></figure> <p>British aircraft bombed the camps and flew overhead all night, to disguise the sound of the ground force vehicles and to keep Italian aircraft grounded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaugh199398_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaugh199398-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <span class="nowrap">3:00 a.m.,</span> after the Indians had advanced on foot to the perimeter, they came upon listening posts and commenced firing, at which the Italian garrison sent up flares and returned fire. When the garrison ceased firing, the Indians shifted position and fired again, Under cover of the noise on the east side of Nibeiwa, the British tanks and lorries drove round the west side of the camp, and at <span class="nowrap">6:00 a.m.</span> the Indians on the east side retired. A <a href="/wiki/Bombardment" title="Bombardment">bombardment</a> by British artillery began from the east, to mislead the Italians. At <span class="nowrap">7:15 a.m.</span> the artillery of the 4th Indian Division fired on Nibewa from the south-east, around <span class="nowrap">7:00 a.m.</span> and at <span class="nowrap">7:30 a.m.</span> the tanks began the attack with the 31st Field Battery RA and flanked by the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Carrier" title="Universal Carrier">Bren Carrier</a> platoons of the Indian infantry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie195138_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie195138-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1954267_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1954267-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Italians had concentrated their 28 M11/39 tanks beyond the perimeter wall, where the tank crews were caught while warming engines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker200362_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200362-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Italian tank crews had no time to react before their tanks were knocked out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1954267–268_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1954267–268-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British tanks broke down the walls and drove into the camp, where the Italians had just breakfasted; Maletti advanced with a machine-gun and was killed by a gunshot wound. At <span class="nowrap">7:45 a.m.</span> the British and Indian infantry followed up on board lorries, which stopped 700 yd (640 m) away for the men to disembark and charge into the camp. The Italian and Libyan artillerymen stood by their guns but found that even field artillery shells fired at 30 yd (27 m) range were ineffective against the armour of the Matilda tanks. The Italian and Libyan infantry fought on and isolated parties stalked British tanks with hand grenades but the British methodically occupied the camp, tanks artillery and infantry co-operating to reduce isolated pockets of resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1954268_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1954268-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By <span class="nowrap">10:40 a.m.</span> the last Italian resistance was overcome and large amounts of supplies and water were discovered intact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie195138–39_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie195138–39-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Nibeiwa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis">Analysis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Nibeiwa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Australian <a href="/wiki/War_correspondent" title="War correspondent">war correspondent</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Moorehead" title="Alan Moorehead">Alan Moorehead</a> visited Nibeiwa after the battle. To reach it, he had to move around destroyed lorries and Bren Carriers that had run onto mines, and past square holes in the ground which had been dug for machine-gun posts. Dead lay around the fort; derelict light tanks were at the west wall, where the Maletti Group had made its last stand. Other tanks were inside the camp facing in all directions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoorehead200961–64_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoorehead200961–64-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capture of Nibeiwa camp cleared the way for the next stage of the British attack, when the remaining operational tanks and the 5th Indian Infantry Brigade moved west of the Tummar camps and the 16th Infantry Brigade closed up to the area vacated by the Indian brigade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie195139_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie195139-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Western Desert Force completed the capture of the camps and captured Sidi Barrani, destroying two Italian divisions by 10 December, as two more divisions were caught on the Mersa Matruh–Sidi Barrani road and forced to surrender. By the time that Sidi Barrani was captured on 11 December, the WDF bag had increased to 38,300 prisoners, 73 tanks and 422 guns for a loss of 133 men killed, 387 wounded and eight missing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaugh1993100_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaugh1993100-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 December, planning with photographs from reconnaissance aircraft and night patrol reports began for the capture of Bardia, which would not have the benefit of surprise as the attack on Nibeiwa did, as it had far less extensive defences and was too far from neighbouring camps to be supported. The defences of Bardia were reminiscent of the defensive structures used in the First World War, and British artillery would be much more important than it had been at Nibeiwa. The experience of the attack there was important for the plan to use a combination of shock, firepower, tanks and the mobility of the Infantry tanks to break into the port defences.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaugh1993107_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERaugh1993107-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Casualties">Casualties</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Nibeiwa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wrecked_Breda_Ba.65_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wrecked_Breda_Ba.65_1940.jpg/220px-Wrecked_Breda_Ba.65_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wrecked_Breda_Ba.65_1940.jpg/330px-Wrecked_Breda_Ba.65_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Wrecked_Breda_Ba.65_1940.jpg/440px-Wrecked_Breda_Ba.65_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Wrecked <a href="/wiki/Breda_Ba.65" title="Breda Ba.65">Breda Ba.65</a>, 1940</div></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1954, the British official historian <a href="/wiki/I._S._O._Playfair" title="I. S. O. Playfair">I. S. O. Playfair</a> wrote that the attackers took <span class="nowrap">2,000 Italian</span> and Libyan prisoners and a large quantity of supplies and water for a British loss of <span class="nowrap">56 men.</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1954266–268_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1954266–268-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979 the Italian official history gave a total of <span class="nowrap">819 Italian</span> and Libyan soldiers killed, along with Maletti and <span class="nowrap">1,338 men wounded.</span><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIOH1979I_Annex_32_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIOH1979I_Annex_32-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsequent_operations">Subsequent operations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Nibeiwa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Subsequent operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The attack on Tummar West began at <span class="nowrap">1:50 p.m.,</span> after the 7th RTR had refuelled and artillery had bombarded the defences for an hour. Another approach from the north-west was made, the tanks broke through the perimeter and were followed twenty minutes later by the infantry. The defenders held out for longer than the Nibeiwa garrison but by <span class="nowrap">4:00 p.m.</span> Tummar West was overrun except for the north-eastern corner. The tanks moved on to Tummar East, the greater part of which was captured by nightfall. The 4th Armoured Brigade had advanced to Azziziya, where the garrison of <span class="nowrap">400 men</span> surrendered, light patrols of the <a href="/wiki/7th_Queen%27s_Own_Hussars" title="7th Queen's Own Hussars">7th Hussars</a> pushed forward to cut the road from Sidi Barrani to Buq Buq, while armoured cars of the 11th Hussars ranged further west. The 7th Armoured Brigade were held in reserve ready to intercept an Italian counter-attack.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1954268–269_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1954268–269-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2nd Libyan Division lost <span class="nowrap">26 officers</span> and <span class="nowrap">1,327 men</span> killed, <span class="nowrap">32 officers</span> and <span class="nowrap">804 men</span> wounded, with the survivors being taken prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIOH1979375_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIOH1979375-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Nibeiwa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_military_equipment_of_World_War_II" title="List of British military equipment of World War II">List of British military equipment of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_military_equipment_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Italian military equipment in World War II">List of Italian military equipment in World War II</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Nibeiwa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie195127–28-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie195127–28_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackenzie1951">Mackenzie 1951</a>, pp. 27–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie195127–28,_35–37-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie195127–28,_35–37_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackenzie1951">Mackenzie 1951</a>, pp. 27–28, 35–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1954262-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1954262_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair1954">Playfair 1954</a>, p. 262.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitt2001102-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitt2001102_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPitt2001">Pitt 2001</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEParrind-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEParrind_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFParrind">Parri nd</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie199932-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199932_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristie1999">Christie 1999</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristie199957-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChristie199957_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChristie1999">Christie 1999</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontanari1985204,_306-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontanari1985204,_306_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMontanari1985">Montanari 1985</a>, pp. 204, 306.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaugh199392-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaugh199392_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaugh1993">Raugh 1993</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie195136–37-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie195136–37_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackenzie1951">Mackenzie 1951</a>, pp. 36–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1954262–263-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1954262–263_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair1954">Playfair 1954</a>, pp. 262–263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaugh199388-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaugh199388_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaugh1993">Raugh 1993</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHenderson200321-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson200321_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHenderson200321_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHenderson2003">Henderson 2003</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie195137–38-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie195137–38_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackenzie1951">Mackenzie 1951</a>, pp. 37–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaugh199398-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaugh199398_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaugh1993">Raugh 1993</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie195138-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie195138_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackenzie1951">Mackenzie 1951</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1954267-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1954267_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair1954">Playfair 1954</a>, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker200362-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker200362_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWalker2003">Walker 2003</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1954267–268-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1954267–268_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair1954">Playfair 1954</a>, pp. 267–268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1954268-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1954268_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair1954">Playfair 1954</a>, p. 268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie195138–39-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie195138–39_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackenzie1951">Mackenzie 1951</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoorehead200961–64-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoorehead200961–64_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoorehead2009">Moorehead 2009</a>, pp. 61–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackenzie195139-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackenzie195139_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMackenzie1951">Mackenzie 1951</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaugh1993100-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaugh1993100_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaugh1993">Raugh 1993</a>, p. 100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERaugh1993107-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERaugh1993107_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRaugh1993">Raugh 1993</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1954266–268-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1954266–268_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair1954">Playfair 1954</a>, pp. 266–268.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIOH1979I_Annex_32-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIOH1979I_Annex_32_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIOH1979">IOH 1979</a>, I Annex 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1954268–269-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfair1954268–269_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfair1954">Playfair 1954</a>, pp. 268–269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIOH1979375-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIOH1979375_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIOH1979">IOH 1979</a>, p. 375.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Attack_on_Nibeiwa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <p><b>Books</b> </p> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHenderson2003" class="citation book cs1">Henderson, J. H. (2003) [1954]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Mech.html"><i>RMT. Official history of the 4th and 6th Reserve Mechanical Transport Companies, 2 NZEF</i></a>. Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War, 1939–45 (online, New Zealand Electronic Text Centre ed.). Wellington, NZ: War History Branch, Dept. of Internal Affairs. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/173284169">173284169</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=RMT.+Official+history+of+the+4th+and+6th+Reserve+Mechanical+Transport+Companies%2C+2+NZEF&rft.place=Wellington%2C+NZ&rft.series=Official+History+of+New+Zealand+in+the+Second+World+War%2C+1939%E2%80%9345&rft.edition=online%2C+New+Zealand+Electronic+Text+Centre&rft.pub=War+History+Branch%2C+Dept.+of+Internal+Affairs&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F173284169&rft.aulast=Henderson&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-WH2Mech.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Nibeiwa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIOH1979" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>La prima offensiva britannica in Africa settentrionale (ottobre 1940 – febbraio 1941) I. annexe 32</i> [<i>The First British Offensive in North Africa (October 1940 – February 1941)</i>] (in Italian). Roma: Esercito. Corpo di stato maggiore. Ufficio storico. 1979. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6863876">6863876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+prima+offensiva+britannica+in+Africa+settentrionale+%28ottobre+1940+%E2%80%93+febbraio+1941%29+I.+annexe+32&rft.place=Roma&rft.pub=Esercito.+Corpo+di+stato+maggiore.+Ufficio+storico&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6863876&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Nibeiwa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackenzie1951" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Compton_Mackenzie" title="Compton Mackenzie">Mackenzie, Compton</a> (1951). <i>Eastern Epic: September 1939 – March 1943 Defence</i>. Vol. I. London: Chatto & Windus. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/59637091">59637091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eastern+Epic%3A+September+1939+%E2%80%93+March+1943+Defence&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Chatto+%26+Windus&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F59637091&rft.aulast=Mackenzie&rft.aufirst=Compton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Nibeiwa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontanari1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Montanari, Mario (1985). <i>Sidi el Barrani (giugno 1940 – febbraio 1941)</i> [<i>Sidi Barrani (June 1940 – February 1941)</i>]. Le Operazioni in Africa Settentrionale (in Italian). Vol. I. Roma: Ufficio Storico dello Stato Maggiore Esercito. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/868634287">868634287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sidi+el+Barrani+%28giugno+1940+%E2%80%93+febbraio+1941%29&rft.place=Roma&rft.series=Le+Operazioni+in+Africa+Settentrionale&rft.pub=Ufficio+Storico+dello+Stato+Maggiore+Esercito&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F868634287&rft.aulast=Montanari&rft.aufirst=Mario&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Nibeiwa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorehead2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Moorehead" title="Alan Moorehead">Moorehead, A.</a> (2009) [1944]. <i>The Desert War: The Classic Trilogy on the North African campaign 1940–43</i> (Aurum Press ed.). London: Hamish Hamilton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84513-391-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84513-391-7"><bdi>978-1-84513-391-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Desert+War%3A+The+Classic+Trilogy+on+the+North+African+campaign+1940%E2%80%9343&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Aurum+Press&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84513-391-7&rft.aulast=Moorehead&rft.aufirst=A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Nibeiwa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrind" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Parri, M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spazioinwind.libero.it/cico85/carristi.html">"Storia del 32° Rgt. Carri dalla Costituzione del Reggimento fino al termine del Secondo Conflitto Mondiale"</a> [History of the 32nd Armoured Regiment from its Establishment until the end of the Second World War]. <i>www.associocarri.it</i> (in Italian). no date<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.associocarri.it&rft.atitle=Storia+del+32%C2%B0+Rgt.+Carri+dalla+Costituzione+del+Reggimento+fino+al+termine+del+Secondo+Conflitto+Mondiale&rft.aulast=Parri&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspazioinwind.libero.it%2Fcico85%2Fcarristi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Nibeiwa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitt2001" class="citation book cs1">Pitt, B. (2001) [1980]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crucibleofwar00pitt"><i>The Crucible of War: Wavell's Command</i></a></span>. Vol. I (Cassell ed.). London: Jonathan Cape. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35950-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-35950-9"><bdi>978-0-304-35950-9</bdi></a> – via Archive Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crucible+of+War%3A+Wavell%27s+Command&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Cassell&rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-304-35950-9&rft.aulast=Pitt&rft.aufirst=B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrucibleofwar00pitt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Nibeiwa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlayfair1954" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Stanley_Ord_Playfair" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Stanley Ord Playfair">Playfair, I. S. O.</a>; Stitt, G. M. S.; Molony, C. J. C. & Toomer, S. E. (2004) [1954]. <a href="/wiki/James_Ramsay_Montagu_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Ramsay Montagu Butler">Butler, J. R. M.</a> (ed.). <i>The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Early Successes Against Italy (to May 1941)</i>. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I (facs. repr. Naval & Military Press, Ukfield ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84574-065-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84574-065-8"><bdi>978-1-84574-065-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+and+Middle+East%3A+The+Early+Successes+Against+Italy+%28to+May+1941%29&rft.place=London&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War%2C+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.edition=facs.+repr.+Naval+%26+Military+Press%2C+Ukfield&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-84574-065-8&rft.aulast=Playfair&rft.aufirst=I.+S.+O.&rft.au=Stitt%2C+G.+M.+S.&rft.au=Molony%2C+C.+J.+C.&rft.au=Toomer%2C+S.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Nibeiwa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaugh1993" class="citation book cs1">Raugh, H. E. (1993). <i>Wavell in the Middle East, 1939–1941: A Study in Generalship</i>. London: Brassey's UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-040983-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-040983-2"><bdi>978-0-08-040983-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wavell+in+the+Middle+East%2C+1939%E2%80%931941%3A+A+Study+in+Generalship&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Brassey%27s+UK&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-08-040983-2&rft.aulast=Raugh&rft.aufirst=H.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Nibeiwa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker2003" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Ian W. (2003). <i>Iron Hulls, Iron Hearts; Mussolini's Elite Armoured Divisions in North Africa</i>. Ramsbury: The Crowood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86126-646-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86126-646-0"><bdi>978-1-86126-646-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Hulls%2C+Iron+Hearts%3B+Mussolini%27s+Elite+Armoured+Divisions+in+North+Africa&rft.place=Ramsbury&rft.pub=The+Crowood+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-86126-646-0&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Ian+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Nibeiwa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Theses</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristie1999" class="citation thesis cs1">Christie, H. R. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150216220301/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/ref/collection/p4013coll2/id/597"><i>Fallen Eagles: The Italian 10th Army in the Opening Campaign in the Western Desert, June 1940 – December 1940</i></a> (MA). Fort Leavenworth, KS: U. S. Army Command and General Staff College. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/465212715">465212715</a>. A116763. Archived from <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/ref/collection/p4013coll2/id/597">the original</a></span> on 16 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2017</span> – via Archive Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Fallen+Eagles%3A+The+Italian+10th+Army+in+the+Opening+Campaign+in+the+Western+Desert%2C+June+1940+%E2%80%93+December+1940&rft.inst=U.+S.+Army+Command+and+General+Staff+College&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F465212715&rft.aulast=Christie&rft.aufirst=H.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcgsc.cdmhost.com%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2Fp4013coll2%2Fid%2F597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAttack+on+Nibeiwa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Leaders</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul"><i>Keelhaul</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim"><i>Osoaviakhim</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip"><i>Paperclip</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Sexual violence</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Vietnam</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">German prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Soviet prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a></i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage"><i>Cottage</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest"><i>Tempest</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go"><i>Ichi-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><i>Overlord</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings"><i>Neptune</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration"><i>Bagration</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden"><i>Market Garden</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow"><i>Crossbow</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive"><i>Pointblank</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte"><i>Bodenplatte</i></a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a 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