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<span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Histoire</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Histoire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Introduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Introduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Introduction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Introduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origines_de_l'expression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origines_de_l'expression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Origines de l'expression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origines_de_l'expression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qui_sont_les_Pères_fondateurs_?" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qui_sont_les_Pères_fondateurs_?"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Qui sont les Pères fondateurs ?</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qui_sont_les_Pères_fondateurs_?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Les_différents_Pères_fondateurs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Les_différents_Pères_fondateurs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Les différents Pères fondateurs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Les_différents_Pères_fondateurs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portraits_des_Pères_fondateurs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portraits_des_Pères_fondateurs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Portraits des Pères fondateurs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Portraits_des_Pères_fondateurs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Portraits des Pères fondateurs</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Portraits_des_Pères_fondateurs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Les_56_signataires_de_la_Déclaration_d'indépendance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Les_56_signataires_de_la_Déclaration_d'indépendance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Les <span>56 signataires</span> de la Déclaration d'indépendance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Les_56_signataires_de_la_Déclaration_d'indépendance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Les_36_signataires_de_la_Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Les_36_signataires_de_la_Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Les <span>36 signataires</span> de la Constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Les_36_signataires_de_la_Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Les_15_délégués_présents_à_la_Convention_qui_n'ont_pas_signé_la_Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Les_15_délégués_présents_à_la_Convention_qui_n'ont_pas_signé_la_Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Les 15 délégués présents à la Convention qui n'ont pas signé la Constitution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Les_15_délégués_présents_à_la_Convention_qui_n'ont_pas_signé_la_Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Autres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliographie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliographie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Bibliographie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliographie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Essais" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Essais"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.1</span> <span>Essais</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Essais-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2.2</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pères fondateurs des États-Unis</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 62 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="الآباء المؤسسون للولايات المتحدة – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الآباء المؤسسون للولايات المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%B3%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87" title="الآباء المؤسسين للولايات المتحده – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الآباء المؤسسين للولايات المتحده" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padres_fundadores_de_los_Estaos_Xun%C3%ADos" title="Padres fundadores de los Estaos Xuníos – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Padres fundadores de los Estaos Xuníos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Birl%C9%99%C5%9Fmi%C5%9F_%C5%9Etatlar%C4%B1n%C4%B1n_qurucu_atalar%C4%B1" title="Amerika Birləşmiş Ştatlarının qurucu ataları – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Amerika Birləşmiş Ştatlarının qurucu ataları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%A0%D0%A8-%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D2%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D2%AF%D1%81%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D3%A9%D0%B9%D3%A9%D0%BA_%D1%88%D3%99%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80" title="АҠШ-ты нигеҙләүсе бөйөк шәхестәр – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="АҠШ-ты нигеҙләүсе бөйөк шәхестәр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Amang_Kagtogdas" title="Mga Amang Kagtogdas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mga Amang Kagtogdas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96-%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Бацькі-заснавальнікі ЗША – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бацькі-заснавальнікі ЗША" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8_%E2%80%93_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%A9" title="Бащи – основатели на САЩ – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бащи – основатели на САЩ" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tado%C3%B9_diazezerien_Stado%C3%B9-Unanet_Amerika" title="Tadoù diazezerien Stadoù-Unanet Amerika – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tadoù diazezerien Stadoù-Unanet Amerika" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pares_fundadors_dels_Estats_Units" title="Pares fundadors dels Estats Units – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pares fundadors dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88%DA%A9%DB%95_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%95%D8%B2%D8%B1%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%95_%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="باوکە دامەزرێنەرانی ویلایەتە یەکگرتوەکان – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="باوکە دامەزرێنەرانی ویلایەتە یەکگرتوەکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otcov%C3%A9_zakladatel%C3%A9_Spojen%C3%BDch_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_americk%C3%BDch" title="Otcové zakladatelé Spojených států amerických – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Otcové zakladatelé Spojených států amerických" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefydlwyr_yr_Unol_Daleithiau" title="Sefydlwyr yr Unol Daleithiau – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Sefydlwyr yr Unol Daleithiau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%BCnderv%C3%A4ter_der_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="Gründerväter der Vereinigten Staaten – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gründerväter der Vereinigten Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B4%CF%81%CF%85%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%82_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%97%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Ιδρυτές Πατέρες των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιδρυτές Πατέρες των Ηνωμένων Πολιτειών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Founding Fathers of the United States" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patroj-fondintoj_de_Usono" title="Patroj-fondintoj de Usono – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Patroj-fondintoj de Usono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padres_fundadores_de_los_Estados_Unidos" title="Padres fundadores de los Estados Unidos – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Padres fundadores de los Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ameerika_%C3%9Chendriikide_Asutajad_Isad" title="Ameerika Ühendriikide Asutajad Isad – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ameerika Ühendriikide Asutajad Isad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%DA%AF%D8%B0%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="پدران بنیان‌گذار ایالات متحده آمریکا – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پدران بنیان‌گذار ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_perustajais%C3%A4t" title="Yhdysvaltain perustajaisät – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltain perustajaisät" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%90%D7%91%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="האבות המייסדים של ארצות הברית – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="האבות המייסדים של ארצות הברית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE" title="संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका के राष्ट्रपिता – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संयुक्त राज्य अमेरिका के राष्ट्रपिता" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alap%C3%ADt%C3%B3_aty%C3%A1k" title="Alapító atyák – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Alapító atyák" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%84%D5%86-%D5%AB_%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D6%80_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%80" title="ԱՄՆ-ի հիմնադիր հայրեր – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԱՄՆ-ի հիմնադիր հայրեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patres_Fundator_del_Statos_Unite" title="Patres Fundator del Statos Unite – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Patres Fundator del Statos Unite" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bapak_Pendiri_Amerika_Serikat" title="Bapak Pendiri Amerika Serikat – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bapak Pendiri Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patri-fondinti_di_Usa" title="Patri-fondinti di Usa – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Patri-fondinti di Usa" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsfe%C3%B0ur_Bandar%C3%ADkjanna" title="Landsfeður Bandaríkjanna – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Landsfeður Bandaríkjanna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padri_fondatori_degli_Stati_Uniti_d%27America" title="Padri fondatori degli Stati Uniti d'America – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Padri fondatori degli Stati Uniti d'America" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E5%BB%BA%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E7%88%B6" title="アメリカ合衆国建国の父 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ合衆国建国の父" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D2%9A%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%8B%D2%A3_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD_%D2%9B%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%88%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Америка Құрама Штаттарының негізін қалаушылар – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Америка Құрама Штаттарының негізін қалаушылар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EA%B1%B4%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EC%95%84%EB%B2%84%EC%A7%80" title="미국 건국의 아버지 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 건국의 아버지" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditores_Civitatum_Foederatarum" title="Conditores Civitatum Foederatarum – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Conditores Civitatum Foederatarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%97vai_%C4%AFk%C5%ABr%C4%97jai_(JAV)" title="Tėvai įkūrėjai (JAV) – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tėvai įkūrėjai (JAV)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A3-%D1%8B%D0%B3_%E2%80%9C%D2%AE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%87_%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%B3%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B4%22" title="АНУ-ыг “Үндэслэгч эцгүүд" – mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="АНУ-ыг “Үндэслэгч эцгүүд"" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bapa_Pengasas_Amerika_Syarikat" title="Bapa Pengasas Amerika Syarikat – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bapa Pengasas Amerika Syarikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%80%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%81%8F_%E1%80%90%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B0%E1%80%96%E1%80%81%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ တည်ထောင်သူဖခင်များ – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အမေရိကန်ပြည်ထောင်စု၏ တည်ထောင်သူဖခင်များ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers" title="Founding Fathers – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Founding Fathers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Founding Fathers of the United States" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojcowie_za%C5%82o%C5%BCyciele_Stan%C3%B3w_Zjednoczonych" title="Ojcowie założyciele Stanów Zjednoczonych – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ojcowie założyciele Stanów Zjednoczonych" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%BC%DA%AB%D8%B1_%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%87" title="د متحده ایالاتو بنسټګر پلرونه – pachto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د متحده ایالاتو بنسټګر پلرونه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pachto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pais_Fundadores_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Pais Fundadores dos Estados Unidos – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pais Fundadores dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%83rin%C8%9Bii_fondatori_ai_Statelor_Unite_ale_Americii" title="Părinții fondatori ai Statelor Unite ale Americii – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Părinții fondatori ai Statelor Unite ale Americii" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%86%D1%8B-%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Отцы-основатели США – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Отцы-основатели США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%C4%8Devi_osniva%C4%8Di_Sjedinjenih_Dr%C5%BEava" title="Očevi osnivači Sjedinjenih Država – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Očevi osnivači Sjedinjenih Država" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Founding Fathers of the United States" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otcovia_zakladatelia_(Spojen%C3%A9_%C5%A1t%C3%A1ty)" title="Otcovia zakladatelia (Spojené štáty) – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Otcovia zakladatelia (Spojené štáty)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustanovni_o%C4%8Detje_Zdru%C5%BEenih_dr%C5%BEav_Amerike" title="Ustanovni očetje Združenih držav Amerike – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ustanovni očetje Združenih držav Amerike" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et%C3%ABrit_Themelues_t%C3%AB_Shteteve_t%C3%AB_Bashkuara" title="Etërit Themelues të Shteteve të Bashkuara – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Etërit Themelues të Shteteve të Bashkuara" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Очеви оснивачи Сједињених Држава – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Очеви оснивачи Сједињених Држава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA:s_grundlagsf%C3%A4der" title="USA:s grundlagsfäder – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="USA:s grundlagsfäder" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90" title="บิดาผู้ก่อตั้งสหรัฐ – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บิดาผู้ก่อตั้งสหรัฐ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Amang_Tagapagtatag_ng_Estados_Unidos" title="Mga Amang Tagapagtatag ng Estados Unidos – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Amang Tagapagtatag ng Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Birle%C5%9Fik_Devletleri%27nin_Kurucu_Babalar%C4%B1" title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin Kurucu Babaları – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'nin Kurucu Babaları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%A8_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BB%D3%99%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80%D0%B5" title="АКШ 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class="noprint">Un article de Wikipédia, l'encyclopédie libre.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><div class="bandeau-container metadata homonymie hatnote"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aide:Homonymie" title="Aide:Homonymie"><img alt="Page d’aide sur l’homonymie" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/20px-Logo_disambig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/30px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Logo_disambig.svg/40px-Logo_disambig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="375" /></a></span></div><div class="bandeau-cell" style="display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em"> <p>Pour les premiers colons britanniques installés aux États-Unis, voir <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8res_p%C3%A8lerins" title="Pères pèlerins">Pères pèlerins</a>. </p> </div></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States.jpg/280px-Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States.jpg/420px-Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States.jpg/560px-Scene_at_the_Signing_of_the_Constitution_of_the_United_States.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1933" /></a><figcaption>Les pères fondateurs réunis pour la signature de la <a href="/wiki/Constitution_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Constitution des États-Unis">Constitution des États-Unis</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Les <b>Pères fondateurs des États-Unis</b> (en <a href="/wiki/Anglais" title="Anglais">anglais</a> : <span class="lang-en" lang="en"><i>the Founding Fathers</i></span>) est une expression qui a plusieurs sens et désigne plusieurs groupes plus ou moins larges ou restreints. Par Pères fondateurs, au sens large, on entend l'ensemble des personnalités politiques, militaires, civiles qui ont dirigé la <a href="/wiki/Guerre_d%27ind%C3%A9pendance_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Guerre d'indépendance des États-Unis">guerre d'Indépendance</a> jusqu'à la victoire des Américains, aidés par les Français en 1781 à Yorktown et à l'indépendance reconnue par le Royaume-Uni en 1783 au <a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Paris_(1783)" title="Traité de Paris (1783)">traité de Paris</a>, appelé également « paix de Paris ». Parfois, cette expression ne couvre que les délégués au <a href="/wiki/Second_Congr%C3%A8s_continental" title="Second Congrès continental">deuxième congrès continental</a> ou groupe dit des « signataires », qui en juillet <a href="/wiki/1776_aux_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="1776 aux États-Unis">1776</a> à la <i>Pennsylvania State House</i> de <a href="/wiki/Philadelphie" title="Philadelphie">Philadelphie</a> (connue en 2020, sous le nom de <a href="/wiki/Independence_Hall" title="Independence Hall">Independence Hall</a>) ont déclaré l'indépendance américaine et adopté la <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9claration_d%27ind%C3%A9pendance_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Déclaration d'indépendance des États-Unis">déclaration d'indépendance</a> modifiée de <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>. Plus souvent, cette expression désigne les délégués à la Convention fédérale, qui se sont réunis de mai à septembre <a href="/wiki/1787_aux_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="1787 aux États-Unis">1787</a> et ont rédigé et signé le projet de <a href="/wiki/Constitution_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Constitution des États-Unis">Constitution des États-Unis</a>. Au sens le plus restreint, selon l'historien <a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Morris" title="Richard B. Morris">Richard B. Morris</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, elle désigne un groupe comprenant les sept Pères fondateurs clés, à savoir : <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> (<a href="/wiki/1706" title="1706">1706</a>–<a href="/wiki/1790_aux_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="1790 aux États-Unis">1790</a>), <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/1732" title="1732">1732</a>–<a href="/wiki/1799_aux_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="1799 aux États-Unis">1799</a>), <a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(homme_d%27%C3%89tat)" title="John Adams (homme d'État)">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/1735" title="1735">1735</a> –<a href="/wiki/1826_aux_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="1826 aux États-Unis">1826</a>), <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/1743" title="1743">1743</a>–<a href="/wiki/1826_aux_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="1826 aux États-Unis">1826</a>), <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> (<a href="/wiki/1745" title="1745">1745</a>–<a href="/wiki/1829_aux_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="1829 aux États-Unis">1829</a>), <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/1751" title="1751">1751</a>–<a href="/wiki/1836_aux_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="1836 aux États-Unis">1836</a>) et <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> (<a href="/wiki/1755" title="1755">1755</a>–<a href="/wiki/1804_aux_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="1804 aux États-Unis">1804</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> . </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Histoire">Histoire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8res_fondateurs_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Histoire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8res_fondateurs_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Histoire"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Introduction">Introduction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8res_fondateurs_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Introduction" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8res_fondateurs_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Introduction"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'expression <i>Pères fondateurs</i> est plurivoque et son sens varie selon qui l'utilise et dans quel contexte. Dans une première acception, certains l'ont utilisée pour identifier non seulement le cadre habituel d'une élite de juristes, de philosophes, de clercs, d’écrivains appartenant à la bourgeoisie mais aussi l'ensemble des gens ordinaires blancs, <a href="/wiki/Afro-Am%C3%A9ricains" title="Afro-Américains">afro-américains</a>, amérindiens qui ont combattu dans les rangs des <i>Patriots</i> lors de la guerre d'Indépendance et ont contribué à la naissance de la nouvelle république et du gouvernement des <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tats-Unis" title="États-Unis">États-Unis</a>. Des essayistes comme <a href="/wiki/Mary_Beth_Norton" title="Mary Beth Norton">Mary Beth Norton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cokie_Roberts" title="Cokie Roberts">Cokie Roberts</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linda_Grant_DePauw&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linda Grant DePauw (page inexistante)">Linda Grant DePauw</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Grant_DePauw" class="extiw" title="en:Linda Grant DePauw"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Linda Grant DePauw »">(en)</span></a> ont rappelé aux Américains le rôle des femmes, comme <a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren">Mercy Otis Warren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Sampson" title="Deborah Sampson">Deborah Sampson</a>, dans l'histoire du pays en induisant le terme de <i>Mères fondatrices</i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Au-delà les emplois différents, la signification fondamentale de <i>Pères fondateurs</i> reste constante, elle désigne ceux et celles qui, d'une manière ou d'une autre, ont contribué à fonder les États-Unis en tant que nation. C'est ainsi que l'expression intègre tous ceux qui ont siégé au Congrès qui a déclaré l'indépendance américaine, cela inclut même le délégué de la <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvanie" title="Pennsylvanie">Pennsylvanie</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">John Dickinson</a> qui s'est opposé à l'indépendance et a refusé de signer la Déclaration mais s'est battu pour la cause américaine pendant la guerre d'indépendance. Il englobe également d'autres personnalités qui ont combattu pour la cause des indépendantistes ou ont joué des rôles importants en tant que journalistes, juristes, signataires ou opposants à la <a href="/wiki/Constitution_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Constitution des États-Unis">Constitution des États-Unis</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origines_de_l'expression"><span id="Origines_de_l.27expression"></span>Origines de l'expression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8res_fondateurs_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Origines de l'expression" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8res_fondateurs_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Origines de l'expression"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'expression est relativement tardive puisqu'elle apparaît la première fois par <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> lors de son discours d'ouverture à la <a href="/wiki/Convention_nationale" title="Convention nationale">Convention nationale</a> des <a href="/wiki/Parti_r%C3%A9publicain_(%C3%89tats-Unis)" title="Parti républicain (États-Unis)">Républicains</a> de <a href="/wiki/1916_aux_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="1916 aux États-Unis">1916</a> et reprise le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1918-02-22" data-sort-value="1918-02-22">22 février 1918</time> alors qu'il était <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9nat_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Sénat des États-Unis">sénateur</a> <a href="/wiki/Parti_r%C3%A9publicain_(%C3%89tats-Unis)" title="Parti républicain (États-Unis)">républicain</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> pour célébrer l'anniversaire de George Washington, où il dit : <i><span class="citation">« Debout en cette présence, conscient de la solennité de cette occasion, ressentant les émotions que personne ne peut connaître tant qu'il n'a pas senti le grand poids de la responsabilité pour lui-même, je dois affirmer ma foi en l'inspiration divine des Pères fondateurs. Il doit certainement y avoir eu l'intention de Dieu dans la création de cette république du nouveau monde. »</span></i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>, expression qu'il avait déjà utilisée de façon moins précise lors d'un discours à la Convention nationale des Républicains de <a href="/wiki/1912_aux_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="1912 aux États-Unis">1912</a> où il avait dit : <i><span class="citation">« Les droits de l'homme et leur défense sont aussi vieux que la civilisation, mais, plus important pour nous, les Pères américains fondateurs ont écrit l’alliance de la loi du peuple à la vie nationale. »</span></i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>La citation de Warren G. Harding avait été quelque peu oubliée et c'est le <a href="/wiki/Journaliste" title="Journaliste">journaliste</a> du <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Safire" title="William Safire">William Safire</a> qui, après des recherches auprès de la <a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_du_Congr%C3%A8s" title="Bibliothèque du Congrès">Bibliothèque du Congrès</a>, identifie toutefois Warren G. Harding comme étant le créateur historique de l'expression dans son <a href="/wiki/Roman_historique" title="Roman historique">roman historique</a> <i>Scandalmonger</i><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Qui_sont_les_Pères_fondateurs_?"><span id="Qui_sont_les_P.C3.A8res_fondateurs_.3F"></span>Qui sont les Pères fondateurs ?</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8res_fondateurs_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Qui sont les Pères fondateurs ?" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8res_fondateurs_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Qui sont les Pères fondateurs ?"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selon les historiens, la notion de Père fondateur des États-Unis varie et il n'y a pas de consensus en la matière<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Autant les noms de George Washington, James Madison, John Adams et de Alexander Hamilton sont unanimement admis, autant pour les autres le débat est ouvert. Si on prend comme Pères fondateurs la liste des cinquante-cinq délégués qui ont participé à la <a href="/wiki/Convention_de_Philadelphie" title="Convention de Philadelphie">Convention de Philadelphie</a>, il faudrait écarter Thomas Jefferson qui n'y était pas et pourtant a joué un rôle essentiel pour la fondation des États-Unis par sa rédaction de la Déclaration d'Indépendance et donc doit être inclus dans la liste des Pères fondateurs<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Si on prend les signataires de la Constitution des États-Unis,la liste comprend alors douze noms : John Adams, John Dickinson, William Findley, Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, Thomas Jefferson, Richard Henry Lee, James Madison, Thomas Paine, George Washington et James Wilson . Cette liste écarte l'ensemble des autres personnes qui ont œuvré à la guerre d'Indépendance et à sa victoire, que ce soit par leur actions militaires ou leurs actions politiques ou tout simplement de logistique en assurant le ravitaillement en nourriture, soins médicaux, munitions, armes ayant permis la victoire de la <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Les_différents_Pères_fondateurs"><span id="Les_diff.C3.A9rents_P.C3.A8res_fondateurs"></span>Les différents Pères fondateurs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8res_fondateurs_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Les différents Pères fondateurs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8res_fondateurs_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Les différents Pères fondateurs"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Les cinquante-cinq délégués qui forment la <a href="/wiki/Convention_de_Philadelphie" title="Convention de Philadelphie">Convention constitutionnelle américaine</a> du 25 mai au 17 septembre 1787 sont pour la plupart des hommes instruits et des notables dans leur localité ou leur colonie. </p><p>Au moins vingt-neuf d'entre eux servent dans la première armée des futurs États-Unis, la <i>Continental Army</i>, souvent à des postes de commandement. Quarante-et-un sont membres du <a href="/wiki/Congr%C3%A8s_continental" title="Congrès continental">Congrès continental</a> et pratiquement tous occupent des charges politiques au niveau de leur colonie ou de leur État. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">John Dickinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Langdon" title="John Langdon">John Langdon</a> et <a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a> sont gouverneurs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mifflin" title="Thomas Mifflin">Thomas Mifflin</a> et <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Gorham" title="Nathaniel Gorham">Nathaniel Gorham</a> sont <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%A9sident_du_Congr%C3%A8s_continental" title="Président du Congrès continental">présidents du Congrès continental</a>.</li> <li>Seize d'entre eux ne participent pas au Congrès continental. Ce sont : <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bassett" title="Richard Bassett">Richard Bassett</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Blair_(juge)" title="John Blair (juge)">John Blair</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Brearley" title="David Brearley">David Brearley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Broom" title="Jacob Broom">Jacob Broom</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Richardson_Davie" title="William Richardson Davie">William Richardson Davie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dayton_(homme_politique)" title="Jonathan Dayton (homme politique)">Jonathan Dayton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Martin" title="Alexander Martin">Alexander Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luther_Martin" title="Luther Martin">Luther Martin</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Mason_(politique)" title="George Mason (politique)">George Mason</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_McClurg" title="James McClurg">James McClurg</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(juge)" title="William Paterson (juge)">William Paterson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pinckney" title="Charles Pinckney">Charles Pinckney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caleb_Strong" title="Caleb Strong">Caleb Strong</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> et <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Yates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Yates (page inexistante)">Robert Yates</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Yates_(politician)" class="extiw" title="en:Robert Yates (politician)"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Robert Yates (politician) »">(en)</span></a>.</li> <li>Huit hommes signent la Déclaration d'indépendance en 1776 : <a href="/wiki/George_Clymer" title="George Clymer">George Clymer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Read" title="George Read">George Read</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(juge)" title="James Wilson (juge)">James Wilson</a> et <a href="/wiki/George_Wythe" title="George Wythe">George Wythe</a>.</li> <li>Un autre groupe, composé de six hommes, signe les <a href="/wiki/Articles_de_la_Conf%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration" title="Articles de la Confédération">Articles de la Confédération</a> (<a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carroll_(homme_politique)" title="Daniel Carroll (homme politique)">Daniel Carroll</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">John Dickinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Elbridge Gerry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Gouverneur Morris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a> et <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a> et <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a> sont les deux seuls à signer les trois documents constitutifs de la République américaine.</li></ul> <p>Trente-cinq sur cinquante-cinq sont avocats ou étudient le droit et certains sont juges<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Au moins douze sont des marchands : <a href="/wiki/William_Blount_(1749-1800)" title="William Blount (1749-1800)">William Blount</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Broom" title="Jacob Broom">Jacob Broom</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Clymer" title="George Clymer">George Clymer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dayton_(homme_politique)" title="Jonathan Dayton (homme politique)">Jonathan Dayton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fitzsimons" title="Thomas Fitzsimons">Thomas Fitzsimons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Gilman" title="Nicholas Gilman">Nicholas Gilman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Gorham" title="Nathaniel Gorham">Nathaniel Gorham</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Langdon" title="John Langdon">John Langdon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Pierce_(homme_politique)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Pierce (homme politique) (page inexistante)">William Pierce</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Pierce_(politician)" class="extiw" title="en:William Pierce (politician)"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « William Pierce (politician) »">(en)</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a> et <a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(juge)" title="James Wilson (juge)">James Wilson</a>. </p><p>Douze possèdent ou administrent des plantations avec des esclaves ou de grandes exploitations : <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bassett" title="Richard Bassett">Richard Bassett</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Blair_(juge)" title="John Blair (juge)">John Blair</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Blount_(1749-1800)" title="William Blount (1749-1800)">William Blount</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler" title="Pierce Butler">Pierce Butler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carroll_(homme_politique)" title="Daniel Carroll (homme politique)">Daniel Carroll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_of_St._Thomas_Jenifer" title="Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer">Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Mason_(politique)" title="George Mason (politique)">George Mason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pinckney" title="Charles Pinckney">Charles Pinckney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">Charles Cotesworth Pinckney</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dobbs_Spaight" title="Richard Dobbs Spaight">Richard Dobbs Spaight</a> et <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> et <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Williamson" title="Hugh Williamson">Hugh Williamson</a> sont des scientifiques, parallèlement à leurs fonctions politiques ou administratives. <a href="/wiki/James_McClurg" title="James McClurg">James McClurg</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_McHenry" title="James McHenry">James McHenry</a> et <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Williamson" title="Hugh Williamson">Hugh Williamson</a> sont médecins. <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> et <a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Robert Morris</a> appartiennent à l'aristocratie la plus aisée. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carroll_(homme_politique)" title="Daniel Carroll (homme politique)">Daniel Carroll</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Houston_(homme_politique)" title="William Houston (homme politique)">William Houston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_of_St._Thomas_Jenifer" title="Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer">Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer</a> et <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mifflin" title="Thomas Mifflin">Thomas Mifflin</a> sont également prospères. <a href="/wiki/William_Few" title="William Few">William Few</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Gorham" title="Nathaniel Gorham">Nathaniel Gorham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a> et <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Roger Sherman</a> sont issus de milieux modestes et connaissent une importante ascension sociale. </p><p>La majorité des délégués sont nés dans l'une des <a href="/wiki/13_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="13 colonies">treize colonies</a>. Parmi les huit nés ailleurs, Pierce Butler, Thomas Fitzsimons, James McHenry et William Paterson sont nés en Irlande, William Richardson Davie et Robert Morris en Angleterre, James Wilson en Écosse et Alexander Hamilton dans les Antilles. Les Pères fondateurs étaient tous instruits : certains furent autodidactes comme Benjamin Franklin. Environ la moitié ont fréquenté un établissement secondaire présent déjà dans les treize colonies britanniques ou dans un établissement au Royaume-Uni. </p><p>Vingt-huit des Pères fondateurs étaient <a href="/wiki/%C3%89glise_%C3%A9piscopale_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" class="mw-redirect" title="Église épiscopale des États-Unis">épiscopaliens</a>, vingt-et-un étaient <a href="/wiki/Protestantisme" title="Protestantisme">protestants</a> et deux étaient <a href="/wiki/Catholicisme" title="Catholicisme">catholiques romains</a>. D'autres se déclaraient <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9iste" class="mw-redirect" title="Déiste">déistes</a> (Benjamin Franklin, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a> et <a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen" title="Ethan Allen">Ethan Allen</a>). John Blair, Benjamin Franklin, James Mchenry, George Washington, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Baldwin" title="Abraham Baldwin">Abraham Baldwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunning_Bedford,_Jr." title="Gunning Bedford, Jr.">Gunning Bedford, Jr.</a>, William Blount, <a href="/wiki/David_Brearley" title="David Brearley">David Brearley</a>, Daniel Carroll, Jonathan Dayton, <a href="/wiki/Rufus_King_(homme_politique)" title="Rufus King (homme politique)">Rufus King</a>, John Langdon, <a href="/wiki/George_Read" title="George Read">George Read</a>, Roger Sherman, James Madison, Robert Morris, William Paterson et Charles Pinckney étaient <a href="/wiki/Franc-ma%C3%A7onnerie" title="Franc-maçonnerie">francs-maçons</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference cite_virgule">,</sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portraits_des_Pères_fondateurs"><span id="Portraits_des_P.C3.A8res_fondateurs"></span>Portraits des Pères fondateurs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8res_fondateurs_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Portraits des Pères fondateurs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8res_fondateurs_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Portraits des Pères fondateurs"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Les_56_signataires_de_la_Déclaration_d'indépendance"><span id="Les_56_signataires_de_la_D.C3.A9claration_d.27ind.C3.A9pendance"></span>Les <span class="nowrap">56 signataires</span> de la Déclaration d'indépendance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8res_fondateurs_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Les 56 signataires de la Déclaration d'indépendance" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8res_fondateurs_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Les 56 signataires de la Déclaration d'indépendance"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; 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height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:William_Williams_(signer).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="William Williams"><img alt="William Williams" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/William_Williams_%28signer%29.jpg/81px-William_Williams_%28signer%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/William_Williams_%28signer%29.jpg/122px-William_Williams_%28signer%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f3/William_Williams_%28signer%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="155" data-file-height="229" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/William_Williams" title="William Williams">William Williams</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:JusticeJamesWilson.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="James Wilson"><img alt="James Wilson" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/JusticeJamesWilson.jpg/101px-JusticeJamesWilson.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/JusticeJamesWilson.jpg/151px-JusticeJamesWilson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/JusticeJamesWilson.jpg/201px-JusticeJamesWilson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1832" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(juge)" title="James Wilson (juge)">James Wilson</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Oliver_Wolcott.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Oliver Wolcott"><img alt="Oliver Wolcott" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Oliver_Wolcott.jpg/96px-Oliver_Wolcott.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Oliver_Wolcott.jpg/143px-Oliver_Wolcott.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Oliver_Wolcott.jpg/191px-Oliver_Wolcott.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="251" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott" title="Oliver Wolcott">Oliver Wolcott</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:WytheGeorge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="George Wythe"><img alt="George Wythe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/WytheGeorge.jpg/94px-WytheGeorge.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/WytheGeorge.jpg/141px-WytheGeorge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/WytheGeorge.jpg/188px-WytheGeorge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="497" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/George_Wythe" title="George Wythe">George Wythe</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; 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height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Caleb_strong.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Caleb Strong"><img alt="Caleb Strong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Caleb_strong.jpg/88px-Caleb_strong.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Caleb_strong.jpg/132px-Caleb_strong.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Caleb_strong.jpg/176px-Caleb_strong.jpg 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="273" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Strong" title="Caleb Strong">Caleb Strong</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:George_Wythe_by_John_Trumbull.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="George Wythe"><img alt="George Wythe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/George_Wythe_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/112px-George_Wythe_by_John_Trumbull.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/George_Wythe_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/167px-George_Wythe_by_John_Trumbull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/George_Wythe_by_John_Trumbull.jpg/223px-George_Wythe_by_John_Trumbull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="591" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/George_Wythe" title="George Wythe">George Wythe</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Sin_foto.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Robert Yates"><img alt="Robert Yates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sin_foto.svg/90px-Sin_foto.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sin_foto.svg/135px-Sin_foto.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Sin_foto.svg/180px-Sin_foto.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Yates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Yates (page inexistante)">Robert Yates</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autres">Autres</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8res_fondateurs_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifier la section : Autres" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8res_fondateurs_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Autres"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:AaronBurr.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aaron Burr"><img alt="Aaron Burr" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/AaronBurr.jpg/99px-AaronBurr.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/AaronBurr.jpg/149px-AaronBurr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/AaronBurr.jpg/199px-AaronBurr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="207" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Burr" title="Aaron Burr">Aaron Burr</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Richard_Bland.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Richard Bland"><img alt="Richard Bland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Richard_Bland.jpg/99px-Richard_Bland.jpg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Richard_Bland.jpg/149px-Richard_Bland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Richard_Bland.jpg/198px-Richard_Bland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="292" data-file-height="353" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Bland&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Bland (page inexistante)">Richard Bland</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:George_Clinton.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="George Clinton"><img alt="George Clinton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/George_Clinton.jpg/108px-George_Clinton.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/George_Clinton.jpg/162px-George_Clinton.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/George_Clinton.jpg/216px-George_Clinton.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="439" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(homme_politique)" title="George Clinton (homme politique)">George Clinton</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:William_Eustis.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="William Eustis"><img alt="William Eustis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/William_Eustis.jpg/91px-William_Eustis.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/William_Eustis.jpg/136px-William_Eustis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/William_Eustis.jpg/181px-William_Eustis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="874" data-file-height="1157" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">William Eustis</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:LeviLincoln.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Levi Lincoln, Sr."><img alt="Levi Lincoln, Sr." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/LeviLincoln.gif/101px-LeviLincoln.gif" decoding="async" width="101" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/LeviLincoln.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="177" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Levi Lincoln, Sr.">Levi Lincoln, Sr.</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:HenryLee.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Henry Lee III"><img alt="Henry Lee III" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/HenryLee.jpeg/105px-HenryLee.jpeg" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/HenryLee.jpeg/158px-HenryLee.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/HenryLee.jpeg/211px-HenryLee.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="642" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Lee_III" title="Henry Lee III">Henry Lee III</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Marshall-john-engraving-after-inman-harvard-legal.png" class="mw-file-description" title="John Marshall"><img alt="John Marshall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Marshall-john-engraving-after-inman-harvard-legal.png/88px-Marshall-john-engraving-after-inman-harvard-legal.png" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Marshall-john-engraving-after-inman-harvard-legal.png/132px-Marshall-john-engraving-after-inman-harvard-legal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Marshall-john-engraving-after-inman-harvard-legal.png/176px-Marshall-john-engraving-after-inman-harvard-legal.png 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="596" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_(homme_politique)" title="John Marshall (homme politique)">John Marshall</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:ThomasPaine_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thomas Paine"><img alt="Thomas Paine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/ThomasPaine_2.jpg/81px-ThomasPaine_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/ThomasPaine_2.jpg/122px-ThomasPaine_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/ThomasPaine_2.jpg/163px-ThomasPaine_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1864" data-file-height="2744" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:PeytonRandolph.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peyton Randolph"><img alt="Peyton Randolph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PeytonRandolph.jpeg/99px-PeytonRandolph.jpeg" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PeytonRandolph.jpeg/148px-PeytonRandolph.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/PeytonRandolph.jpeg/197px-PeytonRandolph.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Peyton_Randolph" title="Peyton Randolph">Peyton Randolph</a></div> </li> </ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8res_fondateurs_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8res_fondateurs_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style=""><div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-B-Morris"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Richard B. Morris | American educator and historian</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">Encyclopedia Britannica</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-10-30" data-sort-value="2020-10-30">30 octobre 2020</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Founding-Fathers"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">Founding Fathers | List, Achievements, & Religion</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">Encyclopedia Britannica</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-10-30" data-sort-value="2020-10-30">30 octobre 2020</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-2">c</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-3">d</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/founding-fathers"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en-us">Founding Fathers | Encyclopedia.com</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">www.encyclopedia.com</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-10-30" data-sort-value="2020-10-30">30 octobre 2020</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citizensoftheunitedstates.org/founders.htm"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en-us">Citizens of the United States</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">www.citizensoftheunitedstates.org</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-10-30" data-sort-value="2020-10-30">30 octobre 2020</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.constitutionfacts.com/us-founding-fathers/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en-us">Learn About the United States (U.S.) Founding Fathers & More | Constitution Facts</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">www.constitutionfacts.com</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-10-31" data-sort-value="2020-10-31">31 octobre 2020</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Beth_Norton1996"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mary_Beth_Norton1996"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Mary Beth Norton, <cite class="italique" lang="en-us">Founding Mothers & Fathers: Gendered Power and the Forming of American Society</cite>, Knopf, 1996, rééd. 29 juillet 1997, 520 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780679749776" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780679749776"><span class="nowrap">9780679749776</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundingmothersf00nort">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Founding+Mothers+%26+Fathers%3A+Gendered+Power+and+the+Forming+of+American+Society&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.au=Mary+Beth+Norton&rft.date=1997&rft.tpages=520&rft.isbn=9780679749776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Susan_Anthony1958"><span class="ouvrage" id="Katharine_Susan_Anthony1958"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Katharine Susan Anthony, <cite class="italique" lang="en-us">First lady of the Revolution: The life of Mercy Otis Warren</cite>, New York, <time>1958</time>, 268 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780804616560" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780804616560"><span class="nowrap">9780804616560</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstladyofrevol00anth">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=First+lady+of+the+Revolution%3A+The+life+of+Mercy+Otis+Warren&rft.place=New+York&rft.au=Katharine+Susan+Anthony&rft.date=1958&rft.tpages=268&rft.isbn=9780804616560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Rubin_Stuart2008"><span class="ouvrage" id="Nancy_Rubin_Stuart2008"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Nancy Rubin Stuart, <cite class="italique" lang="en-us">The Muse of the Revolution: The Secret Pen of Mercy Otis Warren and the Founding of a Nation</cite>, Beacon Press, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2008-01-01" data-sort-value="2008-01-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> janvier 2008</time>, 332 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780807055168" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780807055168"><span class="nowrap">9780807055168</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780807055175">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Muse+of+the+Revolution%3A+The+Secret+Pen+of+Mercy+Otis+Warren+and+the+Founding+of+a+Nation&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.au=Nancy+Rubin+Stuart&rft.date=2008-01-01&rft.tpages=332&rft.isbn=9780807055168&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Felton1976"><span class="ouvrage" id="Harold_W._Felton1976"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Harold W. Felton, <cite class="italique" lang="en-us">Deborah Sampson, Soldier of the Revolution</cite>, Dodd Mead, <time class="nowrap" datetime="1976-09-01" data-sort-value="1976-09-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> septembre 1976</time>, 120 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780396073437" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780396073437"><span class="nowrap">9780396073437</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deborahsampsonso00felt">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deborah+Sampson%2C+Soldier+of+the+Revolution&rft.pub=Dodd+Mead&rft.aulast=Felton&rft.aufirst=Harold+W.&rft.date=1976-09-01&rft.tpages=120&rft.isbn=9780396073437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Freeman1992"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lucy_Freeman1992"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Lucy Freeman, <cite class="italique" lang="en-us">America's First Woman Warrior: The Courage of Deborah Sampson</cite>, New York, <time class="nowrap" datetime="1992-05-01" data-sort-value="1992-05-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> mai 1992</time>, 256 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9781557785145" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9781557785145"><span class="nowrap">9781557785145</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasfirstwom0000free">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+First+Woman+Warrior%3A+The+Courage+of+Deborah+Sampson&rft.place=New+York&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft.date=1992-05-01&rft.tpages=256&rft.isbn=9781557785145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Roberts2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="Cokie_Roberts2004"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Cokie Roberts, <cite class="italique" lang="en-us">Founding Mothers: The Women Who Raised Our Nation</cite>, Harper Perennial, 13 février 2004, rééd.15 février 2005, 388 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780060090265" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780060090265"><span class="nowrap">9780060090265</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundingmothersw00robe">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Founding+Mothers%3A+The+Women+Who+Raised+Our+Nation&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Cokie&rft.date=2004&rft.tpages=388&rft.isbn=9780060090265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Grant_De_Pauw1975"><span class="ouvrage" id="Linda_Grant_De_Pauw1975"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Linda Grant De Pauw, <cite class="italique" lang="en-us">Founding Mothers: Women in America in the Revolutionary Era</cite>, Boston, <time class="nowrap" datetime="1975-01-01" data-sort-value="1975-01-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> janvier 1975</time>, 244 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780606075350" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780606075350"><span class="nowrap">9780606075350</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundingmothers00houg">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Founding+Mothers%3A+Women+in+America+in+the+Revolutionary+Era&rft.place=Boston&rft.au=Linda+Grant+De+Pauw&rft.date=1975-01-01&rft.tpages=244&rft.isbn=9780606075350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2015"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://faithandamericanhistory.wordpress.com/2015/06/22/the-founding-fathers-and-warren-g-harding-2/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en-us">THE FOUNDING FATHERS AND WARREN G. HARDING</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">Faith and History</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2015-06-22" data-sort-value="2015-06-22">22 juin 2015</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-10-31" data-sort-value="2020-10-31">31 octobre 2020</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="jfderry2020"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> <span class="nom_auteur">jfderry</span>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mrsuttonntu.wordpress.com/2020/07/02/founding-fathers/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en-us">“Founding Fathers”</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">EVIDENCE & REFUTATION</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-07-02" data-sort-value="2020-07-02">2 juillet 2020</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-10-31" data-sort-value="2020-10-31">31 octobre 2020</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Safire2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="William_Safire2000"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> William <span class="nom_auteur">Safire</span>, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en-us">The Way We Live Now: 1-30-00: On Language; Federalism (Published 2000)</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en-us" lang="en-us">The New York Times</span></i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="2000-01-30" data-sort-value="2000-01-30">30 janvier 2000</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <span class="plainlinks noarchive"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.issn.org/resource/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a></span>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2000/01/30/magazine/the-way-we-live-now-1-30-00-on-language-federalism.html">lire en ligne</a>, consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-10-31" data-sort-value="2020-10-31">31 octobre 2020</time>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Way+We+Live+Now%3A+1-30-00%3A+On+Language%3B+Federalism+%28Published+2000%29&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.aulast=Safire&rft.aufirst=William&rft.date=2000-01-30&rft.issn=0362-4331&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Safire2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="William_Safire2000"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> William Safire, <cite class="italique" lang="en-us">Scandalmonger</cite>, New York, 2 février 2000, rééd. 7 juin 2001, 504 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780684867199" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780684867199"><span class="nowrap">9780684867199</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scandalmongernov00safi">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scandalmonger&rft.place=New+York&rft.aulast=Safire&rft.aufirst=William&rft.date=2000&rft.tpages=504&rft.isbn=9780684867199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Editors"><span class="ouvrage" id="History_com_Editors"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> History com <span class="nom_auteur">Editors</span>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/topics/american-revolution/founding-fathers-united-states"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">8 Founding Fathers and How They Helped Shape the Nation</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">HISTORY</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-10-31" data-sort-value="2020-10-31">31 octobre 2020</time>)</small></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanhistorycentral.com/entries/thomas-jefferson/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en-us">Jefferson, Thomas</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">American History Central</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-10-31" data-sort-value="2020-10-31">31 octobre 2020</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Society2020"><span class="ouvrage" id="National_Geographic_Society2020"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais">(en)</abbr> National Geographic <span class="nom_auteur">Society</span>, « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalgeographic.org/article/founding-fathers/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en">The Founding Fathers</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">National Geographic Society</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-01-24" data-sort-value="2020-01-24">24 janvier 2020</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-10-31" data-sort-value="2020-10-31">31 octobre 2020</time>)</small></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oll.libertyfund.org/groups/36"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en-us">The Founding Fathers of the U.S. Constitution - Online Library of Liberty</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">oll.libertyfund.org</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-10-31" data-sort-value="2020-10-31">31 octobre 2020</time>)</small></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Brown1976"><span class="ouvrage" id="Richard_D._Brown1976"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Richard D. Brown, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en-us">The Founding Fathers of 1776 and 1787: A Collective View</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en-us" lang="en-us">The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 3</span></i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1976-07" data-sort-value="1976-07">juillet 1976</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 465-480 (16 pages) <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1921543">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Founding+Fathers+of+1776+and+1787%3A+A+Collective+View&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly%2C+Vol.+33%2C+No.+3&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rft.date=1976-07&rft.pages=465-480+%2816+pages%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bullock1990"><span class="ouvrage" id="Steven_C._Bullock1990"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Steven C. Bullock, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en-us">The Revolutionary Transformation of American Freemasonry, 1752-1792</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en-us" lang="en-us">The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 47, No. 3</span></i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1990-07" data-sort-value="1990-07">juillet 1990</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 347-369 (23 pages) <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2938092">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Revolutionary+Transformation+of+American+Freemasonry%2C+1752-1792&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly%2C+Vol.+47%2C+No.+3&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=Steven+C.&rft.date=1990-07&rft.pages=347-369+%2823+pages%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2016"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> « <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freemasoninformation.com/masonic-education/famous/united-states-masonic-founding-fathers/"><cite style="font-style:normal;" lang="en-us">United States Masonic Founding Fathers</cite></a> », sur <span class="italique">Freemason Information</span>, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2016-04-10" data-sort-value="2016-04-10">10 avril 2016</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(consulté le <time class="nowrap" datetime="2020-10-30" data-sort-value="2020-10-30">30 octobre 2020</time>)</small></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8res_fondateurs_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8res_fondateurs_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&action=edit&section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8res_fondateurs_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8res_fondateurs_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&action=edit&section=13" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treize_colonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Treize colonies">Treize colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histoire_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Histoire des États-Unis">Histoire des États-Unis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histoire_coloniale_de_l%27Am%C3%A9rique" class="mw-redirect" title="Histoire coloniale de l'Amérique">Histoire coloniale de l'Amérique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_am%C3%A9ricaine" title="Révolution américaine">Révolution américaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerre_d%27ind%C3%A9pendance_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Guerre d'indépendance des États-Unis">Guerre d'indépendance des États-Unis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliographie">Bibliographie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8res_fondateurs_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifier la section : Bibliographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8res_fondateurs_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&action=edit&section=14" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Bibliographie"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Essais">Essais</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8res_fondateurs_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifier la section : Essais" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8res_fondateurs_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&action=edit&section=15" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Essais"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="Frank_Craven1965"><span class="ouvrage" id="Wesley_Frank_Craven1965"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Wesley Frank Craven, <cite class="italique" lang="en-us">The Legend of the Founding Fathers</cite>, Ithaca (état de New York), décembre 1965, rééd 25 avril 1983, 236 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780313238406" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780313238406"><span class="nowrap">9780313238406</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/legendoffounding00crav">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legend+of+the+Founding+Fathers&rft.place=Ithaca+%28%C3%A9tat+de+New+York%29&rft.au=Wesley+Frank+Craven&rft.date=1965&rft.tpages=236&rft.isbn=9780313238406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span>,</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Morris1973"><span class="ouvrage" id="Richard_B._Morris1973"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Richard B. Morris, <cite class="italique" lang="en-us">Seven Who Shaped Our Destiny: The Founding Fathers As Revolutionaries</cite>, Harper & Row, <time>1973</time>, 372 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780060130787" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780060130787"><span class="nowrap">9780060130787</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sevenwhoshapedou00morr">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seven+Who+Shaped+Our+Destiny%3A+The+Founding+Fathers+As+Revolutionaries&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Row&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Richard+B.&rft.date=1973&rft.tpages=372&rft.isbn=9780060130787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span>,</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Wilson_Jr.1974"><span class="ouvrage" id="Vincent_Wilson_Jr.1974"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Vincent Wilson Jr., <cite class="italique" lang="en-us">The Book of the Founding Fathers</cite>, American History Research Associates, <time>1974</time>, 84 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780910086011" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780910086011"><span class="nowrap">9780910086011</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bookoffoundingfa00wils">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+the+Founding+Fathers&rft.pub=American+History+Research+Associates&rft.au=Vincent+Wilson+Jr.&rft.date=1974&rft.tpages=84&rft.isbn=9780910086011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span>,</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Wayne1975"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bennett_Wayne1975"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Bennett Wayne, <cite class="italique" lang="en-us">The Founding Fathers</cite>, Garrard Pub. Co., <time>1975</time>, 174 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780811649124" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780811649124"><span class="nowrap">9780811649124</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundingfathers00wayn">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founding+Fathers&rft.pub=Garrard+Pub.+Co.&rft.aulast=Wayne&rft.aufirst=Bennett&rft.date=1975&rft.tpages=174&rft.isbn=9780811649124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span>,</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Grant_De_Pauw1975"><span class="ouvrage" id="Linda_Grant_De_Pauw1975"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Linda Grant De Pauw, <cite class="italique" lang="en-us">Founding Mothers: Women in America in the Revolutionary Era</cite>, Boston, <time class="nowrap" datetime="1975-01-01" data-sort-value="1975-01-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> janvier 1975</time>, 244 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780606075350" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780606075350"><span class="nowrap">9780606075350</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundingmothers00houg">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Founding+Mothers%3A+Women+in+America+in+the+Revolutionary+Era&rft.place=Boston&rft.au=Linda+Grant+De+Pauw&rft.date=1975-01-01&rft.tpages=244&rft.isbn=9780606075350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span>,</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Marty1977"><span class="ouvrage" id="Martin_E._Marty1977"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Martin E. Marty, <cite class="italique" lang="en-us">Religion, awakening and revolution : Faith of our fathers</cite>, Consortium, <time class="nowrap" datetime="1977-01-01" data-sort-value="1977-01-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> janvier 1977</time>, 196 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780843406238" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780843406238"><span class="nowrap">9780843406238</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionawakenin0000mart">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+awakening+and+revolution&rft.pub=Consortium&rft.stitle=Faith+of+our+fathers&rft.aulast=Marty&rft.aufirst=Martin+E.&rft.date=1977-01-01&rft.tpages=196&rft.isbn=9780843406238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span>,</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="LaHaye1987"><span class="ouvrage" id="Tim_LaHaye1987"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Tim LaHaye, <cite class="italique" lang="en-us">Faith of Our Founding Fathers</cite>, Wolgemuth & Hyatt, Publishers, Inc., <time class="nowrap" datetime="1987-12-31" data-sort-value="1987-12-31">31 décembre 1987</time>, 292 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780943497525" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780943497525"><span class="nowrap">9780943497525</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/faithofourfoundi0000laha">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith+of+Our+Founding+Fathers&rft.pub=Wolgemuth+%26+Hyatt%2C+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft.aulast=LaHaye&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.date=1987-12-31&rft.tpages=292&rft.isbn=9780943497525&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span>,</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Quinn1988"><span class="ouvrage" id="Edward_C._Quinn1988"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Edward C. Quinn, <cite class="italique" lang="en-us">Signers of the Declaration of Independence</cite>, Bronx County Historical Society, <time class="nowrap" datetime="1988-04-01" data-sort-value="1988-04-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> avril 1988</time>, 152 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780941980203" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780941980203"><span class="nowrap">9780941980203</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/signersofdeclara0000quin">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Signers+of+the+Declaration+of+Independence&rft.pub=Bronx+County+Historical+Society&rft.aulast=Quinn&rft.aufirst=Edward+C.&rft.date=1988-04-01&rft.tpages=152&rft.isbn=9780941980203&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span>,</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Nash1989"><span class="ouvrage" id="George_H._Nash1989"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> George H. Nash, <cite class="italique" lang="en-us">Books and the Founding Fathers</cite>, Butler Books, 1 janvier 1989, rééd. 2007, 68 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9781884532917" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9781884532917"><span class="nowrap">9781884532917</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/booksfoundingfat0000nash">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Books+and+the+Founding+Fathers&rft.pub=Butler+Books&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rft.date=1989&rft.tpages=68&rft.isbn=9781884532917&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span>,</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Bradford1994"><span class="ouvrage" id="M.E._Bradford1994"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> M.E. Bradford, <cite class="italique" lang="en-us">Founding Fathers: Brief Lives of the Framers of the United States Constitution</cite>, University Press of Kansas, <time class="nowrap" datetime="1994-03-31" data-sort-value="1994-03-31">31 mars 1994</time>, 252 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780700606566" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780700606566"><span class="nowrap">9780700606566</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundingfathersb0000brad">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Founding+Fathers%3A+Brief+Lives+of+the+Framers+of+the+United+States+Constitution&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.aulast=Bradford&rft.aufirst=M.E.&rft.date=1994-03-31&rft.tpages=252&rft.isbn=9780700606566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span>,</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Clinton_Green1997"><span class="ouvrage" id="Harry_Clinton_Green1997"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Harry Clinton Green, <cite class="italique" lang="en-us">Wives of the Signers : the women behind the Declaration of Independence</cite>, WallBuilder Press, 10 mai 1997, rééd. 2003, 312 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780925279606" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780925279606"><span class="nowrap">9780925279606</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/wivesofsignerswo0000gree">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wives+of+the+Signers+%3A+the+women+behind+the+Declaration+of+Independence&rft.pub=WallBuilder+Press&rft.au=Harry+Clinton+Green&rft.date=1997&rft.tpages=312&rft.isbn=9780925279606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span>,</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Silcox-Jarrett2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="Diane_Silcox-Jarrett2000"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Diane Silcox-Jarrett, <cite class="italique" lang="en-us">Heroines Of The American Revolution: America's Founding Mothers</cite>, Scholastic Inc., <time>2000</time>, 100 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780439259477" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780439259477"><span class="nowrap">9780439259477</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heroinesofameric0000silc">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heroines+Of+The+American+Revolution%3A+America%27s+Founding+Mothers&rft.pub=Scholastic+Inc.&rft.aulast=Silcox-Jarrett&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft.date=2000&rft.tpages=100&rft.isbn=9780439259477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span>,</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Safire2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="William_Safire2000"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> William Safire, <cite class="italique" lang="en-us">Scandalmonger</cite>, New York, 2 février 2000, rééd. 7 juin 2001, 504 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780684867199" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780684867199"><span class="nowrap">9780684867199</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scandalmongernov00safi">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scandalmonger&rft.place=New+York&rft.aulast=Safire&rft.aufirst=William&rft.date=2000&rft.tpages=504&rft.isbn=9780684867199&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span>,</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Holmes2003"><span class="ouvrage" id="David_L._Holmes2003"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> David L. Holmes, <cite class="italique" lang="en-us">The Religion of the Founding Fathers</cite>, Ash Lawn-Highland, University of Michigan, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2003-01-30" data-sort-value="2003-01-30">30 janvier 2003</time>, 168 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780976097907" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780976097907"><span class="nowrap">9780976097907</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religionoffoundi0000holm">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religion+of+the+Founding+Fathers&rft.pub=Ash+Lawn-Highland%2C+University+of+Michigan&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=David+L.&rft.date=2003-01-30&rft.tpages=168&rft.isbn=9780976097907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span>,</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Roberts2004"><span class="ouvrage" id="Cokie_Roberts2004"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Cokie Roberts, <cite class="italique" lang="en-us">Founding Mothers: The Women Who Raised Our Nation</cite>, Harper Perennial, 13 avril 2004, rééd. 15 février 2005, 388 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780060090265" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780060090265"><span class="nowrap">9780060090265</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundingmothersw00robe">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Founding+Mothers%3A+The+Women+Who+Raised+Our+Nation&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Cokie&rft.date=2004&rft.tpages=388&rft.isbn=9780060090265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span>,</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Bernstein2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="R.B._Bernstein2009"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> R.B. Bernstein, <cite class="italique" lang="en-us">The Founding Fathers Reconsidered</cite>, Oxford University Press, USA, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-04-03" data-sort-value="2009-04-03">3 avril 2009</time>, 272 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780195338324" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780195338324"><span class="nowrap">9780195338324</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundingfathersr0000bern">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founding+Fathers+Reconsidered&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=R.B.&rft.date=2009-04-03&rft.tpages=272&rft.isbn=9780195338324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span>,</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Fleming2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Thomas_Fleming2009"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Thomas Fleming, <cite class="italique" lang="en-us">The Intimate Lives of the Founding Fathers</cite>, Smithsonian / Harper, 2009, rééd. 2010, 484 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780061139123" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780061139123"><span class="nowrap">9780061139123</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/intimatelivesoff0000flem_i5q8">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Intimate+Lives+of+the+Founding+Fathers&rft.pub=Smithsonian+%2F+Harper&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.date=2010&rft.tpages=484&rft.isbn=9780061139123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span>,</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Kelly-Gangi2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Carol_Kelly-Gangi2009"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Carol Kelly-Gangi, <cite class="italique" lang="en-us">The Essential Wisdom of the Founding Fathers</cite>, Fall River Press, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2009-05-25" data-sort-value="2009-05-25">25 mai 2009</time>, 136 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9781435111493" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9781435111493"><span class="nowrap">9781435111493</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialwisdomo0000unse_e7r4">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Wisdom+of+the+Founding+Fathers&rft.pub=Fall+River+Press&rft.aulast=Kelly-Gangi&rft.aufirst=Carol&rft.date=2009-05-25&rft.tpages=136&rft.isbn=9781435111493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span>,</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="la_direction_de_Michael_I._Levy2010"><span class="ouvrage" id="sous_la_direction_de_Michael_I._Levy2010"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> sous la direction de Michael I. Levy, <cite class="italique" lang="en-us">The Founding Fathers</cite>, Fall River Press, <time>2010</time>, 312 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9781435123892" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9781435123892"><span class="nowrap">9781435123892</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundingfathers0000unse">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founding+Fathers&rft.pub=Fall+River+Press&rft.au=sous+la+direction+de+Michael+I.+Levy&rft.date=2010&rft.tpages=312&rft.isbn=9781435123892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span>,</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Carosella2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Melissa_Carosella2011"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Melissa Carosella, <cite class="italique" lang="en-us">Founding Mothers: Women Who Shaped America</cite>, Teacher Created Materials, <time class="nowrap" datetime="2011-09-01" data-sort-value="2011-09-01"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> septembre 2011</time>, 36 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9781433315053" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9781433315053"><span class="nowrap">9781433315053</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundingmothersw0000caro">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Founding+Mothers%3A+Women+Who+Shaped+America&rft.pub=Teacher+Created+Materials&rft.aulast=Carosella&rft.aufirst=Melissa&rft.date=2011-09-01&rft.tpages=36&rft.isbn=9781433315053&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span>,</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Articles">Articles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8res_fondateurs_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifier la section : Articles" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8res_fondateurs_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&action=edit&section=16" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="ouvrage" id="Manion1949"><span class="ouvrage" id="Clarence_Manion1949"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Clarence Manion, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en-us">The Founding Fathers and the Natural Law: A Study of the Source of Our Legal Institutions</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en-us" lang="en-us">American Bar Association Journal, Vol. 35, No. 6</span></i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1949-06" data-sort-value="1949-06">juin 1949</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 529-530 (6 pages) <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25716882">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Founding+Fathers+and+the+Natural+Law%3A+A+Study+of+the+Source+of+Our+Legal+Institutions&rft.jtitle=American+Bar+Association+Journal%2C+Vol.+35%2C+No.+6&rft.aulast=Manion&rft.aufirst=Clarence&rft.date=1949-06&rft.pages=529-530+%286+pages%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span>,</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Koch1953"><span class="ouvrage" id="Adrienne_Koch1953"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Adrienne Koch, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en-us">Power and Morals and the Founding Fathers</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en-us" lang="en-us">The Review of Politics, Vol. 15, No. 4</span></i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1953-10" data-sort-value="1953-10">octobre 1953</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 470-490 (21 pages) <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1404814">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Power+and+Morals+and+the+Founding+Fathers&rft.jtitle=The+Review+of+Politics%2C+Vol.+15%2C+No.+4&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=Adrienne&rft.date=1953-10&rft.pages=470-490+%2821+pages%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span>,</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Padover1958"><span class="ouvrage" id="Saul_k._Padover1958"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Saul k. Padover, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en-us">The World of the Founding Fathers</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en-us" lang="en-us">Social Research, Vol. 25, No. 2</span></i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1958" data-sort-value="1958">été 1958</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 191-214 (24 pages) <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40982556">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+World+of+the+Founding+Fathers&rft.jtitle=Social+Research%2C+Vol.+25%2C+No.+2&rft.aulast=Padover&rft.aufirst=Saul+k.&rft.date=1958&rft.pages=191-214+%2824+pages%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span>j</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Brown1976"><span class="ouvrage" id="Richard_D._Brown1976"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Richard D. Brown, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en-us">The Founding Fathers of 1776 and 1787: A Collective View</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en-us" lang="en-us">The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 3</span></i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1976-07" data-sort-value="1976-07">juillet 1976</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 465-480 (16 pages) <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1921543">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Founding+Fathers+of+1776+and+1787%3A+A+Collective+View&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly%2C+Vol.+33%2C+No.+3&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Richard+D.&rft.date=1976-07&rft.pages=465-480+%2816+pages%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span><span title="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span>,</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Singer1987"><span class="ouvrage" id="Alan_Singer1987"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Alan Singer, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en-us">Why Did the Founding Fathers Write the Constitution of the United States?</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en-us" lang="en-us">OAH Magazine of History, Vol. 2, No. 4</span></i>,‎ <time>1987</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 25-32 (8 pages) <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25162564">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Why+Did+the+Founding+Fathers+Write+the+Constitution+of+the+United+States%3F&rft.jtitle=OAH+Magazine+of+History%2C+Vol.+2%2C+No.+4&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.date=1987&rft.pages=25-32+%288+pages%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span>,</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="Bullock1990"><span class="ouvrage" id="Steven_C._Bullock1990"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Steven C. Bullock, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en-us">The Revolutionary Transformation of American Freemasonry, 1752-1792</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en-us" lang="en-us">The William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 47, No. 3</span></i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1990-07" data-sort-value="1990-07">juillet 1990</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 347-369 (23 pages) <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2938092">lire en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Revolutionary+Transformation+of+American+Freemasonry%2C+1752-1792&rft.jtitle=The+William+and+Mary+Quarterly%2C+Vol.+47%2C+No.+3&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=Steven+C.&rft.date=1990-07&rft.pages=347-369+%2823+pages%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span><span title="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Document utilisé pour la rédaction de l’article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/20px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/30px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Icon_flat_design_plume.svg/40px-Icon_flat_design_plume.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="158" /></span></span></span>,</li> <li><span class="ouvrage" id="York1993"><span class="ouvrage" id="Neil_L._York1993"><abbr class="abbr indicateur-langue" title="Langue : anglais américain">(en-US)</abbr> Neil L. York, « <cite style="font-style:normal" lang="en-us">Freemasons and the American Revolution</cite> », <i><span class="lang-en-us" lang="en-us">The Historian, Vol. 55, No. 2</span></i>,‎ <time class="nowrap" datetime="1993" data-sort-value="1993">hiver 1993</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page(s)">p.</abbr> 315-330 (16 pages) <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24449525">lire en ligne</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Accès payant au document"><img alt="Accès payant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/14px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/18px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="597" data-file-height="947" /></span></span>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Freemasons+and+the+American+Revolution&rft.jtitle=The+Historian%2C+Vol.+55%2C+No.+2&rft.aulast=York&rft.aufirst=Neil+L.&rft.date=1993&rft.pages=315-330+%2816+pages%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AP%C3%A8res+fondateurs+des+%C3%89tats-Unis"></span></span></span>,</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8res_fondateurs_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8res_fondateurs_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&action=edit&section=17" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers">Notices dans des dictionnaires ou encyclopédies généralistes<span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186539?uselang=fr#identifiers" title="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata"><img alt="Voir et modifier les données sur Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></span> : <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Founding-Fathers"><i>Britannica</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brockhaus.de/ecs/enzy/article/founding-fathers"><i>Brockhaus</i></a></li> </ul></div></li></ul> <div class="navbox-container" style="clear:both;"> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Signataire_de_la_D%C3%A9claration_d%27ind%C3%A9pendance_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Modèle:Palette Signataire de la Déclaration d'indépendance des États-Unis"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Signataire_de_la_D%C3%A9claration_d%27ind%C3%A9pendance_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%">Signataires de la <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9claration_d%27ind%C3%A9pendance_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Déclaration d'indépendance des États-Unis">Déclaration d’indépendance des États-Unis</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams_(homme_d%27%C3%89tat)" title="John Adams (homme d'État)">J. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">S. Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Bartlett" title="Josiah Bartlett">Bartlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Braxton" title="Carter Braxton">Braxton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_de_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll de Carrollton">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chase" title="Samuel Chase">Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Clark" title="Abraham Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clymer" title="George Clymer">Clymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ellery" title="William Ellery">Ellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Floyd" title="William Floyd">Floyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbridge_Gerry" title="Elbridge Gerry">Gerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Button_Gwinnett" title="Button Gwinnett">Gwinnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Hall" title="Lyman Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison_V" title="Benjamin Harrison V">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hart_(signataire)" title="John Hart (signataire)">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hewes" title="Joseph Hewes">Hewes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heyward_Jr." title="Thomas Heyward Jr.">Heyward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hooper" title="William Hooper">Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hopkins_(homme_politique)" title="Stephen Hopkins (homme politique)">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Hopkinson" title="Francis Hopkinson">Hopkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(homme_politique)" title="Samuel Huntington (homme politique)">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lightfoot_Lee" title="Francis Lightfoot Lee">F. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">R. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Lewis" title="Francis Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Livingston" title="Philip Livingston">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lynch_Junior" title="Thomas Lynch Junior">Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Middleton" title="Arthur Middleton">Middleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Morris_(%C3%89tats-Unis)" title="Lewis Morris (États-Unis)">L. Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">R. Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Morton_(homme_politique)" title="John Morton (homme politique)">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nelson_junior" title="Thomas Nelson junior">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paca" title="William Paca">Paca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Treat_Paine" title="Robert Treat Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Penn" title="John Penn">Penn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Read" title="George Read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Rodney" title="Caesar Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ross_(d%C3%A9l%C3%A9gu%C3%A9)" title="George Ross (délégué)">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Rutledge" title="Edward Rutledge">Rutledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Smith_(d%C3%A9l%C3%A9gu%C3%A9)" title="James Smith (délégué)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Stockton" title="Richard Stockton">Stockton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Stone" title="Thomas Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Taylor" title="George Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Thornton" title="Matthew Thornton">Thornton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Walton" title="George Walton">Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whipple" title="William Whipple">Whipple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Williams" title="William Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(juge)" title="James Wilson (juge)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon_(repr%C3%A9sentant)" title="John Witherspoon (représentant)">Witherspoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wolcott" title="Oliver Wolcott">Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wythe" title="George Wythe">Wythe</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <table class="navbox collapsible noprint autocollapse" style=""> <tbody><tr><th class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=""><div style="float:left; width:6em; text-align:left"><div class="noprint plainlinks nowrap tnavbar" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-emphasized, #000000);"><a href="/wiki/Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Signataire_de_la_Constitution_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Modèle:Palette Signataire de la Constitution des États-Unis"><abbr class="abbr" title="Voir ce modèle.">v</abbr></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mod%C3%A8le:Palette_Signataire_de_la_Constitution_des_%C3%89tats-Unis&action=edit"><abbr class="abbr" title="Modifier ce modèle. Merci de prévisualiser avant de sauvegarder.">m</abbr></a></div></div><div style="font-size:110%">Signataires de la <a href="/wiki/Constitution_des_%C3%89tats-Unis" title="Constitution des États-Unis">Constitution des États-Unis</a></div></th> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-list" style="text-align:center;" colspan="2"><div class="liste-horizontale"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Baldwin" title="Abraham Baldwin">Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bassett" title="Richard Bassett">Bassett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunning_Bedford,_Jr." title="Gunning Bedford, Jr.">Bedford, Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Blair_(juge)" title="John Blair (juge)">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Blount_(1749-1800)" title="William Blount (1749-1800)">Blount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Brearley" title="David Brearley">Brearley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Broom" title="Jacob Broom">Broom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler" title="Pierce Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Carroll_(homme_politique)" title="Daniel Carroll (homme politique)">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clymer" title="George Clymer">Clymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Dayton_(homme_politique)" title="Jonathan Dayton (homme politique)">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Few" title="William Few">Few</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fitzsimons" title="Thomas Fitzsimons">Fitzsimons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Gilman" title="Nicholas Gilman">Gilman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Gorham" title="Nathaniel Gorham">Gorham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jared_Ingersoll" title="Jared Ingersoll">Ingersoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_(homme_politique)" title="William Jackson (homme politique)">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_of_St._Thomas_Jenifer" title="Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer">Jenifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Samuel_Johnson" title="William Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King_(homme_politique)" title="Rufus King (homme politique)">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Langdon" title="John Langdon">Langdon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Livingston" title="William Livingston">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_McHenry" title="James McHenry">McHenry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mifflin" title="Thomas Mifflin">Mifflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gouverneur_Morris" title="Gouverneur Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(juge)" title="William Paterson (juge)">Paterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cotesworth_Pinckney" title="Charles Cotesworth Pinckney">C. C. Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Pinckney" title="Charles Pinckney">Pinckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Read" title="George Read">Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">Rutledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Dobbs_Spaight" title="Richard Dobbs Spaight">Spaight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Williamson" title="Hugh Williamson">Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Wilson_(juge)" title="James Wilson (juge)">Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <ul id="bandeau-portail" class="bandeau-portail"><li><span class="bandeau-portail-element"><span class="bandeau-portail-icone"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Portail:R%C3%A9volution_am%C3%A9ricaine" title="Portail de la révolution américaine"><img alt="icône 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