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[n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Condicions estàndard (química)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 28 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حالة قياسية - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حالة قياسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Стандартно състояние - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стандартно състояние" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Referenzzustand" title="Referenzzustand - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Referenzzustand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Standard state" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norma_stato" title="Norma stato - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Norma stato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado_est%C3%A1ndar_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Estado estándar (química) - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estado estándar (química)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="حالت استاندارد - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حالت استاندارد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89tat_standard" title="État standard - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="État standard" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard%C3%A1llapot" title="Standardállapot - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Standardállapot" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keadaan_standar" title="Keadaan standar - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Keadaan standar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_standard" title="Stato standard - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stato standard" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%91%9C%EC%A4%80%EC%83%81%ED%83%9C" title="표준상태 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="표준상태" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%B2" title="Стандарт төлөв - mongol" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Стандарт төлөв" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keadaan_piawai" title="Keadaan piawai - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Keadaan piawai" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plimsoll" title="Plimsoll - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Plimsoll" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normaltilstand" title="Normaltilstand - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Normaltilstand" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stan_standardowy" title="Stan standardowy - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Stan standardowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estado-padr%C3%A3o" title="Estado-padrão - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estado-padrão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Стандартные состояния - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Стандартные состояния" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardno_stanje" title="Standardno stanje - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Standardno stanje" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_state" title="Standard state - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Standard state" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardno_stanje" title="Standardno stanje - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Standardno stanje" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardtillst%C3%A5nd" title="Standardtillstånd - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Standardtillstånd" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A3%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF" title="ప్రామాణిక స్థితి - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్రామాణిక స్థితి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ภาวะมาตรฐาน - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาวะมาตรฐาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Стандартний стан - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стандартний стан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81" title="标准状态 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="标准状态" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E7%8A%B6%E6%80%81" title="标准状态 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="标准状态" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1878074#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Condicions_est%C3%A0ndard_(qu%C3%ADmica)" title="Vegeu el contingut de la pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussi%C3%B3:Condicions_est%C3%A0ndard_(qu%C3%ADmica)" rel="discussion" title="Discussió sobre el contingut d'aquesta pàgina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Canvia la variant de llengua" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">català</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Vistes"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Condicions_est%C3%A0ndard_(qu%C3%ADmica)"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Condicions_est%C3%A0ndard_(qu%C3%ADmica)&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Condicions_est%C3%A0ndard_(qu%C3%ADmica)&action=history" title="Versions antigues d'aquesta pàgina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Eines</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Més opcions" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Accions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Condicions_est%C3%A0ndard_(qu%C3%ADmica)"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Condicions_est%C3%A0ndard_(qu%C3%ADmica)&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" 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barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">amaga</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ca" dir="ltr"><p>En <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química">química</a>, les <b>condicions estàndard</b> o l'<b>estat estàndard</b> d'un material (<a href="/wiki/Subst%C3%A0ncia_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Substància química">substància</a> pura, barreja o <a href="/wiki/Soluci%C3%B3_qu%C3%ADmica" title="Solució química">solució</a>) és un punt de referència utilitzat per calcular les seves propietats sota diferents condicions. En principi, l'elecció d'estat estàndard és arbitrària, encara que la <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3_Internacional_de_Qu%C3%ADmica_Pura_i_Aplicada" title="Unió Internacional de Química Pura i Aplicada">Unió Internacional de Química Pura i Aplicada (IUPAC)</a> recomana un conjunt convencional d'estats estàndard per a ús general.<sup id="cite_ref-GB1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GB1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La IUPAC recomana l'ús d'un <i>p</i><sup><s>o</s></sup> = 10⁵ de pressió estàndard = 105 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unitat)" title="Pascal (unitat)">Pa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> En sentit estricte, la temperatura no és part de la definició d'un estat estàndard. Per exemple, com es discuteix més endavant, l'estat estàndard d'un gas es tria perquè sigui convencionalment la unitat de pressió (generalment en bars) d'un <a href="/wiki/Gas_ideal" title="Gas ideal">gas ideal</a>, independentment de la temperatura. No obstant això, la majoria de les taules de quantitats termodinàmiques es compilen a temperatures específiques, més comunament 298,15 K (25,00 °C; 77,00 °F) o, una mica menys comú, 273,15 K (0,00 °C; 32,00 °F). </p><p>L'estat estàndard no s'ha de confondre amb les <a href="/wiki/Condicions_est%C3%A0ndard_de_pressi%C3%B3_i_temperatura" title="Condicions estàndard de pressió i temperatura">condicions estàndard de pressió i temperatura</a> per als gasos,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ni amb les <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soluci%C3%B3_est%C3%A0ndard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solució estàndard (encara no existeix)">solucions estàndard</a> usades en <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_anal%C3%ADtica" title="Química analítica">química analítica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>En el moment del desenvolupament en el segle <span title="Nombre escrit en xifres romanes" style="font-variant:small-caps;">xix</span>, es va adoptar el símbol de "línia de flotació" en superíndex (<sup>⦵</sup>) per indicar el caràcter no-zero de l'estat estàndard.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La IUPAC recomana en la tercera edició de <i>Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry</i> (Quantitats, Unitats i Símbols en <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica_f%C3%ADsica" title="Química física">Química Física</a>) un símbol que sembla un signe de grau (°) com a substitut de la marca de línia de flotació. En la mateixa publicació la marca de línia de flotació sembla estar construïda mitjançant la combinació d'un traç horitzontal amb un signe de grau.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Una sèrie de símbols similars s'utilitzen en la literatura: una lletra O minúscula ratllada (<sup><s>o</s></sup>),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> un zero en superíndex (<sup>0</sup>)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> o un cercle amb una barra horitzontal o bé on la barra s'estén més enllà dels límits del cercle (⦵) o està tancada pel cercle, dividint el cercle per la meitat (⊖).<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quan es compara amb el símbol de línia de flotació utilitzat en els vaixells, la línia horitzontal s'hauria d'estendre més enllà dels límits del cercle. </p><p>Per a una matèria determinada, l'estat estàndard és el l'<b>estat de referència</b> per a les propietats d'estat termodinàmiques del material com ara <a href="/wiki/Entalpia" title="Entalpia">entalpia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Entropia" title="Entropia">entropia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energia_lliure_de_Gibbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Energia lliure de Gibbs">energia lliure de Gibbs</a>, i per moltes altres normes materials. El <a href="/wiki/Entalpia_de_formaci%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Entalpia de formació">canvi d'entalpia estàndard de formació</a> per a un element en el seu estat estàndard és zero, i aquest conveni permet una àmplia gamma d'altres magnituds termodinàmiques que es calcula i es tabulen. L'estat normal d'una substància no té per què existir en la naturalesa: per exemple, és possible calcular valors pel <a href="/wiki/Vapor_d%27aigua" title="Vapor d'aigua">vapor d'aigua</a> en 298,15 K i 10⁵ Pa, encara que el vapor no existeixi (com un gas) sota aquestes condicions. L'avantatge d'aquesta pràctica és que les taules de propietats termodinàmiques preparades d'aquesta manera són auto-consistents. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Condicions_est%C3%A0ndard_(qu%C3%ADmica)&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-GB1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-GB1_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3_Internacional_de_Qu%C3%ADmica_Pura_i_Aplicada" title="Unió Internacional de Química Pura i Aplicada">IUPAC</a>, <i>Compendium of Chemical Terminology</i>, 2a ed. ("The Gold Book") (1997). Versió corregida en línia:  (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/S05925.html">standard state</a>" (en anglès).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3_Internacional_de_Qu%C3%ADmica_Pura_i_Aplicada" title="Unió Internacional de Química Pura i Aplicada">IUPAC</a>, <i>Compendium of Chemical Terminology</i>, 2a ed. ("The Gold Book") (1997). Versió corregida en línia:  (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/S05921.html">standard pressure</a>" (en anglès).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3_Internacional_de_Qu%C3%ADmica_Pura_i_Aplicada" title="Unió Internacional de Química Pura i Aplicada">IUPAC</a>, <i>Compendium of Chemical Terminology</i>, 2a ed. ("The Gold Book") (1997). Versió corregida en línia:  (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/S05910.html">standard conditions for gases</a>" (en anglès).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3_Internacional_de_Qu%C3%ADmica_Pura_i_Aplicada" title="Unió Internacional de Química Pura i Aplicada">IUPAC</a>, <i>Compendium of Chemical Terminology</i>, 2a ed. ("The Gold Book") (1997). Versió corregida en línia:  (2006–) "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/S05924.html">standard solution</a>" (en anglès).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Prigogine, I. & Defay, R. (1954) <i>Chemical thermodynamics</i>, p. xxiv</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">E.R. Cohen, T. Cvitas, J.G. Frey, B. Holmström, K. Kuchitsu, R. Marquardt, I. Mills, F. Pavese, M. Quack, J. Stohner, H.L. Strauss, M. Takami, and A.J. Thor, "Quantities, Units and Symbols in Physical Chemistry", IUPAC Green Book, 3rd Edition, 2nd Printing, IUPAC & RSC Publishing, Cambridge (2008), p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">IUPAC (1993) <i>Quantities, units and symbols in physical chemistry</i> (also known as <i>The Green Book</i>) (2nd ed.), p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Narayanan, K. V. (2001) <i>A Textbook of Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics</i> (8th printing, 2006), p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2980.pdf">Miscellaneous Mathematical Symbols-B</a>».  Unicode, 2013. [Consulta: 19 desembre 2013].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mills, I. M. (1989) "The choice of names and symbols for quantities in chemistry". <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i> (vol. 66, number 11, November 1989 p. 887–889) [Note that Mills (who was involved in producing a revision of <i>Quantities, units and symbols in physical chemistry</i>) refers to the symbol ⊖ (Unicode 2296 "Circled minus" as displayed in <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2980.pdf">http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U2980.pdf</a>) as a plimsoll symbol although it lacks an extending bar in the printed article. Mills also says that a superscript zero is an equal alternative to indicate "standard state", though a degree symbol (°) is used in the same article]</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Obtingut de «<a dir="ltr" href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Condicions_estàndard_(química)&oldid=33594239">https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Condicions_estàndard_(química)&oldid=33594239</a>»</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Categorias" title="Especial:Categorias">Categoria</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Termodin%C3%A0mica" title="Categoria:Termodinàmica">Termodinàmica</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> La pàgina va ser modificada per darrera vegada el 9 juny 2024 a les 22:33.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">El text està disponible sota la <a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Text_de_la_llic%C3%A8ncia_de_Creative_Commons_Reconeixement-Compartir_Igual_4.0_No_adaptada" title="Viquipèdia:Text de la llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement-Compartir Igual 4.0 No adaptada"> Llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement i Compartir-Igual</a>; es poden aplicar termes addicionals. 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