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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Llywio </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hafan" title="Ymweld â'r Hafan [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Hafan</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Porth_y_Gymuned" title="Pethau i'w gwneud, adnoddau a thudalennau'r gymuned"><span>Porth y Gymuned</span></a></li><li id="n-cafe" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wicipedia:Y_Caffi"><span>Y Caffi</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Categori:Materion_cyfoes" title="Gwybodaeth yn gysylltiedig â materion cyfoes"><span>Materion cyfoes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:RecentChanges" title="Rhestr y newidiadau diweddar ar y wici. 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Fodd bynnag, dydy hyn ddim yn orfodol" class=""><span>Creu cyfrif</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UserLogin&returnto=Bacteria" title="Fe'ch anogir i fewngofnodi, er nad oes rhaid gwneud. 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Fodd bynnag, dydy hyn ddim yn orfodol"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Creu cyfrif</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UserLogin&returnto=Bacteria" title="Fe'ch anogir i fewngofnodi, er nad oes rhaid gwneud. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Mewngofnodi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tudalennau ar gyfer golygyddion allgofnodedig <a href="/wiki/Cymorth:Cyflwyniad" aria-label="Dysgu mwy am olygu"><span>dysgu mwy</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:MyTalk" title="Sgwrs ynglŷn â golygiadau o'r cyfeiriad IP hwn [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Sgwrs</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Safle"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Cynnwys" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Cynnwys</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Y dechrau</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Diagnosis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Triniaeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Triniaeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Triniaeth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Triniaeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cynefin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cynefin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cynefin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cynefin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morffoleg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morffoleg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Morffoleg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morffoleg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nodweddion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nodweddion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Nodweddion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nodweddion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strwythur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strwythur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Strwythur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strwythur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grwpiau_tacsonomig" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grwpiau_tacsonomig"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Grwpiau tacsonomig</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grwpiau_tacsonomig-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clefydau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clefydau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Clefydau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clefydau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolaeth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolaeth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Metabolaeth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolaeth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twf_ac_atgenhedlu" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twf_ac_atgenhedlu"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Twf ac atgenhedlu</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twf_ac_atgenhedlu-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geneteg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geneteg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Geneteg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geneteg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ffyla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ffyla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Ffyla</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ffyla-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toglo is-adran Ffyla</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ffyla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ffyla_dilys" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ffyla_dilys"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Ffyla dilys</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ffyla_dilys-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cyfeiriadau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyfeiriadau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Cyfeiriadau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyfeiriadau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cynnwys" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Tabl Cynnwys" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toglo'r tabl cynnwys" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toglo'r tabl cynnwys</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bacteria</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ewch i erthygl mewn iaith arall. Ar gael mewn 172 iaith" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-172" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">172 iaith</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri - Acehneg" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterie" title="Bakterie - Affricaneg" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bakterie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Affricaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterien" title="Bakterien - Almaeneg y Swistir" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bakterien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg y Swistir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B4%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="ባክቴሪያ - Amhareg" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባክቴሪያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amhareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eubacteria" title="Eubacteria - Aragoneg" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Eubacteria" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="जीवाणु - Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जीवाणु" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بكتيريا - Arabeg" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بكتيريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%A9%DC%9B%DC%9D%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܒܩܛܝܪܝܐ - Aramaeg" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܩܛܝܪܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="باكتيرية - Arabeg Moroco" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="باكتيرية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arabeg Moroco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بكتيريا - Arabeg yr Aifft" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بكتيريا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arabeg yr Aifft" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="বেক্টেৰিয়া - Asameg" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বেক্টেৰিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asameg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria - Astwrianeg" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Astwrianeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jisk%27a_laq%27u" title="Jisk'a laq'u - Aymareg" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jisk'a laq'u" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriyalar" title="Bakteriyalar - Aserbaijaneg" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bakteriyalar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Aserbaijaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="باکتری - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باکتری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бактериялар - Bashcorteg" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бактериялар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashcorteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakter%C4%97j%C4%97s" title="Bakterėjės - Samogiteg" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bakterėjės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogiteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterya" title="Bakterya - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bakterya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Бактэрыі - Belarwseg" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бактэрыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarwseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Бактэрыі - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бактэрыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Бактерии - Bwlgareg" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бактерии" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bwlgareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="बैक्टीरिया - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बैक्टीरिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ব্যাকটেরিয়া - Bengaleg" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যাকটেরিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri - Llydaweg" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Llydaweg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterija" title="Bakterija - Bosnieg" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bakterija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бактери - Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бактери" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteris" title="Bacteris - Catalaneg" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bacteris" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1%CC%A4-k%E1%B9%B3%CC%84ng" title="Sá̤-kṳ̄ng - Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sá̤-kṳ̄ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterya" title="Bakterya - Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bakterya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A5%E1%8F%B3%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%B1%E1%8F%99%E1%8E%AF" title="ᎥᏳᎩ ᏗᏱᏙᎯ - Tsierocî" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎥᏳᎩ ᏗᏱᏙᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Tsierocî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بەکتریا - Cwrdeg Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەکتریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Cwrdeg Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterie" title="Bakterie - Tsieceg" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bakterie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsieceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бактери - Tshwfasheg" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бактери" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tshwfasheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterier" title="Bakterier - Daneg" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bakterier" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Daneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterien" title="Bakterien - Almaeneg" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bakterien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%AC%DE%86%DE%B0%DE%93%DE%A9%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7" title="ބެކްޓީރިޔާ - Difehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބެކްޓީރިޔާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Difehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Βακτήριο - Groeg" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βακτήριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Groeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria - Saesneg" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Saesneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterioj" title="Bakterioj - Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bakterioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria - Sbaeneg" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sbaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterid" title="Bakterid - Estoneg" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bakterid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterio" title="Bakterio - Basgeg" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bakterio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateria" title="Bateria - Extremadureg" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Bateria" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremadureg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="باکتری - Perseg" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باکتری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteerit" title="Bakteerit - Ffinneg" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bakteerit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Ffinneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisil%C3%A4ne" title="Pisiläne - Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Pisiläne" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria - Ffaröeg" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Ffaröeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bact%C3%A9rie" title="Bactérie - Ffrangeg" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bactérie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Ffrangeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteerien" title="Bakteerien - Ffriseg Gogleddol" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bakteerien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg Gogleddol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktearje" title="Baktearje - Ffriseg y Gorllewin" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Baktearje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Ffriseg y Gorllewin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baict%C3%A9ir" title="Baictéir - Gwyddeleg" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Baictéir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Gwyddeleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A9ri" title="Baktéri - Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Baktéri" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria - Gaeleg yr Alban" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaeleg yr Alban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterias" title="Bacterias - Galisieg" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bacterias" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokoka%27i" title="Pokoka'i - Guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pokoka'i" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria - Manaweg" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manaweg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwayar_cutar_Bakteriya" title="Kwayar cutar Bakteriya - Hawsa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kwayar cutar Bakteriya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hawsa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-khi%C3%BBn" title="Se-khiûn - Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Se-khiûn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D" title="חיידקים - Hebraeg" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיידקים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebraeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="जीवाणु - Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जीवाणु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria - Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije - Croateg" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bakterije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croateg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije - Sorbeg Uchaf" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bakterije" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbeg Uchaf" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri - Creol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Creol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A9riumok" title="Baktériumok - Hwngareg" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Baktériumok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hwngareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բակտերիաներ - Armeneg" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բակտերիաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterio" title="Bacterio - Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bacterio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri - Indoneseg" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indoneseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria - Ilocaneg" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Ilocaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%88" title="НӀанкӀигаш - Ingwsieg" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="НӀанкӀигаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingwsieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterio" title="Bakterio - Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bakterio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerlar" title="Gerlar - Islandeg" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gerlar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria - Eidaleg" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Eidaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌 - Japaneeg" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="細菌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japaneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktiiria" title="Baktiiria - Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Baktiiria" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A8ri" title="Baktèri - Jafanaeg" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Baktèri" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jafanaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ბაქტერიები - Georgeg" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაქტერიები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriya" title="Bakteriya - Cara-Calpaceg" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Bakteriya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Cara-Calpaceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria - Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бактериялар - Casacheg" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бактериялар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Casacheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಬ್ಯಾಕ್ಟೀರಿಯ - Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ಯಾಕ್ಟೀರಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B7%A0" title="세균 - Coreeg" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세균" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Coreeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakter%C3%AE" title="Bakterî - Cwrdeg" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bakterî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Cwrdeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria - Cernyweg" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cernyweg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бактерия - Cirgiseg" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бактерия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Cirgiseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria - Lladin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Lladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteerien" title="Bakteerien - Lwcsembwrgeg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bakteerien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Lwcsembwrgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%80" title="Бактерияр - Lezgheg" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Бактерияр" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezgheg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateria" title="Bateria - Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bateria" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakitiiriya" title="Bakitiiriya - Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Bakitiiriya" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteri%C3%AB" title="Bacterië - Limbwrgeg" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bacterië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limbwrgeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria - Ligwreg" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligwreg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batere" title="Batere - Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Batere" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria - Lombardeg" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B7%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%AD%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%8D" title="ເຊື້ອແບັກທີເຣັຍ - Laoeg" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຊື້ອແບັກທີເຣັຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laoeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterijos" title="Bakterijos - Lithwaneg" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bakterijos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithwaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C4%93rijas" title="Baktērijas - Latfieg" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Baktērijas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latfieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria - Malagaseg" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagaseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri - Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Бактерии - Macedoneg" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бактерии" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedoneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ബാക്റ്റീരിയ - Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബാക്റ്റീരിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Нян - Mongoleg" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нян" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongoleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%82" title="जीवाणू - Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जीवाणू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria - Maleieg" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဘက်တီးရီးယား - Byrmaneg" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘက်တီးရီးယား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Byrmaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="باکتری - Masanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="باکتری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria - Naplieg" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Naplieg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterien" title="Bakterien - Almaeneg Isel" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bakterien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Almaeneg Isel" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="जीवाणु - Nepaleg" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जीवाणु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ब्याक्टेरिया - Newaeg" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ब्याक्टेरिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newaeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteri%C3%ABn" title="Bacteriën - Iseldireg" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bacteriën" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Iseldireg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriar" title="Bakteriar - Norwyeg Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bakteriar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterier" title="Bakterier - Norwyeg Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bakterier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwyeg Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bact%C3%A9thie" title="Bactéthie - Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Bactéthie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bact%C3%A8ri" title="Bactèri - Ocsitaneg" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bactèri" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ocsitaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baakteeriyaa(Bacteria)" title="Baakteeriyaa(Bacteria) - Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Baakteeriyaa(Bacteria)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%81" title="ବୀଜାଣୁ - Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବୀଜାଣୁ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਬੈਕਟੀਰੀਆ - Pwnjabeg" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੈਕਟੀਰੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pwnjabeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria - Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterie" title="Bakterie - Pwyleg" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bakterie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pwyleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateri" title="Bateri - Piedmonteg" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Bateri" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmonteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بیکٹیریا - Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بیکٹیریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="باکټريا - Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="باکټريا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bact%C3%A9ria" title="Bactéria - Portiwgaleg" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bactéria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portiwgaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1aki" title="Añaki - Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Añaki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterie" title="Bacterie - Rwmaneg" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bacterie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rwmaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Бактерии - Rwseg" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бактерии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rwseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Бактерії - Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Бактерії" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagiteri" title="Bagiteri - Ciniarŵandeg" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Bagiteri" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Ciniarŵandeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83" title="जीवाणुः - Sansgrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जीवाणुः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sansgrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бактериялар - Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бактериялар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria - Sardeg" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batteriu" title="Batteriu - Sisileg" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Batteriu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisileg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria - Sgoteg" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Sgoteg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A6%DA%AA%D9%BD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بئڪٽيريا - Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بئڪٽيريا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterija" title="Bakterija - Serbo-Croateg" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bakterija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croateg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="බැක්ටීරියා - Sinhaleg" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බැක්ටීරියා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A9rie" title="Baktérie - Slofaceg" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Baktérie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slofaceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije - Slofeneg" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bakterije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slofeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriya" title="Bakteriya - Somaleg" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bakteriya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somaleg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri - Albaneg" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Бактерије - Serbeg" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бактерије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A9ri" title="Baktéri - Swndaneg" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Baktéri" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Swndaneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterier" title="Bakterier - Swedeg" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bakterier" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijasumu" title="Vijasumu - Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vijasumu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="பாக்டீரியா - Tamileg" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாக்டீரியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamileg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="బాక్టీరియా - Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బాక్టీరియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Бактерияҳо - Tajiceg" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бактерияҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajiceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="แบคทีเรีย - Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แบคทีเรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterya" title="Bakterya - Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bakterya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri - Tyrceg" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Tyrceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Бактерияләр - Tatareg" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бактерияләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatareg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="erthygl dan sylw"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Бактерії - Wcreineg" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бактерії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Wcreineg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بیکٹیریا - Wrdw" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیکٹیریا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Wrdw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriyalar" title="Bakteriyalar - Wsbeceg" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bakteriyalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Wsbeceg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria - Feniseg" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Feniseg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterijad" title="Bakterijad - Feps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Bakterijad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Feps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_khu%E1%BA%A9n" title="Vi khuẩn - Fietnameg" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vi khuẩn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Fietnameg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakter" title="Bakter - Folapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bakter" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Folapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactereye" title="Bactereye - Walwneg" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bactereye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walwneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterya" title="Bakterya - Winarayeg" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bakterya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Winarayeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌 - Wu Tsieineaidd" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="細菌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tsieineaidd" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ბაქტერიეფი - Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბაქტერიეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="באקטעריע - Iddew-Almaeneg" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באקטעריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Iddew-Almaeneg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakit%C3%A9r%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Bakitéríà - Iorwba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bakitéríà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Iorwba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigin" title="Sigin - Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Sigin" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌 - Tsieinëeg" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="细菌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tsieinëeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌 - Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="細菌" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8-kh%C3%BAn" title="Sè-khún - Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sè-khún" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌 - Cantoneeg" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="細菌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantoneeg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izinungwana" title="Izinungwana - Swlw" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Izinungwana" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Swlw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10876#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Golygu dolenni rhyngwici" class="wbc-editpage">Golygu dolenni</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Parthau"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Gweld y dudalen bwnc [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Erthygl</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sgwrs:Bacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Sgwrsio am y dudalen (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Sgwrs</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Newid amrywiad iaith" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Cymraeg</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Golygon"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria"><span>Darllen</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Golygu</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Golygu cod</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=history" title="Fersiynau cynt o'r dudalen hon. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Gweld hanes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Offer tudalen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Blwch offer" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Blwch offer</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Blwch offer</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Rhagor o opsiynau" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Gweithredoedd </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria"><span>Darllen</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&veaction=edit" title="Golygu'r dudalen hon [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Golygu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=edit" title="Golygu cod ffynhonnell y dudalen hon [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Golygu cod</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=history"><span>Gweld hanes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Cyffredinol </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:WhatLinksHere/Bacteria" title="Rhestr o bob tudalen sy'n cysylltu â hon [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Beth sy'n cysylltu yma</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Arbennig:RecentChangesLinked/Bacteria" rel="nofollow" title="Newidiadau diweddar i dudalennau sydd yn cysylltu â hon [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Newidiadau perthnasol</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&oldid=13440475" title="Dolen barhaol i'r fersiwn hwn y dudalen hon"><span>Dolen barhaol</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=info" title="Mwy o wybodaeth am y dudalen hon"><span>Gwybodaeth am y dudalen</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:CiteThisPage&page=Bacteria&id=13440475&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Gwybodaeth ar sut i gyfeirio at y dudalen hon"><span>Cyfeirio at y dudalen hon</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBacteria"><span>Cael URL byr</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBacteria"><span>Lawrlwytho cod QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Argraffu / allforio </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Bacteria"><span>Llunio llyfr</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbennig:DownloadAsPdf&page=Bacteria&action=show-download-screen"><span>Lawrlwytho fel PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&printable=yes" title="Cynhyrchwch fersiwn o'r dudalen yn barod at ei hargraffu [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Fersiwn argraffu</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Mewn prosiectau eraill </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" hreflang="en"><span>Comin Wikimedia</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" hreflang="en"><span>Wicifywyd</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10876" title="Cysylltu i eitem ystorfa gysylltiedig [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Eitem Wicidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Offer tudalen"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Gwedd"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Gwedd</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">symud i'r bar ochr</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">cuddio</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Oddi ar Wicipedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cy" dir="ltr"><table class="infobox" style="width:22em"><caption>Bacteria</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:E._coli_Bacteria_(7316101966).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/220px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/330px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/440px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1766" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Enghraifft o:</th><td><a href="/wiki/Tacson" title="Tacson">tacson</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876?uselang=cy#P31" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Math</th><td><a href="/wiki/Meicro-organeb" title="Meicro-organeb">meicro-organeb</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876?uselang=cy#P279" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Safle tacson</th><td><a href="/wiki/Parth_(bioleg)" title="Parth (bioleg)">Parth (bioleg)</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876?uselang=cy#P105" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Rhiant dacson</th><td>Biota <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876?uselang=cy#P171" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row">Dechreuwyd</th><td>Mileniwm 3501. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/cy:Cyn_Crist" class="extiw" title="w:cy:Cyn Crist">CC</a> <span class="penicon autoconfirmed-show"><span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876?uselang=cy#P580" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tudalen Comin"><img alt="Tudalen Comin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bacteria" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bacteria">Ffeiliau perthnasol ar Gomin Wicimedia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Organeb" class="mw-redirect" title="Organeb">Organebau</a> microsgopig <a href="/wiki/Organeb_ungellog" title="Organeb ungellog">ungellog</a> yw <b>bacteria</b>. Mae ganddynt <a href="/wiki/Cell_(bioleg)" title="Cell (bioleg)">gelloedd</a> <a href="/wiki/Procaryot" title="Procaryot">procaryotig</a> syml. Does ganddynt ddim <a href="/wiki/Cnewyllyn" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Cnewyllyn">cnewyllyn</a> diffiniedig nac <a href="/wiki/Organyn" title="Organyn">organynnau</a> fel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloroplast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cloroplast (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">cloroplastau</a> a <a href="/wiki/Mitocondria" title="Mitocondria">mitocondria</a>. Maent yn niferus iawn mewn pridd, dŵr ac y tu mewn i organebau eraill. Mae rhai bacteria'n achosi <a href="/wiki/Clefyd" title="Clefyd">clefydau</a> fel <a href="/wiki/Tetanws" title="Tetanws">tetanws</a> a <a href="/wiki/Colera" title="Colera">cholera</a>. </p><p>Mae bacteria'n fwy na <a href="/wiki/Firws" title="Firws">firysau</a>; mae ganddynt gell brocaryotig gyfan, gyda'u holl swyddogaethau metabolaidd eu hun. Mae’r genynnau bob amser yn <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> a gallant fod yn rhai sy'n byw'n rhydd, gan achosi haint ddim ond drwy siawns, neu'n gydfwytaol (yn byw'n ddiniwed ar y <a href="/wiki/Croen" title="Croen">croen</a> neu yn y coludd), gan achosi haint dim ond drwy siawns neu’n barasitiaid anochel sy'n byw ddim ond drwy heintio ac mae'n rhaid iddynt gael eu trosglwyddo o un organeb letyol i'r llall.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Golygu'r adran: Diagnosis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Diagnosis"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fel gyda firysau ceir diagnosis drwy'r symptomau a'r lleoliad a thrwy feithrin yr hyn a geir ar swab, profion biocemegol, adwaith i wrthgyrff penodol neu adnabod dilyniannau DNA. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Triniaeth">Triniaeth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Golygu'r adran: Triniaeth" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Triniaeth"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ble maen nhw'n effeithiol, <a href="/wiki/Gwrthfiotig" title="Gwrthfiotig">gwrthfiotigau</a> yw'r driniaeth ddewisol, fel arall ceir cyffuriau gwrthfacteria eraill (yn gyffredinol yn llai effeithiol a/neu'n fwy ymosodol i'r derbynnydd). Mae’r triniaethau hefyd yn ymwneud â lleddfu'r symptomau, e.e. defnyddio cyffuriau gwrthlidiol neu boenliniarwyr, a gorffwys a maeth da i roi'r cyfle gorau i system imiwnedd y person o guro'r haint. Gellir atal rhai clefydau bacteriol hefyd drwy imiwneiddio. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cynefin">Cynefin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Golygu'r adran: Cynefin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Cynefin"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gellir dweud fod bacteria yn hollbresennol ym mhob man, yn byw ym mhob cynefin posibl ar y blaned gan gynnwys pridd, o dan y dŵr, yn ddwfn yng nghramen y Ddaear a hyd yn oed mewn amgylcheddau eithafol (fel ffynhonnau poeth asidig a gwastraff ymbelydrol).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17331729_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17331729-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid33114255_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid33114255-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ceir tua 2×10<sup>30</sup> bacteria ar y Ddaear,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid30760902_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid30760902-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ac mae nhw'n ffurfio biomas, gyda phlanhigion yn unig yn fwy lluosog.<sup id="cite_ref-Bar-On_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bar-On-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maen nhw'n doreithiog mewn llynnoedd a chefnforoedd, mewn iâ arctig, a ffynhonnau geothermol<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheelis2008_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheelis2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lle maen nhw'n darparu'r maetholion sydd eu hangen i gynnal bywyd trwy drosi cyfansoddion toddedig, fel hydrogen sylffid a methan, yn egni.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid34203823_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid34203823-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maent yn byw ar ac mewn planhigion ac anifeiliaid. Nid yw'r rhan fwyaf yn achosi clefydau, i'r gwrthwyneb - maent yn fuddiol i'w hamgylcheddau, ac maent yn hanfodol ar gyfer bywyd.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheelis2008_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheelis2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae pridd y Ddaear yn ffynhonnell gyfoethog o facteria ac mae ychydig gramau ohono'n cynnwys tua mil miliwn ohonynt. Maen nhw i gyd yn hanfodol i ecoleg pridd, gan chwalu gwastraff gwenwynig ac ailgylchu maetholion. Maent i'w cael hyd yn oed yn yr <a href="/wiki/Atmosffer" title="Atmosffer">atmosffer</a> ac mae un metr ciwbig o aer yn dal tua chan miliwn o gelloedd bacteriol. Cartrefant yn y moroedd a'r cefnforoedd, a cheir tua 3 x 10 <sup>26</sup> o facteria yn y moroedd hyn, sy'n darparu hyd at 50% o'r ocsigen y mae pobl yn ei anadlu Credir mai dim ond tua 2% o rywogaethau bacteriol sydd wedi'u hastudio'n llawn. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right:auto;"> <caption>Bacteria eithafol </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Cynefin </th> <th>Rhywogaeth </th> <th>Ffynhonnell </th></tr> <tr> <td>Oer (minws 15 °C yn Antarctica) </td> <td>Cryptoendolithau </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Poeth (70–100 <a href="/wiki/Geiser" title="Geiser">geiser</a> °C ) </td> <td><i>Thermus aquaticus</i> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ymbelydredd, 5M Rad </td> <td><i>Deinococcus radiodurans</i> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Halen, 47% o halen (y <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B4r_Marw" title="Môr Marw">Môr Marw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Llyn_Great_Salt" title="Llyn Great Salt">Llyn Halen Mawr</a> ) </td> <td>sawl rhywogaeth </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>asid <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> 3 </td> <td>sawl rhywogaeth </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>pH alcalïaidd o 12.8 </td> <td>betaproteobacteria </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Y gofod (6 mlynedd ar loeren <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> ) </td> <td><i>Bacillus subtilis</i> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.2 km o dan y ddaear </td> <td>sawl rhywogaeth </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pwysedd uchel (Ffos Mariana - 1200 atm) </td> <td>Moritella, Shewanella ac eraill </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morffoleg">Morffoleg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Golygu'r adran: Morffoleg" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Morffoleg"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Maint</b> </p><p>Mae bacteria'n arddangos amrywiaeth eang o siapiau a meintiau: ceir celloedd bacteriol sydd tuag un rhan o ddeg maint celloedd ewcaryotig ac fel arfer maent yn 0.5-5.0 micrometrau o hyd. Fodd bynnag, mae rhai rhywogaethau'n weladwy i'r llygad heb gymorth - er enghraifft, mae'r bacteriwm <i>Thiomargarita namibiensis</i> hyd at hanner milimetr o hyd,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a'r <i>Epulopiscium fishelsoni</i> yn cyrraedd 0.7 mm.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams2011_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams2011-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gall <i>Thiomargarita magnifica</i> gyrraedd hyd at 2 cm o hyd.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ymhlith y bacteria lleiaf mae aelodau'r genws <i>Mycoplasma</i>, sy'n mesur dim ond 0.3 micrometr, mor fach â'r <a href="/wiki/Firws" title="Firws">firysau</a> mwyaf.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gall rhai bacteria fod hyd yn oed yn llai, ond nid yw'r ultramicrobacteria hyn wedi'u hastudio'n dda.<sup id="cite_ref-Velimirov2001_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Velimirov2001-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Siâp</b> </p><p>Mae'r rhan fwyaf o rywogaethau bacteriol naill ai'n sfferig, a elwir yn <i>cocci</i> (<i>coccus unigol</i>, o <i>kókkos</i> Groeg, grawn, hadau), neu siâp gwialen, a elwir yn <i>bacilli</i> (unigol: bacilws, o'r <a href="/wiki/Lladin" title="Lladin">Lladin</a> <i>bacwlws</i>, ffon).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae rhai bacteria, a elwir yn <i>vibrio</i>, wedi'u siapio fel rhodenni ychydig yn grwm neu o siâp coma; gall eraill fod ar ffurf troellog, a elwir yn <i>spirila</i>, neu wedi'u torchi'n dynn, a elwir yn <i>spirochaetes</i>. Disgrifir nifer fach o siapiau anarferol eraill, megis bacteria siâp seren.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae'r amrywiaeth eang hon o siapiau yn cael ei bennu gan y <a href="/wiki/Cellfur" title="Cellfur">cellfur</a> bacteriol a'r <a href="/wiki/Cytosgerbwd" title="Cytosgerbwd">cytosgerbwd</a>, ac mae'n bwysig oherwydd gall ddylanwadu ar allu bacteria i gymeryd maetholion, cysylltu ag arwynebau, nofio trwy hylifau a dianc rhag ysglyfaethwyr.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Amlgellogedd</b> </p><p>Mae'r rhan fwyaf o rywogaethau bacteriol yn bodoli'n syml fel celloedd sengl; ceir eraill sy'n cysylltu â phatrymau nodweddiadol: e.e. mae'r <i>Neisseria</i> yn ffurfio diploidau (parau), cadwyni ffurf streptococi, a grŵp staphylococci gyda'i gilydd mewn clystyrau tebyg i "lond dwrn o rawnwin". Gall bacteria hefyd grwpio i ffurfio strwythurau amlgellog mwy, megis ffilamentau hirgul yr <i><a href="/wiki/Actinobacteria" title="Actinobacteria">Actinomycetota</a></i> a'r <i>Streptomyces.</i><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dim ond o dan amodau penodol y gwelir y strwythurau amlgellog hyn yn aml. Er enghraifft, pan na cheir asidau amino, mae mycsobacteria yn canfod celloedd cyfagos mewn proses a elwir yn synhwyro cworwm, yn mudo tuag at ei gilydd, ac yn cysylltu i ffurfio cyrff sydd hyd at 500 micrometr o hyd ac yn cynnwys tua 100,000 o gelloedd bacteriol.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yn y cyrff hadol hyn, mae'r bacteria'n cyflawni tasgau ar wahân; er enghraifft, mae tua un o bob deg cell yn mudo i frig y corff hadol ac yn addasu i gyflwr dormant, arbenigol o'r enw mycsosbor, sy'n medru goddef amgylchedd sych, ac amodau amgylcheddol andwyol eraill.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaiser_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaiser-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nodweddion">Nodweddion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Golygu'r adran: Nodweddion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Nodweddion"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:HYPHAE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/HYPHAE.png/220px-HYPHAE.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/HYPHAE.png/330px-HYPHAE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/HYPHAE.png/440px-HYPHAE.png 2x" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="721" /></a><figcaption> <b>Celloedd hyffae ffwngaidd</b> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r12831717">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><div><ol><li>Y Mur Hyphal</li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Septwm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Septwm (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Septwm</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mitochondrion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mitochondrion (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Mitochondrion</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwagolyn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gwagolyn (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Gwagolyn</a></li><li>Grisial ergosterol</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom">Ribosom</a></li><li>Cnewyllyn</li><li><a href="/wiki/Reticwlwm_endoplasmig" title="Reticwlwm endoplasmig">Reticwlwm endoplasmig</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">Corff lipid</a></li><li>Pilen plasma</li><li>Spitzenkörper</li><li>Cyfarpar Golgi</li></ol></div> </div></figcaption></figure> <p>Cyn cyflwyno dulliau moleciwlaidd ar gyfer dadansoddi ffylogenetig, roedd tacsonomyddion yn ystyried bod ffyngau yn aelodau o <a href="/wiki/Planhigyn" title="Planhigyn">deyrnas y planhigion</a> oherwydd tebygrwydd mewn ffordd o fyw: mae ffyngau a phlanhigion yn ansymudol yn bennaf, ac mae ganddynt debygrwydd mewn morffoleg gyffredinol a chynefin twf. Fel planhigion, mae ffyngau yn aml yn tyfu yn y pridd ac, yn achos <a href="/wiki/Madarchen" title="Madarchen">madarch</a>, yn ffurfio <a href="/wiki/Corff_hadol" title="Corff hadol">cyrff ffrwythau</a> (corff hadol) amlwg, sydd weithiau'n debyg i blanhigion fel <a href="/wiki/Mwsogl" title="Mwsogl">mwsoglau</a>. Mae'r ffyngau bellach yn cael eu hystyried yn deyrnas ar wahân, yn wahanol i blanhigion ac anifeiliaid, ac mae'n ymddangos eu bod wedi ymwahanu oddi wrthi tua biliwn o flynyddoedd yn ôl (tua dechrau'r Oes <a href="/wiki/Neoproteros%C3%B6ig" title="Neoproterosöig">Neoproterosöig</a>). Rhennir rhai nodweddion morffolegol, biocemegol a genetig ag organebau eraill, tra bod nodweddion eraill yn unigryw i'r ffyngau, gan eu gwahanu'n glir oddi wrth y teyrnasoedd eraill: </p><p>Nodweddion a rennir: </p> <ul><li>Gydag <a href="/wiki/Ewcaryot" title="Ewcaryot">ewcaryotau</a> eraill: Mae celloedd ffwngaidd yn cynnwys <a href="/wiki/Cnewyllyn_cell" title="Cnewyllyn cell">cnewyll</a> (lluosog y gair cnewyllyn) wedi'u amgylchynu â philenni gyda <a href="/wiki/Cromosom" title="Cromosom">chromosomau</a> sy'n cynnwys <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> gyda rhanbarthau digodio a elwir yn intronau a rhanbarthau codio a elwir yn ecsonau. Mae gan ffyngau organynnau sytoplasmig wedi'u rhwymo â <a href="/wiki/Organyn" title="Organyn">philen</a> fel <a href="/wiki/Mitocondria" title="Mitocondria">mitocondria</a>, pilenni sy'n cynnwys sterol, a <a href="/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom">ribosomau</a> o'r math 80S.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae ganddynt ystod nodweddiadol o garbohydradau hydawdd a chyfansoddion storio, gan gynnwys alcoholau siwgr (ee, <a href="/wiki/Mannitol" title="Mannitol">mannitol</a>), deusacaridau, (ee, trehalose), a <a href="/wiki/Polysacarid" title="Polysacarid">polysacaridau</a> (ee, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glycogen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glycogen (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">glycogen</a>, sydd hefyd i'w gael mewn anifeiliaid<sup id="cite_ref-Deacon4_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deacon4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).</li> <li>Gydag anifeiliaid: Nid oes gan ffyngau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloroplast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cloroplast (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">gloroplastau</a> ac maent yn organebau heterotroffig ac felly mae angen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cyfansoddyn_organig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cyfansoddyn organig (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">cyfansoddion organig</a> parod arnynt fel ffynonellau egni.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gyda phlanhigion: Mae gan ffyngau gellfur<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a gwagolau (<i>vacuoles</i>). Maent yn atgenhedlu trwy ddulliau rhywiol ac anrhywiol, ac fel grwpiau o blanhigion gwaelodol (fel <a href="/wiki/Rhedynen" title="Rhedynen">rhedyn</a> a <a href="/wiki/Mwsogl" title="Mwsogl">mwsoglau</a>) mae nhw'n cynhyrchu <a href="/wiki/Sb%C3%B4r" title="Sbôr">sborau</a>. Yn debyg i <a href="/wiki/Mwsogl" title="Mwsogl">fwsoglau</a> ac <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alg%C3%A2u&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algâu (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">algâu</a>, mae gan ffyngau fel arfer niwclysau haploid.<sup id="cite_ref-Deacon58_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deacon58-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gydag <a href="/w/index.php?title=Euglenoid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euglenoid (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">ewglenoidau</a> a <a class="mw-selflink selflink">bacteria</a>: Mae ffyngau uwch, ewglenoidau, a rhai bacteria'n cynhyrchu'r <a href="/wiki/Asid_amino" title="Asid amino">asid amino</a> <small>L</small> -lysin mewn camau biosynthesis penodol, a elwir yn llwybr α-aminoadipat.</li> <li>Mae celloedd y rhan fwyaf o ffyngau yn tyfu fel strwythurau tiwbaidd, hirgul ac edau (ffilamentaidd) o'r enw <a href="/wiki/Hyffa" title="Hyffa">hyffa</a>, a all gynnwys sawl cnewyllyn. Mae'r blaen sy'n tyfu yn cynnwys set o fesiglau - strwythurau cellog sy'n cynnwys <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteinau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipidau</a>, a moleciwlau organig eraill - a elwir yn Spitzenkörper.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae ffyngau ac oomysetau'n tyfu fel celloedd hyffal ffilamentaidd.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mewn cyferbyniad, mae organebau sy'n edrych yn debyg, fel algâu gwyrdd ffilamentaidd, yn tyfu trwy gellraniad dro ar ôl tro o fewn cadwyn o gelloedd.<sup id="cite_ref-Deacon4_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deacon4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae yna hefyd ffyngau ungell (ee <a href="/wiki/Burum" title="Burum">burum</a>) nad ydynt yn ffurfio hyffa, ac mae gan rai ffyngau ffurfiau hyffa a burum.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexopoulos_et_al.,_p._30_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexopoulos_et_al.,_p._30-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Yn gyffredin â rhai rhywogaethau o blanhigion ac anifeiliaid, mae mwy na 70 o rywogaethau ffwngaidd yn arddangos <a href="/wiki/Bywoleuni" title="Bywoleuni">bioymoleuedd</a>.</li></ul> <p>Nodweddion unigryw: </p> <ul><li>Mae rhai rhywogaethau'n tyfu fel burumau ungellog sy'n atgenhedlu trwy <a href="/wiki/Egin" title="Egin">egin</a> neu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ymholltiad_deuaidd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ymholltiad deuaidd (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">ymholltiad</a>. Gall ffyngau dwyffurf newid rhwng y cyfnod burum a'r cyfnod hyffaidd mewn ymateb i amodau amgylcheddol.<sup id="cite_ref-Alexopoulos_et_al.,_p._30_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alexopoulos_et_al.,_p._30-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mae'r cellfur ffwngaidd wedi'i wneud o gymhlyg chitin-glwcan ; tra bod glwcanau hefyd i'w cael mewn planhigion a chitin yn allsgerbwd <a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">arthropodau</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ffyngau, fodd bynnag, yw'r unig organebau sy'n cyfuno'r ddau foleciwl adeileddol hyn yn eu cellfur. Yn wahanol i blanhigion ac öomysetau, nid yw cellfuriau ffwngaidd yn cynnwys seliwlos.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Omphalotus_nidiformis_Binnamittalong_2_email.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A whitish fan or funnel-shaped mushroom growing at the base of a tree." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Omphalotus_nidiformis_Binnamittalong_2_email.jpg/220px-Omphalotus_nidiformis_Binnamittalong_2_email.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Omphalotus_nidiformis_Binnamittalong_2_email.jpg/330px-Omphalotus_nidiformis_Binnamittalong_2_email.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Omphalotus_nidiformis_Binnamittalong_2_email.jpg/440px-Omphalotus_nidiformis_Binnamittalong_2_email.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption> <i>Omphalotus nidiformis</i>, madarch bio-ymoleuol</figcaption></figure> <p>Nid oes gan y rhan fwyaf o ffyngau system effeithlon ar gyfer cludo dŵr a maetholion yn bell, fel y <a href="/wiki/Sylem" title="Sylem">sylem</a> a ffloem mewn llawer o blanhigion. Er mwyn goresgyn y cyfyngiad hwn, mae rhai ffyngau, megis <i>Armillaria</i>, yn ffurfio rhisomorffau, sy'n debyg ac yn cyflawni swyddogaethau tebyg i wreiddiau planhigion. Fel <a href="/wiki/Ewcaryot" title="Ewcaryot">ewcaryotau</a>, mae gan ffyngau lwybr biosynthetig ar gyfer cynhyrchu terpenau sy'n defnyddio asid mefalonig a pyroffosffad fel blociau adeiladu cemegol. Mae gan blanhigion a rhai organebau eraill lwybr biosynthesis terpenaidd ychwanegol yn eu cloroplastau, strwythur nad oes gan ffyngau nac anifeiliaid chwaith. Mae ffyngau'n cynhyrchu sawl metabolyn eilaidd sy'n debyg neu'n union yr un fath (o ran strwythur) i'r rhai a wneir gan blanhigion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Strwythur">Strwythur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Golygu'r adran: Strwythur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Strwythur"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Celloedd ewcaryotig: mae genynnau pob ewcaryot wedi'u hamgodio mewn <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>. Mae'r cellfur yn debyg i un planhigyn - wedi'i wneud o ficroffibrolion - ond gall fod wedi'i wneud o amrywiaeth o ddeunyddiau (nid dim ond <a href="/wiki/Seliwlos" title="Seliwlos">seliwlos</a> fel mewn planhigion) - citin, seliwlos, glwcanau.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cnewyllyn_cell" title="Cnewyllyn cell">Cnewyllyn</a> wedi'i rwymo â philenni a <a href="/wiki/Mitocondria" title="Mitocondria">mitocondria</a> (ewcaryotig).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellbilen" title="Cellbilen">Cellbilen</a> gyda <a href="/wiki/Reticwlwm_endoplasmig" title="Reticwlwm endoplasmig">reticwlwm endoplasmig</a>.</li> <li>DNA mewn cromosomau - rhannu'r celloedd fel mewn ewcaryotau.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellfur" title="Cellfur">Cellfur</a> wedi'i wneud o gitin.</li> <li>Absenoldeb <a href="/wiki/Cloroffyl" title="Cloroffyl">cloroffyl</a> a phlastidau.</li></ul> <p>Mewn ffyngau mawr mae'r cytoplasm yn aml yn amlgnewyllol..<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Prokaryote_cell.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Prokaryote cell with structure and parts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Prokaryote_cell.svg/220px-Prokaryote_cell.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Prokaryote_cell.svg/330px-Prokaryote_cell.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Prokaryote_cell.svg/440px-Prokaryote_cell.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="1020" /></a><figcaption> Adeiledd a chynnwys cell facteriol Gram-positif nodweddiadol (a welir gan y ffaith mai dim ond <i>un</i> gellbilen sy'n bresennol).</figcaption></figure> <p>Amgylchynir y gell facteriol gan <a href="/wiki/Cellbilen" title="Cellbilen">gellbilen</a>, sydd wedi'i gwneud yn bennaf o ffosffolipidau. Mae'r bilen hon yn amgáu cynnwys y gell ac yn gweithredu fel rhwystr i ddal maetholion, <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteinau</a> a chydrannau hanfodol eraill y cytoplasm o fewn y gell.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yn wahanol i <a href="/wiki/Ewcaryot" title="Ewcaryot">gelloedd ewcaryotig</a>, mae bacteria fel arfer yn brin o strwythurau mawr sy'n rhwym i bilen yn eu cytoplasm megis <a href="/wiki/Cnewyllyn_cell" title="Cnewyllyn cell">cnewyllyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mitocondria" title="Mitocondria">mitocondria</a>, cloroplastau a'r organynnau eraill sy'n bresennol mewn celloedd ewcaryotig.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28664324_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28664324-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fodd bynnag, mae gan rai bacteria organynnau wedi'u rhwymo â phrotein yn y cytoplasm sy'n rhannu agweddau ar fetaboledd bacteriol,<sup id="cite_ref-Bobik2006_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bobik2006-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> megis y carboxysome.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yn ogystal, mae gan facteria sytosgerbwd aml-gydran (<i>multi-component cytoskeleton</i>) i reoli lleoleiddio proteinau ac asidau niwclëig o fewn y gell, ac i reoli'r broses o <a href="/wiki/Cellraniad" title="Cellraniad">gellraniad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gitai_Z_2005_577–86_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gitai_Z_2005_577–86-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mae llawer o adweithiau <a href="/wiki/Biocemeg" title="Biocemeg">biocemegol</a> pwysig, megis cynhyrchu ynni, yn digwydd oherwydd graddiannau crynodiad (<i>concentration gradients</i>) ar draws pilenni, gan greu gwahaniaeth posibl tebyg i <a href="/wiki/Batri_(trydan)" title="Batri (trydan)">fatri</a>. Mae diffyg cyffredinol pilenni mewnol mewn bacteria'n golygu bod yr adweithiau hyn, megis cludiant electronau, yn digwydd ar draws y gellbilen rhwng y cytoplasm a thu allan i'r gell sef y periplasm. Fodd bynnag, mewn llawer o facteria ffotosynthetig mae'r bilen plasma wedi'i blygu'n fawr ac yn llenwi'r rhan fwyaf o'r gell â haenau o bilenni sy'n casglu golau.<sup id="cite_ref-bryantfrigaard_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bryantfrigaard-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gall y cyfadeiladau casglu golau hyn hyd yn oed ffurfio strwythurau amgaeedig lipid o'r enw clorosomau mewn bacteria sylffwr gwyrdd.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Carboxysomes_EM_ptA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Carboxysomes_EM_ptA.jpg/220px-Carboxysomes_EM_ptA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Carboxysomes_EM_ptA.jpg/330px-Carboxysomes_EM_ptA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Carboxysomes_EM_ptA.jpg/440px-Carboxysomes_EM_ptA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption> Micrograff <a href="/wiki/Meicrosgop_electron" title="Meicrosgop electron">electron</a> o gelloedd <i>Halothiobacillus neapolitanus</i> gyda carboxysomau y tu mewn, gyda saethau'n nodi'r carboxysomau gweladwy. Mae'r bariau graddfa'n dynodi 100 nm.</figcaption></figure> <p>Nid oes gan facteria gnewyllyn wedi'i rwymo â philen, ac mae eu deunydd <a href="/wiki/Genyn" title="Genyn">genetig</a> fel arfer yn gromosom bacteriol crwn, sengl o <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> sydd wedi'i leoli yn y cytoplasm mewn corff siâp afreolaidd o'r enw'r niwcleoid.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae'r niwcleoid hyn yn cynnwys y <a href="/wiki/Cromosom" title="Cromosom">cromosom</a> gyda'i broteinau cysylltiedig ac <a href="/wiki/RNA" title="RNA">RNA</a>. Fel pob <a href="/wiki/Organeb_byw" title="Organeb byw">organeb</a> arall, mae bacteria'n cynnwys <a href="/wiki/Ribosom" title="Ribosom">ribosomau</a> ar gyfer cynhyrchu proteinau, ond mae strwythur y ribosom bacteriol yn wahanol i strwythur <a href="/wiki/Ewcaryot" title="Ewcaryot">ewcaryotau</a> ac archaea.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mae rhai bacteria'n cynhyrchu gronynnau storio maetholion mewngellol, fel glycogen,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> polyffosffad,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sylffwr" title="Sylffwr">sylffwr</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> neu polyhydroxyalkanoatau.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae bacteria fel y syanobacteria <a href="/wiki/Ffotosynthesis" title="Ffotosynthesis">ffotosynthetig</a>, yn cynhyrchu gwagolau nwy mewnol, y maent yn eu defnyddio i reoli eu hynofedd (<i>buoyancy</i>), gan ganiatáu iddynt symud i fyny neu i lawr i haenau dŵr gyda dwyster golau a lefelau o faetholion gwahanol.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grwpiau_tacsonomig">Grwpiau tacsonomig</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Golygu'r adran: Grwpiau tacsonomig" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Grwpiau tacsonomig"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dosbarthwyd prif <a href="/wiki/Ffylwm" title="Ffylwm">ffyla</a> (a elwir weithiau'n 'ddosbarthiadau') ffyngau ar sail nodweddion eu strwythurau atgynhyrchu. Yn 2020 roedd saith ffyla: Microsporidia, Chytridiomycota, Blastocladiomycota, Neocallimastigomycota, Glomeromycota, Ascomycota, a Basidiomycota (gweler yr wybodlen).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clefydau">Clefydau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Golygu'r adran: Clefydau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Clefydau"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae ffyngau'n achosi llawer o <a href="/wiki/Glefyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Glefyd">glefydau</a> difrifol mewn anifeiliaid a phobl. Gall ffyngau asbergilws achosi necrosis yr <a href="/wiki/Ysgyfaint" title="Ysgyfaint">ysgyfaint</a> (h.y. mogfa'r fuwch neu'r ffermwr), <a href="/wiki/Y_system_nerfol" class="mw-redirect" title="Y system nerfol">y system nerfol</a>, ac <a href="/wiki/Organau" class="mw-redirect" title="Organau">organau</a> eraill. Gall y ffyngau hyn hefyd gynhyrchu cynhyrchion gwenwynig mewn cydrannau bwydydd, gan achosi mycowenwyniad yn yr anifail sy'n bwyta’r bwyd hwn. Gall y ffwng yr ân (llindag), <i>Candida albicans</i>, achosi haint a llid y <a href="/wiki/Gwddf" title="Gwddf">gwddf</a> a'r wain. Mae ffyngau dermatoffytig yn effeithio ar groen anifeiliaid a bodau dynol (e.e. tarwden y traed, yr afl, y pen, ayb.). Mae ffyngau a gludir mewn llwch, megis <i>Coccidioides immitis</i> a <i>Histoplasma capsulatum</i>, yn achosi clefyd yr ysgyfaint neu glefyd cyffredinol mewn anifeiliaid a bodau dynol.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mae cyffuriau amlyncadwy a/neu gymwysiadau argroenol (hufenau a geliau) yn bodoli er mwyn trin y rhan fwyaf o glefydau ffwngaidd.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metabolaeth">Metabolaeth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Golygu'r adran: Metabolaeth" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Metabolaeth"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ceir amrywiaeth eang iawn o <a href="/wiki/Metabolaeth" title="Metabolaeth">fetabolaidd</a> mewn bacteria.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yn draddodiadol, defnyddiwyd dosbarthiad nodweddion metabolaidd o fewn grŵp o facteria i ddiffinio'u tacsonomeg, ond yn aml nid yw'r nodweddion hyn yn cyd-fynd â dosbarthiadau genetig modern.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dosberthir metaboledd bacteriol yn grwpiau maethol ar sail tri maen prawf mawr: y ffynhonnell <a href="/wiki/Egni_(gwyddonol)" title="Egni (gwyddonol)">ynni</a>, y rhoddwyr electronau a ddefnyddir, a ffynhonnell y <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> a ddefnyddir ar gyfer twf.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mae bacteria naill ai'n derbyn egni o olau trwy ddefnyddio <a href="/wiki/Ffotosynthesis" title="Ffotosynthesis">ffotosynthesis</a> (a elwir yn ffototroffi), neu trwy dorri i lawr cyfansoddion cemegol gan ddefnyddio <a href="/wiki/Rhydocs" title="Rhydocs">ocsidiad</a> (a elwir yn cemotroffi).<sup id="cite_ref-MicroMetab_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MicroMetab-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae cemotroffau yn defnyddio <a href="/wiki/Cyfansoddyn_cemegol" title="Cyfansoddyn cemegol">cyfansoddion cemegol</a> fel ffynhonnell egni trwy drosglwyddo electronau o roddwr electronau penodol i dderbynnydd electronau terfynol mewn <a href="/wiki/Rhydocs" title="Rhydocs">adwaith rhydocs</a>. Mae'r adwaith hwn yn rhyddhau egni y gellir ei ddefnyddio i yrru metaboledd. Rhennir cemotroffau ymhellach gan y mathau o gyfansoddion y maent yn eu defnyddio i drosglwyddo electronau. Gelwir bacteria sy'n defnyddio cyfansoddion anorganig fel hydrogen, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monocsid" title="Carbon monocsid">carbon monocsid</a>, neu <a href="/wiki/Amonia" title="Amonia">amonia</a> fel ffynonellau electronau yn lithotroffs, tra bod y rhai sy'n defnyddio cyfansoddion organig yn cael eu galw'n organotroffau.<sup id="cite_ref-MicroMetab_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MicroMetab-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae'r cyfansoddion a ddefnyddir i dderbyn electronau hefyd yn cael eu defnyddio i ddosbarthu bacteria: mae organebau aerobig yn defnyddio <a href="/wiki/Ocsigen" title="Ocsigen">ocsigen</a> fel y derbynnydd electronau terfynol, tra bod organebau anaerobig yn defnyddio cyfansoddion eraill fel nitrad, sylffad, neu garbon deuocsid.<sup id="cite_ref-MicroMetab_53-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MicroMetab-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mae llawer o facteria'n cael eu carbon o garbonau organig eraill, a elwir yn heterotroffi. Mae eraill fel syanobacteria a rhai bacteria porffor yn awtotroffig, sy'n golygu eu bod yn derbyn carbon cellog trwy osod <a href="/wiki/Carbon_deuocsid" title="Carbon deuocsid">carbon deuocsid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mewn amgylchiadau anarferol, gall bacteria methanotroffig ddefnyddio'r <a href="/wiki/Llosgnwy" title="Llosgnwy">methan</a> nwy fel ffynhonnell <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electronau</a> ac fel swbstrad ar gyfer anaboliaeth carbon.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"> <caption>Mathau maethol mewn metaboledd bacteriol </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Math o faeth </th> <th>Ffynhonnell egni </th> <th>Ffynhonnell carbon </th> <th>Enghreifftiau </th></tr> <tr> <td> Ffottroffau  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Golau'r haul </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> Cyfansoddion organig (ffotoheterotroffau) neu sefydlogiad carbon (ffoto-awtotroffau) </td> <td> Cyanobacteria, bacteria sylffwr gwyrdd, Cloroflecsota, neu facteria Porffor  </td></tr> <tr> <td> Lithotroffau </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Cyfansoddion anorganig </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> Cyfansoddion organig (lithoheterotroffau) neu sefydlogiad carbon (lithoautotroffau) </td> <td> Thermodesulfobacteriota, Hydrogenophilaceae, neu Nitrospirota  </td></tr> <tr> <td> Organotroffau </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Cyfansoddion organig </td> <td style="text-align:center;"> Cyfansoddion organig (chemoheterotroffau) neu sefydlogiad carbon (chemoautotroffau)  </td> <td> <i>Bacillus</i>, <i>Clostridium</i>, neu Enterobacteriaceae  </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twf_ac_atgenhedlu">Twf ac atgenhedlu</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Golygu'r adran: Twf ac atgenhedlu" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Twf ac atgenhedlu"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Salmonella_growing_on_XLD_agar.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Salmonella_growing_on_XLD_agar.JPG/220px-Salmonella_growing_on_XLD_agar.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Salmonella_growing_on_XLD_agar.JPG/330px-Salmonella_growing_on_XLD_agar.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Salmonella_growing_on_XLD_agar.JPG/440px-Salmonella_growing_on_XLD_agar.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1483" data-file-height="1345" /></a><figcaption> Meithriniad o <i><a href="/wiki/Salmonela" title="Salmonela">Salmonela</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Yn wahanol i organebau amlgellog, mae cynnydd ym maint celloedd (twf celloedd) ac atgenhedlu trwy <a href="/wiki/Cellraniad" title="Cellraniad">gellraniad</a> wedi'u cysylltu'n dynn mewn organebau ungellog. Mae bacteria'n tyfu i faint sefydlog ac yna'n atgynhyrchu trwy <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ymholltiad_deuaidd&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ymholltiad deuaidd (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">ymholltiad deuaidd</a>, ffurf ar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atgenhedlu_anrhywiol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atgenhedlu anrhywiol (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">atgenhedlu anrhywiol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> O dan yr amodau gorau posibl, gall bacteria dyfu a rhannu'n gyflym iawn, a gall rhai poblogaethau bacteriol ddyblu mor gyflym â phob 17. munud. Mewn cellraniad, cynhyrchir dwy epilgell clôn unfath. Mae rhai bacteria, tra'n dal i atgynhyrchu'n anrhywiol, yn ffurfio strwythurau atgenhedlu mwy cymhleth sy'n helpu i wasgaru'r epilgelloedd sydd newydd eu ffurfio. Ymhlith yr enghreifftiau mae mycsobacteria sy'n ffurfio corff hadol a <a href="/wiki/Hyffa" title="Hyffa">hyffa</a> o'r aer sy'n cael ei ffurfio gan rywogaethau o <i>Streptomyces</i> neu egino. Mae egin yn cynnwys cell yn ffurfio allwthiad sy'n torri i ffwrdd ac yn cynhyrchu egingell. </p><p>Yn y labordy, tyfir bacteria fel arfer gan ddefnyddio cyfryngau solet neu hylif.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWheelis2008_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWheelis2008-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Defnyddir cyfryngau twf solet, megis platiau agar, i ynysu diwylliannau pur o straen bacteriol. Fodd bynnag, defnyddir cyfryngau twf hylif pan fo angen mesur twf neu gyfeintiau mawr o gelloedd. Mae twf mewn cyfryngau hylif wedi'i droi yn digwydd fel ataliad celloedd gwastad, gan wneud y meithriniadau'n hawdd eu rhannu a'u trosglwyddo, er ei bod yn anodd ynysu bacteria sengl o gyfryngau hylifol. Gall defnyddio cyfryngau dethol (cyfryngau gyda maetholion penodol wedi'u hychwanegu neu'n ddiffygiol, neu gyda gwrthfiotigau wedi'u hychwanegu) helpu i nodi organebau penodol.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomson_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geneteg">Geneteg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Golygu'r adran: Geneteg" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Geneteg"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Escherichia_coli_with_phages.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Escherichia_coli_with_phages.jpg/220px-Escherichia_coli_with_phages.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Escherichia_coli_with_phages.jpg/330px-Escherichia_coli_with_phages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Escherichia_coli_with_phages.jpg/440px-Escherichia_coli_with_phages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="1196" /></a><figcaption> Delwedd microsgopeg ïon heliwm yn dangos T4 phage yn heintio <i>E. coli</i>. Mae gan rai o'rai o'r ffagau atodedig gynffonau sy'n nodi eu bod wedi chwistrellu eu DNA i'r gwesteiwr. Mae'r celloedd bacteriol yn ~ 0.5 µm o led.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Mae gan y rhan fwyaf o facteria un <a href="/wiki/Cromosom" title="Cromosom">cromosom</a> crwn a all amrywio mewn maint o ddim ond 160,000 o <a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A2r_sylfaen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pâr sylfaen (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">barau sylfaen</a> yn y bacteria endosymbiotig <i>Carsonella ruddii</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i 12,200,000 o barau sylfaen (12.2 Mbp) yn y bacteria sy'n byw yn y pridd <i>Sorangium celluloswm</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mae llawer o eithriadau i hyn, er enghraifft mae rhai rhywogaethau o <i>Streptomyces</i> a <i>Borrelia</i> yn cynnwys un cromosom llinol,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tra bod rhai rhywogaethau <i>Vibrio'</i>n cynnwys mwy nag un cromosom.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gall bacteria hefyd gynnwys plasmidau, moleciwlau bach all-cromosomaidd o DNA a all gynnwys genynnau ar gyfer swyddogaethau defnyddiol amrywiol megis <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ymwrthedd_i_wrthfiotigau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ymwrthedd i wrthfiotigau (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">ymwrthedd i wrthfiotigau</a>, galluoedd metabolaidd, neu ffactorau ffyrnigrwydd amrywiol.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid26104369_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid26104369-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mae genomau bacteria fel arfer yn amgodio ychydig gannoedd i ychydig filoedd o <a href="/wiki/Genyn" title="Genyn">enynnau</a>. Mae'r genynnau mewn genomau bacteriol fel arfer yn un darn di-dor o DNA ac er bod sawl math gwahanol o intronau yn bodoli mewn bacteria, mae'r rhain yn llawer prinnach nag mewn ewcaryotau.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mae bacteria, fel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Organebau_anrhywiol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Organebau anrhywiol (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">organebau anrhywiol</a>, yn etifeddu copi union yr un fath o genomau'r rhiant ac maent felly'n glonaidd. Fodd bynnag, gall pob bacteria esblygu trwy ddethol y newidiadau i'w ddeunydd genetig <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> a achosir gan ailgyfuniad genetig neu mwtadau. Daw treigladau o gamgymeriadau a wneir wrth ddyblygu'r DNA neu o ddod i gysylltiad â mwtagenau. Mae cyfraddau mwtaniad yn amrywio'n fawr ymhlith gwahanol rywogaethau o facteria a hyd yn oed ymhlith clonau gwahanol o un rhywogaeth o facteria.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daw newidiadau genetig mewn genomau bacteriol naill ai o fwtadu ar hap yn ystod atgynhyrchu neu "dreiglad straen-gyfeiriedig", lle mae genynnau sy'n ymwneud â phroses cyfyngu twf penodol yn cael cyfradd mwtaniad uwch.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Delwedd:Flagella.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flagella.svg/220px-Flagella.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flagella.svg/330px-Flagella.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flagella.svg/440px-Flagella.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption> Y trefniadau gwahanol o flagella bacteriol: A-Monotrichous; B-Lophotrichous; C-Amphirichous; D-Peririchous</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ffyla">Ffyla</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Golygu'r adran: Ffyla" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Ffyla"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ffyla_dilys">Ffyla dilys</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Golygu'r adran: Ffyla dilys" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Ffyla dilys"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mae'r ffyla canlynol wedi'u cyhoeddi'n ddilys yn unol â'r Cod Bacteriolegol:<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cyfeiriadau">Cyfeiriadau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Golygu'r adran: Cyfeiriadau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>golygu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Cyfeiriadau"><span>golygu cod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adnoddau.cbac.co.uk/Pages/ResourceByArgs?subId=16">"Iechyd a GofalCymdeithasol"</a>. <i>CBAC</i>. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Cyrchwyd 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBAC&rft.atitle=Iechyd+a+GofalCymdeithasol&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadnoddau.cbac.co.uk%2FPages%2FResourceByArgs%3FsubId%3D16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fcy.wikipedia.org%3ABacteria" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error error citation-comment">Check date values in: <code class="cs1-code">|accessdate=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Cymorth:CS1_errors#bad_date" title="Cymorth:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8312344">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid17331729-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid17331729_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">"Life in acid: pH homeostasis in acidophiles". <i>Trends in Microbiology</i> <b>15</b> (4): 165–71. 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href="https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-microbiology_1999_53/page/525">https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-microbiology_1999_53/page/525</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaiser-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Kaiser_20-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-microbiology_2004_58/page/75">"Signaling in myxobacteria"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annual_Review_of_Microbiology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annual Review of Microbiology (nid yw'r dudalen yn bodoli)">Annual Review of Microbiology</a></i> <b>58</b>: 75–98. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.micro.58.030603.123620">10.1146/annurev.micro.58.030603.123620</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15487930">15487930</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-microbiology_2004_58/page/75">https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-microbiology_2004_58/page/75</a></span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Deacon, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deacon4-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Deacon4_22-0">22.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Deacon4_22-1">22.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Deacon, pp. 128–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexopoulos <i>et al</i>., pp. 28–33.</span> </li> 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