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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Constructing a research question</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Constructing_a_research_question-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Constructing a research question subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Constructing_a_research_question-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Construction_method_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_method_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Construction method examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_method_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-FINER_criteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FINER_criteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>FINER criteria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FINER_criteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PICOT_criteria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PICOT_criteria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>PICOT criteria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PICOT_criteria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aggregated_research_questions_and_coordination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aggregated_research_questions_and_coordination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aggregated research questions and coordination</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aggregated_research_questions_and_coordination-sublist" class="cdx-button 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</div> </a> <ul id="toc-ICTs,_participation_and_routine_procedures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_and_breadth_of_"research_questions"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_and_breadth_of_"research_questions""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Examples and breadth of "research questions"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_and_breadth_of_"research_questions"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_and_purpose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_and_purpose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types and purpose</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_and_purpose-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Mixed study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixed_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Related terms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_terms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Related terms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Related_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Problematique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problematique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Problematique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problematique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Research" title="Category:Research">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">Research</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A laptop computer next to archival materials" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG/220px-Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG/330px-Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG/440px-Humanit%C3%A9s_Num%C3%A9riques.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Research_design" title="Research design">Research design</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Research_ethics" title="Research ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_proposal" title="Research proposal">Proposal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_writing" title="Academic writing">Writing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument" title="Argument">Argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citation" title="Citation">Referencing</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Research strategy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinarity" title="Interdisciplinarity">Interdisciplinary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimethodology" title="Multimethodology">Multimethodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">Qualitative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art-based_research" title="Art-based research">Art-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">Quantitative</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipositivism" title="Antipositivism">Antipositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(philosophy_of_science)" title="Constructivism (philosophy of science)"> Constructivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_rationalism" title="Critical rationalism">Critical rationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empiricism" title="Empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallibilism" title="Fallibilism">Fallibilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">Positivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postpositivism" title="Postpositivism">Postpositivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_realism" title="Philosophical realism">Realism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Critical_realism_(philosophy_of_the_social_sciences)" title="Critical realism (philosophy of the social sciences)">Critical realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtle_realism" title="Subtle realism">Subtle realism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">Methodology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_research" title="Action research">Action research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_methodology" title="Art methodology">Art methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_theory" title="Critical theory">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grounded_theory" title="Grounded theory">Grounded theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeneutics" title="Hermeneutics">Hermeneutics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_subject_research" title="Human subject research">Human subject research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_inquiry" title="Narrative inquiry">Narrative inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenology_(sociology)" title="Phenomenology (sociology)">Phenomenology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatism" title="Pragmatism">Pragmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">Scientific method</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Methods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analysis" title="Analysis">Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_study" title="Case study">Case study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_analysis" title="Content analysis">Content analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descriptive_statistics" title="Descriptive statistics">Descriptive statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autoethnography" title="Autoethnography">Autoethnography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experiment" title="Experiment">Experiment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Field_experiment" title="Field experiment">Field experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_experiment" title="Social experiment">Social experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-experiment" title="Quasi-experiment">Quasi-experiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_research" title="Field research">Field research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_method" title="Historical method">Historical method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_inference" title="Statistical inference">Inferential statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interview" title="Interview">Interviews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Mapping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_mapping" title="Cultural mapping">Cultural mapping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenomenography" title="Phenomenography">Phenomenography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_research" title="Secondary research">Secondary research</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliometrics" title="Bibliometrics">Bibliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_review" title="Literature review">Literature review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">Meta-analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scoping_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Scoping review">Scoping review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">Systematic review</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_modelling" title="Scientific modelling">Scientific modelling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simulation" title="Simulation">Simulation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_(human_research)" title="Survey (human research)">Survey</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Tools and software</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Argument_technology" title="Category:Argument technology">Argument technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:GIS_software" title="Category:GIS software">Geographic information system software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Library_and_information_science_software" title="Category:Library and information science software">Library and information science software</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bibliometrics_software" title="Category:Bibliometrics software">Bibliometrics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reference_management_software" title="Category:Reference management software">Reference management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_software" title="Category:Science software">Science software</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:QDA_software" title="Category:QDA software">Qualitative data analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientific_simulation_software" title="Category:Scientific simulation software">Simulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Statistical_software" title="Category:Statistical software">Statistics</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Research_sidebar" title="Template:Research sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Research_sidebar" title="Template talk:Research sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Research_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Research sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>research question</b> is "a question that a research project sets out to answer".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Choosing a research question is an essential element of both <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">quantitative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">qualitative research</a>. Investigation will require data collection and analysis, and the methodology for this will vary widely. Good research questions seek to improve knowledge on an important topic, and are usually narrow and specific.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To form a research question, one must determine what type of study will be conducted such as a qualitative, quantitative, or mixed study. Additional factors, such as project funding, may not only affect the research question itself but also when and how it is formed during the <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a> process. Literature suggests several variations on criteria selection for constructing a research question, such as the <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#FINER_criteria">FINER</a> or <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#PICOT_criteria">PICOT</a> methods.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_question&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The answer to a research question will help address a research problem or question.<sup id="cite_ref-Booth_al1995_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booth_al1995-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifying a research question, "the central issue to be resolved by a formal <a href="/wiki/Dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertation">dissertation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">thesis</a>, or research project,"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is typically one of the first steps an investigator takes when undertaking research. Considerations, such as project funding or <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodological</a> approaches may influence the research process, including when and how the research question is developed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clearly and accurately defining the research question can become an <a href="/wiki/Iteration" title="Iteration">iterative</a> process. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> How the question is constructed can depend on the type of research or discipline. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Constructing_a_research_question">Constructing a research question</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_question&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Constructing a research question"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Specifying the research question is one of the first <a href="/wiki/Methodology" title="Methodology">methodological</a> steps the investigator has to take when undertaking <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">research</a>. Having an interest in or knowledge of a particular subject can be useful in the construction of a research question.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formation of the research question is largely determined by, and likewise influences, where and what kind of <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> will be sought.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The research question must be accurately and clearly defined. Choosing a research question is the central element of both <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">quantitative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">qualitative research</a> and in some cases it may precede construction of the conceptual framework of study; in all cases, it makes the theoretical assumptions in the framework more explicit and indicates what the researcher wants to know most and first. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Therefore, the <a href="/wiki/Principal_investigator" title="Principal investigator">investigator</a> must first identify the type of study (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed) before the research question is developed. Forming the research question may become an <a href="/wiki/Iteration" title="Iteration">iterative</a> process when parameters of the research process, such as field of study or methodology, do not fit the original question. Literature suggests several methods for selecting criteria in the development of a research question, two of which are the FINER and PICO methods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction_method_examples">Construction method examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_question&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Construction method examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="FINER_criteria">FINER criteria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_question&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: FINER criteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The FINER<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> method can be a useful tool for outlining research criteria used in the construction of a research question. Due to the flexibility of the criteria, this method may be used for a variety of research scenarios. The FINER method prompts researchers to determine whether one has the means and interest to conduct the study. It also asks one to consider the ethical ramifications, as well as the relevancy of the research. </p><p> According to Farrugia et al., the FINER criteria "highlight useful points that may increase the chances of developing a successful research project". These criteria were first suggested in the book <i>Designing Clinical Research</i> by Hulley et al., detailed below.</p><blockquote><p><b>F</b> – Feasible </p><ul><li>Adequate number of subjects</li> <li>Adequate technical expertise</li> <li>Affordable in time and money</li> <li>Manageable in scope</li></ul> <p><b>I</b> – Interesting </p> <ul><li>Getting the answer intrigues investigator, peers and community</li></ul> <p><b>N</b> – Novel </p> <ul><li>Confirms, refutes or extends previous findings</li></ul> <p><b>E</b> – Ethical </p> <ul><li>Amenable to a study that institutional review board will approve</li></ul> <p><b>R</b> – Relevant </p> <ul><li>To scientific knowledge</li> <li>To clinical and health policy</li> <li>To future research</li></ul></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="PICOT_criteria">PICOT criteria</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_question&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: PICOT criteria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/PICO_process" title="PICO process">PICOT</a> criteria<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tend to be used to frame questions used in <a href="/wiki/Evidence-based_practice" title="Evidence-based practice">evidence-based</a> studies, such as <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medical</a> studies. Such research may focus on assessment or evaluation of patients or problems, as well as what may be the causal factor(s) with control and experimental groups.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></p><blockquote><p><b>P</b> – Patient (or Problem) </p><p><b>I</b> – Intervention (or Indicator) </p><p><b>C</b> – Comparison group </p><p><b>O</b> – Outcomes </p> <p><b>T</b> – Time </p></blockquote><p>Continuing the research process, the investigator then carries out the research necessary to answer the research question, whether this involves reading <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary sources">secondary sources</a> over a few days for an <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate" class="mw-redirect" title="Undergraduate">undergraduate</a> term paper or carrying out <a href="/wiki/Primary_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary research">primary research</a> over years for a major project. When the research is complete and the researcher knows the (probable) answer to the research question, writing up can begin (as distinct from writing notes, which is a process that goes on through a research project). In term papers, the answer to the question is normally given in summary in the <a href="/wiki/Introduction_(essay)" class="mw-redirect" title="Introduction (essay)">introduction</a> in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Thesis_statement" title="Thesis statement">thesis statement</a>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aggregated_research_questions_and_coordination">Aggregated research questions and coordination</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_question&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aggregated research questions and coordination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Metascience" title="Metascience">Metascience</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Open_problem" title="Open problem">Open problem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Further_research_is_needed" title="Further research is needed">Further research is needed</a></div> <p>Scientists often communicate open research questions. Sometimes such questions are <a href="/wiki/Crowdsourcing" title="Crowdsourcing">crowdsourced</a> and/or aggregated, sometimes supplemented with priorities or other details. A common way open research questions are identified, communicated, established/confirmed and prioritized are their inclusion in <a href="/wiki/Scientific_review" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific review">scientific reviews</a> of a sub-field or specific research question, including in <a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">systematic reviews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analyses</a>. Other channels include reports by <a href="/wiki/Science_journalism" title="Science journalism">science journalists</a> and dedicated (sub-)websites such as 80000hours.org's "research questions by discipline"<sup id="cite_ref-80000hours_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80000hours-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> articles of the <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_unsolved_problems" title="Lists of unsolved problems">lists of unsolved problems</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10.1088/1402-4896/aa83c1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1088/1402-4896/aa83c1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> aggregative/integrative studies,<sup id="cite_ref-10.1088/1402-4896/aa83c1_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1088/1402-4896/aa83c1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as unsolved online posts on <a href="/wiki/Q%26A_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Q&A software">Q&A websites and forums</a>, sometimes categorized/marked as unsolved.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There have been online surveys used to generate priority research topics which were then classified into broader themes.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such may improve research relevance and value<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or strengthen rationale for societal dedication of limited resources or expansions of the limited resources or for <a href="/wiki/Science_funding" class="mw-redirect" title="Science funding">funding</a> a specific study.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prioritization_and_evaluations">Prioritization and evaluations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_question&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prioritization and evaluations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Science_policy" title="Science policy">Science policy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_science" title="Philosophy of science">Philosophy of science</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_causes_of_death_by_rate" title="List of causes of death by rate">List of causes of death by rate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quality-adjusted_life_year" title="Quality-adjusted life year">Quality-adjusted life year</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intergenerational_equity" title="Intergenerational equity">Intergenerational equity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Risk" title="Risk">Risk</a></div> <p>In terms of <a href="/wiki/Prioritization" title="Prioritization">priorities</a> and related concepts, the proposed strategy of <a href="/wiki/Differential_technological_development" title="Differential technological development">differential technological development</a> suggests research to focus primarily on questions and tools that are thought to increase safety and mitigate issues rather than risky technologies which are instead best to delay.<sup id="cite_ref-Bostrom_2002_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bostrom_2002-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerning <a href="/wiki/Gene_drive#Control_strategies" title="Gene drive">control strategies for gene drives</a>, researchers have however cautioned that such may lead to a counterproductive false sense of security.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all technological progress may be beneficial in general or in contemporary contexts (environments or systems) and various research may for example <a href="/wiki/Pandemic_prevention" title="Pandemic prevention">result in engineered pandemics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many studies "ask uninteresting research questions, [and] make only marginal contributions".<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One study suggests that while research on climate change "is valuable, it does not tackle head-on the most urgent question: how to change society to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation#Research" title="Climate change mitigation">mitigate climate change</a> right now".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the ethical framework of <a href="/wiki/Effective_altruism" title="Effective altruism">effective altruism</a>, research questions with the greatest potential benefits from <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">investments</a> (not necessarily of financial nature) are identified to maximize research benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/80,000_Hours" title="80,000 Hours">80,000 Hours</a> has compiled a small list of "Research questions that could have a big social impact, organised by discipline".<sup id="cite_ref-80000hours_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80000hours-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In public health research, "it is vital that research questions posed are important and that funded research meets a research need or a gap in evidence".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ICTs,_participation_and_routine_procedures"><span id="ICTs.2C_participation_and_routine_procedures"></span>ICTs, participation and routine procedures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_question&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: ICTs, participation and routine procedures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">List of environmental issues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">Technology and society</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Problem_solving#Collective_problem_solving" title="Problem solving">Problem solving § Collective problem solving</a></div> <p>Platforms, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Citizen_science" title="Citizen science">citizen science</a> ones, can "support identification of problems, formulation of research questions, and study design".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Participatory research can "improve study outcomes and foster greater data accessibility and utility as well as increase public transparency".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Participants can have continued discussions and <a href="/wiki/Living_document" title="Living document">iterations</a> regarding new questions.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research questions can be or are positioned at varying levels of detail – from broad to very specific questions – which are semantically or can be displayed as nested – for instance via category trees.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In one platform, about <a href="/w/index.php?title=Invasion_science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Invasion science (page does not exist)">invasion science</a> and based on <a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>, users "can zoom into the major research questions and hypotheses" of the field, "which are connected to the relevant studies published in the field and, if available, the underlying raw data" with tools like the Wikimedia project <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scholia_(Wikidata_project)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scholia (Wikidata project) (page does not exist)">Scholia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals "who can ask novel, field-altering questions" may vary from "those who can answer them" or vary per question.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Translation of a (societal) <a href="/wiki/Problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Problem">problem</a> "from its meaning in an everyday context into a scientifically valid research question means defining the <a href="/wiki/Goal" title="Goal">goals</a> of research in such a way that their contribution to practical solutions of a societal problem is narrow enough to be useful".<sup id="cite_ref-jahn-transdisciplinarity-2008_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jahn-transdisciplinarity-2008-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both everyday practical knowledge and scientific knowledge play a role in this process.<sup id="cite_ref-jahn-transdisciplinarity-2008_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jahn-transdisciplinarity-2008-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Interdisciplinary" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdisciplinary">interdisciplinary</a> research, <a href="/wiki/Knowledge_integration" title="Knowledge integration">integration</a> "takes place at the level of the posing of research questions in the overlapping areas between various disciplines".<sup id="cite_ref-jahn-transdisciplinarity-2008_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jahn-transdisciplinarity-2008-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is research into enabling presenting scholarly knowledge "flexibly enriched with contextual information" for specific research questions.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Identification of open research questions may be useful for the adoption and application of science in society and accelerating specific <a href="/wiki/Research_and_development" title="Research and development">research and development</a>. There has been a suggestion for establishing a public non-profit organization that would identify "gaps in the science that need addressing", referring to the field of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">sustainable food system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_and_breadth_of_"research_questions""><span id="Examples_and_breadth_of_.22research_questions.22"></span>Examples and breadth of "research questions"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_question&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Examples and breadth of "research questions""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar to outlining open research questions, there have also been proposals to e.g. combine specific fields or sources of data and knowledge as the subject or method of new research<sup id="cite_ref-10.1016/j.tem.2018.11.005_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1016/j.tem.2018.11.005-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or to engage more and more scientifically in specific research topics along with the establishment of new high-quality data gathering systems.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One approach for the generation of research questions is [identifying, highlighting, and] challenging <a href="/wiki/Axiom" title="Axiom">assumptions</a> of existing theories and studies.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sometimes research questions overlap with or also refer to challenges of a specific theory or field such as <a href="/wiki/Physics_beyond_the_Standard_Model#Problems_with_the_Standard_Model" title="Physics beyond the Standard Model">how to solve known problems with the Standard Model</a>. Research <a href="/wiki/Social_issue" title="Social issue">issues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knowledge" title="Knowledge">knowledge</a> gaps can also overlap or be synonymous. </p><p>Examples of lists of open significant research questions in reviews include a list of "major outstanding questions" for (<a href="/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">applied</a>) human <a href="/wiki/Life_extension" title="Life extension">life extension</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10.1016/j.tem.2018.11.005_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10.1016/j.tem.2018.11.005-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "fundamental" research questions in <a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fauna" title="Subterranean fauna">subterranean biology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> open research questions for <a href="/wiki/Digital_twin" title="Digital twin">digital twins</a> (across fields),<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> open questions in performance measurement of <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain_sustainability" title="Supply chain sustainability">sustainable supply chains</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> knowledge gaps in <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance" title="Antimicrobial resistance">antimicrobial resistance</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and unaddressed or neglected questions in the literature about <a href="/wiki/100%25_renewable_energy" title="100% renewable energy">100% renewable energy</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_and_purpose">Types and purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_question&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Types and purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The research question serves two purposes </p> <ol><li>It determines where and what kind of research the writer will be looking for.<sup id="cite_ref-Creswell2014_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creswell2014-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>It identifies the specific objectives the study or paper will address.</li></ol> <p>Therefore, the writer must first identify the type of study (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed) before the research question is developed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qualitative_study">Qualitative study</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_question&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Qualitative study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">qualitative study</a><sup id="cite_ref-Creswell2014_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creswell2014-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seeks to learn why or how, so the writer's research must be directed at determining the what, why and how of the research topic. Therefore, when crafting a research question for a qualitative study, the writer will need to ask a why or how question about the topic. For example: How did the company successfully market its new product? The sources needed for qualitative research typically include print and internet texts (written words), audio and visual media. </p><p>Here is Creswell's (2009) example of a script for a qualitative research central question: </p> <ul><li>_________ (How or what) is the _________ ("story for" for narrative research; "meaning of" the phenomenon for phenomenology; "theory that explains the process of" for grounded theory; "culture-sharing pattern" for ethnography; "issue" in the "case" for case study) of _________ (central phenomenon) for _________ (participants) at _________ (research site).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantitative_study">Quantitative study</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_question&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Quantitative study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">quantitative study</a><sup id="cite_ref-Creswell2014_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creswell2014-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> seeks to learn where, or when, so the writer's research must be directed at determining the where, or when of the research topic. Therefore, when crafting a research question for a quantitative study, the writer will need to ask a where, or when question about the topic. For example: Where should the company market its new product? Unlike a qualitative study, a quantitative study is mathematical analysis of the research topic, so the writer's research will consist of numbers and statistics. </p><p>Here is Creswell's (2009) example of a script for a quantitative research question: </p> <ul><li>Does _________ (name the theory) explain the relationship between _________ (independent variable) and _________ (dependent variable), controlling for the effects of _________ (control variable)?</li></ul> <p>Alternatively, a script for a quantitative null hypothesis might be as follows: </p> <ul><li>There is no significant difference between _________ (the control and experimental groups on the independent variable) on _________ (dependent variable).</li></ul> <p>Quantitative studies also fall into two categories: </p> <ol><li>Correlational studies: A correlational study is non-experimental, requiring the writer to research relationships without manipulating or randomly selecting the subjects of the research. The research question for a correlational study may look like this: What is the relationship between long-distance commuters and eating disorders?</li> <li>Experimental studies: An experimental study is experimental in that it requires the writer to manipulate and randomly select the subjects of the research. The research question for an experimental study may look like this: Does the consumption of fast food lead to eating disorders?</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mixed_study">Mixed study</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_question&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mixed study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A mixed study<sup id="cite_ref-Creswell2014_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Creswell2014-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> integrates both <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">qualitative</a> and quantitative studies, so the writer's research must be directed at determining the why or how and the what, where, or when of the research topic. Therefore, the writer will need to craft a research question for each study required for the assignment. A typical study may be expected to have between 1 and 6 research questions. </p><p>Once the writer has determined the type of study to be used and the specific objectives the paper will address, the writer must also consider whether the research question passes the "so what" test. The "so what" test means that the writer must construct evidence to convince the audience why the research is expected to add new or useful knowledge to the literature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_terms">Related terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_question&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Related terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Problematique">Problematique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_question&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Problematique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><em>Problematique</em> is a term that functions analogously to the research problem or question used typically when addressing global systemic problems. The term achieved prominence in 1970 when <a href="/wiki/Hasan_%C3%96zbekhan" title="Hasan Özbekhan">Hasan Özbekhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erich_Jantsch" title="Erich Jantsch">Erich Jantsch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Christakis" title="Alexander Christakis">Alexander Christakis</a> conceptualized the original prospectus of the <a href="/wiki/Club_of_Rome" title="Club of Rome">Club of Rome</a> titled "The Predicament of Mankind".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this prospectus the authors designated 49 Continuous Critical Problems facing humankind, saying "We find it virtually impossible to view them as problems that exist in isolation – or as problems capable of being solved in their own terms... It is this generalized meta system of problems, which we call the 'problematique' that inheres in our situation." </p><p>Situations similar to the global problematique in their complexity are also called problematiques. These situations receive different designations from other authors. In <a href="/wiki/Organizational_theory" title="Organizational theory">organizational theory</a> and related fields, researchers <a href="/wiki/C._West_Churchman" title="C. West Churchman">C. West Churchman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horst_Rittel" title="Horst Rittel">Horst Rittel</a> and Melvin Webber, and <a href="/wiki/Chris_Argyris" title="Chris Argyris">Chris Argyris</a><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> called these situations <a href="/wiki/Wicked_problems" class="mw-redirect" title="Wicked problems">wicked problems</a>; <a href="/wiki/Russell_Ackoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Russell Ackoff">Russell Ackoff</a> called them "messes". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_question&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bold_hypothesis" title="Bold hypothesis">Bold hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_of_experiments" title="Design of experiments">Design of experiments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">Hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquiry" title="Inquiry">Inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Research_design" title="Research design">Research design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_finding" title="Problem finding">Problem finding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_shaping" title="Problem shaping">Problem shaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_structuring_methods" title="Problem structuring methods">Problem structuring methods</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_question&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output 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(2014). <i>Research design : qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches</i> (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, California: SAGE Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-2609-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-2609-5"><bdi>978-1-4522-2609-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/815758208">815758208</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Research+design+%3A+qualitative%2C+quantitative%2C+and+mixed+methods+approaches&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+California&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F815758208&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-2609-5&rft.au=Creswell%2C+John+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+question" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Designing clinical research</i>. Hulley, Stephen B. (3rd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-8210-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-8210-4"><bdi>978-0-7817-8210-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71223173">71223173</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Designing+clinical+research&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F71223173&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-8210-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+question" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80000hours-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-80000hours_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-80000hours_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://80000hours.org/articles/research-questions-by-discipline/">"Research questions that could have a big social impact, organised by discipline"</a>. <i>80,000 Hours</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220831213325/https://80000hours.org/articles/research-questions-by-discipline/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=80%2C000+Hours&rft.atitle=Research+questions+that+could+have+a+big+social+impact%2C+organised+by+discipline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F80000hours.org%2Farticles%2Fresearch-questions-by-discipline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+question" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10.1088/1402-4896/aa83c1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-10.1088/1402-4896/aa83c1_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-10.1088/1402-4896/aa83c1_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColey2017" class="citation journal cs1">Coley, Alan A (30 August 2017). "Open problems in mathematical physics". <i>Physica Scripta</i>. <b>92</b> (9): 093003. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.02105">1710.02105</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PhyS...92i3003C">2017PhyS...92i3003C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1402-4896%2Faa83c1">10.1088/1402-4896/aa83c1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-8949">0031-8949</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3892374">3892374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physica+Scripta&rft.atitle=Open+problems+in+mathematical+physics&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=093003&rft.date=2017-08-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3892374%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PhyS...92i3003C&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1710.02105&rft.issn=0031-8949&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1088%2F1402-4896%2Faa83c1&rft.aulast=Coley&rft.aufirst=Alan+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+question" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdolphs2015" class="citation journal cs1">Adolphs, Ralph (1 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4574630">"The unsolved problems of neuroscience"</a>. <i>Trends in Cognitive Sciences</i>. <b>19</b> (4): 173–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tics.2015.01.007">10.1016/j.tics.2015.01.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1364-6613">1364-6613</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4574630">4574630</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25703689">25703689</a>. <q>As for Hilbert's problems, there is a Wikipedia entry for 'unsolved problems in neuroscience'; there are more popular writings; and there are books. In trying to brainstorm a list of my own, I read the above sources and asked around. This yields a predictable list ranging from 'how can we cure psychiatric illness?' to 'what is consciousness?' (Box 1). Asking Caltech faculty added entries about how networks function and what neural computation is. Caltech students had things figured out and got straight to the point ('how can I sleep less?', 'how can we save our species?', 'can we become immortal?').</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Cognitive+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+unsolved+problems+of+neuroscience&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=173-175&rft.date=2015-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4574630%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1364-6613&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25703689&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tics.2015.01.007&rft.aulast=Adolphs&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4574630&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+question" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDev2015" class="citation journal cs1">Dev, Sukhendu B. (1 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pbiomolbio.2015.02.001">"Unsolved problems in biology—The state of current thinking"</a>. <i>Progress in Biophysics and Molecular Biology</i>. <b>117</b> (2): 232–239. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.pbiomolbio.2015.02.001">10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2015.02.001</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0079-6107">0079-6107</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25687284">25687284</a>. <q>Among many of the responses I received, a large majority mentioned several aspects of neuroscience. This is not surprising since the brain remains the most uncharted area in humans. A list of unsolved problems in neuroscience can be found in <a class="external free" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_neuroscience">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_unsolved_problems_in_neuroscience</a> (Accessed January 12, 2015).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Progress+in+Biophysics+and+Molecular+Biology&rft.atitle=Unsolved+problems+in+biology%E2%80%94The+state+of+current+thinking&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=232-239&rft.date=2015-03-01&rft.issn=0079-6107&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25687284&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.pbiomolbio.2015.02.001&rft.aulast=Dev&rft.aufirst=Sukhendu+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.pbiomolbio.2015.02.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+question" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">External link in <code class="cs1-code"><code class="cs1-code">|quote=</code></code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#param_has_ext_link" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartaxoPintoRibeiroKamei2017" class="citation book cs1">Cartaxo, Bruno; Pinto, Gustavo; Ribeiro, Danilo; Kamei, Fernando; Santos, Ronnie E.S.; da Silva, Fábio Q.B.; Soares, Sérgio (May 2017). "Using Q&A Websites as a Method for Assessing Systematic Reviews". <i>2017 IEEE/ACM 14th International Conference on Mining Software Repositories (MSR)</i>. pp. 238–242. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FMSR.2017.5">10.1109/MSR.2017.5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5386-1544-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5386-1544-7"><bdi>978-1-5386-1544-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5853766">5853766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Using+Q%26A+Websites+as+a+Method+for+Assessing+Systematic+Reviews&rft.btitle=2017+IEEE%2FACM+14th+International+Conference+on+Mining+Software+Repositories+%28MSR%29&rft.pages=238-242&rft.date=2017-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5853766%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMSR.2017.5&rft.isbn=978-1-5386-1544-7&rft.aulast=Cartaxo&rft.aufirst=Bruno&rft.au=Pinto%2C+Gustavo&rft.au=Ribeiro%2C+Danilo&rft.au=Kamei%2C+Fernando&rft.au=Santos%2C+Ronnie+E.S.&rft.au=da+Silva%2C+F%C3%A1bio+Q.B.&rft.au=Soares%2C+S%C3%A9rgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+question" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSynnotBraggeLoweNunn2018" class="citation journal cs1">Synnot, Anneliese; Bragge, Peter; Lowe, Dianne; Nunn, Jack S; O’Sullivan, Molly; Horvat, Lidia; Tong, Allison; Kay, Debra; Ghersi, Davina; McDonald, Steve; Poole, Naomi; Bourke, Noni; Lannin, Natasha; Vadasz, Danny; Oliver, Sandy; Carey, Karen; Hill, Sophie J (May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5942413">"Research priorities in health communication and participation: international survey of consumers and other stakeholders"</a>. <i>BMJ Open</i>. <b>8</b> (5): e019481. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2017-019481">10.1136/bmjopen-2017-019481</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5942413">5942413</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29739780">29739780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ+Open&rft.atitle=Research+priorities+in+health+communication+and+participation%3A+international+survey+of+consumers+and+other+stakeholders&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e019481&rft.date=2018-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5942413%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29739780&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2017-019481&rft.aulast=Synnot&rft.aufirst=Anneliese&rft.au=Bragge%2C+Peter&rft.au=Lowe%2C+Dianne&rft.au=Nunn%2C+Jack+S&rft.au=O%E2%80%99Sullivan%2C+Molly&rft.au=Horvat%2C+Lidia&rft.au=Tong%2C+Allison&rft.au=Kay%2C+Debra&rft.au=Ghersi%2C+Davina&rft.au=McDonald%2C+Steve&rft.au=Poole%2C+Naomi&rft.au=Bourke%2C+Noni&rft.au=Lannin%2C+Natasha&rft.au=Vadasz%2C+Danny&rft.au=Oliver%2C+Sandy&rft.au=Carey%2C+Karen&rft.au=Hill%2C+Sophie+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5942413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+question" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSynnotTongBraggeLowe2019" class="citation journal cs1">Synnot, Anneliese J.; Tong, Allison; Bragge, Peter; Lowe, Dianne; Nunn, Jack S.; O’Sullivan, Molly; Horvat, Lidia; Kay, Debra; Ghersi, Davina; McDonald, Steve; Poole, Naomi; Bourke, Noni; Lannin, Natasha A.; Vadasz, Danny; Oliver, Sandy; Carey, Karen; Hill, Sophie J. (29 April 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6489310">"Selecting, refining and identifying priority Cochrane Reviews in health communication and participation in partnership with consumers and other stakeholders"</a>. <i>Health Research Policy and Systems</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12961-019-0444-z">10.1186/s12961-019-0444-z</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6489310">6489310</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31036016">31036016</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Health+Research+Policy+and+Systems&rft.atitle=Selecting%2C+refining+and+identifying+priority+Cochrane+Reviews+in+health+communication+and+participation+in+partnership+with+consumers+and+other+stakeholders&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=45&rft.date=2019-04-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6489310%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31036016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12961-019-0444-z&rft.aulast=Synnot&rft.aufirst=Anneliese+J.&rft.au=Tong%2C+Allison&rft.au=Bragge%2C+Peter&rft.au=Lowe%2C+Dianne&rft.au=Nunn%2C+Jack+S.&rft.au=O%E2%80%99Sullivan%2C+Molly&rft.au=Horvat%2C+Lidia&rft.au=Kay%2C+Debra&rft.au=Ghersi%2C+Davina&rft.au=McDonald%2C+Steve&rft.au=Poole%2C+Naomi&rft.au=Bourke%2C+Noni&rft.au=Lannin%2C+Natasha+A.&rft.au=Vadasz%2C+Danny&rft.au=Oliver%2C+Sandy&rft.au=Carey%2C+Karen&rft.au=Hill%2C+Sophie+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6489310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+question" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bostrom_2002-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bostrom_2002_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBostrom,_Nick2002" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Nick_Bostrom" title="Nick Bostrom">Bostrom, Nick</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.html">"Existential Risks: Analyzing Human Extinction Scenarios"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427030852/http://www.nickbostrom.com/existential/risks.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Existential+Risks%3A+Analyzing+Human+Extinction+Scenarios&rft.date=2002&rft.au=Bostrom%2C+Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nickbostrom.com%2Fexistential%2Frisks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+question" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span> 9 Journal of Evolution and Technology <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jetpress.org/volume9/risks.html">Jetpress</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231108164521/https://www.jetpress.org/volume9/risks.html">Archived</a> 8 November 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:827452c3-fcba-41b8-86b0-407293e6617c">Oxford Research Archive</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410162028/https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:827452c3-fcba-41b8-86b0-407293e6617c">Archived</a> 10 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrd2020" class="citation book cs1">Ord, Toby (2020). <i>The Precipice: Existential Risk and the Future of Humanity</i>. 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"Performance measurement of sustainable supply chains: a review and research questions". <i>International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management</i>. <b>64</b> (6): 744–783. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FIJPPM-03-2013-0056">10.1108/IJPPM-03-2013-0056</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1741-0401">1741-0401</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Productivity+and+Performance+Management&rft.atitle=Performance+measurement+of+sustainable+supply+chains%3A+a+review+and+research+questions&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=744-783&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FIJPPM-03-2013-0056&rft.issn=1741-0401&rft.aulast=Tajbakhsh&rft.aufirst=Alireza&rft.au=Hassini%2C+Elkafi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+question" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamersCassiniAsadiniaBertagnolio2022" class="citation journal cs1">Hamers, Raph L.; Cassini, Alessandro; Asadinia, Koe Stella; Bertagnolio, Silvia (1 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9163534">"Developing a priority global research agenda for antimicrobial resistance in the human health sector: protocol for a scoping review"</a>. <i>BMJ Open</i>. <b>12</b> (6): e060553. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2021-060553">10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060553</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2044-6055">2044-6055</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9163534">9163534</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35654465">35654465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ+Open&rft.atitle=Developing+a+priority+global+research+agenda+for+antimicrobial+resistance+in+the+human+health+sector%3A+protocol+for+a+scoping+review&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e060553&rft.date=2022-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9163534%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2044-6055&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35654465&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmjopen-2021-060553&rft.aulast=Hamers&rft.aufirst=Raph+L.&rft.au=Cassini%2C+Alessandro&rft.au=Asadinia%2C+Koe+Stella&rft.au=Bertagnolio%2C+Silvia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9163534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+question" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreyerKhaliliBogdanovRam2022" class="citation journal cs1">Breyer, Christian; Khalili, Siavash; Bogdanov, Dmitrii; Ram, Manish; Oyewo, Ayobami Solomon; Aghahosseini, Arman; Gulagi, Ashish; Solomon, A. A.; Keiner, Dominik; Lopez, Gabriel; Østergaard, Poul Alberg; Lund, Henrik; Mathiesen, Brian V.; Jacobson, Mark Z.; Victoria, Marta; Teske, Sven; Pregger, Thomas; Fthenakis, Vasilis; Raugei, Marco; Holttinen, Hannele; Bardi, Ugo; Hoekstra, Auke; Sovacool, Benjamin K. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FACCESS.2022.3193402">"On the History and Future of 100% Renewable Energy Systems Research"</a>. <i>IEEE Access</i>. <b>10</b>: 78176–78218. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FACCESS.2022.3193402">10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3193402</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2169-3536">2169-3536</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Access&rft.atitle=On+the+History+and+Future+of+100%25+Renewable+Energy+Systems+Research&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=78176-78218&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FACCESS.2022.3193402&rft.issn=2169-3536&rft.aulast=Breyer&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.au=Khalili%2C+Siavash&rft.au=Bogdanov%2C+Dmitrii&rft.au=Ram%2C+Manish&rft.au=Oyewo%2C+Ayobami+Solomon&rft.au=Aghahosseini%2C+Arman&rft.au=Gulagi%2C+Ashish&rft.au=Solomon%2C+A.+A.&rft.au=Keiner%2C+Dominik&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Gabriel&rft.au=%C3%98stergaard%2C+Poul+Alberg&rft.au=Lund%2C+Henrik&rft.au=Mathiesen%2C+Brian+V.&rft.au=Jacobson%2C+Mark+Z.&rft.au=Victoria%2C+Marta&rft.au=Teske%2C+Sven&rft.au=Pregger%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Fthenakis%2C+Vasilis&rft.au=Raugei%2C+Marco&rft.au=Holttinen%2C+Hannele&rft.au=Bardi%2C+Ugo&rft.au=Hoekstra%2C+Auke&rft.au=Sovacool%2C+Benjamin+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1109%252FACCESS.2022.3193402&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+question" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Creswell2014-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Creswell2014_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Creswell2014_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Creswell2014_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Creswell2014_43-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreswell2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Creswell" title="John W. Creswell">Creswell, John W.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PViMtOnJ1LcC"><i>Research design : qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches</i></a> (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Oaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Thousand Oaks">Thousand Oaks</a>: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-2609-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-2609-5"><bdi>978-1-4522-2609-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231116101007/https://books.google.com/books?id=PViMtOnJ1LcC">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Research+design+%3A+qualitative%2C+quantitative%2C+and+mixed+methods+approaches&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-2609-5&rft.aulast=Creswell&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPViMtOnJ1LcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+question" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140203125912/http://sunsite.utk.edu/FINS/loversofdemocracy/Predicament.PTI.pdf">"The Predicament of Mankind"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>sunsite.utk.edu</i>. 1970. Archived from the original on 3 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sunsite.utk.edu&rft.atitle=The+Predicament+of+Mankind&rft.date=1970&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsunsite.utk.edu%2FFINS%2Floversofdemocracy%2FPredicament.PTI.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+question" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Argyris, C. (1968) "Some Unintended Consequences of Rigorous Research". <i>Psychological Bulletin</i>, pp. 185–197.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_question&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Little, Brown Guide to Writing Research Papers</i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2017" class="citation book cs1">White, Patrick (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macmillanihe.com/page/detail/Developing-Research-Questions/?K=9781137490476"><i>Developing Research Questions</i></a> (2nd ed.). Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-49047-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-49047-6"><bdi>978-1-137-49047-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developing+Research+Questions&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-137-49047-6&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.macmillanihe.com%2Fpage%2Fdetail%2FDeveloping-Research-Questions%2F%3FK%3D9781137490476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+question" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCreswell2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_W._Creswell" title="John W. Creswell">Creswell, John W.</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PViMtOnJ1LcC"><i>Research design : qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches</i></a> (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Thousand_Oaks" class="mw-redirect" title="Thousand Oaks">Thousand Oaks</a>: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE Publications</a>. pp. 131–133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-2609-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-2609-5"><bdi>978-1-4522-2609-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Research+design+%3A+qualitative%2C+quantitative%2C+and+mixed+methods+approaches&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks&rft.pages=131-133&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-2609-5&rft.aulast=Creswell&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPViMtOnJ1LcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AResearch+question" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Research_question&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Research_question" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Research question">Research question</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www8.esc.edu/htmlpages/writerold/menus.htm">Developing a Research Question</a> (esc.edu)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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