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class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Aquatic plant</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nymphaea_alba.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150324050805im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Nymphaea_alba.jpg/220px-Nymphaea_alba.jpg" width="220" height="165" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150324050805im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Nymphaea_alba.jpg/330px-Nymphaea_alba.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150324050805im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Nymphaea_alba.jpg/440px-Nymphaea_alba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nymphaea_alba.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> The flower of <i><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaea_alba" title="Nymphaea alba">Nymphaea alba</a></i>, a species of <a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaeaceae" title="Nymphaeaceae">water lily</a></div> </div> </div> <p><b>Aquatic plants</b> are <a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> that have adapted to living in <a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic" title="Aquatic" class="mw-disambig">aquatic</a> environments (<a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">saltwater</a> or <a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater" title="Freshwater" class="mw-redirect">freshwater</a>). They are also referred to as <b>hydrophytes</b> or <b><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophytes" title="Macrophytes" class="mw-redirect">macrophytes</a></b>. These plants require special adaptations for living submerged in <a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, or at the water's surface. The most common adaptation is <a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerenchyma" title="Aerenchyma">aerenchyma</a>, but floating leaves and finely dissected leaves are also common.<sup id="cite_ref-Sculthorpe_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sculthorpe-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hutchinson_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutchinson-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> Aquatic plants can only grow in water or in <a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> that is permanently saturated with water. They are therefore a common component of wetlands.<sup id="cite_ref-Keddy_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keddy-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The principal factor controlling the distribution of aquatic plants is the depth and duration of flooding. However, other factors may also control their distribution, abundance, and growth form, including nutrients, disturbance from waves, grazing, and salinity.<sup id="cite_ref-Keddy_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keddy-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Aquatic <a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vascular_plant" title="Vascular plant">vascular plants</a> have originated on multiple occasions in different plant families;<sup id="cite_ref-Sculthorpe_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sculthorpe-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> they can be <a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern" title="Fern">ferns</a> or <a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiosperms" title="Angiosperms" class="mw-redirect">angiosperms</a> (including both <a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monocot" title="Monocot" class="mw-redirect">monocots</a> and <a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicot" title="Dicot" class="mw-redirect">dicots</a>). <a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">Seaweeds</a> are not vascular plants; rather they are multicellular <a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">marine</a> <a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>, and therefore are not typically included among aquatic plants. A few aquatic plants are able to survive in <a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saline_water" title="Saline water">brackish, saline, and salt water</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sculthorpe_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sculthorpe-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Examples are found in genera such as <a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassia_(genus)" title="Thalassia (genus)">Thalassia</a> and <a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zostera" title="Zostera">Zostera</a>. Although most aquatic plants can reproduce by flowering and setting seed, many also have extensive asexual reproduction by means of rhizomes, turions, and fragments in general.<sup id="cite_ref-Hutchinson_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hutchinson-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>One of the largest aquatic plants in the world is the <a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_amazonica" title="Victoria amazonica">Amazon water lily</a>; one of the smallest is the minute <a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duckweed" title="Duckweed" class="mw-redirect">duckweed</a>. Many small aquatic animals use plants like duckweed for a home, or for protection from predators. But areas with more vegetation are likely to have more predators. Some other familiar examples of aquatic plants might include <a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floating_heart" title="Floating heart" class="mw-redirect">floating heart</a>, <a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nymphaeaceae" title="Nymphaeaceae">water lily</a>, <a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelumbo" title="Nelumbo">lotus</a> and <a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_hyacinth" title="Water hyacinth" class="mw-redirect">water hyacinth</a>.</p> <p>Some aquatic plants are used by humans as a food source. Examples include wild rice (<i><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zizania_(genus)" title="Zizania (genus)" class="mw-redirect">Zizania</a></i>), water caltrop (<i><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trapa_natans" title="Trapa natans" class="mw-redirect">Trapa natans</a></i>), Chinese water chestnut (<i><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleocharis_dulcis" title="Eleocharis dulcis">Eleocharis dulcis</a></i>), Indian lotus (<i><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelumbo_nucifera" title="Nelumbo nucifera">Nelumbo nucifera</a></i>), water spinach (<i><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipomoea_aquatica" title="Ipomoea aquatica">Ipomoea aquatica</a></i>) and watercress (<i><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rorippa_nasturtium-aquaticum" title="Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum" class="mw-redirect">Rorippa nasturtium-aquaticum</a></i>).</p> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Morphological_classification"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Morphological classification</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Morphological_classification">Morphological classification</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aquatic_plant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Morphological classification">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FloatingRedBlueLilies.JPG" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150324050805im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/FloatingRedBlueLilies.JPG/200px-FloatingRedBlueLilies.JPG" width="200" height="267" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150324050805im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/FloatingRedBlueLilies.JPG/300px-FloatingRedBlueLilies.JPG 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150324050805im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/FloatingRedBlueLilies.JPG/400px-FloatingRedBlueLilies.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FloatingRedBlueLilies.JPG" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> Water lilies grow rooted in the bottom with leaves that float on the water surface.</div> </div> </div> <p>There are many possible classifications of aquatic plants based upon morphology.<sup id="cite_ref-Sculthorpe_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sculthorpe-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> One example has six groups as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <ul> <li>Amphiphytes: plants that are adapted to live either submerged or on land.</li> <li>Elodeids: stem plants that complete their entire life cycle submerged, or with only their flowers above the waterline.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoetid" title="Isoetid">Isoetids</a>: rosette plants that complete their entire life cycle submerged.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helophyte" title="Helophyte">Helophytes</a>: plants rooted in the bottom, but with leaves above the waterline.</li> <li>Nymphaeids: plants rooted in the bottom, but with leaves floating on the water surface.</li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleuston" title="Pleuston">Pleuston</a>: vascular plants that float freely in the water.</li> </ul> <div class="thumb tmulti tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"> <div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:236px;max-width:236px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Marchantiales_cf_Conocephalum_20071111.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150324050805im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Marchantiales_cf_Conocephalum_20071111.jpg/234px-Marchantiales_cf_Conocephalum_20071111.jpg" width="234" height="180" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150324050805im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Marchantiales_cf_Conocephalum_20071111.jpg/351px-Marchantiales_cf_Conocephalum_20071111.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150324050805im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Marchantiales_cf_Conocephalum_20071111.jpg/468px-Marchantiales_cf_Conocephalum_20071111.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1578"/></a></div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left">Many <a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marchantiales" title="Marchantiales">liverworts</a> grow either submerged or on land.</div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:252px;max-width:252px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CeratophyllumSubmersum.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150324050805im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/CeratophyllumSubmersum.jpg/250px-CeratophyllumSubmersum.jpg" width="250" height="181" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150324050805im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/CeratophyllumSubmersum.jpg/375px-CeratophyllumSubmersum.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150324050805im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/CeratophyllumSubmersum.jpg/500px-CeratophyllumSubmersum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="794"/></a></div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left"><i><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceratophyllum_submersum" title="Ceratophyllum submersum">Ceratophyllum submersum</a></i>, a free-floating plant that grows completely submerged</div> </div> <div style="clear:left"></div> </div> </div> <div class="thumb tmulti tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:487px;max-width:487px"> <div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:252px;max-width:252px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waterlettuce.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150324050805im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cb/Waterlettuce.jpg/250px-Waterlettuce.jpg" width="250" height="172" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150324050805im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cb/Waterlettuce.jpg/375px-Waterlettuce.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150324050805im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/cb/Waterlettuce.jpg/500px-Waterlettuce.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="703"/></a></div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left"><i><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pistia_stratiotes" title="Pistia stratiotes" class="mw-redirect">Pistia stratiotes</a></i>, an example of a <a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleuston" title="Pleuston">pleuston</a>, a plant that floats freely on the water surface</div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="float:left;margin:1px;width:231px;max-width:231px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22Aliens%22_on_the_marge_of_Loch_Na_Bo%5E%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_175600.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150324050805im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/%22Aliens%22_on_the_marge_of_Loch_Na_Bo%5E%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_175600.jpg/229px-%22Aliens%22_on_the_marge_of_Loch_Na_Bo%5E%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_175600.jpg" width="229" height="172" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150324050805im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/%22Aliens%22_on_the_marge_of_Loch_Na_Bo%5E%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_175600.jpg/344px-%22Aliens%22_on_the_marge_of_Loch_Na_Bo%5E%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_175600.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150324050805im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/%22Aliens%22_on_the_marge_of_Loch_Na_Bo%5E%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_175600.jpg/458px-%22Aliens%22_on_the_marge_of_Loch_Na_Bo%5E%5E_-_geograph.org.uk_-_175600.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"/></a></div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left"><i><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysichiton_americanus" title="Lysichiton americanus">Lysichiton americanus</a></i> grows rooted in the bottom with leaves and flowers above the waterline.</div> </div> <div style="clear:left"></div> </div> </div> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aquatic_plant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><i><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_Botany" title="Aquatic Botany">Aquatic Botany</a></i></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophyte" title="Macrophyte">Macrophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">Seagrass</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetland</a></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aquatic_plant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sculthorpe-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sculthorpe_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sculthorpe_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sculthorpe_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sculthorpe_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sculthorpe, C. D. 1967. The Biology of Aquatic Vascular Plants. Reprinted 1985 Edward Arnold, by London.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hutchinson-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hutchinson_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hutchinson_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hutchinson, G. E. 1975. A Treatise on Limnology, Vol. 3, Limnological Botany. New York: John Wiley.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cook, C.D.K. (ed). 1974. Water Plants of the World. Dr W Junk Publishers, The Hague. <a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9061930243" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 90-6193-024-3</a>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Keddy-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keddy_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keddy_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomlinson, P. B. 1986. The Botany of Mangroves. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Westlake, D.F., Kvĕt, J. and Szczepański, A. 1998. The Production Ecology of Wetlands. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. 568 p.</span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aquatic_plant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150324050805im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150324050805im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150324050805im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150324050805/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aquatic_plants" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aquatic plants">Aquatic plants</a></b></i>.</td> </tr> </table> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324050805/http://aswm.org/">http://aswm.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324050805/http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu/">http://plants.ifas.ufl.edu</a></li> </ul> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em"> </span> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystems</a> – <a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">general</a> and <a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">freshwater</a> components</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em"><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">General</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_ecology" title="Acoustic ecology">Acoustic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_adaptation" title="Aquatic adaptation">Adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent-based_model_in_biology#Aquatic_population_dynamics" title="Agent-based model in biology">Agent-based models</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">Anoxic waters</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">Aquatic animals</a> (<a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_insects" title="Aquatic insects" class="mw-redirect">Insects</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_mammal" title="Aquatic mammal">Mammals</a>)</li> <li><strong class="selflink">Aquatic plants</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_science" title="Aquatic science">Aquatic science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benthos" title="Benthos">Benthos</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_biodiversity_research" title="Aquatic biodiversity research">Biodiversity research</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_biomonitoring" title="Aquatic biomonitoring">Biomonitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colored_dissolved_organic_matter" title="Colored dissolved organic matter">Colored dissolved organic matter</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_camouflage_and_mimicry" title="Underwater camouflage and mimicry" class="mw-redirect">Camouflage & Mimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">Dead zone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecohydrology" title="Ecohydrology">Ecohydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Ecosystems</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">Food chain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">Food web</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIS_and_aquatic_science" title="GIS and aquatic science">GIS and aquatic science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrobiology" title="Hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope_analysis#Stable_isotope_analysis_in_aquatic_ecosystems" title="Isotope analysis">Isotope analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_ecology" title="Microbial ecology">Microbial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_food_web" title="Microbial food web">Microbial food web</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_loop" title="Microbial loop">Microbial loop</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekton" title="Nekton">Nekton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuston" title="Neuston">Neuston</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_(ecology)" title="Particle (ecology)">Particle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">Photic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">Phytoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">Plankton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleuston" title="Pleuston">Pleuston</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_predation" title="Aquatic predation">Predation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity_(ecology)" title="Productivity (ecology)">Productivity</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_respiration" title="Aquatic respiration">Respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Schooling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment_trap" title="Sediment trap">Sediment trap</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siltation" title="Siltation">Siltation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" title="Spawn (biology)">Spawning</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(marine_biology)" title="Substrate (marine biology)">Substrate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_toxicology" title="Aquatic toxicology">Toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic level</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">Water column</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">Zooplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Aquatic_ecology" title="Category:Aquatic ecology">More...</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"> <div><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Estuary-mouth.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Estuary-mouth.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150324050805im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Estuary-mouth.jpg/140px-Estuary-mouth.jpg" width="140" height="94" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150324050805im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Estuary-mouth.jpg/210px-Estuary-mouth.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150324050805im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Estuary-mouth.jpg/280px-Estuary-mouth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="206"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em"><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">Freshwater</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_biome" title="Freshwater biome" class="mw-redirect">Biomes</a></li> <li>Ecosystems <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_ecosystem" title="Freshwater ecosystem">freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_ecosystem" title="Lake ecosystem">lake</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_ecosystem" title="River ecosystem">river</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyporheic_zone" title="Hyporheic zone">Hyporheic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_stratification" title="Lake stratification">Lake stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophyte" title="Macrophyte">Macrophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">fish pond</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheotaxis" title="Rheotaxis">Rheotaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">Stream bed</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophic_state_index" title="Trophic state index">Trophic state index</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upland_and_lowland_(freshwater_ecology)" title="Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)">Upland and lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water garden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetland</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_swamp_forest" title="Freshwater swamp forest">swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bog</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">fen</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Environmental quality</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Freshwater_ecology" title="Category:Freshwater ecology">More...</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em"><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">Ecoregions</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion#Freshwater" title="Ecoregion">Freshwater</a> (<a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_(WWF)" title="List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion#Marine" title="Ecoregion">Marine</a> (<a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_marine_ecoregions" title="List of marine ecoregions">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_and_ecology_of_the_Everglades" title="Geography and ecology of the Everglades">The Everglades</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_ecology_of_Maharashtra" title="Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_of_the_North_Pacific_Subtropical_Gyre" title="Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre">The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology_of_the_San_Francisco_Estuary" title="Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary">The San Francisco Estuary</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em"> </span> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystems</a> – <a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine</a> components</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em"><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">Marine</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_chemistry" title="Marine chemistry" class="mw-redirect">Chemistry</a></li> <li>Ecosystems <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_marine_ecosystem" title="Large marine ecosystem">large marine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-ratio" title="F-ratio"><i>f</i>-ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_fertilization" title="Iron fertilization">Iron fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_snow" title="Marine snow">Marine snow</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_nourishment" title="Ocean nourishment" class="mw-redirect">Ocean nourishment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_physical-biological_process" title="Oceanic physical-biological process">Oceanic physical-biological process</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_turbidity" title="Ocean turbidity">Ocean turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophore" title="Photophore">Photophore</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorson%27s_rule" title="Thorson's rule">Thorson's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale_fall" title="Whale fall">Whale fall</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Marine_biology" title="Category:Marine biology">More...</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"> <div><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maldivesfish2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Maldivesfish2.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150324050805im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/140px-Maldivesfish2.jpg" width="140" height="95" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150324050805im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/210px-Maldivesfish2.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150324050805im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/280px-Maldivesfish2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1228"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em"><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life" class="mw-redirect">Marine<br/> life forms</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_bacteriophage" title="Marine bacteriophage">Bacteriophages</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_Marine_Life" title="Census of Marine Life">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_sea_fish" title="Deep sea fish">deep sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_sea_communities" title="Deep sea communities">Deep sea communities</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_sea_creature" title="Deep sea creature">Deep sea creature</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep-water_coral" title="Deep-water coral">Deep-water coral</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_invertebrates" title="Marine invertebrates">Invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_larval_ecology" title="Marine larval ecology">Larvae</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox_of_the_plankton" title="Paradox of the plankton">Paradox of the plankton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_reptile" title="Marine reptile">Reptiles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">Seabirds</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seashore_wildlife" title="Seashore wildlife">Seashore wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_vertebrate" title="Marine vertebrate">Vertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em"><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_habitats" title="Marine habitats">Marine<br/> habitats</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">Bay mud</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_smoker" title="Black smoker" class="mw-redirect">Black smokers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seeps</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidson_Seamount#Ecology" title="Davidson Seamount">Davidson Seamount</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertidal_ecology" title="Intertidal ecology">Intertidal ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">Kelp forests</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vents</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoons</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_biomes" title="Marine biomes" class="mw-redirect">Marine biomes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_habitats" title="Marine habitats">Marine habitats</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflats</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shores</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_pannes_and_pools" title="Salt pannes and pools">Salt pannes and pools</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">Seagrass meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge_reef" title="Sponge reef">Sponge reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pools</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">Issues</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_values_of_mangrove" title="Ecological values of mangrove" class="mw-redirect">Ecological values of mangrove</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries_and_climate_change" title="Fisheries and climate change">Fisheries and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotspot_Ecosystem_Research_and_Man%27s_Impact_On_European_Seas" title="Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas">HERMIONE</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_conservation_activism" title="Marine conservation activism">Marine conservation activism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150324050805/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Protected_Area" title="Marine Protected Area" class="mw-redirect">Marine Protected Area</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table>    <noscript><img 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