CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" class="client-nojs"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplankton","20150327051108","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1427433068"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="UTF-8"/> <title>Phytoplankton - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.25wmf22"/> <link rel="alternate" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/android-app://org.wikipedia/http/en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplankton"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phytoplankton&action=edit"/> <link rel="edit" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Phytoplankton&action=edit"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"/> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/favicon/wikipedia.ico"/> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/opensearch_desc.php" title="Wikipedia (en)"/> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"/> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplankton"/> <link rel="copyright" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"/> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplankton"/> <script>var _mwq = _mwq || []; _mwq.push( function ( mw ) { mw.config.set({"wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Phytoplankton","wgTitle":"Phytoplankton","wgCurRevisionId":651275231,"wgRevisionId":651275231,"wgArticleId":50557,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.","Use dmy dates from April 2012","Commons category with local link same as on Wikidata","Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata","Pages containing links to subscription-only content","Aquatic ecology","Biological oceanography","Planktology"],"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgMonthNamesShort":["","Jan","Feb","Mar","Apr","May","Jun","Jul","Aug","Sep","Oct","Nov","Dec"],"wgRelevantPageName":"Phytoplankton","wgRelevantArticleId":50557,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgWikiEditorEnabledModules":{"toolbar":true,"dialogs":true,"hidesig":true,"preview":false,"publish":false},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr"},"wikilove-recipient":"","wikilove-anon":0,"wgPoweredByHHVM":true,"wgULSAcceptLanguageList":[],"wgULSCurrentAutonym":"English","wgBetaFeaturesFeatures":[],"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1,"quality":2,"pristine":3}}},"wgStableRevisionId":null,"wgCategoryTreePageCategoryOptions":"{\"mode\":0,\"hideprefix\":20,\"showcount\":true,\"namespaces\":false}","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgWikibaseItemId":"Q184755"}); } );</script> <script>var _mwq = _mwq || []; _mwq.push( function ( mw ) { mw.loader.implement("user.options",function($,jQuery){mw.user.options.set({"variant":"en"});},{},{},{});mw.loader.implement("user.tokens",function($,jQuery){mw.user.tokens.set({"editToken":"+\\","patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\"});},{},{},{}); /* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-js:7:94007ea073e20ad4a3cdce36b2f2e369 */ } );</script> <script>var _mwq = _mwq || []; _mwq.push( function ( mw ) { mw.loader.load(["mediawiki.page.startup","mediawiki.legacy.wikibits","mediawiki.legacy.ajax","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.head","ext.imageMetrics.head","ext.visualEditor.viewPageTarget.init","ext.uls.init","ext.uls.interface","ext.centralNotice.bannerController","skins.vector.js"]); } );</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108cs_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=ext.gadget.DRN-wizard%2CReferenceTooltips%2Ccharinsert%2Cfeatured-articles-links%2CrefToolbar%2Cswitcher%2Cteahouse%7Cext.rtlcite%2Cwikihiero%2CwikimediaBadges%7Cext.uls.nojs%7Cext.visualEditor.viewPageTarget.noscript%7Cmediawiki.legacy.commonPrint%2Cshared%7Cmediawiki.sectionAnchor%7Cmediawiki.skinning.interface%7Cmediawiki.ui.button%7Cskins.vector.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector&*"/> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""/> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108cs_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=site&only=styles&skin=vector&*"/> <style>a:lang(ar),a:lang(kk-arab),a:lang(mzn),a:lang(ps),a:lang(ur){text-decoration:none} /* cache key: enwiki:resourceloader:filter:minify-css:7:3904d24a08aa08f6a68dc338f9be277e */</style> <script src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108js_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false&lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&skin=vector&*"></script> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://meta.wikimedia.org/"/>  </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr ns-0 ns-subject page-Phytoplankton skin-vector action-view"> <div id="mw-page-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Phytoplankton</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px;"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/300px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg" width="300" height="197" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/450px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/600px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="1180"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">Diatoms</a> are one of the most common types of phytoplankton.</div> </div> </div> <p><b>Phytoplankton</b> <span class="nowrap"><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="/ˌ/ secondary stress follows" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">ˌ</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="'f' in 'find'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">f</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="/aɪ/ long 'i' in 'bide'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">aɪ</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="'t' in 'tie'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">t</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="/oʊ/ long 'o' in 'bode'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">oʊ</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="/ˈ/ primary stress follows" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">ˈ</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="'p' in 'pie'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">p</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="'l' in 'lie'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">l</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="/æ/ short 'a' in 'bad'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">æ</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="/ŋ/ 'ng' in 'sing'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">ŋ</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="'k' in 'kind'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">k</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="'t' in 'tie'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">t</span></a></span><span class="IPA nopopups"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English#Key" title="Help:IPA for English"><span title="/ən/ 'on' in 'button'" style="border-bottom:1px dotted">ən</span></a></span><span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA_for_English" title="Help:IPA for English">/</a></span></span> are the <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotrophic" title="Autotrophic" class="mw-redirect">autotrophic</a> components of the <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a> community and a key factor of oceans, seas and freshwater basins <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">ecosystems</a>. The name comes from the <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> words φυτόν (<i>phyton</i>), meaning "<a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plant</a>", and πλαγκτός (<i>planktos</i>), meaning "wanderer" or "drifter".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Most phytoplankton are too small to be individually seen with the <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naked_eye" title="Naked eye">unaided eye</a>. However, when present in high enough numbers, some varieties may be noticeable as a green discoloration of the water; this is due to the presence of <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorophyll" title="Chlorophyll">chlorophyll</a> within their cells, and in some species also due to the presence of accessory pigments such as <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycobiliprotein" title="Phycobiliprotein">phycobiliproteins</a>, <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthophyll" title="Xanthophyll">xanthophylls</a>, etc.).</p> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Ecology"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Ecology</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Growth_strategy"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Growth strategy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Environmental_controversy"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Environmental controversy</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Aquaculture"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Aquaculture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ecology">Ecology</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phytoplankton&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ecology">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="thumb tmulti tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"> <div class="tsingle" style="margin:1px;width:222px;max-width:222px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phytopla.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Phytopla.jpg/220px-Phytopla.jpg" width="220" height="281" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Phytopla.jpg/330px-Phytopla.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Phytopla.jpg/440px-Phytopla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="764"/></a></div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left">Phytoplankton come in many shapes and sizes.</div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="margin:1px;width:222px;max-width:222px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phytoplankton_-_the_foundation_of_the_oceanic_food_chain.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Phytoplankton_-_the_foundation_of_the_oceanic_food_chain.jpg/220px-Phytoplankton_-_the_foundation_of_the_oceanic_food_chain.jpg" width="220" height="148" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Phytoplankton_-_the_foundation_of_the_oceanic_food_chain.jpg/330px-Phytoplankton_-_the_foundation_of_the_oceanic_food_chain.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Phytoplankton_-_the_foundation_of_the_oceanic_food_chain.jpg/440px-Phytoplankton_-_the_foundation_of_the_oceanic_food_chain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3972" data-file-height="2676"/></a></div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left">Phytoplankton are the foundation of the oceanic food chain.</div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="margin:1px;width:222px;max-width:222px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spring_Bloom_Colors_the_Pacific_Near_Hokkaido.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Spring_Bloom_Colors_the_Pacific_Near_Hokkaido.jpg/220px-Spring_Bloom_Colors_the_Pacific_Near_Hokkaido.jpg" width="220" height="268" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Spring_Bloom_Colors_the_Pacific_Near_Hokkaido.jpg/330px-Spring_Bloom_Colors_the_Pacific_Near_Hokkaido.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Spring_Bloom_Colors_the_Pacific_Near_Hokkaido.jpg/440px-Spring_Bloom_Colors_the_Pacific_Near_Hokkaido.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7555" data-file-height="9212"/></a></div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left">When two currents collide (here the <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyashio_Current" title="Oyashio Current">Oyashio</a> and <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuroshio_Current" title="Kuroshio Current">Kuroshio</a> currents) they create <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddies" title="Eddies" class="mw-redirect">eddies</a>. Phytoplankton concentrates along the boundaries of the eddies, tracing the motion of the water.</div> </div> <div class="tsingle" style="margin:1px;width:222px;max-width:222px"> <div class="thumbimage"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cwall99_lg.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cwall99_lg.jpg/220px-Cwall99_lg.jpg" width="220" height="176" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cwall99_lg.jpg/330px-Cwall99_lg.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Cwall99_lg.jpg/440px-Cwall99_lg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024"/></a></div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal bloom</a> off south England.</div> </div> <div style="clear:left"></div> </div> </div> <p>Phytoplankton are <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesizing</a> microscopic organisms that inhabit the upper sunlit layer of almost all oceans and bodies of fresh water. They are agents for "<a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">primary production</a>," the creation of <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_compounds" title="Organic compounds" class="mw-redirect">organic compounds</a> from <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> dissolved in the water, a process that sustains the aquatic food web.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> Phytoplankton obtain <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> through the <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_process" title="Biological process">process</a> of <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a> and must therefore live in the well-lit surface layer (termed the <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">euphotic zone</a>) of an <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a>, <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">sea</a>, <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lake</a>, or other body of water. Phytoplankton account for half of all <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthetic activity</a> on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> Their cumulative energy fixation in carbon compounds (<a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">primary production</a>) is the basis for the vast majority of oceanic and also many <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater" title="Freshwater" class="mw-redirect">freshwater</a> <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">food webs</a> (<a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemosynthesis" title="Chemosynthesis">chemosynthesis</a> is a notable exception). The effects of anthropogenic warming on the global population of phytoplankton is an area of active research. Changes in the vertical stratification of the water column, the rate of temperature-dependent biological reactions, and the atmospheric supply of nutrients are expected to have important effects on future phytoplankton productivity.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> Additionally, changes in the mortality of phytoplankton due to rates of <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a> grazing may be significant. As a side note, one of the more remarkable <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chains</a> in the ocean – remarkable because of the small number of links – is that of phytoplankton-feeding <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krill" title="Krill">krill</a> (a <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustacean</a> similar to a tiny shrimp) feeding <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baleen_whale" title="Baleen whale">baleen whales</a>.</p> <p>Phytoplankton are also crucially dependent on <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minerals" title="Minerals" class="mw-redirect">minerals</a>. These are primarily <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macronutrient_(ecology)" title="Macronutrient (ecology)" class="mw-redirect">macronutrients</a> such as <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a>, <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> or <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicic_acid" title="Silicic acid">silicic acid</a>, whose availability is governed by the balance between the so-called <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">biological pump</a> and <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwelling</a> of deep, nutrient-rich waters. However, across large regions of the <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Ocean" title="World Ocean">World Ocean</a> such as the <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a>, phytoplankton are also limited by the lack of the <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micronutrient" title="Micronutrient">micronutrient</a> <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>. This has led to some scientists advocating <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_fertilization" title="Iron fertilization">iron fertilization</a> as a means to counteract the accumulation of human-produced carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) in the <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-richtel07_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richtel07-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup> Large-scale experiments have added iron (usually as salts such as <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_sulphate" title="Iron sulphate" class="mw-redirect">iron sulphate</a>) to the oceans to promote phytoplankton growth and draw <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_the_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in the Earth's atmosphere" class="mw-redirect">atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub></a> into the ocean. However, controversy about manipulating the ecosystem and the efficiency of iron fertilization has slowed such experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Phytoplankton depend on other substances to survive as well. In particular, <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B" title="Vitamin B" class="mw-redirect">Vitamin B</a> is crucial. Areas in the ocean have been identified as having a major lack of Vitamin B, and correspondingly, phytoplankton.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>While almost all phytoplankton <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> are <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obligate" title="Obligate">obligate</a> <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photoautotroph" title="Photoautotroph" class="mw-redirect">photoautotrophs</a>, there are some that are <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixotrophic" title="Mixotrophic" class="mw-redirect">mixotrophic</a> and other, non-pigmented <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> that are actually <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotroph" title="Heterotroph">heterotrophic</a> (the latter are often viewed as <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a>). Of these, the best known are <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">dinoflagellate</a> <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> such as <i><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noctiluca" title="Noctiluca" class="mw-redirect">Noctiluca</a></i> and <i><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinophyceae" title="Dinophyceae">Dinophysis</a></i>, that obtain <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic_matter" title="Organic matter">organic</a> <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> by <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingestion" title="Ingestion">ingesting</a> other organisms or <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detritus_(biology)" title="Detritus (biology)" class="mw-redirect">detrital</a> material.</p> <p>The term phytoplankton encompasses all photoautotrophic microorganisms in aquatic <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">food webs</a>. Phytoplankton serve as the base of the aquatic food web, providing an essential ecological function for all aquatic life. However, unlike terrestrial <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communities" title="Communities" class="mw-redirect">communities</a>, where most autotrophs are <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plants" title="Plants" class="mw-redirect">plants</a>, phytoplankton are a diverse group, incorporating <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protista" title="Protista" class="mw-redirect">protistan</a> <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotes</a> and both <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">eubacterial</a> and <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaebacteria" title="Archaebacteria" class="mw-redirect">archaebacterial</a> <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">prokaryotes</a>. There are about 5,000 known species of marine phytoplankton.<sup id="cite_ref-Hallegraeff_03_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hallegraeff_03-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> There is uncertainty in how such diversity has <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolved</a> in an environment where competition for only a few resources would suggest limited potential for <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niche_differentiation" title="Niche differentiation">niche differentiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In terms of numbers, the most important groups of phytoplankton include the <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">diatoms</a>, <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> and <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">dinoflagellates</a>, although many other groups of <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> are represented. One group, the <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccolithophore" title="Coccolithophore">coccolithophorids</a>, is responsible (in part) for the release of significant amounts of <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfide" title="Dimethyl sulfide">dimethyl sulfide</a> (DMS) into the <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Earth's atmosphere" class="mw-redirect">atmosphere</a>. DMS is <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">oxidized</a> to form sulfate which, in areas where ambient <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosol" title="Aerosol">aerosol</a> particle concentrations are low, can contribute to the population of <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloud_condensation_nuclei" title="Cloud condensation nuclei">cloud condensation nuclei</a>, mostly leading to increased cloud cover and cloud <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albedo" title="Albedo">albedo</a> according to the so-called <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLAW_hypothesis" title="CLAW hypothesis">CLAW Hypothesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oceanicphytoplankton_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oceanicphytoplankton-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligotroph" title="Oligotroph">oligotrophic</a> oceanic regions such as the <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a> or the <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pacific_Gyre" title="South Pacific Gyre">South Pacific Gyre</a>, phytoplankton is dominated by the small sized cells, called <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetic_picoplankton" title="Photosynthetic picoplankton">picoplankton</a>, mostly composed of <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">cyanobacteria</a> (<i><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prochlorococcus" title="Prochlorococcus">Prochlorococcus</a></i>, <i><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synechococcus" title="Synechococcus">Synechococcus</a></i>) and picoeucaryotes such as <i><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micromonas" title="Micromonas">Micromonas</a></i>.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Growth_strategy">Growth strategy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phytoplankton&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Growth strategy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>In the early twentieth century, <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_C._Redfield" title="Alfred C. Redfield">Alfred C. Redfield</a> found the similarity of the phytoplankton’s elemental composition to the major dissolved nutrients in the deep ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> Redfield proposed that the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus (16:1) in the ocean was controlled by the phytoplankton’s requirements which subsequently release nitrogen and phosphorus as they are remineralized. This so-called “<a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redfield_ratio" title="Redfield ratio">Redfield ratio</a>” in describing <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stoichiometry" title="Stoichiometry">stoichiometry</a> of phytoplankton and seawater has become a fundamental principle to understand the marine ecology, biogeochemistry and phytoplankton evolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Arrigo_K.R_2005_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrigo_K.R_2005-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> However, Redfield ratio is not a universally value and it may diverge due to the changes in exogenous nutrient delivery <sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> and microbial metabolisms in the ocean, such as <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">nitrogen fixation</a>, <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denitrification" title="Denitrification">denitrification</a> and <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anammox" title="Anammox">anammox</a>.</p> <p>The dynamic stoichiometry shown in unicellular algae reflects their capability to stockpile nutrients in internal pool, shift between enzymes with various nutrient requirements and alter osmolyte composition.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup> Different cellular components have their own unique stoichiometry characteristics,<sup id="cite_ref-Arrigo_K.R_2005_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arrigo_K.R_2005-15"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> for instance, resource (light or nutrients) acquisition machinery such as proteins and chlorophyll contain high concentration of nitrogen but low in phosphorus. Meanwhile, growth machinery such as ribosomal RNA contains high nitrogen and phosphorus concentration.</p> <p>Based on allocation of resources, phytoplankton is classified into three different growth strategies, namely survivalist, bloomer <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup> and generalist. Survivalist phytoplankton has high ratio of N:P (>30) and contains numerous resource-acquisition machinery to sustain growth under scarce resources. Bloomer phytoplankton has low N:P ratio (<10), contains high proportion of growth machinery and adapted to exponential growth. Generalist phytoplankton has similar N:P to Redfield ratio and contain relatively equal resource-acquisition and growth machinery.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Environmental_controversy">Environmental controversy</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phytoplankton&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Environmental controversy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>A 2010 study published in <i>Nature</i> reported that marine phytoplankton have declined substantially in the world's oceans over the past century. Phytoplankton concentrations in surface waters were estimated to have decreased by about 40% since 1950 alone, at a rate of around 1% per year, possibly in response to <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Warming" title="Global Warming" class="mw-redirect">ocean warming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> The study generated debate among scientists and led to several communications and criticisms, also published in <i>Nature</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>22<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>23<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span>[</span>24<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span>[</span>25<span>]</span></a></sup> The role of cadmium has been reviewed.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span>[</span>26<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Signs that such a large decline in phytoplankton has not occurred include not observing a comparable percentage decline in fish species which feed on phytoplankton.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span>[</span>27<span>]</span></a></sup> Another global ocean primary productivity study found a net increase in phytoplankton, as judged from measured chlorophyll, when comparing observations in 1998–2002 to those conducted during a prior mission in 1979–1986.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span>[</span>28<span>]</span></a></sup> The airborne fraction of CO<sub>2</sub> from human emissions, the percentage neither sequestered by photosynthetic life on land and sea nor absorbed in the oceans abiotically, has been almost constant over the past century, and that suggests a moderate upper limit on how much a component of the carbon cycle as large as phytoplankton may have declined, if such declined in recent decades.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span>[</span>29<span>]</span></a></sup> In the example of the northeast Atlantic, a case where chlorophyll measurements extend particularly far back, the location of the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey, there was net increase over a 1948 to 2002 period examined.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span>[</span>30<span>]</span></a></sup> During 1998–2005, global ocean net primary productivity rose during 1998 followed by primarily decline during the rest of that period, although still slightly higher at its end than at its start.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span>[</span>31<span>]</span></a></sup> Using six different climate model simulations, a large multi-university study of ocean ecosystems predicts, by 2050 A.D., "a global increase in primary production of 0.7% at the low end to 8.1% at the high end," although with "very large regional differences" including "a contraction of the highly productive marginal sea ice biome by 42% in the Northern Hemisphere and 17% in the Southern Hemisphere."<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span>[</span>32<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phytoplankton&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aquaculture">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaculture" title="Algaculture">Algaculture</a></div> <p>Phytoplankton are a key food item in both <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> and <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariculture" title="Mariculture">mariculture</a>. Both utilize phytoplankton as food for the animals being farmed. In mariculture, the phytoplankton is naturally occurring and is introduced into enclosures with the normal circulation of seawater. In aquaculture, phytoplankton must be obtained and introduced directly. The plankton can either be collected from a body of water or cultured, though the former method is seldom used. Phytoplankton is used as a foodstock for the production of <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotifers" title="Rotifers" class="mw-redirect">rotifers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mcvey_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcvey-33"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> which are in turn used to feed other organisms. Phytoplankton is also used to feed many varieties of aquacultured <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molluscs" title="Molluscs" class="mw-redirect">molluscs</a>, including <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearl</a> <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oysters" title="Oysters" class="mw-redirect">oysters</a> and <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_clam" title="Giant clam">giant clams</a>.</p> <p>The production of phytoplankton under artificial conditions is itself a form of aquaculture. Phytoplankton is cultured for a variety of purposes, including foodstock for other aquacultured organisms,<sup id="cite_ref-mcvey_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcvey-33"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> a nutritional supplement for captive <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrates" title="Invertebrates" class="mw-redirect">invertebrates</a> in <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquarium" title="Aquarium">aquaria</a>. Culture sizes range from small-scale <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laboratory" title="Laboratory">laboratory</a> cultures of less than 1L to several tens of thousands of liters for commercial aquaculture.<sup id="cite_ref-mcvey_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcvey-33"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup> Regardless of the size of the culture, certain conditions must be provided for efficient growth of plankton. The majority of cultured plankton is marine, and <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">seawater</a> of a <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_gravity" title="Specific gravity">specific gravity</a> of 1.010 to 1.026 may be used as a culture medium. This water must be <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterilization_(microbiology)" title="Sterilization (microbiology)">sterilized</a>, usually by either high temperatures in an <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoclave" title="Autoclave">autoclave</a> or by exposure to <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet_radiation" title="Ultraviolet radiation" class="mw-redirect">ultraviolet radiation</a>, to prevent <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological" title="Biological" class="mw-redirect">biological</a> <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contamination" title="Contamination">contamination</a> of the culture. Various <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilizers" title="Fertilizers" class="mw-redirect">fertilizers</a> are added to the culture medium to facilitate the growth of plankton. A culture must be aerated or agitated in some way to keep plankton suspended, as well as to provide dissolved <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> for <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis" title="Photosynthesis">photosynthesis</a>. In addition to constant aeration, most cultures are manually mixed or stirred on a regular basis. Light must be provided for the growth of phytoplankton. The <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colour_temperature" title="Colour temperature" class="mw-redirect">colour temperature</a> of illumination should be approximately 6,500 K, but values from 4,000 K to upwards of 20,000 K have been used successfully. The duration of light exposure should be approximately 16 hours daily; this is the most efficient artificial day length.<sup id="cite_ref-mcvey_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcvey-33"><span>[</span>33<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phytoplankton&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Phytoplankton" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Phytoplankton">Phytoplankton</a></b></i>.</td> </tr> </table> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" width="30" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Algal_blooms" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Algal blooms">Algal blooms</a></b></i>.</td> </tr> </table> <div class="div-col columns column-count column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algae_culture" title="Algae culture" class="mw-redirect">Algae culture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AlgaeBase" title="AlgaeBase">AlgaeBase</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterioplankton" title="Bacterioplankton">Bacterioplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">Biological pump</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLAW_hypothesis" title="CLAW hypothesis">CLAW hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_fertilization" title="Iron fertilization">Iron fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphyte" title="Microphyte">Microphyte</a> (microalgae)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox_of_the_plankton" title="Paradox of the plankton">Paradox of the plankton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetic_picoplankton" title="Photosynthetic picoplankton">Photosynthetic picoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">Plankton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">Zooplankton</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phytoplankton&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Thurman, H. V. (2007). <i>Introductory Oceanography</i>. Academic Internet Publishers. <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4288-3314-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4288-3314-2">978-1-4288-3314-2</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhytoplankton&rft.aufirst=H.+V.&rft.aulast=Thurman&rft.au=Thurman%2C+H.+V.&rft.btitle=Introductory+Oceanography&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-1-4288-3314-2&rft.pub=Academic+Internet+Publishers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Ghosal; Rogers; Wray, S.; M.; A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/http://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20040171754&qs=Ntx%3Dmode%2520matchany%26Ntk%3DTitle%26Ns%3DLoaded-Date">"The Effects of Turbulence on Phytoplankton"</a>. <i>Aerospace Technology Enterprise</i>. NTRS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2011</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhytoplankton&rft.atitle=The+Effects+of+Turbulence+on+Phytoplankton&rft.aufirst=S.%3B+M.%3B+A.&rft.au=Ghosal%3B+Rogers%3B+Wray%2C+S.%3B+M.%3B+A.&rft.aulast=Ghosal%3B+Rogers%3B+Wray&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fntrs.nasa.gov%2Fsearch.jsp%3FR%3D20040171754%26qs%3DNtx%253Dmode%252520matchany%2526Ntk%253DTitle%2526Ns%253DLoaded-Date&rft.jtitle=Aerospace+Technology+Enterprise&rft.pub=NTRS&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/modis_fluorescence.html">"NASA Satellite Detects Red Glow to Map Global Ocean Plant Health"</a> <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>, 28 May 2009.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/goddard/news/topstory/chlorophyll.html">"Satellite Sees Ocean Plants Increase, Coasts Greening"</a>. <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. 2 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2014</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhytoplankton&rft.btitle=Satellite+Sees+Ocean+Plants+Increase%2C+Coasts+Greening&rft.date=2+March+2005&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcenters%2Fgoddard%2Fnews%2Ftopstory%2Fchlorophyll.html&rft.pub=NASA&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Henson, S. A. et al. (2010). "Detection of anthropogenic climate change in satellite records of ocean chlorophyll and productivity". <i>Biogeosciences</i> <b>7</b> (2): 621–640. <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://dx.doi.org/10.5194%2Fbg-7-621-2010">10.5194/bg-7-621-2010</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhytoplankton&rft.atitle=Detection+of+anthropogenic+climate+change+in+satellite+records+of+ocean+chlorophyll+and+productivity&rft.au=Beaulieu%2C+C.&rft.au=Bopp%2C+L.&rft.au=Doney%2C+S.+C.&rft.au=Dunne%2C+J.+P.&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rft.au=Henson%2C+S.+A.&rft.au=John%2C+J.&rft.aulast=Henson&rft.au=Lima%2C+I.&rft.au=Sarmiento%2C+J.+L.&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fbg-7-621-2010&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Biogeosciences&rft.pages=621-640&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=7" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Steinacher, M. et al. (2010). "Projected 21st century decrease in marine productivity: a multi-model analysis". <i>Biogeosciences</i> <b>7</b> (3): 979–1005. <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://dx.doi.org/10.5194%2Fbg-7-979-2010">10.5194/bg-7-979-2010</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhytoplankton&rft.atitle=Projected+21st+century+decrease+in+marine+productivity%3A+a+multi-model+analysis&rft.au=Bopp%2C+L.&rft.au=Cadule%2C+P.&rft.au=Cocco%2C+V.&rft.au=Doney%2C+S.+C.&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Fr%C3%B6licher%2C+T.+L.&rft.au=Gehlen%2C+M.&rft.au=Joos%2C+F.&rft.aulast=Steinacher&rft.au=Lindsay%2C+K.&rft.au=Moore%2C+J.+K.&rft.au=Schneider%2C+B.&rft.au=Segschneider%2C+J.&rft.au=Steinacher%2C+M.&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fbg-7-979-2010&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Biogeosciences&rft.pages=979-1005&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=7" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-richtel07-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-richtel07_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation news">Richtel, M. (1 May 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/01/business/01plankton.html?ref=science">"Recruiting Plankton to Fight Global Warming"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhytoplankton&rft.atitle=Recruiting+Plankton+to+Fight+Global+Warming&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.aulast=Richtel&rft.au=Richtel%2C+M.&rft.date=1+May+2007&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F05%2F01%2Fbusiness%2F01plankton.html%3Fref%3Dscience&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: Monastersky, R.: "Iron versus the greenhouse." <i>Science News,</i> 30 September 1995, p. 220.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Wall, Tim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/http://news.discovery.com/earth/vitamin-deserts-limit-marine-life-120726.html#mkcpgn=rssnws1">"Vitamin Deserts Limit Marine Life"</a>. <i>Discovery News</i>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhytoplankton&rft.atitle=Vitamin+Deserts+Limit+Marine+Life&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.aulast=Wall&rft.au=Wall%2C+Tim&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.discovery.com%2Fearth%2Fvitamin-deserts-limit-marine-life-120726.html%23mkcpgn%3Drssnws1&rft.jtitle=Discovery+News&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Hallegraeff_03-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hallegraeff_03_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hallegraeff, G.M. (2003). Harmful algal blooms: a global overview. <i>in</i> Hallegraeff, G.M., Andewrson, D.M. and Cembella, A.D. (eds) 2003. <i>Manual on Harmful Marine Microalgae.</i> UNESCO, Paris</span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">G.E. Hutchinson (1961). "The paradox of the plankton". <i>Am. Nat.</i> <b>95</b> (882): 137–145. <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F282171">10.1086/282171</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhytoplankton&rft.atitle=The+paradox+of+the+plankton&rft.au=G.E.+Hutchinson&rft.aulast=G.E.+Hutchinson&rft.date=1961&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F282171&rft.issue=882&rft.jtitle=Am.+Nat.&rft.pages=137-145&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=95" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Oceanicphytoplankton-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oceanicphytoplankton_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">J. Charlson, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v326/n6114/abs/326655a0.html">"Oceanic phytoplankton, atmospheric sulphur, cloud albedo and climate"</a>. <i>Journal on Oceanic Phytoplankton</i> <b>326</b> (6114): 655–661. <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F326655a0">10.1038/326655a0</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhytoplankton&rft.atitle=Oceanic+phytoplankton%2C+atmospheric+sulphur%2C+cloud+albedo+and+climate&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=J.+Charlson%2C+Robert&rft.aulast=J.+Charlson&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv326%2Fn6114%2Fabs%2F326655a0.html&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F326655a0&rft.issue=6114&rft.jtitle=Journal+on+Oceanic+Phytoplankton&rft.pages=655-661&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=326" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v480/n7375/full/nature10580.html">"The case against climate regulation via oceanic phytoplankton sulphur emissions"</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhytoplankton&rft.btitle=The+case+against+climate+regulation+via+oceanic+phytoplankton+sulphur+emissions&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv480%2Fn7375%2Ffull%2Fnature10580.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Redfield, A.C. 1934. In James Johnstone Memorial Volume (ed. Daniel, R.J.) 176–192. Liverpool Univ. Press, Liverpool.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Arrigo_K.R_2005-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arrigo_K.R_2005_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arrigo_K.R_2005_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Arrigo, K.R. (2005). "Marine microorganisms and global nutrient cycles". <i>Nature</i> <b>437</b>: 349–355. <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature04159">10.1038/nature04159</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhytoplankton&rft.atitle=Marine+microorganisms+and+global+nutrient+cycles&rft.au=Arrigo%2C+K.R.&rft.aufirst=K.R.&rft.aulast=Arrigo&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature04159&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=349-355&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=437" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Fanning, K.A. (1989). "Influence of atmospheric pollution on nutrient limitation in the ocean". <i>Nature</i> <b>339</b> (6224): 460–463. <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F339460a0">10.1038/339460a0</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhytoplankton&rft.atitle=Influence+of+atmospheric+pollution+on+nutrient+limitation+in+the+ocean&rft.au=Fanning%2C+K.A.&rft.aufirst=K.A.&rft.aulast=Fanning&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F339460a0&rft.issue=6224&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=460-463&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=339" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sterner, R.W. & Elser, J.J. 2002. Ecological stoichiometry: the biology of elements from molecules to the biosphere. Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton</span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Klausmeier, C.A.; Litchman, E.; Levin, S.A. (2004). "Phytoplankton growth and stoichiometry under multiple nutrient limitation". <i>Limnology Oceanography</i> <b>49</b>: 1463–1470. <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://dx.doi.org/10.4319%2Flo.2004.49.4_part_2.1463">10.4319/lo.2004.49.4_part_2.1463</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhytoplankton&rft.atitle=Phytoplankton+growth+and+stoichiometry+under+multiple+nutrient+limitation&rft.aufirst=C.A.&rft.au=Klausmeier%2C+C.A.&rft.aulast=Klausmeier&rft.au=Levin%2C+S.A.&rft.au=Litchman%2C+E.&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4319%2Flo.2004.49.4_part_2.1463&rft.jtitle=Limnology+Oceanography&rft.pages=1463-1470&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=49" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Klausmeier, C.A.; Litchman, E.; Daufresne, T; Levin, S.A. (2004). "Optimal nitrogen-to-phosphorus stoichiometry of phytoplankton". <i>Nature</i> <b>429</b>: 171–174. <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature02454">10.1038/nature02454</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhytoplankton&rft.atitle=Optimal+nitrogen-to-phosphorus+stoichiometry+of+phytoplankton&rft.au=Daufresne%2C+T&rft.aufirst=C.A.&rft.au=Klausmeier%2C+C.A.&rft.aulast=Klausmeier&rft.au=Levin%2C+S.A.&rft.au=Litchman%2C+E.&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature02454&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=171-174&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=429" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Boyce, D.; Lewis, M.; Worm, B. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v466/n7306/full/nature09268.html">"Global phytoplankton decline over the past century"</a>. <i>Nature</i> <b>466</b> (7306): 591–596. <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature09268">10.1038/nature09268</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhytoplankton&rft.atitle=Global+phytoplankton+decline+over+the+past+century&rft.au=Boyce%2C+D.&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.au=Lewis%2C+M.&rft.au=Worm%2C+B.&rft.date=2010&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv466%2Fn7306%2Ffull%2Fnature09268.html&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature09268&rft.issue=7306&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=591-596&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=466" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/http://www.nature.com/news/2010/100728/full/news.2010.379.html">"Ocean greenery under warming stress"</a> <i>Nature News</i>, 28 July 2010. <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews.2010.379">10.1038/news.2010.379</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Mackas, D. L. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v472/n7342/full/nature09951.html">"Does blending of chlorophyll data bias temporal trend?"</a>. <i>Nature</i> <b>472</b>: E4–E5. <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature09951">10.1038/nature09951</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhytoplankton&rft.atitle=Does+blending+of+chlorophyll+data+bias+temporal+trend%3F&rft.aufirst=D.+L.&rft.aulast=Mackas&rft.au=Mackas%2C+D.+L.&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv472%2Fn7342%2Ffull%2Fnature09951.html&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature09951&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=E4-E5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=472" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Rykaczewski, R. R.; Dunne, J. P. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v472/n7342/full/nature09952.html">"A measured look at ocean chlorophyll trends"</a>. <i>Nature</i> <b>472</b>: E5–E6. <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature09952">10.1038/nature09952</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhytoplankton&rft.atitle=A+measured+look+at+ocean+chlorophyll+trends&rft.au=Dunne%2C+J.+P.&rft.aufirst=R.+R.&rft.aulast=Rykaczewski&rft.au=Rykaczewski%2C+R.+R.&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv472%2Fn7342%2Ffull%2Fnature09952.html&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature09952&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=E5-E6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=472" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">McQuatters-Gollop, A. et al. "Is there a decline in marine phytoplankton?". <i>Nature</i> <b>472</b>. <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature09950">10.1038/nature09950</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhytoplankton&rft.atitle=Is+there+a+decline+in+marine+phytoplankton%3F&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.aulast=McQuatters-Gollop&rft.au=McQuatters-Gollop%2C+A.&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature09950&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=472" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33">CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (<a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Explicit_use_of_et_al." title="Category:CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.">link</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Boyce, D.G. et al. "Boyce <i>et al.</i> reply". <i>Nature</i> <b>472</b>. <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature09952">10.1038/nature09952</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhytoplankton&rft.atitle=Boyce+et+al.+reply&rft.au=Boyce%2C+D.G.&rft.aufirst=D.G.&rft.aulast=Boyce&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature09952&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=472" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33">CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al. (<a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Explicit_use_of_et_al." title="Category:CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.">link</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Xu, Yan; Morel, François (2013). "Chapter 16. Cadmium in marine phytoplankton". In Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel and Roland K. O. Sigel. <i>Cadmium: From Toxicology to Essentiality</i>. Metal Ions in Life Sciences <b>11</b>. Springer. pp. 509–528. <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2F978-94-007-5179-8_7">10.1007/978-94-007-5179-8_7</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhytoplankton&rft.atitle=Chapter+16.+Cadmium+in+marine+phytoplankton&rft.aufirst=Yan&rft.aulast=Xu&rft.au=Morel%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.au=Xu%2C+Yan&rft.btitle=Cadmium%3A+From+Toxicology+to+Essentiality&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-94-007-5179-8_7&rft.pages=509-528&rft.pub=Springer&rft.series=Metal+Ions+in+Life+Sciences&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.volume=11" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">FAO Fisheries Technical Paper. No. 410. Rome, FAO. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y2787e/y2787e00.htm">Climate Change and Long-Term Fluctuations of Commercial Catches</a>. United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Antoine, D. et al. (2005). "Bridging ocean color observations of the 1980s and 2000s in search of long-term trends". <i>Journal of Geophysical Research</i> <b>110</b>. <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JGRC..110.6009A">2005JGRC..110.6009A</a>. <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F2004JC002620">10.1029/2004JC002620</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhytoplankton&rft.atitle=Bridging+ocean+color+observations+of+the+1980s+and+2000s+in+search+of+long-term+trends&rft.au=Antoine%2C+D.&rft.au=Banzon%2C+V.J.&rft.au=Evans%2C+R.H.&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.au=Gordon%2C+H.R.&rft.aulast=Antoine&rft.au=Morel%2C+A.&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JGRC..110.6009A&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2004JC002620&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=110" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Knorr, W. (2009). "Is the airborne fraction of anthropogenic CO2 emissions increasing?". <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i> <b>36</b> (21). <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009GeoRL..3621710K">2009GeoRL..3621710K</a>. <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F2009GL040613">10.1029/2009GL040613</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhytoplankton&rft.atitle=Is+the+airborne+fraction+of+anthropogenic+CO2+emissions+increasing%3F&rft.au=Knorr%2C+W.&rft.aulast=Knorr%2C+W.&rft.date=2009&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009GeoRL..3621710K&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2009GL040613&rft.issue=21&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=36" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Raitsos, D. et al. (2005). "Extending the SeaWiFS chlorophyll data set back 50 years in the northeast Atlantic". <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i> <b>32</b> (6). <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005GeoRL..32.6603R">2005GeoRL..32.6603R</a>. <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F2005GL022484">10.1029/2005GL022484</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhytoplankton&rft.atitle=Extending+the+SeaWiFS+chlorophyll+data+set+back+50+years+in+the+northeast+Atlantic&rft.au=Edwards%2C+M.&rft.aufirst=D.&rft.aulast=Raitsos&rft.au=Lavender%2C+S.J.&rft.au=Raitsos%2C+D.&rft.au=Reid%2C+P.C.&rft.au=Richardson%2C+A.J.&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005GeoRL..32.6603R&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2005GL022484&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=32" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monthly anomalies of global NPP seen via Sea-Viewing Wide Field-of-View Sensor (Sea WiFS): <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v444/n7120/images/nature05317-f2.2.jpg">http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v444/n7120/images/nature05317-f2.2.jpg</a>. Retrieved 28 June 2012.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Sarmiento, J.L. et al. (2004). "Response of ocean ecosystems to climate warming". <i>Global Biogeochemical Cycles</i> <b>18</b> (3): n/a. <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004GBioC..18.3003S">2004GBioC..18.3003S</a>. <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://dx.doi.org/10.1029%2F2003GB002134">10.1029/2003GB002134</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhytoplankton&rft.atitle=Response+of+ocean+ecosystems+to+climate+warming&rft.au=Barber%2C+R.&rft.au=Bopp%2C+L.&rft.au=Doney%2C+S.C.&rft.aufirst=J.L.&rft.au=Hirst%2C+A.C.&rft.au=Kleypas%2C+J.&rft.aulast=Sarmiento&rft.au=Matear%2C+R.&rft.au=Mikolajewicz%2C+U.&rft.au=Monfray%2C+P.&rft.au=Sarmiento%2C+J.L.&rft.au=Slater%2C+R.&rft.au=Soldatov%2C+V.&rft.au=Spall%2C+S.A.&rft.au=Stouffer%2C+R.&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004GBioC..18.3003S&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2003GB002134&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Global+Biogeochemical+Cycles&rft.pages=n%2Fa&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=18" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Presentation: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/DOCS/ScienceTeam/OCRT_Apr2004/barber_ocrt04.pdf">http://oceancolor.gsfc.nasa.gov/DOCS/ScienceTeam/OCRT_Apr2004/barber_ocrt04.pdf</a></span></li> <li id="cite_note-mcvey-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcvey_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcvey_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcvey_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcvey_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McVey, James P., Nai-Hsien Chao, and Cheng-Sheng Lee. CRC Handbook of Mariculture Vol. 1 : Crustacean Aquaculture. New York: C R C P LLC, 1993.</span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Further_reading">Further reading</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phytoplankton&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li>Greeson, Phillip E. (1982). <i>An annotated key to the identification of commonly occurring and dominant genera of Algae observed in the Phytoplankton of the United States</i> [Geological Survey Water-Supply Paper 2079]. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office.</li> <li>Kirby, Richard R. (2010). <i>Ocean Drifters: A Secret World Beneath the Waves</i>. Studio Cactus Ltd, UK. <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904239109" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-904239-10-9</a>.</li> <li><span class="citation journal">Martin, Ronald; Quigg, Antonietta (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=tiny-plants-that-once-ruled-the-sea">"Tiny Plants That Once Ruled the Seas"</a>. <i><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i> <b>2013</b> (June): 40. <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013SciAm.308f..40M">2013SciAm.308f..40M</a>. <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0613-40">10.1038/scientificamerican0613-40</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 June</span> 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APhytoplankton&rft.atitle=Tiny+Plants+That+Once+Ruled+the+Seas&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.au=Martin%2C+Ronald&rft.au=Quigg%2C+Antonietta&rft.date=2013&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3Dtiny-plants-that-once-ruled-the-sea&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2013SciAm.308f..40M&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0613-40&rft.issue=June&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.pages=40&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=2013" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size: 90%; color: #555">(subscription required)</span></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phytoplankton&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/http://www.secchidisk.org/">Secchi Disk and Secchi app</a> Citizen science project to study the phytoplankton</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/http://vimeo.com/84872751/">Ocean Drifters</a> Short film narrated by David Attenborough about the varied roles of plankton</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/http://www.planktonchronicles.org/en">Plankton Chronicles</a> Short documentary films & photos</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/http://saga.pmel.noaa.gov/review/dms_climate.html">NOAA, DMS and Climate</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/http://planktonnet.sb-roscoff.fr/index.php">Plankton*Net</a> : Images of planktonic species</li> </ul> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Plankton" title="Template:Plankton"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Plankton" title="Template talk:Plankton"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Plankton&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">Plankton</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">About <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLAW_hypothesis" title="CLAW hypothesis">CLAW hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:High_lipid_content_microalgae" title="Category:High lipid content microalgae">High lipid content microalgae</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holoplankton" title="Holoplankton">Holoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meroplankton" title="Meroplankton">Meroplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milky_seas_effect" title="Milky seas effect">Milky seas effect</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox_of_the_plankton" title="Paradox of the plankton">Paradox of the plankton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planktology" title="Planktology">Planktology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_tide" title="Red tide">Red tide</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_bloom" title="Spring bloom">Spring bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_layers_(oceanography)" title="Thin layers (oceanography)">Thin layers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Planktology" title="Category:Planktology">More...</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="13" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"> <div><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Diatoms through the microscope.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/140px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg" width="140" height="92" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/210px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg/280px-Diatoms_through_the_microscope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="1180"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">By size</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_eukaryotic_picoplankton_species" title="List of eukaryotic picoplankton species">Eukaryotic picoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotrophic_picoplankton" title="Heterotrophic picoplankton">Heterotrophic picoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microphyte" title="Microphyte">Microphyte (microalgae)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanophytoplankton" title="Nanophytoplankton">Nanophytoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthetic_picoplankton" title="Photosynthetic picoplankton">Photosynthetic picoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picobiliphyte" title="Picobiliphyte">Picobiliphyte</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picoeukaryote" title="Picoeukaryote">Picoeukaryote</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picoplankton" title="Picoplankton">Picoplankton</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterioplankton" title="Bacterioplankton">Bacterioplankton</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><i><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteriastrum" title="Bacteriastrum">Bacteriastrum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeromonas_salmonicida" title="Aeromonas salmonicida">Aeromonas salmonicida</a></i></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobiont" title="Cyanobiont">Cyanobiont</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanotoxin" title="Cyanotoxin">Cyanotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteric_redmouth_disease" title="Enteric redmouth disease">Enteric redmouth disease</a></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavobacterium" title="Flavobacterium">Flavobacterium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavobacterium_columnare" title="Flavobacterium columnare">Flavobacterium columnare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagibacter_ubique" title="Pelagibacter ubique">Pelagibacter ubique</a></i></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_bacteriophage" title="Marine bacteriophage">Marine bacteriophage</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAR11_clade" title="SAR11 clade">SAR11 clade</a></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streptococcus_iniae" title="Streptococcus iniae">Streptococcus iniae</a></i></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><strong class="selflink">Phytoplankton</strong></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxospore" title="Auxospore">Auxospore</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axodine" title="Axodine">Axodine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetoceros" title="Chaetoceros">Chaetoceros</a></i></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetocerotaceae" title="Chaetocerotaceae">Chaetocerotaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coccolithophore" title="Coccolithophore">Coccolithophore</a></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emiliania_huxleyi" title="Emiliania huxleyi">Emiliania huxleyi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustigmatophyte" title="Eustigmatophyte">Eustigmatophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frustule" title="Frustule">Frustule</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterokont" title="Heterokont">Heterokont</a></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nannochloropsis" title="Nannochloropsis">Nannochloropsis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navicula" title="Navicula">Navicula</a></i></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prasinophyceae" title="Prasinophyceae">Prasinophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raphidophyte" title="Raphidophyte">Raphidophyte</a></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalassiosira_pseudonana" title="Thalassiosira pseudonana">Thalassiosira pseudonana</a></i></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatom" title="Diatom">Diatom orders</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coscinodiscophyceae" title="Coscinodiscophyceae">Centrales</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennales" title="Pennales">Pennales</a></li> <li>(Classes: <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coscinodiscophyceae" title="Coscinodiscophyceae">Coscinodiscophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragilariophyceae" title="Fragilariophyceae">Fragilariophyceae</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillariophyceae" title="Bacillariophyceae" class="mw-redirect">Bacillariophyceae</a>)</li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellate" title="Flagellate">Flagellates</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brevetoxin" title="Brevetoxin">Brevetoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choanoflagellate" title="Choanoflagellate">Choanoflagellates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinoflagellate" title="Dinoflagellate">Dinoflagellates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">Flagellum</a></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pfiesteria_piscicida" title="Pfiesteria piscicida">Pfiesteria piscicida</a></i></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxitoxin" title="Saxitoxin">Saxitoxin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbiodinium" title="Symbiodinium">Symbiodinium</a></i></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velvet_(fish_disease)" title="Velvet (fish disease)">Velvet (fish disease)</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">Zooplankton</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaetognatha" title="Chaetognatha">Chaetognatha</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciguatera" title="Ciguatera">Ciguatera</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctenophora" title="Ctenophora">Ctenophora</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelatinous_zooplankton" title="Gelatinous zooplankton">Gelatinous zooplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting_copepods" title="Hunting copepods" class="mw-redirect">Hunting copepods</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyoplankton" title="Ichthyoplankton">Ichthyoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jellyfish" title="Jellyfish">Jellyfish</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_larval_ecology" title="Marine larval ecology">Marine larvae</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean_larvae" title="Crustacean larvae">Crustacean larvae</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmon_louse" title="Salmon louse">Salmon louse</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_louse" title="Sea louse">Sea louse</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">Copepod orders</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calanoida" title="Calanoida">Calanoida</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclopoida" title="Cyclopoida">Cyclopoida</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpacticoida" title="Harpacticoida">Harpacticoida</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monstrilloida" title="Monstrilloida">Monstrilloida</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poecilostomatoida" title="Poecilostomatoida">Poecilostomatoida</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siphonostomatoida" title="Siphonostomatoida">Siphonostomatoida</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Copepods" title="Category:Copepods">More...</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Related topics</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeroplankton" title="Aeroplankton">Aeroplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algaculture" title="Algaculture">Algaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal_mat" title="Algal mat">Algal mat</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal_nutrient_solutions" title="Algal nutrient solutions" class="mw-redirect">Algal nutrient solutions</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_seawater" title="Artificial seawater">Artificial seawater</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autotroph" title="Autotroph">Autotrophs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_pump" title="Biological pump">Biological pump</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diel_vertical_migration" title="Diel vertical migration">Diel vertical migration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimethylsulfoniopropionate" title="Dimethylsulfoniopropionate">Dimethylsulfoniopropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-ratio" title="F-ratio">f-ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterotroph" title="Heterotroph">Heterotroph</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-Nutrient,_low-chlorophyll" title="High-Nutrient, low-chlorophyll">HNLC</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macroalgae" title="Macroalgae" class="mw-redirect">Macroalgae</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manta_trawl" title="Manta trawl">Manta trawl</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_mucilage" title="Marine mucilage" class="mw-redirect">Marine mucilage</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_mat" title="Microbial mat">Microbial mat</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Ocean acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">Primary production</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stromatolite" title="Stromatolite">Stromatolite</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tychoplankton" title="Tychoplankton">Tychoplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoid" title="Zoid">Zoid</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Microbial_Oceanography:_Research_and_Education" title="Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education">C-MORE</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_Plankton_Recorder" title="Continuous Plankton Recorder">CPR</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Continuous_Plankton_Recorder_Survey" title="Australian Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey">AusCPR</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOCNESS" title="MOCNESS">MOCNESS</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCAR_Southern_Ocean_Continuous_Plankton_Recorder_Survey" title="SCAR Southern Ocean Continuous Plankton Recorder Survey">SCAR</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em"> </span> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystems</a> – <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">general</a> and <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">freshwater</a> components</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">General</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_ecology" title="Acoustic ecology">Acoustic ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_adaptation" title="Aquatic adaptation">Adaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent-based_model_in_biology#Aquatic_population_dynamics" title="Agent-based model in biology">Agent-based models</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoxic_waters" title="Anoxic waters">Anoxic waters</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">Aquatic animals</a> (<a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_insects" title="Aquatic insects" class="mw-redirect">Insects</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_mammal" title="Aquatic mammal">Mammals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">Aquatic plants</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_science" title="Aquatic science">Aquatic science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benthos" title="Benthos">Benthos</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_biodiversity_research" title="Aquatic biodiversity research">Biodiversity research</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioluminescence" title="Bioluminescence">Bioluminescence</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_biomonitoring" title="Aquatic biomonitoring">Biomonitoring</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade_effect_(ecology)" title="Cascade effect (ecology)">Cascade effect</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colored_dissolved_organic_matter" title="Colored dissolved organic matter">Colored dissolved organic matter</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underwater_camouflage_and_mimicry" title="Underwater camouflage and mimicry" class="mw-redirect">Camouflage & Mimicry</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">Dead zone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecohydrology" title="Ecohydrology">Ecohydrology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Ecosystems</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">Food chain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_web" title="Food web">Food web</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GIS_and_aquatic_science" title="GIS and aquatic science">GIS and aquatic science</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrobiology" title="Hydrobiology">Hydrobiology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypoxia_(environmental)" title="Hypoxia (environmental)">Hypoxia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope_analysis#Stable_isotope_analysis_in_aquatic_ecosystems" title="Isotope analysis">Isotope analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_ecology" title="Microbial ecology">Microbial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_food_web" title="Microbial food web">Microbial food web</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial_loop" title="Microbial loop">Microbial loop</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nekton" title="Nekton">Nekton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuston" title="Neuston">Neuston</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Particle_(ecology)" title="Particle (ecology)">Particle</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">Photic zone</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">Phytoplankton</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">Plankton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleuston" title="Pleuston">Pleuston</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_predation" title="Aquatic predation">Predation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Productivity_(ecology)" title="Productivity (ecology)">Productivity</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_respiration" title="Aquatic respiration">Respiration</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Schooling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment_trap" title="Sediment trap">Sediment trap</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siltation" title="Siltation">Siltation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spawn_(biology)" title="Spawn (biology)">Spawning</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate_(marine_biology)" title="Substrate (marine biology)">Substrate</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_pollution" title="Thermal pollution">Thermal pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_toxicology" title="Aquatic toxicology">Toxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic level</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">Water column</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">Zooplankton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Aquatic_ecology" title="Category:Aquatic ecology">More...</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"> <div><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Estuary-mouth.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Estuary-mouth.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Estuary-mouth.jpg/140px-Estuary-mouth.jpg" width="140" height="94" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Estuary-mouth.jpg/210px-Estuary-mouth.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Estuary-mouth.jpg/280px-Estuary-mouth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="307" data-file-height="206"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">Freshwater</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_biology" title="Freshwater biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_biome" title="Freshwater biome" class="mw-redirect">Biomes</a></li> <li>Ecosystems <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_ecosystem" title="Freshwater ecosystem">freshwater</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_ecosystem" title="Lake ecosystem">lake</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_ecosystem" title="River ecosystem">river</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyporheic_zone" title="Hyporheic zone">Hyporheic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limnology" title="Limnology">Limnology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_stratification" title="Lake stratification">Lake stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrophyte" title="Macrophyte">Macrophyte</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">fish pond</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheotaxis" title="Rheotaxis">Rheotaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">Stream bed</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trophic_state_index" title="Trophic state index">Trophic state index</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upland_and_lowland_(freshwater_ecology)" title="Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)">Upland and lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water garden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetland</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_swamp_forest" title="Freshwater swamp forest">swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">bog</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">fen</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_environmental_quality_parameters" title="Freshwater environmental quality parameters">Environmental quality</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Freshwater_ecology" title="Category:Freshwater ecology">More...</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion" title="Ecoregion">Ecoregions</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion#Freshwater" title="Ecoregion">Freshwater</a> (<a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_freshwater_ecoregions_(WWF)" title="List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion#Marine" title="Ecoregion">Marine</a> (<a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_marine_ecoregions" title="List of marine ecoregions">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_and_ecology_of_the_Everglades" title="Geography and ecology of the Everglades">The Everglades</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freshwater_ecology_of_Maharashtra" title="Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem_of_the_North_Pacific_Subtropical_Gyre" title="Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre">The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecology_of_the_San_Francisco_Estuary" title="Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary">The San Francisco Estuary</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style=";"><span style="float:left;width:6em"> </span> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystems</a> – <a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine</a> components</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">Marine</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_chemistry" title="Marine chemistry" class="mw-redirect">Chemistry</a></li> <li>Ecosystems <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_marine_ecosystem" title="Large marine ecosystem">large marine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine</a>)</li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-ratio" title="F-ratio"><i>f</i>-ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_fertilization" title="Iron fertilization">Iron fertilization</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_snow" title="Marine snow">Marine snow</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_nourishment" title="Ocean nourishment" class="mw-redirect">Ocean nourishment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanic_physical-biological_process" title="Oceanic physical-biological process">Oceanic physical-biological process</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_turbidity" title="Ocean turbidity">Ocean turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophore" title="Photophore">Photophore</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorson%27s_rule" title="Thorson's rule">Thorson's rule</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whale_fall" title="Whale fall">Whale fall</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Marine_biology" title="Category:Marine biology">More...</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> <td class="navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"> <div><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maldivesfish2.jpg" class="image"><img alt="Maldivesfish2.jpg" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/140px-Maldivesfish2.jpg" width="140" height="95" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/210px-Maldivesfish2.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Maldivesfish2.jpg/280px-Maldivesfish2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1228"/></a></div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life" class="mw-redirect">Marine<br/> life forms</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_bacteriophage" title="Marine bacteriophage">Bacteriophages</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census_of_Marine_Life" title="Census of Marine Life">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">coastal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_sea_fish" title="Deep sea fish">deep sea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">demersal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_sea_communities" title="Deep sea communities">Deep sea communities</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_sea_creature" title="Deep sea creature">Deep sea creature</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep-water_coral" title="Deep-water coral">Deep-water coral</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_invertebrates" title="Marine invertebrates">Invertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_larval_ecology" title="Marine larval ecology">Larvae</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">Mammals</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox_of_the_plankton" title="Paradox of the plankton">Paradox of the plankton</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_reptile" title="Marine reptile">Reptiles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">Seabirds</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seashore_wildlife" title="Seashore wildlife">Seashore wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_vertebrate" title="Marine vertebrate">Vertebrates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_habitats" title="Marine habitats">Marine<br/> habitats</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">Bay mud</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_smoker" title="Black smoker" class="mw-redirect">Black smokers</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seeps</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davidson_Seamount#Ecology" title="Davidson Seamount">Davidson Seamount</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuaries</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertidal_ecology" title="Intertidal ecology">Intertidal ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">Kelp forests</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vents</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoons</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangroves</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_biomes" title="Marine biomes" class="mw-redirect">Marine biomes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_habitats" title="Marine habitats">Marine habitats</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflats</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shores</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marshes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_pannes_and_pools" title="Salt pannes and pools">Salt pannes and pools</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">Seagrass meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge_reef" title="Sponge reef">Sponge reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pools</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em">Issues</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_values_of_mangrove" title="Ecological values of mangrove" class="mw-redirect">Ecological values of mangrove</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisheries_and_climate_change" title="Fisheries and climate change">Fisheries and climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotspot_Ecosystem_Research_and_Man%27s_Impact_On_European_Seas" title="Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas">HERMIONE</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_conservation_activism" title="Marine conservation activism">Marine conservation activism</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Protected_Area" title="Marine Protected Area" class="mw-redirect">Marine Protected Area</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table>    <noscript><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" title="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"/></noscript></div> <div class="printfooter"> Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phytoplankton&oldid=651275231">http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phytoplankton&oldid=651275231</a>" </div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Aquatic_ecology" title="Category:Aquatic ecology">Aquatic ecology</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Biological_oceanography" title="Category:Biological oceanography">Biological oceanography</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Planktology" title="Category:Planktology">Planktology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_Explicit_use_of_et_al." title="Category:CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.">CS1 maint: Explicit use of et al.</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2012" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2012">Use dmy dates from April 2012</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Commons_category_with_local_link_same_as_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category with local link same as on Wikidata">Commons category with local link same as on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Commons_category_with_local_link_different_than_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata">Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content" title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content">Pages containing links to subscription-only content</a></li></ul></div></div> <div class="visualClear"></div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-navigation"> <h2>Navigation menu</h2> <div id="mw-head"> <div id="p-personal" role="navigation" class="" aria-labelledby="p-personal-label"> <h3 id="p-personal-label">Personal tools</h3> <ul> <li id="pt-createaccount"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Phytoplankton&type=signup" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory">Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Phytoplankton" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o">Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> <div id="left-navigation"> <div id="p-namespaces" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-namespaces-label"> <h3 id="p-namespaces-label">Namespaces</h3> <ul> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected"><span><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></span></li> <li id="ca-talk"><span><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Phytoplankton" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></span></li> </ul> </div> <div id="p-variants" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-variants-label"> <h3 id="p-variants-label"><span>Variants</span><a href="#"></a></h3> <div class="menu"> <ul> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="right-navigation"> <div id="p-views" role="navigation" class="vectorTabs" aria-labelledby="p-views-label"> <h3 id="p-views-label">Views</h3> <ul> <li id="ca-view" class="selected"><span><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplankton">Read</a></span></li> <li id="ca-edit"><span><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phytoplankton&action=edit" title="You can edit this page. Please use the preview button before saving [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></span></li> <li id="ca-history" class="collapsible"><span><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phytoplankton&action=history" title="Past versions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></span></li> </ul> </div> <div id="p-cactions" role="navigation" class="vectorMenu emptyPortlet" aria-labelledby="p-cactions-label"> <h3 id="p-cactions-label"><span>More</span><a href="#"></a></h3> <div class="menu"> <ul> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-search" role="search"> <h3> <label for="searchInput">Search</label> </h3> <form action="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php" id="searchform"> <div id="simpleSearch"> <input type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput"/><input type="hidden" value="Special:Search" name="title"/><input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search" title="Search Wikipedia for this text" id="mw-searchButton" class="searchButton mw-fallbackSearchButton"/><input type="submit" name="go" value="Go" title="Go to a page with this exact name if one exists" id="searchButton" class="searchButton"/> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mw-panel"> <div id="p-logo" role="banner"><a class="mw-wiki-logo" href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page"></a></div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-navigation" aria-labelledby="p-navigation-label"> <h3 id="p-navigation-label">Navigation</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="n-mainpage-description"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li> <li id="n-contents"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li> <li id="n-featuredcontent"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Featured_content" title="Featured content – the best of Wikipedia">Featured content</a></li> <li id="n-currentevents"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Find background information on current events">Current events</a></li> <li id="n-randompage"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Random" title="Load a random article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li> <li id="n-sitesupport"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" title="Support us">Donate to Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="n-shoplink"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://shop.wikimedia.org/" title="Visit the Wikimedia Shop">Wikipedia store</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-interaction" aria-labelledby="p-interaction-label"> <h3 id="p-interaction-label">Interaction</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="n-help"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li> <li id="n-aboutsite"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Find out about Wikipedia">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="n-portal"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things">Community portal</a></li> <li id="n-recentchanges"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes in the wiki [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li> <li id="n-contactpage"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact page</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-tb" aria-labelledby="p-tb-label"> <h3 id="p-tb-label">Tools</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="t-whatlinkshere"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Phytoplankton" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li> <li id="t-recentchangeslinked"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Phytoplankton" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li> <li id="t-upload"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li> <li id="t-specialpages"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li> <li id="t-permalink"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phytoplankton&oldid=651275231" title="Permanent link to this revision of the page">Permanent link</a></li> <li id="t-info"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phytoplankton&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li> <li id="t-wikibase"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184755" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> <li id="t-cite"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Phytoplankton&id=651275231" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-coll-print_export" aria-labelledby="p-coll-print_export-label"> <h3 id="p-coll-print_export-label">Print/export</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li id="coll-create_a_book"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Phytoplankton">Create a book</a></li> <li id="coll-download-as-rdf2latex"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=render_article&arttitle=Phytoplankton&oldid=651275231&writer=rdf2latex">Download as PDF</a></li> <li id="t-print"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phytoplankton&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="portal" role="navigation" id="p-lang" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label"> <h3 id="p-lang-label">Languages</h3> <div class="body"> <ul> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82_%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عوالق نباتية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar">العربية</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фітапланктон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be">Беларуская</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фитопланктон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitopl%C3%A0ncton" title="Fitoplàncton – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fytoplankton" title="Fytoplankton – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planteplankton" title="Planteplankton – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCtoplankton" title="Fütoplankton – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et">Eesti</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%8C%CE%BD" title="Φυτοπλαγκτόν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitoplancton" title="Fitoplancton – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitoplanktono" title="Fitoplanktono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitoplankton" title="Fitoplankton – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="فیتوپلانکتون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytoplancton" title="Phytoplancton – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luibhean-luaisgein" title="Luibhean-luaisgein – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd">Gàidhlig</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitoplancto" title="Fitoplancto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9D%EB%AC%BC%EC%84%B1_%ED%94%8C%EB%9E%91%ED%81%AC%ED%86%A4" title="식물성 플랑크톤 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitoplankton" title="Fitoplankton – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitoplankton" title="Fitoplankton – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurtasvif" title="Jurtasvif – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is">Íslenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitoplancton" title="Fitoplancton – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F" title="פיטופלנקטון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitoplankton" title="Fitoplankton – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv">Basa Jawa</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ფიტოპლანქტონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka">ქართული</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фитопланктон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitoplanktonas" title="Fitoplanktonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitoplankton" title="Fitoplankton – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фитопланктон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitoplankton" title="Fitoplankton – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms">Bahasa Melayu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fytoplankton" title="Fytoplankton – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3" title="植物プランクトン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planteplankton" title="Planteplankton – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn">Norsk nynorsk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitoplankton" title="Fitoplankton – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitopl%C3%A2ncton" title="Fitoplâncton – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitoplancton" title="Fitoplancton – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фитопланктон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitoplankton" title="Fitoplankton – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitoplankton" title="Fitoplankton – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasviplankton" title="Kasviplankton – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fytoplankton" title="Fytoplankton – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitoplankton" title="Fitoplankton – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Фітопланктон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%B1c_v%E1%BA%ADt_ph%C3%B9_du" title="Thực vật phù du – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%AE%E6%B8%B8%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="浮游植物 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li> <li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href="#"></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184755#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last modified on 14 March 2015, at 01:28.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="license" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a><a rel="license" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/" style="display:none;"></a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://www.wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Privacy_policy" title="wikimedia:Privacy policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimer"><a href="/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" title="Wikipedia:General disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/How_to_contribute">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phytoplankton&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://wikimediafoundation.org/"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/images/wikimedia-button.png" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/images/wikimedia-button-1.5x.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/images/wikimedia-button-2x.png 2x" width="88" height="31" alt="Wikimedia Foundation"/></a> </li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"> <a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108/https://www.mediawiki.org/"><img src="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf22/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_88x31.png" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf22/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_132x47.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150327051108im_/https://bits.wikimedia.org/static-1.25wmf22/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki_176x62.png 2x" width="88" height="31"/></a> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both"></div> </div> <script>/*<![CDATA[*/window.jQuery && jQuery.ready();/*]]>*/</script><script>var _mwq = _mwq || []; _mwq.push( function ( mw ) { mw.loader.state({"ext.globalCssJs.site":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","site":"loading","user":"ready","user.groups":"ready"}); } );</script> <script>var _mwq = _mwq || []; _mwq.push( function ( mw ) { mw.loader.load(["ext.cite","mediawiki.toc","mediawiki.action.view.postEdit","mediawiki.user","mediawiki.hidpi","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.searchSuggest","ext.gadget.teahouse","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.DRN-wizard","ext.gadget.charinsert","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.featured-articles-links","ext.wikiEditor.init","mmv.bootstrap.autostart","ext.imageMetrics.loader","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.eventLogging.subscriber","ext.wikimediaEvents.statsd","ext.navigationTiming","schema.UniversalLanguageSelector","ext.uls.eventlogger","ext.uls.interlanguage"],null,true); } );</script> <script>var _mwq = _mwq || []; _mwq.push( function ( mw ) { document.write("\u003Cscript src=\"//bits.wikimedia.org/en.wikipedia.org/load.php?debug=false\u0026amp;lang=en\u0026amp;modules=site\u0026amp;only=scripts\u0026amp;skin=vector\u0026amp;*\"\u003E\u003C/script\u003E"); } );</script> <script>var _mwq = _mwq || []; _mwq.push( function ( mw ) { mw.config.set({"wgBackendResponseTime":107,"wgHostname":"mw1176"}); } );</script> </body> </html>