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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life and education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gorky_Colony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gorky_Colony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>Gorky Colony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gorky_Colony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dzerzhinsky_labour_commune" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dzerzhinsky_labour_commune"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Dzerzhinsky labour commune</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dzerzhinsky_labour_commune-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Book_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Book_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.4</span> <span>Book publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Book_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brovary_labour_colony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brovary_labour_colony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.5</span> <span>Brovary labour colony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brovary_labour_colony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Moscow:_flight,_books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Moscow:_flight,_books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.6</span> <span>In Moscow: flight, books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Moscow:_flight,_books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism_and_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_and_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Criticism and response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_and_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selected_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selected_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Selected bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selected_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Makarenko" title="Anton Makarenko – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Anton Makarenko" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88" title="آنتوان سیمینوویچ ماکارنکو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آنتوان سیمینوویچ ماکارنکو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Макаренко Антон Семёнович – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Макаренко Антон Семёнович" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D1%8F%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Антон Сямёнавіч Макаранка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Антон Сямёнавіч Макаранка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Антон Макаренко – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антон Макаренко" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Mak%C3%A0renko" title="Anton Makàrenko – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anton Makàrenko" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Semjonovi%C4%8D_Makarenko" title="Anton Semjonovič Makarenko – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Anton Semjonovič Makarenko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Semjonowitsch_Makarenko" title="Anton Semjonowitsch Makarenko – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Anton Semjonowitsch Makarenko" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B3n_Mak%C3%A1renko" title="Antón Makárenko – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antón Makárenko" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Makarenko" title="Anton Makarenko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Anton Makarenko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88" title="آنتوان سیمینوویچ ماکارنکو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنتوان سیمینوویچ ماکارنکو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Makarenko" title="Anton Makarenko – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anton Makarenko" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Makarenko" title="Anton Makarenko – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Anton Makarenko" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%ED%86%A4_%EB%A7%88%EC%B9%B4%EB%A0%8C%EC%BD%94" title="안톤 마카렌코 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="안톤 마카렌코" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%B8" title="Անտոն Մակարենկո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անտոն Մակարենկո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Makarenko" title="Anton Makarenko – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Anton Makarenko" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Semenovy%C4%8D_Makarenko" title="Anton Semenovyč Makarenko – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anton Semenovyč Makarenko" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A1%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A5%27_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A7%D7%95" title="אנטון סמיונוביץ' מקרנקו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטון סמיונוביץ' מקרנקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Антон Семенович Макаренко – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Антон Семенович Макаренко" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Антон Макаренко – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Антон Макаренко" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonius_Makarenko" title="Antonius Makarenko – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Antonius Makarenko" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Szemjonovics_Makarenko" title="Anton Szemjonovics Makarenko – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Anton Szemjonovics Makarenko" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B" title="अँतोन सेम्योनोविच माकारेन्को – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="अँतोन सेम्योनोविच माकारेन्को" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Makarenko" title="Anton Makarenko – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Anton Makarenko" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B3" title="アントン・マカレンコ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アントン・マカレンコ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Makarenko" title="Anton Makarenko – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Anton Makarenko" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Makarenko" title="Anton Makarenko – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Anton Makarenko" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B" title="ਅਨਤੋਨ ਮਕਾਰੈਂਕੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਨਤੋਨ ਮਕਾਰੈਂਕੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88" title="انتون ماکارینکو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="انتون ماکارینکو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Makarenko" title="Anton Makarenko – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Anton Makarenko" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Makarenko" title="Anton Makarenko – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anton Makarenko" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE,_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Макаренко, Антон Семёнович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Макаренко, Антон Семёнович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Makarenko" title="Anton Makarenko – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Anton Makarenko" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Makarenko" title="Anton Makarenko – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Anton Makarenko" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%86_%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%86" title="ئانتۆن ماکارینکۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئانتۆن ماکارینکۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Антон Макаренко – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антон Макаренко" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Makarenko" title="Anton Makarenko – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Anton Makarenko" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Makarenko" title="Anton Makarenko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Anton Makarenko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Makarenko" title="Anton Makarenko – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anton Makarenko" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Антон Макаренко – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Антон Макаренко" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Макаренко Антон Семенович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Макаренко Антон Семенович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Soviet educator, social worker and writer</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Ukrainian football player, see <a href="/wiki/Anton_Makarenko_(footballer)" title="Anton Makarenko (footballer)">Anton Makarenko (footballer)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Anton Semyonovich Makarenko</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Makarenko.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Makarenko.jpg/250px-Makarenko.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Makarenko.jpg/330px-Makarenko.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Makarenko.jpg/500px-Makarenko.jpg 2x" data-file-width="833" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Антон Семёнович Макаренко<br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1888-03-13</span>)</span>13 March 1888<br /><a href="/wiki/Bilopillia" title="Bilopillia">Belopolye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumsky_Uyezd" title="Sumsky Uyezd">Sumsky Uyezd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kharkov_Governorate" title="Kharkov Governorate">Kharkov Governorate</a>, Russian Empire<br /><small>(now <a href="/wiki/Sumy_Oblast" title="Sumy Oblast">Sumy Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>)</small></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1 April 1939<span style="display:none">(1939-04-01)</span> (aged 51)<br /><a href="/wiki/Golitsyno,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Golitsyno, Moscow Oblast">Golitsyno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Educator" class="mw-redirect" title="Educator">Educator</a>, writer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Language</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a><sup id="cite_ref-hillig_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hillig-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brother_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brother-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Educational_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Educational theory">Educational theory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">Pedagogy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Correctional_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Correctional education">Correctional education</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Anton Semyonovich Makarenko</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Анто́н Семёнович Мака́ренко</span>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: Антон Семенович Макаренко, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ukrainian" title="Romanization of Ukrainian">romanized</a>: <i>Anton Semenovych Makarenko</i>; 13 March [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 1 March] 1888 – 1 April 1939), was a Soviet educator, social worker and writer. He became the most influential educational theorist in the Soviet Union;<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with promoting principles in <a href="/wiki/Education_sciences" title="Education sciences">educational theory</a> and practice. As one of the founders of Soviet <a href="/wiki/Pedagogy" title="Pedagogy">pedagogy</a>, he elaborated the theory and methodology of upbringing in <a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">self-governing</a> child <a href="/wiki/Collective" title="Collective">collectives</a> and introduced the concept of <a href="/wiki/Productive_and_unproductive_labour" title="Productive and unproductive labour">productive labor</a> into the educational system. Makarenko's books have appeared in many countries.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the aftermath of the Revolution of 1917, he established self-supporting <a href="/wiki/Orphanage" title="Orphanage">orphanages</a> for <a href="/wiki/Street_children" title="Street children">street children</a> — including <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_delinquency" title="Juvenile delinquency">juvenile delinquents</a> — left orphaned by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> of 1917-1923. These establishments included the <a href="/wiki/Gorky_Colony" title="Gorky Colony">Gorky Colony</a> and later the Dzerzhinsky labor commune (where the <a href="/wiki/FED_(camera)" title="FED (camera)">FED camera</a> was produced) in <a href="/wiki/Kharkiv" title="Kharkiv">Kharkiv</a>. Makarenko wrote several books, of which <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pedagogical_Poem" title="The Pedagogical Poem">The Pedagogical Poem</a></i> (Педагогическая поэма; published in English as <i>The Road to Life</i>), a fictionalized story of the Gorky Colony, became especially popular in the Soviet Union.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillig_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillig-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1955 Soviet movie with English title <a href="/wiki/Road_to_Life_(1955_film)" title="Road to Life (1955 film)"><i>Road to Life</i></a> was based on this book.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Makarenko died under unclear circumstances in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-Hillig_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hillig-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1988 <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> ranked Makarenko as one of four educators (along with <a href="/wiki/John_Dewey" title="John Dewey">John Dewey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georg_Kerschensteiner" title="Georg Kerschensteiner">Georg Kerschensteiner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Montessori" title="Maria Montessori">Maria Montessori</a>) who determined the world's pedagogical thinking of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Makarenko&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Makarenko&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anton Semyonovich Makarenko was born in <a href="/wiki/Bilopillia" title="Bilopillia">Belopolye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumsky_Uyezd" title="Sumsky Uyezd">Sumsky Uyezd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kharkov_Governorate" title="Kharkov Governorate">Kharkov Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, to Semyon Grigoryevich Makarenko (Semen Hryhorovych Makarenko), who worked at a railway depot as a painter, and Tatyana Mikhaylovna (Tetiana Mykhailivna, née <a href="/wiki/Dergachyov" title="Dergachyov">Dergachova</a>), daughter of a soldier from <a href="/wiki/Mykolaiv" title="Mykolaiv">Mykolaiv</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-rudn_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rudn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1905, having graduated from a four-year college in <a href="/wiki/Kremenchuk" title="Kremenchuk">Kremenchuk</a>, Makarenko took a one-year teachers' course and at the age of seventeen, began teaching at a railway college at Dolinskaya station near <a href="/wiki/Kherson" title="Kherson">Kherson</a> where he worked from September 1911 till October 1914. In August 1912, Makarenko entered the Teachers' Institute in Poltava and in July 1917 graduated with a gold medal. After graduating from the institute, Makarenko became a teacher at the Poltava Higher Primary School, where he worked until the end of 1917. In December 1917, he moved to Kryukiv. </p><p>In August 1914 he enrolled into the Poltava Training College, but had to interrupt his education and in September 1916 joined the Russian Army, from which he was demobilized in March 1917, due to poor eyesight.<sup id="cite_ref-makarenko_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-makarenko-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The same year he graduated the college with honours.<sup id="cite_ref-rudn_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rudn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Career">Career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Makarenko&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Makarenko went on to work as a teacher in Poltava and later Kryukov where, in 1919, he became the local college's director.<sup id="cite_ref-rudn_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rudn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gorky_Colony">Gorky Colony</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Makarenko&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Gorky Colony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1920 he was invited to head the Poltava Colony for Young Offenders. A year later it became the Gorky Colony and soon attracted the attention of <a href="/wiki/Maxim_Gorky" title="Maxim Gorky">Maxim Gorky</a> himself. In 1923 Makarenko published two articles on the Gorky Colony (in <i>Golos Truda</i> newspaper and <i>Novimy Stezhkami</i> magazine) and two years later made a public report at the All-Ukrainian Conference for the orphanage teachers.<sup id="cite_ref-makarenko_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-makarenko-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the summer of 1925, the colony had 140 pupils - 130 boys and 10 girls. In the same year the question of creation of the Komsomol organization is solved. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD.JPG/250px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD.JPG/330px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD.JPG/500px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2076" data-file-height="3052" /></a><figcaption>Makarenko in the late 1920s</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dzerzhinsky_labour_commune">Dzerzhinsky labour commune</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Makarenko&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dzerzhinsky labour commune"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1927 Makarenko was appointed as the head of the Dzerzhinsky labour commune, an orphanage for street children near Kharkiv, where the most incorrigible thieves and swindlers were known to be put into rehabilitation. Makarenko succeeded in gaining their respect, combining in his method insistence and respect, school education and productive labour.<sup id="cite_ref-vosp_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vosp-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reception">Reception</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Makarenko&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>However, 1928 saw the onset of a wave of criticism aimed at Makarenko. In March 1928 his report at the Ukrainian Pedagogical Institute concerning his work in the Gorky Colony received hostile treatment. In September of that year he was fired from the Gorky Colony, and had to concentrate on his work in Kharkiv.<sup id="cite_ref-rudn_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rudn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 3, 1928, Makarenko was released from the post of head of the Gorky colony. 1929–1936 mainly related to the work of Anton Semenovich in the commune named after Dzerzhinsky. At the heart of the collective of Communards were 60 educators of the colonies sent to the commune in 1927. January 15, 1928 кomsomol organization was established in the commune. On July 1, 1930, the commune became fully self-sufficient. </p><p>Makarenko's methods were highly appreciated by Maxim Gorky who believed that his "amazingly successful educational experiment [was] of world-wide significance."<sup id="cite_ref-amazon_learn_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amazon_learn-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The correspondence between the two started in July 1925 and continued until Gorky's death. In 1928 the famous writer visited the two colonies and left much impressed; next year in an essay called "Over the Union of Soviets" he hailed Makarenko as "the new type of pedagogue."<sup id="cite_ref-makarenko_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-makarenko-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Book_publications">Book publications</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Makarenko&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Book publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Encouraged by Gorky, whom he admired, Makarenko wrote <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pedagogical_Poem" title="The Pedagogical Poem">The Pedagogical Poem</a></i> (better known in the West under its English title, <i>The Road to Life</i>) based on the true stories of his pupils in the orphanage for street children, which he started in 1925 and published in 1933–1935. Before that, in 1932, Makarenko saw his first story being published, "The March of the 30th Year". In 1934 he became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_of_Writers" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Union of Writers">Soviet Union of Writers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-makarenko_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-makarenko-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brovary_labour_colony">Brovary labour colony</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Makarenko&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Brovary labour colony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1935 Makarenko started working at the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> as the Chief Assistant of the Labour Colony Department.<sup id="cite_ref-Makarenko163989_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makarenko163989-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1936 he was appointed the head of another colony, in <a href="/wiki/Brovary" title="Brovary">Brovary</a>, and according to the <a href="/wiki/Patrice_Lumumba_Peoples%27_Friendship_University_of_Russia" title="Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University of Russia">Patrice Lumumba Peoples' Friendship University of Russia</a> "in less than a year turned an unruly bunch of pupils into a highly disciplined working collective."<sup id="cite_ref-rudn_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rudn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Makarenko163989_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makarenko163989-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Moscow:_flight,_books"><span id="In_Moscow:_flight.2C_books"></span>In Moscow: flight, books</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Makarenko&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In Moscow: flight, books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Accused of being critical towards <a href="/wiki/Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin">Stalin</a> and supporting the Ukrainian opposition, Makarenko had to flee Kyiv in order to avoid arrest and settled in Moscow.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He continued writing, and in 1937 his acclaimed <i>The Book for Parents</i> came out, followed by <i><a href="/wiki/Flags_on_the_Battlements" title="Flags on the Battlements">Flags on the Battlements</a></i> (translated into English as <i>Learning to Live</i>) in 1938, a sequel to <i>The Road to Life</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-amazon_learn_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amazon_learn-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1939 he received the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner_of_Labour" title="Order of the Red Banner of Labour">Order of the Red Banner of Labour</a>, a high-profile Soviet award.<sup id="cite_ref-makarenko_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-makarenko-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Makarenko&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On April 1st, 1939, Anton Semenovich Makarenko died of <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a> in a suburban train at the <a href="/wiki/Golitsyno,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Golitsyno, Moscow Oblast">Golitsyno</a> railway station of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Railway" title="Moscow Railway">Moscow Railway</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a> line, aged 51. He was buried in Moscow, at the <a href="/wiki/Novodevichy_Cemetery" title="Novodevichy Cemetery">Novodevichy Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-makarenko_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-makarenko-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Makarenko&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although there was some opposition by the authorities at the early stages of Makarenko's "experiments",<sup id="cite_ref-gorkin_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gorkin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Soviet establishment eventually came to hail his colonies as a grand success in <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> education and rehabilitation. Among his key ideas were "as much exigence towards the person as possible and as much respect for him as possible", the use of positive <a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">peer pressure</a> on the individual by the <a href="/wiki/Collective" title="Collective">collective</a>, and institutionalized self-government and <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">self-management</a> of that collective.<sup id="cite_ref-gorkin_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gorkin-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Makarenko was one of the first Soviet educators to urge that the activities of various educational institutions — i.e., the school, the family, clubs, public organizations, production collectives and the community existing at the place of residence — should be integrated.<sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian law">Ukrainian law</a> "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Condemnation_and_Prohibition_of_Propaganda_of_Russian_Imperial_Policy_in_Ukraine_and_the_Decolonization_of_Toponymy" title="On the Condemnation and Prohibition of Propaganda of Russian Imperial Policy in Ukraine and the Decolonization of Toponymy">On the Condemnation and Prohibition of Propaganda of Russian Imperial Policy in Ukraine and the Decolonization of Toponymy</a> prohibits "the glorification in public space of persons who were employees of Soviet state security bodies of all levels."<sup id="cite_ref-Makarenko163989_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makarenko163989-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hence in June 2024 an advisory commission of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Institute_of_National_Memory" title="Ukrainian Institute of National Memory">Ukrainian Institute of National Memory</a> concluded that it was forbidden to "further use of the name of Anton Makarenko in the names of geographical objects, legal entities, objects of property rights, presence in public space of monuments and memorial signs erected in his honor since that is propaganda of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian imperial</a> policy.<sup id="cite_ref-Makarenko163989_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makarenko163989-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commission emphasized that these restrictions would not apply to the research of Makarenko's activities and its "storage, purchase/sale, reading of editions of his works, exhibiting objects and documents related to the teacher in museums, etc."<sup id="cite_ref-Makarenko163989_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makarenko163989-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism_and_response">Criticism and response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Makarenko&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Criticism and response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Criticism of Makarenko's ideas were raised by Soviet educators and Russian dissidents both before and after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">fall of Soviet communism</a>. The humanist educator <a href="/wiki/Vasyl_Sukhomlynsky" title="Vasyl Sukhomlynsky">Vasyl Sukhomlynsky</a> ventured in an <a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">unpublished manuscript</a>, "Our Good Family" (1967), against "Makarenko's false statement that the main objective of Soviet moral and character education is found in the collective."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vladimir Sirotin (Kharkiv 1966 - Moscow 2016)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> described Makarenko as "the bard of punitive pedagogy" and as an ideologue of "command pedagogy", a system attempting to suppress the personality and being contrary to democratic freedoms and human rights, including the natural rights of child and parents.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Makarenko's system has been faulted for giving the child collective too much power over the individual child.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This critique is not shared by some Western analysts of Makarenko's pedagogic system, who regard him as keeping a good balance between the individual personality and the welcome influence of the guided collective, seen as a link in integrating the individual into the wider society.<sup id="cite_ref-Halvorsen_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halvorsen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Makarenko system has been studied, among others, by Scandinavian care workers dealing with young drug abusers who couldn't be helped efficiently by using other approaches.<sup id="cite_ref-Halvorsen_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halvorsen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also similarities between Makarenko's pedagogy and the work of authors currently writing on the concept of <a href="/wiki/Group_work" title="Group work">group work</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Halvorsen_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halvorsen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Makarenko's holistic view makes him a pioneer in this regard, holding the enlightened, but often ignored position that the individual is a complex being, with a multitude of potentials and needs.<sup id="cite_ref-Halvorsen_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halvorsen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some controversial statements from later works are seen as either authentic, the result of political pressure, or outright falsifications of his writings in a time when his work became canonised by the Soviet education system.<sup id="cite_ref-Halvorsen_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Halvorsen-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_bibliography">Selected bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Makarenko&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Selected bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Makarenko_chess_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Makarenko_chess_1.svg/220px-Makarenko_chess_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Makarenko_chess_1.svg/330px-Makarenko_chess_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Makarenko_chess_1.svg/440px-Makarenko_chess_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarenko-sakk" class="extiw" title="hu:Makarenko-sakk">Makarenko chess</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Chess_variant" title="Chess variant">chess variant</a> developed by him during the 1920s.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i>Major</i> (Мажор, 1932; play)</li> <li><i>March of the 30th Year</i> (Марш 30-го года, 1932, novella)</li> <li><i>FD—1</i> (novella, subtitled "A sketch"; written in 1932, published posthumously)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Pedagogical_Poem" title="The Pedagogical Poem">The Pedagogical Poem</a></i> (Педагогическая поэма, 1925–1935, three-part novel)</li> <li><i>The Book for Parents</i> (Книга для родителей, 1937; non-fiction)</li> <li><i>Honour</i> (Честь, 1937—1938; novella)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flags_on_the_Battlements" title="Flags on the Battlements">Flags on the Battlements</a></i> (Флаги на башнях, 1938)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Makarenko&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orphans_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Orphans in the Soviet Union">Orphans in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>Krantz, Helga I. Reeducation of Juvenile Delinquents. Albuquerque, NM. Century University. 1993.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Makarenko&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-hillig-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hillig_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Гётц Хиллиг</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://makarenko-museum.ru/lib/Science/Hillig/art_cmr_8_160_1989_n_30_1_2180m.pdf">http://makarenko-museum.ru/lib/Science/Hillig/art_cmr_8_160_1989_n_30_1_2180m.pdf</a> К вопросу национального самосознания А. С. Макаренко <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brother-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brother_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Макаренко В. С.</i> Мой брат Антон Семёнович. Марбург, 1985 г., с. 79 <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/biography/Anton-Semyonovich-Makarenko">"Anton Semyonovich Makarenko"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anton+Semyonovich+Makarenko&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAnton-Semyonovich-Makarenko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Makarenko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uf.bg.ac.rs/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/master.1.nov_.15.pdf">Filonov, G. N. (1994) 'Anton Makarenko (1888–1939)'</a>, in <i>Prospects: the quarterly review of comparative education</i> UNESCO: International Bureau of Education, Paris. vol. XXIV, no. 1/2, 1994, p. 77-91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hillig-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hillig_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hillig_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHillig1989" class="citation book cs1">Hillig, Götz (1989). <i>Geschichten aus der Zeit der Wirren (1938 -1941): vom Leidensweg des Schriftstellers Makarenko, vom plotzlichen Tod des Menschen Makarenko und von der wundersamen Auferstehung des Padagogen Makarenko</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">71–</span>86.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichten+aus+der+Zeit+der+Wirren+%281938+-1941%29%3A+vom+Leidensweg+des+Schriftstellers+Makarenko%2C+vom+plotzlichen+Tod+des+Menschen+Makarenko+und+von+der+wundersamen+Auferstehung+des+Padagogen+Makarenko&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Hillig&rft.aufirst=G%C3%B6tz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Makarenko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFКОРАБЛЁВА2000" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script">КОРАБЛЁВА, ТАТЬЯНА ФЁДОРОВНА (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://makarenko-museum.ru/lib/Science/Korabl/avtoref_Korablevoy_TF_2000.htm">"Filosofsko-eticheskie aspekty teorii kollektiva A.S. Makarenko" <bdi lang="ru">ФИЛОСОФСКО-ЭТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ТЕОРИИ КОЛЛЕКТИВА А.С. МАКАРЕНКО</bdi></a> [Philosophico-ethical aspects of A. S. Makaerenko's theory of the collective]. Moscow: РОССИЙСКАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ НАУК: ИНСТИТУТ ФИЛОСОФИИ<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2021</span>. <q>Свидетельством международного признания А.С. Макаренко стало известное решение ЮНЕСКО (1988), касающееся всего четырёх педагогов, определивших способ педагогического мышления в ХХ веке. Это – Д. Дьюи, Г. Кершенштайнер, М. Монтессори, А. Макаренко.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Filosofsko-eticheskie+aspekty+teorii+kollektiva+A.S.+Makarenko+%D0%A4%D0%98%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%A4%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%9E-%D0%AD%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%A7%D0%95%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%95+%D0%90%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%95%D0%9A%D0%A2%D0%AB+%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%98+%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9B%D0%9B%D0%95%D0%9A%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%92%D0%90+%D0%90.%D0%A1.+%D0%9C%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%9A%D0%9E&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%99%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%AF+%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%94%D0%95%D0%9C%D0%98%D0%AF+%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%A3%D0%9A%3A+%D0%98%D0%9D%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%A3%D0%A2+%D0%A4%D0%98%D0%9B%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%A4%D0%98%D0%98&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%91%D0%9B%D0%81%D0%92%D0%90&rft.aufirst=%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%AC%D0%AF%D0%9D%D0%90+%D0%A4%D0%81%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%9D%D0%90&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmakarenko-museum.ru%2Flib%2FScience%2FKorabl%2Favtoref_Korablevoy_TF_2000.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnton+Makarenko" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rudn-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rudn_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rudn_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rudn_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rudn_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rudn_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150226043303/http://imp.rudn.ru/psychology/labour_psychology/biograf24.html">"Makarenko, A. S."</a> <a href="/wiki/Peoples%27_Friendship_University_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples' Friendship University of Russia">Peoples' Friendship University of Russia</a> site / Labour Psychology section. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://imp.rudn.ru/psychology/labour_psychology/biograf24.html">the original</a> on 2015-02-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The (post)-Soviet prison subculture faced with the use of self-management doctrines by the corrections administration. 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Accessed 28 April 2020.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anton_Makarenko&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anton_Makarenko" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Anton Makarenko">Anton Makarenko</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.makarenko.edu.ru">Makarenko.edu.ru</a> Web-site dedicated to A.S. Makarenko <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.childrenwebmag.com/articles/key-child-care-texts/road-to-life-by-anton-makarenko">Synopsis of <i>Road to Life</i> (The Pedagogical Poem)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibe.unesco.org/publications/ThinkersPdf/makarene.pdf">A profile of Makarenko by Soviet educator G. N. Filonov</a>, published by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/makarenko/index.html">Text of <i>The Road to Life (An Epic of Education)</i> and <i>Lectures to Parents</i></a> (translated into English)</li> <li>Nicola Siciliani de Cumis, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cultureducazione.it/filosofia/pedagogicalpoem.htm"><i>Dewey, Makarenko and the </i>Pedagogical Poem<i> between analogies and differences</i></a> – cultureducazione.it</li> <li>Periklis Pavlidis <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ojs.ijep.info/index.php?journal=ankaijep&page=article&op=view&path%5B%5D=In%20Progress&path%5B%5D=125">“Socialism, Labour and Education: from Marx to Makarenko”</a>, International Journal of Educational Policies, Vol. 11, № 1, 2017</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q297448#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3972" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q297448#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3972" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q297448#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000081223791">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/44302134">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/39636/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxrV7fvmCQB33JrXYWbh3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118576585">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79081824">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11914044n">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11914044n">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00448570">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Makarenko, Anton Semenovič"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/IEIV005175">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35323386">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701128&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Makarenko, Galina Stachijevna"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0324753&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1085261">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/226412">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068541538">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90111193">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Макаренко, Антон Семенович, 1888-1939"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000072262&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=130069">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC200900800">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/1zcfgrpk2pbpm8t">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810574377205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007500883605171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000073378">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058607979306706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13948916">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00712362?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.performing-arts.eu/discovery/agent/gnd_118576585">FID</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/911659">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118576585.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118576585">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027003310">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=60599">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anton_Makarenko&oldid=1253948556">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anton_Makarenko&oldid=1253948556</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1888_births" title="Category:1888 births">1888 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1939_deaths" title="Category:1939 deaths">1939 deaths</a></li><li><a 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