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Anti-clericalism is opposition to <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">religious authority</a>, typically in social or political matters. Historically, anti-clericalism in <a href="/wiki/Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian">Christian</a> traditions has been opposed to the influence of <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>. Anti-clericalism is related to <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>, which seeks to <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separate the church from public and political life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Some have opposed clergy on the basis of moral corruption, institutional issues and/or disagreements in religious interpretation, such as during the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>. Anti-clericalism became extremely violent during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, because revolutionaries claimed the church played a pivotal role in the systems of oppression which led to it.<a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Church_supportive_of_French_King,_Louis_XVI-2">[2]</a> Many clerics were killed, and French revolutionary governments tried to put priests under the control of the state by making them employees. Anti-clericalism appeared in <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Europe">Catholic Europe</a> throughout the 19th century, in various forms, and later in Canada, Cuba, and Latin America. According to the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a> several communist and post-communist states are current practitioners of political anti-clericalism, including <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell_2017-3">[3]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Europe">1 Europe</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#France">1.1 France</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-3"><a href="#Revolution">1.1.1 Revolution</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Third_Republic">1.1.2 Third Republic</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Austria_(Holy_Roman_Empire)">1.2 Austria (Holy Roman Empire)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Germany">1.3 Germany</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Italy">1.4 Italy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Poland">1.5 Poland</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Portugal">1.6 Portugal</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Spain">1.7 Spain</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Red_Terror">1.7.1 Red Terror</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Philippines">2 Philippines</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Canada">3 Canada</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#United_States">4 United States</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Latin_America">5 Latin America</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Mexico">5.1 Mexico</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Reform_War">5.1.1 Reform War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Cristero_War">5.1.2 Cristero War</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Ecuador">5.2 Ecuador</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Colombia">5.3 Colombia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Argentina">5.4 Argentina</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Venezuela">5.5 Venezuela</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Cuba">5.6 Cuba</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#State_atheism">6 State atheism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Anti-clericalism_in_the_Islamic_world">7 Anti-clericalism in the Islamic world</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Iran">7.1 Iran</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Indonesia">7.2 Indonesia</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#Certain_branches_of_Freemasonry">8 Certain branches of Freemasonry</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Notes">10 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Bibliography">11 Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Europe" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> During the Protestant Reformation, anti-clericalism resulted from opposition to the political and economic privileges of the clergy.<a href="#cite_note-Hillerbrand_2013_p._41-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: France" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Poperob.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Poperob.jpg/300px-Poperob.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="267" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="1046"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 267px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Poperob.jpg/300px-Poperob.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="267" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Poperob.jpg/450px-Poperob.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Poperob.jpg/600px-Poperob.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>"Shall he be allowed to rule America?"</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revolution">Revolution</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Revolution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a> was passed on July 12, 1790, requiring all clerics to swear allegiance to the French government and, by extension, to the increasingly anti-clerical <a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a>. All but seven of the 160 bishops refused the oath, as did about half of the parish priests.<a href="#cite_note-Joes-51-5">[5]</a> Persecution of the clergy and <a href="/wiki/Dechristianisation_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution">of the faithful</a> was the first trigger of the rebellion; the second being conscription. Nonjuring priests were exiled or imprisoned and women on their way to Mass were beaten in the streets.<a href="#cite_note-Joes-51-5">[5]</a> The anti-clericalism during the French Revolution initially began with attacks on church corruption and the wealth of the higher clergy, an action with which even many <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> could identify, since the Catholic Church held a dominant role in pre-revolutionary France. During a two-year period known as the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a>, the episodes of anti-clericalism grew more violent than Europe would see until the rise of <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a> in communist Eastern Europe. The new revolutionary authorities suppressed the church; abolished the Catholic monarchy; nationalized church property; exiled 30,000 priests and killed hundreds more.<a href="#cite_note-StoryChr-6">[6]</a> Many churches were converted into "temples of reason", in which atheistical services were held.<a href="#cite_note-HorneDavidson2013-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> There has been much scholarly debate over whether the movement was popularly motivated.<a href="#cite_note-Tallet,_Frank-11">[11]</a> As part of the <a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">campaign to dechristianize France</a>, in October 1793 the Christian calendar was replaced with one reckoning from the date of the Revolution, and Festivals of Liberty, Reason and the Supreme Being were scheduled. New forms of moral religion emerged, including the deistic <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being" title="Cult of the Supreme Being">Cult of the Supreme Being</a> and France's first established <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state sponsored</a> <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Cult of Reason</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-McGowan2012-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fremont-Barnes2007-14">[14]</a> with all churches not devoted to these being closed.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-15">[15]</a> In April and May 1794, the government mandated the observance of a festival of the Cult of the Supreme Being.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-15">[15]</a> When anti-clericalism became a clear goal of French revolutionaries, <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-revolutionaries">counter-revolutionaries</a> seeking to restore tradition and the Ancien Régime took up arms, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a> (1793 to 1796). Local people often resisted dechristianization and forced members of the clergy who had resigned to conduct Mass again. Eventually, <a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a> denounced the dechristianization campaign and tried to establish their own religion, without the superstitions of Catholicism.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pope Pius VI</a> took sides against the revolution in the <a href="/wiki/First_Coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="First Coalition">First Coalition</a> (1792–1797), <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> invaded <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> (1796).<a href="#cite_note-SandS-17">[17]</a> French troops imprisoned the Pope in 1797, and he died after six weeks of captivity.<a href="#cite_note-SandS-17">[17]</a> After a change of heart, Napoleon then re-established the Catholic Church in France with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1801" title="Concordat of 1801">Concordat of 1801</a>,<a href="#cite_note-SandS-17">[17]</a> and banned the Cult of the Supreme Being. Many anti-clerical policies continued. When Napoleonic armies entered a territory, monasteries were often sacked, and church property secularized.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third_Republic">Third Republic</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Third Republic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A further phase of anti-clericalism occurred in the context of the <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">French Third Republic</a> and its dissensions with the Catholic Church. After the <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1801" title="Concordat of 1801">Concordat of 1801</a> the Catholic Church enjoyed preferential treatment from the French state (formally along with the Jewish, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> minority religions, but in practice with much more influence than those). During the 19th century, public schools employed primarily priests as teachers, and religion was taught in schools (teachers also lead the class to <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a>). This changed during the 1880s as several anti-clerical international gatherings took place in Paris, leading to the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_nationale_de_la_libre_pens%C3%A9e" title="Fédération nationale de la libre pensée">Fédération nationale de la libre pensée</a>, a strongly anti-clerical society regrouping socialists, anarchists and liberals. In 1881–1882 <a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry" title="Jules Ferry">Jules Ferry</a>'s government passed the <a href="/wiki/Jules_Ferry_laws" title="Jules Ferry laws">Jules Ferry laws</a>, establishing free education (1881) and excluded clerics and religious education from schools (1882). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chartreux_expulsion_1903.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Chartreux_expulsion_1903.jpg/220px-Chartreux_expulsion_1903.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="552"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Chartreux_expulsion_1903.jpg/220px-Chartreux_expulsion_1903.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Chartreux_expulsion_1903.jpg/330px-Chartreux_expulsion_1903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Chartreux_expulsion_1903.jpg/440px-Chartreux_expulsion_1903.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Forcible closure of the <a href="/wiki/Grande_Chartreuse" title="Grande Chartreuse">Grande Chartreuse</a> monastery in 1903</figcaption></figure> In 1880 and 1882 <a href="/wiki/Benedictine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedictine">Benedictine</a> teaching monks were effectively exiled. This was not completed until 1901.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> A law of 7 July 1904 preventing religious congregations from teaching any longer, and the so-called <a href="/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_Separation_of_the_Churches_and_the_State" title="1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State">Law on the separation of the Churches and the State</a> of 1905, were enacted under the government of <a href="/wiki/Radical_Party_(France)" title="Radical Party (France)">Radical-Socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Combes" title="Émile Combes">Émile Combes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a> was not subjected to these laws as it was part of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> then. In the <a href="/wiki/Affaire_des_Fiches" class="mw-redirect" title="Affaire des Fiches">Affaire des Fiches</a> (1904-1905), it was discovered that the anti-clerical War Minister of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Combes" title="Émile Combes">Combes</a> government, General <a href="/wiki/Louis_Andr%C3%A9" title="Louis André">Louis André</a>, was determining promotions based on the French <a href="/wiki/Catholicism_and_Freemasonry" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism and Freemasonry">Masonic</a> Grand Orient's card index on public officials, detailing which were Catholic and who attended Mass, with a view to preventing their promotions.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> In the years following their relocations, boarding schools of congregants were accused by some senators of trying to "recruit" French youth from abroad, supposedly placing the French Republic "in jeopardy".<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Opportunist_Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Opportunist Republicans">Republicans</a>' anti-clericalism softened after the First World War as the Catholic right-wing began to accept the Republic and secularism, which aimed to prevent socialist parties. However, the issue of subsidized <a href="/wiki/Education_in_France" title="Education in France">private schools in France</a>, which are overwhelmingly Catholic but whose teachers draw pay from the state, remains a sensitive issue in <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_France" title="Politics of France">French politics</a> and the Fédération Nationale de la Libre-Pensée, now commonly associated with the anti-clerical far-left, maintains its strongly anti-clerical stance. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria_(Holy_Roman_Empire)">Austria (Holy Roman Empire)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Austria (Holy Roman Empire)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Joseph II</a> (emperor 1765–1790) opposed what he called "contemplative" religious institutions – reclusive Catholic institutions that he perceived as doing nothing positive for the community.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> His policy towards them is included in what is called <a href="/wiki/Josephinism" title="Josephinism">Josephinism</a>. Joseph decreed that Austrian bishops could not communicate directly with the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Curia</a>. More than 500 of 1,188 monasteries in Austro-Slav lands (and a hundred more in Hungary) were dissolved, and 60 million florins taken by the state. This wealth was used to create 1,700 new parishes and welfare institutions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOkey200244-28">[28]</a> The education of priests was taken from the Church as well. Joseph established six state-run "General Seminaries". In 1783, a Marriage Patent treated marriage as a civil contract rather than a religious institution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerenger1990102-29">[29]</a> Catholic historians have claimed that there was an alliance between Joseph and anti-clerical Freemasons.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Germany" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png/220px-Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1334" data-file-height="1020"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 168px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png/220px-Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png" data-width="220" data-height="168" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png/330px-Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png/440px-Kladderadatsch_1875_-_Zwischen_Berlin_und_Rom.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>"Between Berlin and Rome", with Bismarck on the left and the Pope on the right. <a href="/wiki/Kladderadatsch" title="Kladderadatsch">Kladderadatsch</a>, 1875.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a> (literally "culture struggle") refers to German policies in reducing the role and power of the Catholic Church in Prussia, enacted from 1871 to 1878 by the Prime Minister of <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>. Bismarck accelerated the Kulturkampf, which did not extend to the other German states such as <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> (where Catholics were in a majority). As one scholar put it, "the attack on the church included a series of Prussian, discriminatory laws that made Catholics feel understandably persecuted within a predominantly Protestant nation." <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> and other orders were expelled in the culmination of twenty years of anti-Jesuit and antimonastic hysteria.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In 1871, the Catholic Church comprised 36.5% of the population of the German Empire, including millions of Germans in the west and South, as well as the vast majority of Poles. In this newly founded Empire, Bismarck sought to appeal to liberals and Protestants (62% of the population) by reducing the political and social influence of the Catholic Church. Priests and bishops who resisted the Kulturkampf were arrested or removed from their positions. By the height of anti-Catholic measures, half of the Prussian bishops were in prison or in exile, a quarter of the parishes had no priest, half the monks and nuns had left Prussia, a third of the monasteries and convents were closed, 1800 parish priests were imprisoned or exiled, and thousands of laypeople were imprisoned for helping the priests.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The Kulturkampf backfired, as it energized the Catholics to become a political force in the Centre party and revitalized Polish resistance. The Kulturkampf ended about 1880 with a new pope Leo XIII willing to negotiate with Bismarck. Bismarck broke with the Liberals over religion and over their opposition to tariffs; He won Centre party support on most of his conservative policy positions, especially his attacks against <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Italy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Anti-clericalism in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> is connected with reaction against the absolutism of the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a>, overthrown in 1870. For a long time, the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> required Catholics not to participate in the public life of the <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> that had invaded the Papal States to complete the unification of Italy, prompting the pope to declare himself a <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_in_the_Vatican" title="Prisoner in the Vatican">"prisoner" in the Vatican</a>. Some politicians that had played important roles in this process, such as <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_conte_di_Cavour" class="mw-redirect" title="Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour">Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour</a>, were known to be hostile to the temporal and political power of the Church. Throughout the history of Liberal Italy, relations between the Italian government and the Church remained acrimonious, and anti-clericals maintained a prominent position in the ideological and political debates of the era. Tensions eased between church and state in the 1890s and early 1900s as a result of both sides' mutual hostility toward the burgeoning Socialist movement. Initially also anticlerical, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">fascist</a> <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> tempered such rhetoric to win support from Catholics and later as dictator, official hostility between the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> and the Italian state was finally settled by Pope Pius XI and him: the <a href="/wiki/Lateran_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateran Accords">Lateran Accords</a> were finalised in 1929.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> After World War II, anti-clericalism was embodied by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist</a> (PCI) and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party" title="Italian Socialist Party">Italian Socialist</a> (PSI) parties, in opposition to the Vatican-backed party <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democracy</a> (DC). Since the PSI joined DC-led coalition governments, the DC under <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Moro" title="Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a> turned centre-left. In 1978, with support of the PSI, the DC-led coalition government legalized <a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Italy" title="Abortion in Italy">abortion</a> despite strong opposition from the Catholic Church and DC conservative factions. The revision of the Lateran treaties during the 1980s by the PSI <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Bettino_Craxi" title="Bettino Craxi">Bettino Craxi</a>, removed the status of "<a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official religion</a>" of the Catholic Church, but still granted a series of provisions in favour of the Church, such as the <a href="/wiki/Eight_per_thousand" title="Eight per thousand">eight per thousand</a> law, the teaching of religion in schools, and other privileges. In recent years, the Italian society has got increasingly secularized and many contest the intervention of the Catholic Church in Italian politics, usually through voting instructions to the faithful and to Catholic parliamentarians on the legislative and regulatory action of the State. For example, the positions of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinal</a> <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Ruini" title="Camillo Ruini">Camillo Ruini</a> in the <a href="/wiki/2005_Italian_fertility_laws_referendum" title="2005 Italian fertility laws referendum">2005 Italian fertility laws referendum</a> attracted criticism, and so did his opposition to a 2007 bill that would have provided <a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_same-sex_unions_in_Italy" title="Recognition of same-sex unions in Italy">recognition of same-sex unions in Italy</a>. From the side of the Church, a right to express its opinions and a moral duty in guiding Christians on ethical questions is claimed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Poland" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Your_Movement" title="Your Movement">Your Movement</a> is an anti-clerical party founded in 2011 by politician <a href="/wiki/Janusz_Palikot" title="Janusz Palikot">Janusz Palikot</a>. Palikot's Movement won 10% of the national vote at the <a href="/wiki/2011_Polish_parliamentary_election" title="2011 Polish parliamentary election">2011 Polish parliamentary election</a>. In <a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1989%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Poland (1989–present)">modern Polish</a> media anti-clericalism is/was promoted by magazine <a href="/wiki/Nie_(magazine)" title="Nie (magazine)">NIE</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Kotli%C5%84ski" title="Roman Kotliński">Roman Kotliński</a>'s newspaper <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fakty_i_Mity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fakty i Mity (page does not exist)">Fakty i Mity</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fakty_i_Mity" class="extiw" title="pl:Fakty i Mity">pl</a>]. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Portugal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The fall of the Monarchy in the <a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_revolution" title="5 October 1910 revolution">Republican revolution of 1910</a> led to another wave of anti-clerical activity. Most church property was put under State control, and the church was not allowed to inherit property. The revolution and the republic allegedly took a <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state#Friendly_and_hostile_separation" title="Separation of church and state">"hostile" approach to the issue of church and state separation</a>, like that of the <a href="/wiki/Dechristianisation_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1931" title="Spanish Constitution of 1931">Spanish Constitution of 1931</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Constitution_of_1917" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Constitution of 1917">Mexican Constitution of 1917</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> As part of the anti-clerical revolution, the bishops were driven from their dioceses, the property of clerics was seized by the state, wearing of the <a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">cassock</a> was banned, all minor <a href="/wiki/Seminaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Seminaries">seminaries</a> were closed and all but five major seminaries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJedinDolanAdri%C3%A1nyi1981612-35">[35]</a> A law of February 22, 1918, permitted only two seminaries in the country, but they had not been given their property back.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJedinDolanAdri%C3%A1nyi1981612-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Religious_orders" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious orders">Religious orders</a> were expelled from the country, including 31 orders comprising members in 164 houses (in 1917 some orders were permitted to form again).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJedinDolanAdri%C3%A1nyi1981612-35">[35]</a> Religious education was prohibited in both primary and secondary school.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJedinDolanAdri%C3%A1nyi1981612-35">[35]</a> Religious oaths and church taxes were also abolished. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Spain" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1834_massacre_of_friars_in_Madrid" title="1834 massacre of friars in Madrid">1834 massacre of friars in Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-clerical_riots_of_1835#Exclaustion_and_confiscation" title="Anti-clerical riots of 1835">Anti-clerical riots of 1835 § Exclaustion and confiscation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_confiscation" title="Spanish confiscation">Spanish confiscation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Almanac_La_Traca_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Almanac_La_Traca_1933.jpg/220px-Almanac_La_Traca_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="850"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 309px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Almanac_La_Traca_1933.jpg/220px-Almanac_La_Traca_1933.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="309" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Almanac_La_Traca_1933.jpg/330px-Almanac_La_Traca_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Almanac_La_Traca_1933.jpg/440px-Almanac_La_Traca_1933.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Anti-clerical cover of a magazine published in <a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a> in <a href="/wiki/1933" title="1933">1933</a>.</figcaption></figure> The first instance of anti-clerical violence due to political conflict in 19th-century Spain occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a> (Spanish Civil War of 1820–1823). During <a href="/wiki/Anti-clerical_riots_of_1835" title="Anti-clerical riots of 1835">riots in Catalonia</a>, 20 clergymen were killed by members of the liberal movement in retaliation for the Church's siding with absolutist supporters of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_VII" title="Ferdinand VII">Ferdinand VII</a>. In 1836 following the <a href="/wiki/First_Carlist_War" title="First Carlist War">First Carlist War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Confiscations_of_Mendiz%C3%A1bal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiastical Confiscations of Mendizábal">Ecclesiastical Confiscations of Mendizábal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: Desamortización) promulgated by <a href="/wiki/Juan_%C3%81lvarez_Mendiz%C3%A1bal" title="Juan Álvarez Mendizábal">Juan Álvarez Mendizábal</a>, prime minister of the new regime abolished the major Spanish Convents and Monasteries.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Many years later the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican_Party" title="Radical Republican Party">Radical Republican Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Lerroux" title="Alejandro Lerroux">Alejandro Lerroux</a> would distinguish himself by his inflammatory pieces of opinion. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Red_Terror">Red Terror</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Red Terror" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Spain)" title="Red Terror (Spain)">Red Terror (Spain)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Republican government</a> which came to power in Spain in 1931 was based on secular principles. In the first years some laws were passed secularising education, prohibiting religious education in the schools, and expelling the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> from the country. On <a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a> 1932, Pope Pius XI protested against these measures and demanded <a href="/wiki/Restitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Restitution">restitution</a>. He asked the Catholics of Spain to fight with all legal means against the injustices. June 3, 1933, he issued the encyclical <a href="/wiki/Dilectissima_Nobis" title="Dilectissima Nobis">Dilectissima Nobis</a>, in which he described the expropriation of all Church buildings, episcopal residences, parish houses, seminaries and monasteries. By law, they were now property of the Spanish State, to which the Church had to pay rent and taxes continuously in order to use these properties. "Thus the Catholic Church is compelled to pay taxes on what was violently taken from her".<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Religious vestments, liturgical instruments, statues, pictures, vases, gems and other valuable objects were expropriated as well.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> of 1936–1939, Catholics largely supported Franco and the Nationalist forces. Anti-clerical assaults called the <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror_(Spain)" title="Red Terror (Spain)">Red Terror</a> by Nationalists, included sacking and burning monasteries and churches and killing 6,832 members of the clergy.<a href="#cite_note-cueva355-39">[39]</a> This number comprises: <ul><li>13 bishops (from the dioceses of <a href="/wiki/Sig%C3%BCenza" title="Sigüenza">Sigüenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lleida" title="Lleida">Lleida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuenca,_Spain" title="Cuenca, Spain">Cuenca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbastro" title="Barbastro">Barbastro</a> <a href="/wiki/Segorbe" title="Segorbe">Segorbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ja%C3%A9n,_Spain" title="Jaén, Spain">Jaén</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ciudad_Real" title="Ciudad Real">Ciudad Real</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almer%C3%ADa" title="Almería">Almería</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guadix" title="Guadix">Guadix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teruel" title="Teruel">Teruel</a> and the auxiliary of <a href="/wiki/Tarragona" title="Tarragona">Tarragona</a>);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJedinRepgenDolan1999617-40">[40]</a></li> <li>4,172 diocesan priests;</li> <li>2,364 monks and friars, among them 259 Clarentians, 226 <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscans</a>, 204 <a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a>, 176 Brothers of Mary, 165 <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Christian_Brothers" title="Congregation of Christian Brothers">Christian Brothers</a>, 155 <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a>, 132 <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a>, and 114 <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuits</a>.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2013)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_41-0' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2013%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2013)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-41">[41]</a></li> <li>283 nuns, according to one source, some of whom were badly tortured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJedinRepgenDolan1999617-40">[40]</a></li></ul> There are accounts of Catholic faithful being forced to swallow rosary beads, thrown down mine shafts and priests being forced to dig their own graves before being buried alive.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2013)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_41-1' class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeevor2006%5B%5BCategory:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2013%5D%5D<sup_class=%22noprint_Inline-Template_%22_style=%22white-space:nowrap;%22>&#91;%5B%5BWikipedia:Citing_sources%7C<span_title=%22This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(August_2013)%22>page&nbsp;needed%5D%5D&#93;-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomas1961174-42">[42]</a> The Catholic Church has <a href="/wiki/Canonize" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonize">canonized</a> several <a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">martyrs of the Spanish Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beatification" title="Beatification">beatified</a> hundreds more. Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS" title="Falange Española de las JONS">Falangists</a> joining Francisco Franco's unified alliance of right-wing parties, the party exhibited anti-clerical tendencies, and saw the Catholic Church as an elite institution that presented an obstacle to the Falangist's full control the state. Despite this, the Falangists had not been involved in any <a href="/wiki/Martyrs_of_the_Spanish_Civil_War" title="Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War">massacres of Catholics</a>, and it went on to support the Church as a result of their alliance to monarchists and other <a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">nationalist movements</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Philippines">Philippines</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Philippines" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Law" title="Rizal Law">Rizal Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Responsible_Parenthood_and_Reproductive_Health_Act_of_2012" title="Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012">Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012</a></div> Philippine anti-clericalism is rooted in the anti-clericalism of 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Spain" title="Catholic Church in Spain">Spain</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Ilustrado" title="Ilustrado">ilustrado</a> class during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish colonial period</a> and one of the most prominent of the Philippines' <a href="/wiki/National_hero_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="National hero of the Philippines">national heroes</a> held anti-clerical views until his eventual recantation before his <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Day" title="Rizal Day">day of execution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-meyer1971-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-montes2018-44">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a>, the secret society that spearheaded the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Revolution" title="Philippine Revolution">Philippine Revolution</a> after Rizal's execution, was also noted for its anti-clericalism.<a href="#cite_note-l%C3%B3pez2009-45">[45]</a> After Philippine independence <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day_(Philippines)" title="Republic Day (Philippines)">was recognized</a> by the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">United States</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rizal_Law" title="Rizal Law">inclusion</a> of Rizal's novels <a href="/wiki/Noli_Me_T%C3%A1ngere_(novel)" title="Noli Me Tángere (novel)">Noli me tangere</a> and <a href="/wiki/El_filibusterismo" title="El filibusterismo">El filibusterismo</a> in the country's <a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">formal-education curricula</a> was strongly opposed by the domestic <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Church in the Philippines">Catholic Church</a> <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">hierarchy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a>, the country's previous <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">president</a>, has adopted a combative verbal stance toward the Church hierarchy and its <a href="/wiki/Liberal_elite" title="Liberal elite">staunchest supporters</a>.<a href="#cite_note-tan2018-46">[46]</a> In 2015, he blamed and cursed <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> for the traffic congestion in the <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">national capital</a>; he later apologized and clarified that it was the <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Benigno Aquino III administration">government</a>'s fault and not the pope's.<a href="#cite_note-gonzales2015-47">[47]</a> In 2019, he predicted the Church's temporal demise in 25 years.<a href="#cite_note-acidre2020-48">[48]</a> Duterte, however, has underscored that his animosity toward the Church was purely personal and warned the otherwise uninvolved public against taking unethical action against the clergy.<a href="#cite_note-corrales2019-49">[49]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Canada">Canada</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Canada" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> In French Canada following the Conquest, much like in Ireland or Poland under foreign rule, the Catholic Church was the sole national institution not under the direct control of the British colonial government. It was also a major marker of social difference from the incoming Anglo-Protestant settlers. French Canadian identity was almost entirely centred around Catholicism, and to a much lesser extent the French language. However, there was a small anti-clerical movement in French Canada in the early nineteenth drawing inspiration from American and French liberal revolutions. This group was one current (but by no means the dominant) one in the <a href="/wiki/Parti_canadien" title="Parti canadien">Parti canadien</a> and its associated <a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada_Rebellion" title="Lower Canada Rebellion">Lower Canada Rebellion</a> of 1837. In the more democratic politics that followed the rebellions, the more radical and anti-clerical tendency eventually formed the <a href="/wiki/Parti_rouge" title="Parti rouge">Parti rouge</a> in 1848. At the same time in English Canada, a related phenomenon occurred where the primarily <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformist</a> (mostly <a href="/w/index.php?title=Presbyterianism_in_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presbyterianism in Canada (page does not exist)">Presbyterian</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Methodism_in_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methodism in Canada (page does not exist)">Methodist</a>) <a href="/wiki/Reform_movement_(pre-Confederation_Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform movement (pre-Confederation Canada)">Reform movement</a> conflicted with an <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Canada" title="Anglican Church of Canada">Anglican</a> establishment. In Upper Canada, <a href="/wiki/The_Reform_Movement_(Upper_Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Reform Movement (Upper Canada)">The Reform Movement</a> began as protest against the <a href="/wiki/Established_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Established church">"establishment"</a> of the Anglican church.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The vastly different religious backgrounds of the Reformers and rouges was one of the factors which prevented them from working together well during the era of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Co-premiers_of_the_Province_of_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Co-premiers of the Province of Canada (page does not exist)">two-party coalition government</a> in Canada (1840–1867). By 1861, however, the two groups fused to create a united Liberal block.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> After 1867, this party added like-minded reformers from the Maritime provinces, but struggled to win power, especially in still strongly-Catholic Quebec. Once <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_Laurier" title="Wilfrid Laurier">Wilfrid Laurier</a> became party leader, however, the party dropped its anti-clerical stance and went on to dominate Canadian politics throughout most of the 20th century. Since that time, Liberal prime ministers have been overwhelmingly Catholic (St. Laurent, both Pierre and Justin Trudeau, Chrétien, Martin), but since the 1960s Liberals have again had a strained relationship with the Catholic church, and have increasingly parted with the Catholic church's teachings on <a href="/wiki/Sexual_morality" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual morality">sexual morality</a>, as when Pierre Trudeau legalized homosexuality and streamlined divorce (as justice minister under Pearson), and Martin legalized same-sex marriage. In Quebec itself, the <a href="/wiki/Quiet_Revolution" title="Quiet Revolution">Quiet Revolution</a> of the 1960s broke the hold of the church on provincial politics. The <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Liberal_Party" title="Quebec Liberal Party">Quebec Liberal Party</a> embraced formerly taboo <a href="/wiki/Social_democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Social democratic">social democratic</a> ideas, and the state intervened in fields once dominated by the church, especially health and education, which were taken over by the provincial government. Quebec is now considered<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> Canada's most secular province. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="United_States">United States</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_American_River_Ganges_(Thomas_Nast_cartoon).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_American_River_Ganges_%28Thomas_Nast_cartoon%29.jpg/300px-The_American_River_Ganges_%28Thomas_Nast_cartoon%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="205" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1161" data-file-height="792"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 205px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_American_River_Ganges_%28Thomas_Nast_cartoon%29.jpg/300px-The_American_River_Ganges_%28Thomas_Nast_cartoon%29.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="205" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_American_River_Ganges_%28Thomas_Nast_cartoon%29.jpg/450px-The_American_River_Ganges_%28Thomas_Nast_cartoon%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/The_American_River_Ganges_%28Thomas_Nast_cartoon%29.jpg/600px-The_American_River_Ganges_%28Thomas_Nast_cartoon%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A famous 1876 editorial cartoon by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nast" title="Thomas Nast">Thomas Nast</a> which portrays bishops as <a href="/wiki/Crocodile" title="Crocodile">crocodiles</a> who are attacking <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">public schools</a>, with the connivance of Irish Catholic politicians</figcaption></figure> Although anti-clericalism is more often spoken of regarding the history or current politics of Latin countries where the Catholic Church was established and where the clergy had privileges, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Jenkins" title="Philip Jenkins">Philip Jenkins</a> notes in his 2003 book <a href="/wiki/The_New_Anti-Catholicism" title="The New Anti-Catholicism">The New Anti-Catholicism</a> that the U.S., despite the lack of Catholic establishments, has always had anti-clericals.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Latin_America">Latin America</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Latin America" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism_in_Latin_America" title="Anti-clericalism in Latin America">Anti-clericalism in Latin America</a></div> Of the population of Latin America, about 71% acknowledge allegiance to the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fewer_Catholics_in_Latin_America-55">[55]</a> Consequently, about 43% of the world's Catholics inhabit the 'Latin' countries of South, Central and North America.<a href="#cite_note-Fewer_Catholics_in_Latin_America-55">[55]</a> The slowness to embrace religious freedom in Latin America is related to its colonial heritage and to its post-colonial history. The <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a> cultures made substantial use of religious leaders to ideologically support governing authority and power. This pre-existing role of religion as ideological adjunct to the state in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Columbian</a> culture made it relatively easy for the Spanish conquistadors to replace native religious structures with those of a Catholicism that was closely linked to the Spanish throne.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Anti-clericalism was a common feature of 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> in Latin America. This anti-clericalism was often purportedly based on the idea that the clergy (especially the prelates who ran the administrative offices of the Church) were hindering social progress in areas such as public education and economic development. Beginning in the 1820s, a succession of liberal regimes came to power in Latin America.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Some members of these liberal regimes sought to imitate the Spain of the 1830s (and revolutionary France of a half-century earlier) in expropriating the wealth of the Catholic Church, and in imitating the 18th-century benevolent despots in restricting or prohibiting the religious orders. As a result, a number of these liberal regimes expropriated Church property and tried to bring education, marriage and burial under secular authority. The confiscation of Church properties and changes in the scope of religious liberties (in general, increasing the rights of non-Catholics and non-observant Catholics, while licensing or prohibiting the orders) generally accompanied secularist and governmental reforms.<a href="#cite_note-Norman172-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Mexico" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism_in_Mexico" title="Anti-clericalism in Mexico">Anti-clericalism in Mexico</a></div> The Mexican Constitution of 1824 had required the Republic to prohibit the exercise of any religion other than the Catholic faith.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reform_War">Reform War</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Reform War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reform_War" title="Reform War">Reform War</a></div> Starting in 1855, President <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a> issued decrees nationalizing church property, separating church and state, and suppressing religious orders. Church properties were confiscated and basic civil and political rights were denied to religious orders and the clergy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cristero_War">Cristero War</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cristero War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a></div> More severe laws called <a href="/wiki/Calles_Law" title="Calles Law">Calles Law</a> during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles" title="Plutarco Elías Calles">Plutarco Elías Calles</a> eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a>, an armed peasant rebellion supported by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, against the Mexican government.<a href="#cite_note-Chadwick264-60">[60]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> of 1910, the new Mexican Constitution of 1917 contained further anti-clerical provisions. Article 3 called for secular education in the schools and prohibited the Church from engaging in primary education; Article 5 outlawed monastic orders; Article 24 forbade public worship outside the confines of churches; and Article 27 placed restrictions on the right of religious organizations to hold property. Article 130 deprived clergy members of basic political rights. Many of these laws were resisted, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero Rebellion</a> of 1927–1929. The suppression of the Church included the closing of many churches and the killing of priests. The persecution was most severe in Tabasco under the <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a>"<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> governor <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Garrido_Canabal" title="Tomás Garrido Canabal">Tomás Garrido Canabal</a>. The church-supported armed rebellion only escalated the violence. US Diplomat <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Morrow" title="Dwight Morrow">Dwight Morrow</a> was brought in to mediate the conflict. But 1928 saw the assassination of President <a href="/wiki/Alvaro_Obreg%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Alvaro Obregón">Alvaro Obregón</a> by Catholic radical <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Le%C3%B3n_Toral" title="José de León Toral">José de León Toral</a>, gravely damaging the peace process. The war had a profound effect on the Church. Between 1926 and 1934 at least 40 priests were killed.<a href="#cite_note-Blood-Drenched_Altars-62">[62]</a> Between 1926 and 1934, over 3,000 priests were exiled or assassinated.<a href="#cite_note-Scheina-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blood-Drenched_Altars-62">[62]</a> Where 4,500 priests served the people before the rebellion, in 1934 there were only 334 priests licensed by the government to serve fifteen million people, the rest having been eliminated by emigration, expulsion and assassination.<a href="#cite_note-Blood-Drenched_Altars-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Scheina,_Robert_L._p._33-64">[64]</a> It appears that ten states were left without any priests.<a href="#cite_note-Scheina,_Robert_L._p._33-64">[64]</a> The Cristero rebels committed their share of violence, which continued even after formal hostilities had ended. In some of the worst cases, public school teachers were tortured and murdered by the former Cristero rebels.<a href="#cite_note-right-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-fire-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> It is calculated that almost 300 rural teachers were murdered in this way between 1935 and 1939.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecuador">Ecuador</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Ecuador" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> This issue was one of the bases for the lasting dispute between Conservatives, who represented primarily the interests of the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ecuador#La_Sierra_(the_highlands)" title="Geography of Ecuador">Sierra</a> and the church, and the Liberals, who represented those of the Costa and anti-clericalism. Tensions came to a head in 1875 when the conservative President <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_Moreno" title="Gabriel García Moreno">Gabriel García Moreno</a>, after being elected to his third term, was allegedly assassinated by anti-clerical Freemasons.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colombia">Colombia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Colombia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/La_Violencia" title="La Violencia">La Violencia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Civil_War_of_1876" title="Colombian Civil War of 1876">Colombian Civil War of 1876</a></div> Colombia enacted anti-clerical legislation and its enforcement during more than three decades (1849–84). <a href="/wiki/La_Violencia" title="La Violencia">La Violencia</a> refers to an era of civil conflict in various areas of the <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombian</a> countryside between supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Liberal_Party" title="Colombian Liberal Party">Colombian Liberal Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Conservative_Party" title="Colombian Conservative Party">Colombian Conservative Party</a>, a conflict which took place roughly from 1948 to 1958.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encarta-74">[74]</a> Across the country, militants attacked churches, convents, and monasteries, killing priests and looking for arms, since the conspiracy theory maintained that the religious had guns, and this despite the fact that not a single serviceable weapon was located in the raids.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005218-75">[75]</a> When their party came to power in 1930, anti-clerical Liberals pushed for legislation to end Church influence in public schools. These Liberals held that the Church and its intellectual backwardness were responsible for a lack of spiritual and material progress in Colombia. Liberal-controlled local, departmental and national governments ended contracts with religious communities who operated schools in government-owned buildings, and set up secular schools in their place. These actions were sometimes violent, and were met by a strong opposition from clerics, Conservatives, and even a good number of more moderate Liberals. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Argentina" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The original <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Constitution_of_1853" title="Argentine Constitution of 1853">Argentine Constitution of 1853</a> provided that all Argentine presidents must be Catholic and stated that the duty of the Argentine congress was to convert the Indians to Catholicism. All of these provisions have been eliminated with the exception of the mandate to "sustain" Catholicism. Liberal anti-clericalists of the 1880s established a new pattern of church-state relations in which the official constitutional status of the Church was preserved while the state assumed control of many functions formerly the province of the Church. Conservative Catholics, asserting their role as definers of national values and morality, responded in part by joining in the rightist religio-political movement known as Catholic Nationalism which formed successive opposition parties. This began a prolonged period of conflict between church and state that persisted until the 1940s when the Church enjoyed a restoration of its former status under the presidency of Colonel <a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Juan Perón</a>. Perón claimed that Peronism was the "true embodiment of Catholic social teaching" – indeed, more the embodiment of Catholicism than the Catholic Church itself. In 1954, Argentina saw extensive destruction of churches, denunciations of clergy and confiscation of Catholic schools as Perón attempted to extend state control over national institutions.<a href="#cite_note-Norman167-76">[76]</a> The renewed rupture in church-state relations was completed when Perón was <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunicated</a>. However, in 1955, he was overthrown by a military general who was a leading member of the Catholic Nationalist movement. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Venezuela">Venezuela</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Venezuela" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In Venezuela, the government of <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Guzm%C3%A1n_Blanco" title="Antonio Guzmán Blanco">Antonio Guzmán Blanco</a> (in office from 1870 to 1877, from 1879 to 1884, and from 1886 to 1887) virtually crushed the institutional life of the church, even attempting to legalize the marriage of priests. These anti-clerical policies remained in force for decades afterward. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuba">Cuba</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cuba" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Cuba, under the rule of atheist <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>, succeeded in reducing the Church's ability to work by deporting the archbishop and 150 Spanish priests, by discriminating against Catholics in public life and education and by refusing to accept them as members of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Cuba" title="Communist Party of Cuba">Communist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chadwick266-77">[77]</a> The subsequent flight of 300,000 people from the island also helped to diminish the Church there.<a href="#cite_note-Chadwick266-77">[77]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="State_atheism">State atheism</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: State atheism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_state_atheism.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Map_of_state_atheism.svg/400px-Map_of_state_atheism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="203" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2754" data-file-height="1398"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 203px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Map_of_state_atheism.svg/400px-Map_of_state_atheism.svg.png" data-width="400" data-height="203" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Map_of_state_atheism.svg/600px-Map_of_state_atheism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Map_of_state_atheism.svg/800px-Map_of_state_atheism.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">World map showing nations that formerly or currently practice state atheism.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"> Countries that formerly practiced state atheism</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"> Countries that currently practice state atheism</div> </div> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marxism_and_religion" title="Marxism and religion">Marxism and religion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War">Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War</a></div> A number of countries have practiced <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">state atheism</a>. Most of them, though not all, were <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist states</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, anti-clericalism was expressed through the state; in the first five years alone after the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Bolshevik revolution</a>, 28 bishops and 1,200 priests were executed.<a href="#cite_note-Ostling-104">[104]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Anti-clericalism_in_the_Islamic_world">Anti-clericalism in the Islamic world</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Anti-clericalism in the Islamic world" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> In various traditions of Islam, Muslims who are not experts in Islamic jurisprudence (<a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a>) are ought to follow the instructions of an expert, i.e., a <a href="/wiki/Mujtahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujtahid">mujtahid</a>, (with the exception of "matters of belief" or usulu 'd-din).<a href="#cite_note-AI-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peter_139-106">[106]</a> This deference is known as <a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">taqlid</a> or "imitation” and is meant for experts in a broad range of matters. In practice this means asking a cleric trained in Islamic law for a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> or ‘legal opinion’ on the issue the Muslim is concerned about. This ties into the significance of local customs and practices, known as <a href="/wiki/Urf" title="Urf">urf</a>, in the context of Sunni Islam, which does not have a formal clergy. <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>, on the other hand, has had a doctrine of a centralized clergy in the <a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">imamate</a>. Thus, by extension, the practice of taqlid has historically been more systematic. For example, as of the 19th century the Shia <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a> taught believers to turn to the highest ranking clerics, known as "sources of taqlid" (<a href="/wiki/Marja%27_(Islamic_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marja' (Islamic law)">marja'</a> at-taqlid).<a href="#cite_note-Momen-1985-143-107">[107]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">1979 Islamic Revolution</a> in Iran—the one Muslim country where Shia form an overwhelming majority—even more systematic power was given to clerics. Under the doctrine of rule by Islamic jurists, or <a href="/wiki/Hokumat-e_Islami_:_Velayat-e_faqih_(book_by_Khomeini)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokumat-e Islami : Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)">velayat-e faqih</a>, Islamic clerics must rule or Islam will whither away. A cleric is head of state in Iran, and clerics control many powerful governmental positions. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Iran" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%A2%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%D8%A2%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg/220px-%D8%A2%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="1028"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 275px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%D8%A2%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg/220px-%D8%A2%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="275" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%D8%A2%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg/330px-%D8%A2%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/%D8%A2%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg/440px-%D8%A2%D8%AE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B8%D9%85_%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Akhund Khurasani is known to be the greatest theorist of Usuli Shi'ism in modern times.</figcaption></figure> During the first democratic revolution of Asia, the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Iranian Constitutional Revolution</a>, the Shia Marja <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Kazim_Khurasani" title="Muhammad Kazim Khurasani">Akhund Khurasani</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Husayn_Tehrani" title="Mirza Husayn Tehrani">colleagues</a> theorized a model of religious <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secularity</a> in the absence of Imam, that still prevails in Shia seminaries.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In absence of the ideal ruler, that is <a href="/wiki/Imam_al-Mahdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Imam al-Mahdi">Imam al-Mahdi</a>, democracy was the best available option.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015152-109">[109]</a> He considers opposition to constitutional democracy as hostility towards the twelfth Imam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015159-110">[110]</a> He declared his full support for constitutional democracy and announced that objection to "foundations of constitutionalism" was un-Islamic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015160-111">[111]</a> According to Akhund, "a rightful religion imposes conditions on the actions and behavior of human beings", which stem from either holy text or logical reasoning, and these constraints are essentially meant to prevent despotism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015161-112">[112]</a> He believes that an Islamic system of governance can not be established without the infallible Imam leading it. Thus the clergy and modern scholars have concluded that a proper legislation can help reduce the state tyranny and maintain peace and security. He said:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015162-113">[113]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: سلطنت مشروعه آن است کہ متصدی امور عامه ی ناس و رتق و فتق کارهای قاطبه ی مسلمین و فیصل کافه ی مهام به دست شخص معصوم و موید و منصوب و منصوص و مأمور مِن الله باشد مانند انبیاء و اولیاء و مثل خلافت امیرالمومنین و ایام ظهور و رجعت حضرت حجت، و اگر حاکم مطلق معصوم نباشد، آن سلطنت غیرمشروعه است، چنان‌ کہ در زمان غیبت است و سلطنت غیرمشروعه دو قسم است، عادله، نظیر مشروطه کہ مباشر امور عامه، عقلا و متدینین باشند و ظالمه و جابره است، مثل آنکه حاکم مطلق یک نفر مطلق‌ العنان خودسر باشد. البته به صریح حکم عقل و به فصیح منصوصات شرع «غیر مشروعه ی عادله» مقدم است بر «غیرمشروعه ی جابره». و به تجربه و تدقیقات صحیحه و غور رسی‌ های شافیه مبرهن شده که نُه عشر تعدیات دوره ی استبداد در دوره ی مشروطیت کمتر می‌شود و دفع افسد و اقبح به فاسد و به قبیح واجب است.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> </blockquote> <blockquote> English: "According to Shia doctrine, only the infallible Imam has the right to govern, to run the affairs of the people, to solve the problems of the Muslim society and to make important decisions. As it was in the time of the prophets or in the time of the caliphate of the commander of the faithful, and as it will be in the time of the reappearance and return of the <a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdi</a>. If the absolute guardianship is not with the infallible then it will be a non-islamic government. Since this is a time of occultation, there can be two types of non-islamic regimes: the first is a just democracy in which the affairs of the people are in the hands of faithful and educated men, and the second is a government of tyranny in which a dictator has absolute powers. Therefore, both in the eyes of the Sharia and reason what is just prevails over the unjust. From human experience and careful reflection it has become clear that democracy reduces the tyranny of state and it is obligatory to give precedence to the lesser evil."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Muhammad Kazim Khurasani</cite></div></blockquote>As "sanctioned by sacred law and religion", Akhund believes, a theocratic government can only be formed by the infallible Imam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermann2013434-115">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Agha_Bozorg_Tehrani" title="Agha Bozorg Tehrani">Aqa Buzurg Tehrani</a> also quoted Akhund Khurasani saying that if there was a possibility of establishment of a truly legitimate Islamic rule in any age, God must end <a href="/wiki/Occultation_(Islam)" title="Occultation (Islam)">occultation of the Imam of Age</a>. Hence, he refuted the idea of <a href="/wiki/Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist#Absolute_Guardianship_of_the_Islamic_Jurist" title="Guardianship of the Islamic Jurist">absolute guardianship of jurist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015220-116">[116]</a> Therefore, according to Akhund, Shia jurists must support the democratic reform. He prefers collective wisdom (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: عقل جمعی) over individual opinions, and limits the role of jurist to provide religious guidance in personal affairs of a believer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermann2013436-117">[117]</a> He defines democracy as a system of governance that enforces a set of "limitations and conditions" on the head of state and government employees so that they work within "boundaries that the laws and religion of every nation determines". Akhund believes that modern secular laws complement traditional religion. He asserts that both religious rulings and the laws outside the scope of religion confront "state despotism".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015166-118">[118]</a> Constitutionalism is based on the idea of defending the "nation's inherent and natural liberties", and as absolute power corrupts, a democratic distribution of power would make it possible for the nation to live up to its full potential.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015167-119">[119]</a> In 1925, <a href="/wiki/Rez%C4%81_Sh%C4%81h" class="mw-redirect" title="Rezā Shāh">Rezā Khan</a> proclaimed himself <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">shah</a> of the country. As part of his Westernization program, the traditional role of the ruling clergy was minimized; Islamic schools were secularized, women were forbidden to wear the <a href="/wiki/Hijab" title="Hijab">hijab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> law was abolished, and men and women were desegregated in educational and religious environments. All this infuriated the ultraconservative clergy as a class. Rezā Khan's son and heir <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> continued such practices. They ultimately contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Islamic Revolution</a> of 1978–79, and the Shah's flight from his country. When <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> took power a month after the revolution, the Shah's anti-clerical measures were largely overturned, replaced by an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Republic">Islamic Republic</a> based on the principle of rule by Islamic jurists, <a href="/wiki/Hokumat-e_Islami_:_Velayat-e_faqih_(book_by_Khomeini)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hokumat-e Islami : Velayat-e faqih (book by Khomeini)">velayat-e faqih</a>, where clerics serve as heads of state and judges, veto legislation they consider un-Islamic and control who may run for president or parliament. However, by the late 1990s and 2000s, anti-clericalism was reported to be significant in the <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Islamic Republic of Iran</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Iran, although an Islamic state, imbued with religion and religious symbolism, is an increasingly anti-clerical country. In a sense it resembles some Catholic countries where religion is taken for granted, without public display, and with ambiguous feelings towards the clergy. Iranians tend to mock their mullahs, making mild jokes about them ...<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEconomist_staff2000-120">[120]</a> </blockquote> Demonstrators using slogans such as "The clerics live like kings while we live in poverty!" One report claims "Working-class Iranian lamented clerical wealth in the face of their own poverty," and "stories about Swiss bank accounts of leading clerics circulated on <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>'s rumor mill."<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Indonesia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/1998_East_Java_ninja_scare" title="1998 East Java ninja scare">1998 East Java ninja scare</a></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Suharto" title="Fall of Suharto">fall of Suharto</a> in 1998, a witch hunt in <a href="/wiki/Banyuwangi" class="mw-redirect" title="Banyuwangi">Banyuwangi</a> against alleged sorcerers spiraled into widespread riots and violence. In addition to alleged sorcerers, Islamic clerics were also targeted and killed, <a href="/wiki/Nahdlatul_Ulama" title="Nahdlatul Ulama">Nahdlatul Ulama</a> members were murdered by rioters.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Certain_branches_of_Freemasonry">Certain branches of Freemasonry</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Certain branches of Freemasonry" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anticlericalism_and_Freemasonry" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticlericalism and Freemasonry">Anticlericalism and Freemasonry</a></div> According to the 1913 <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasonry</a> was historically viewed by the Catholic Church as being a principal source of anti-Clericalism<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> – especially in, but not limited to,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> historically Catholic countries. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 31px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="31" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Christianity">Anti-Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianisation_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianisation of France during the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethought" title="Freethought">Freethought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Laïcité">Laïcité</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonsectarian" title="Nonsectarian">Nonsectarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations between the Catholic Church and the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Jesuits" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of the Jesuits">Suppression of the Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Luke W. Galen. The Nonreligious: Understanding Secular People and Societies. Oxford University Press, 2016. p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-Catholic_Church_supportive_of_French_King,_Louis_XVI-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_Church_supportive_of_French_King,_Louis_XVI_2-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWeight" class="citation web cs1">Weight, Alexa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.wou.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1058&context=his#:~:text=The%20French%20King%2C%20Louis%20XVI,the%20official%20religion%20of%20France.">"God and Revolution: Religion and Power from PreRevolutionary France to the Napoleonic Empire"</a>. Department Of History. Western Oregon University. 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(2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mXdWFUkzK_YC&pg=PT41">Historical Dictionary of the Reformation and Counter-Reformation</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-59677-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-59677-3"><bdi>978-1-136-59677-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2023-03-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+Reformation+and+Counter-Reformation&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-59677-3&rft.aulast=Hillerbrand&rft.aufirst=H.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmXdWFUkzK_YC%26pg%3DPT41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Joes-51-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Joes-51_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Joes-51_5-1">b</a> Joes, Anthony James <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=buHXFDFdeoQC">Resisting Rebellion: The History and Politics of Counterinsurgency</a> 2006 University Press of Kentucky <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-2339-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-2339-9">0-8131-2339-9</a>. p.51 </li> <li id="cite_note-StoryChr-6"><a href="#cite_ref-StoryChr_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollins1999" class="citation book cs1">Collins, Michael (1999). The Story of Christianity. Mathew A Price. Dorling Kindersley. pp. 176–177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7513-0467-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7513-0467-1"><bdi>978-0-7513-0467-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Christianity&rft.pages=176-177&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7513-0467-1&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HorneDavidson2013-7"><a href="#cite_ref-HorneDavidson2013_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorneDavidson2013" class="citation book cs1">Horne, Thomas Hartwell; Davidson, Samuel (21 November 2013). An Introduction to the Critical Study and Knowledge of the Holy Scriptures. Cambridge University Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-06772-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-06772-0"><bdi>978-1-108-06772-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Critical+Study+and+Knowledge+of+the+Holy+Scriptures&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013-11-21&rft.isbn=978-1-108-06772-0&rft.aulast=Horne&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Hartwell&rft.au=Davidson%2C+Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Latreille, A. FRENCH REVOLUTION, New Catholic Encyclopedia v. 5, pp. 972–973 (Second Ed. 2002 Thompson/Gale) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7876-4004-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7876-4004-2">0-7876-4004-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpielvogel2006" class="citation book cs1">Spielvogel, Jackson J. (2006). Western Civilization. Wadsworth. p. 549. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780534646028" title="Special:BookSources/9780534646028"><bdi>9780534646028</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Western+Civilization&rft.pages=549&rft.pub=Wadsworth&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780534646028&rft.aulast=Spielvogel&rft.aufirst=Jackson+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#Tallet1991">Tallet (1991)</a>:1 </li> <li id="cite_note-Tallet,_Frank-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Tallet,_Frank_11-0">^</a> Tallet, Frank <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aL4lsWdd-rAC">Religion, Society and Politics in France Since 1789</a> pp. 1-17 1991 Continuum International Publishing </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Fremont-Barnes, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-McGowan2012-13"><a href="#cite_ref-McGowan2012_13-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGowan2012" class="citation book cs1">McGowan, Dale (7 September 2012). 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Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313334467" title="Special:BookSources/9780313334467"><bdi>9780313334467</bdi></a>. <q>The cult was a deliberate attempt to counter the unsuccessful efforts at dechristianization, and the atheistic Cult of Reason, which reached its high point in the winter of the previous year.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Age+of+Political+Revolutions+and+New+Ideologies%2C+1760-1815%3A+A-L&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780313334467&rft.aulast=Fremont-Barnes&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmstadter1997" class="citation book cs1">Helmstadter, Richard J. 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December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Duterte+denies+slur+on+Pope%3A+I+was+cursing+gov%27t+incompetence&rft.date=2015-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F743899%2Fduterte-denies-slur-on-pope-i-was-cursing-govt-incompetence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-acidre2020-48"><a href="#cite_ref-acidre2020_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manilastandard.net/opinion/columns/the-fifth-gospel-by-jude-acidre/318043/the-church-and-duterte.html">"Manila Standard"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Manila_Standard" title="Manila Standard">Manila Standard</a>. 24 February 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Manila+Standard&rft.atitle=Manila+Standard&rft.date=2020-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.manilastandard.net%2Fopinion%2Fcolumns%2Fthe-fifth-gospel-by-jude-acidre%2F318043%2Fthe-church-and-duterte.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-corrales2019-49"><a href="#cite_ref-corrales2019_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1089747/duterte-catholic-church-will-disappear-in-25-years">"Duterte: Catholic Church will disappear in 25 years"</a>. 25 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Duterte%3A+Catholic+Church+will+disappear+in+25+years&rft.date=2019-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewsinfo.inquirer.net%2F1089747%2Fduterte-catholic-church-will-disappear-in-25-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilton2000" class="citation book cs1">Wilton, Carol (2000). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadian-politics.com/tiki-index.php?page=Liberal">the original</a> on 2011-10-10. Retrieved 2011-11-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Parties%3A+The+Liberal+Party+of+Canada&rft.pub=Canadian-Politics.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadian-politics.com%2Ftiki-index.php%3Fpage%3DLiberal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriesen2010" class="citation news cs1">Friesen, Joe (10 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/canada-marching-from-religion-to-secularization/article1320108/">"Canada marching from religion to secularization"</a>. The Globe and Mail.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Globe+and+Mail&rft.atitle=Canada+marching+from+religion+to+secularization&rft.date=2010-12-10&rft.aulast=Friesen&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobeandmail.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fcanada-marching-from-religion-to-secularization%2Farticle1320108%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Jenkins, Philip, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cVwthOtTiI4C">The New Anti-Catholicism: The Last Acceptable Prejudice</a>, p. 10, Oxford University Press US, 2004 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Fraser, Barbara J., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20050628212330/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0503707.htm">In Latin America, Catholics down, church's credibility up, poll says</a> Catholic News Service June 23, 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-Fewer_Catholics_in_Latin_America-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fewer_Catholics_in_Latin_America_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fewer_Catholics_in_Latin_America_55-1">b</a> Oppenheimer, Andres <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legacy.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20050517/news_lz1e17oppenh.html">Fewer Catholics in Latin America</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120313182149/http://legacy.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20050517/news_lz1e17oppenh.html">Archived</a> 2012-03-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> San Diego Tribune May 15, 2005 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSigmund1996" class="citation journal cs1">Sigmund, Paul E. (1996). "Religious Human Rights in the World Today: A Report on the 1994 Atlanta Conference: Legal Perspectives on Religious Human Rights: Religious Human Rights in Latin America". Emory International Law Review. Emory University School of Law.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emory+International+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Religious+Human+Rights+in+the+World+Today%3A+A+Report+on+the+1994+Atlanta+Conference%3A+Legal+Perspectives+on+Religious+Human+Rights%3A+Religious+Human+Rights+in+Latin+America&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Sigmund&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStacy2003" class="citation book cs1">Stacy, Lee (2003). Mexico and the United States. Marshall Cavendish. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780761474050" title="Special:BookSources/9780761474050"><bdi>9780761474050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mexico+and+the+United+States&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780761474050&rft.aulast=Stacy&rft.aufirst=Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman172-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Norman172_58-0">^</a> Norman, The Roman Catholic Church an Illustrated History (2007), pp. 167–72 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318225631/http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/text/1824index.html">"Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States (1824)"</a>. Tarlton.law.utexas.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/constitutions/text/1824index.html">the original</a> on 2012-03-18. Retrieved 27 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Constitution+of+the+United+Mexican+States+%281824%29&rft.pub=Tarlton.law.utexas.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftarlton.law.utexas.edu%2Fconstitutions%2Ftext%2F1824index.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chadwick264-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Chadwick264_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChadwick1995" class="citation book cs1">Chadwick (1995). A History of Christianity. Macmillan. pp. 264–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312187231" title="Special:BookSources/9780312187231"><bdi>9780312187231</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christianity&rft.pages=264-5&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780312187231&rft.au=Chadwick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Peter Godman, "Graham Greene's Vatican Dossier" The Atlantic Monthly 288.1 (July/August 2001): 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-Blood-Drenched_Altars-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blood-Drenched_Altars_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blood-Drenched_Altars_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blood-Drenched_Altars_62-2">c</a> Van Hove, Brian <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/blooddrenched-altars-4082">Blood-Drenched Altars</a> Faith & Reason 1994 </li> <li id="cite_note-Scheina-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Scheina_63-0">^</a> Scheina, Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo (2003), p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-Scheina,_Robert_L._p._33-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scheina,_Robert_L._p._33_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scheina,_Robert_L._p._33_64-1">b</a> Scheina, Robert L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8aWQ_7oKJfkC&dq=cristero+war+priests+killed&pg=PA33">M1 Latin America's Wars: The Age of the Caudillo, 1791–1899</a> p. 33 (2003 Brassey's) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-452-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57488-452-4">978-1-57488-452-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-right-65"><a href="#cite_ref-right_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_W._Sherman1997" class="citation book cs1">John W. Sherman (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h29VKMtmzzcC&q=%22alleged%20cristeros%22+teachers">The Mexican right: the end of revolutionary reform, 1929–1940</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 43–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95736-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95736-0"><bdi>978-0-275-95736-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mexican+right%3A+the+end+of+revolutionary+reform%2C+1929%E2%80%931940&rft.pages=43-45&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-275-95736-0&rft.au=John+W.+Sherman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh29VKMtmzzcC%26q%3D%2522alleged%2520cristeros%2522%2Bteachers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fire-66"><a href="#cite_ref-fire_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarjorie_Becker1995" class="citation book cs1">Marjorie Becker (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=poCw5DcQF5cC&q=cristeros+teachers">Setting the Virgin on fire: Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán peasants, and the redemption of the Mexican Revolution</a>. University of California Press. pp. 124–126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08419-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-08419-3"><bdi>978-0-520-08419-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Setting+the+Virgin+on+fire%3A+L%C3%A1zaro+C%C3%A1rdenas%2C+Michoac%C3%A1n+peasants%2C+and+the+redemption+of+the+Mexican+Revolution&rft.pages=124-126&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-520-08419-3&rft.au=Marjorie+Becker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpoCw5DcQF5cC%26q%3Dcristeros%2Bteachers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCora_Govers2006" class="citation book cs1">Cora Govers (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4y4KnORm320C&q=cristeros+teachers">Performing the community: representation, ritual and reciprocity in the Totonac Highlands of Mexico</a>. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-9751-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-9751-2"><bdi>978-3-8258-9751-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Performing+the+community%3A+representation%2C+ritual+and+reciprocity+in+the+Totonac+Highlands+of+Mexico&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-9751-2&rft.au=Cora+Govers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4y4KnORm320C%26q%3Dcristeros%2Bteachers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNathaniel_Weyl,_Mrs._Sylvia_Castleton_Weyl1939" class="citation book cs1">Nathaniel Weyl, Mrs. Sylvia Castleton Weyl (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9UkVAAAAYAAJ&q=almost+300+rural+teachers">The reconquest of Mexico: the years of Lázaro Cárdenas</a>. Oxford university press. p. 322.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+reconquest+of+Mexico%3A+the+years+of+L%C3%A1zaro+C%C3%A1rdenas&rft.pages=322&rft.pub=Oxford+university+press&rft.date=1939&rft.au=Nathaniel+Weyl%2C+Mrs.+Sylvia+Castleton+Weyl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9UkVAAAAYAAJ%26q%3Dalmost%2B300%2Brural%2Bteachers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Berthe, P. Augustine, translated from French by Mary Elizabeth Herbert <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Akr838XsIO0C">Garcia Moreno, President of Ecuador, 1821–1875</a> p. 297-300, 1889 Burns and Oates </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Burke, Edmund <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wD89Lnx_S_gC">Annual Register: A Review of Public Events at Home and Abroad, for the year 1875</a> p.323 1876 Rivingtons </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStokes,_Doug2005" class="citation book cs1">Stokes, Doug (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160109132325/http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/54324.html">America's Other War: Terrorizing Colombia</a>. Zed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-547-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84277-547-9"><bdi>978-1-84277-547-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/54324.html">the original</a> on 2016-01-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America%27s+Other+War%3A+Terrorizing+Colombia&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-84277-547-9&rft.au=Stokes%2C+Doug&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbailey83221.livejournal.com%2F54324.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"> p. 68, Both Livingstone and Stokes quote a figure of 200,000 dead between 1948–1953 (Livingstone) and "a decade war" (Stokes) </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzcarate1999" class="citation journal cs1">Azcarate, Camilo A. (March 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080907222242/http://trinstitute.org/ojpcr/2_1columbia.htm">"Psychosocial Dynamics of the Armed Conflict in Colombia"</a>. Online Journal of Peace and Conflict Resolution. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trinstitute.org/ojpcr/2_1columbia.htm">the original</a> on 2008-09-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Online+Journal+of+Peace+and+Conflict+Resolution&rft.atitle=Psychosocial+Dynamics+of+the+Armed+Conflict+in+Colombia&rft.date=1999-03&rft.aulast=Azcarate&rft.aufirst=Camilo+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trinstitute.org%2Fojpcr%2F2_1columbia.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"> Azcarate quotes a figure of 300,000 dead between 1948–1959 </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGutiérrez1999" class="citation journal cs1">Gutiérrez, Pedro Ruz (October 31, 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060531101025/http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/77682.html">"Bullets, Bloodshed And Ballots;For Generations, Violence Has Defined Colombia's Turbulent Political History"</a>. Orlando Sentinel (Florida): G1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bailey83221.livejournal.com/77682.html">the original</a> on May 31, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Orlando+Sentinel+%28Florida%29&rft.atitle=Bullets%2C+Bloodshed+And+Ballots%3BFor+Generations%2C+Violence+Has+Defined+Colombia%27s+Turbulent+Political+History&rft.pages=G1&rft.date=1999-10-31&rft.aulast=Guti%C3%A9rrez&rft.aufirst=Pedro+Ruz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbailey83221.livejournal.com%2F77682.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988">Political violence is not new to that South American nation of 38 million people. In the past 100 years, more than 500,000 Colombians have died in it. From the "War of the Thousand Days," a civil war at the turn of the century that left 100,000 dead, to a partisan clash between 1948 and 1966 that claimed nearly 300,000... </li> <li id="cite_note-Encarta-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Encarta_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergquistDavid_J._Robinson1997–2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bergquist, Charles; David J. Robinson (1997–2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071111194946/http://ca.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761564636_10/Colombia.html">"Colombia"</a>. Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia 2005. Microsoft Corporation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ca.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761564636_10/Colombia.html">the original</a> on 2007-11-11. Retrieved April 16, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Colombia&rft.btitle=Microsoft+Encarta+Online+Encyclopedia+2005&rft.pub=Microsoft+Corporation&rft.date=1997%2F2005&rft.aulast=Bergquist&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=David+J.+Robinson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fca.encarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761564636_10%2FColombia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988">On April 9, 1948, Gaitán was assassinated outside his law offices in downtown Bogotá. The assassination marked the start of a decade of bloodshed, called La Violencia (the violence), which took the lives of an estimated 180,000 Colombians before it subsided in 1958. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005218-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliford2005218_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliford2005">Williford 2005</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman167-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Norman167_76-0">^</a> Norman, The Roman Catholic Church an Illustrated History (2007), pp. 167–8 </li> <li id="cite_note-Chadwick266-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chadwick266_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chadwick266_77-1">b</a> Chadwick, A History of Christianity (1995), p. 266 </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanton_2012-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Stanton_2012_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStanton2012">Stanton 2012</a>, p. 32, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GtCL2OYsH6wC&pg=PR32">Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, and Africa: An Encyclopedia</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall_1999-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Hall_1999_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHall1999">Hall 1999</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3060414">(subscription required) - Representations of Place: Albania</a>: "the perception that religion symbolized foreign (Italian, Greek and Turkish) predation was used to justify the communists' stance of state atheism (1967-1991)." </li> <li id="cite_note-Marques_de_Morais_2014-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Marques_de_Morais_2014_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMarques_de_Morais2014">Marques de Morais 2014</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.makaangola.org/2014/04/religion-and-the-state-in-angola/">Religion and the State in Angola</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441_81-12">m</a> <a href="#CITEREFKowalewski1980">Kowalewski 1980</a>, pp. 426–441, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233080413_Protest_for_Religious_Rights_in_the_USSR_Characteristics_and_Consequences">(subscription required) - Protest for Religious Rights in the USSR: Characteristics and Consequences</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarke_2009-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_2009_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClarke2009">Clarke 2009</a>, p. 94, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qBHzparUGz8C&pg=PA94">Crude Continent: The Struggle for Africa's Oil Prize</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Avramovic_2007_p599-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Avramovic_2007_p599_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avramovic_2007_p599_83-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avramovic_2007_p599_83-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avramovic_2007_p599_83-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avramovic_2007_p599_83-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avramovic_2007_p599_83-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFAvramovi%C4%872007">Avramović 2007</a>, p. 599, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iclrs.org/content/blurb/files/Serbia.1.pdf">Understanding Secularism in a Post-Communist State: Case of Serbia</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kideckel-Halpern_2000-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kideckel-Halpern_2000_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kideckel-Halpern_2000_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kideckel-Halpern_2000_84-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kideckel-Halpern_2000_84-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kideckel-Halpern_2000_84-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kideckel-Halpern_2000_84-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFKideckelHalpern2000">Kideckel & Halpern 2000</a>, p. 165, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EEBkON-ySQUC&pg=PA165">Neighbors at War: Anthropological Perspectives on Yugoslav Ethnicity, Culture, and History</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kalkandjieva_2015-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Kalkandjieva_2015_85-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKalkandjieva2015">Kalkandjieva 2015</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.o-re-la.org/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=1243:the-encounter-between-the-religious-and-the-secular-in-post-atheist-bulgaria&Itemid=85">The encounter between the religious and the secular in post-atheist Bulgaria </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wessinger_2000-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Wessinger_2000_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWessinger2000">Wessinger 2000</a>, p. 282, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s8BvgFul4MEC&pg=PA282">Millennialism, Persecution, and Violence: Historical Cases</a>: "Democratic Kampuchea was officially an atheist state, and the persecution of religion by the Khmer Rouge was matched in severity only by the persecution of religion in the communist states of Albania and North Korea, so there were not any direct historical continuities of Buddhism into the Democratic Kampuchea era." </li> <li id="cite_note-deccanherald_212827-87"><a href="#cite_ref-deccanherald_212827_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFdeccanherald.com2011">deccanherald.com 2011</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deccanherald.com/content/212827/no-religion-chinese-communist-party.html">No religion for Chinese Communist Party cadres</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clark_2012-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Clark_2012_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFClarkDecalo2012">Clark & Decalo 2012</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oyMgIlcKuFkC">Historical Dictionary of Republic of the Congo</a> - [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Mallin_1994-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Mallin_1994_89-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMallin1994">Mallin 1994</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TUGwuKQWXW8C">Covering Castro: Rise and Decline of Cuba's Communist Dictator</a> - [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramet_1998-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet_1998_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramet_1998_90-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamet1998">Ramet 1998</a>, p. 125, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZvMi6paTOlcC&pg=PA125">Nihil Obstat: Religion, Politics, and Social Change in East-Central Europe and Russia</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kellner_2014-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Kellner_2014_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKellner2014">Kellner 2014</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141104025441/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/865614351/25-years-after-the-Berlin-Wall-falls-faith-remains-fragile-in-former-East-Germany.html">25 years after Berlin Wall's fall, faith still fragile in former East Germany</a>: "During the decades of state-sponsored atheism in East Germany, more formally known as the German Democratic Republic, the great emphasis was on avoiding religion." </li> <li id="cite_note-Ethiopia-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ethiopia_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ethiopia_92-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoulos1986">Doulos 1986</a>, p. 140, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biblicalstudies.org.uk/pdf/rcl/14-2_134.pdf">Christians in Marxist Ethiopia</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zuckerman_2009-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Zuckerman_2009_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZuckerman2009">Zuckerman 2009</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z1hbaAHsAlUC">Atheism and Secularity.</a> - [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Stiller_2003-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Stiller_2003_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStiller2013">Stiller 2013</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/brian-c-stiller/laos-a-nation-with-religi_b_3444403.html">Laos: A Nation With Religious Contradictions</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haas_2000-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Haas_2000_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaas1997">Haas 1997</a>, p. 231, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ldKJ_Re6p8AC&pg=PA231">Nationalism, Liberalism, and Progress: The dismal fate of new nations</a>: "Yet the revolutionary leaders managed to score progress toward making the country a rationalized nation-state, as shown in table 5-3. Revolts continued to plague Mexico, some due to continuing rivalries among the leaders. The bloody Cristero Revolt (1926-29), however, was fought by devout peasants against an atheist state." </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanders_2003-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_2003_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSanders2003">Sanders 2003</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5JN83EDDLl4C">Historical Dictionary of Mongolia</a> - [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Van-den-Bergh-Collier_2007-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Van-den-Bergh-Collier_2007_97-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_den_Bergh-Collier2007">Van den Bergh-Collier 2007</a>, p. 180, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sida.se/contentassets/80caaf7d1aaf48738b7b70386574b59e/towards-gender-equality-in-mozambique_693.pdf">Towards Gender Equality in Mozambique</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Temperman_2010_p141-145-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Temperman_2010_p141-145_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTemperman2010">Temperman 2010</a>, pp. 141–145, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Khag6tbsIn4C&pg=PA141">State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law : Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walaszek_1986_p118-134-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Walaszek_1986_p118-134_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalaszek1986">Walaszek 1986</a>, pp. 118–134, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0002716286483001011">(subscription required) - An Open Issue of Legitimacy: The State and the Church in Poland</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leustean_2009-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Leustean_2009_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeustean2009">Leustean 2009</a>, p. 92, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tztaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA92">Orthodoxy and the Cold War: Religion and Political Power in Romania</a>: "was to transform Romania into a communist atheist society." </li> <li id="cite_note-Dodd_2003_p571-101"><a href="#cite_ref-Dodd_2003_p571_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDodd2003">Dodd 2003</a>, p. 571, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wImNYmmgcA0C&pg=PT571">The rough guide to Vietnam</a>: "After 1975, the Marxist-Leninist government of reunified Vietnam declared the state atheist while theoretically allowing people the right to practice their religion under the constitution." </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell_2015-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell_2015_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell2015">Campbell 2015</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/yemen-the-tribal-islamists">Yemen: The Tribal Islamists</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Supporting sources listed as of January 22, 2018, for the world map showing nations that formerly or currently practice state atheism: <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a><a href="#cite_note-Stanton_2012-78">[78]</a>;<a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a><a href="#cite_note-Hall_1999-79">[79]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a><a href="#cite_note-Marques_de_Morais_2014-80">[80]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><a href="#cite_note-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441-81">[81]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><a href="#cite_note-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441-81">[81]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a><a href="#cite_note-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441-81">[81]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_2009-82">[82]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bosnia-Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia-Herzegovina">Bosnia-Herzegovina</a><a href="#cite_note-Avramovic_2007_p599-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kideckel-Halpern_2000-84">[84]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a><a href="#cite_note-Kalkandjieva_2015-85">[85]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a><a href="#cite_note-Wessinger_2000-86">[86]</a>; <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a><a href="#cite_note-deccanherald_212827-87">[87]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a><a href="#cite_note-Avramovic_2007_p599-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kideckel-Halpern_2000-84">[84]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Congo</a><a href="#cite_note-Clark_2012-88">[88]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a><a href="#cite_note-Mallin_1994-89">[89]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czechia</a><a href="#cite_note-Ramet_1998-90">[90]</a>; <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a><a href="#cite_note-Kellner_2014-91">[91]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a><a href="#cite_note-Ethiopia-92">[92]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a><a href="#cite_note-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441-81">[81]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a><a href="#cite_note-Ethiopia-92">[92]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a><a href="#cite_note-Zuckerman_2009-93">[93]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><a href="#cite_note-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441-81">[81]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a><a href="#cite_note-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441-81">[81]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a><a href="#cite_note-Stiller_2003-94">[94]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a><a href="#cite_note-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441-81">[81]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a><a href="#cite_note-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441-81">[81]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a><a href="#cite_note-Haas_2000-95">[95]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a><a href="#cite_note-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441-81">[81]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanders_2003-96">[96]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a><a href="#cite_note-Avramovic_2007_p599-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kideckel-Halpern_2000-84">[84]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a><a href="#cite_note-Van-den-Bergh-Collier_2007-97">[97]</a>; <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a><a href="#cite_note-Temperman_2010_p141-145-98">[98]</a>; <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a><a href="#cite_note-Avramovic_2007_p599-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kideckel-Halpern_2000-84">[84]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a><a href="#cite_note-Walaszek_1986_p118-134-99">[99]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a><a href="#cite_note-Leustean_2009-100">[100]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a><a href="#cite_note-Avramovic_2007_p599-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kideckel-Halpern_2000-84">[84]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a><a href="#cite_note-Ramet_1998-90">[90]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a><a href="#cite_note-Avramovic_2007_p599-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kideckel-Halpern_2000-84">[84]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a><a href="#cite_note-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441-81">[81]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a><a href="#cite_note-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441-81">[81]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a><a href="#cite_note-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441-81">[81]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a><a href="#cite_note-Kowalewski_1980_p426-441-81">[81]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a><a href="#cite_note-Dodd_2003_p571-101">[101]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>, or more specifically, <a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a><a href="#cite_note-Campbell_2015-102">[102]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ostling-104"><a href="#cite_ref-Ostling_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOstling2001" class="citation magazine cs1">Ostling, Richard (June 24, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070813173443/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0%2C9171%2C150718%2C00.html">"Cross meets Kremlin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,150718,00.html">the original</a> on 13 August 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Cross+meets+Kremlin&rft.date=2001-06-24&rft.aulast=Ostling&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C150718%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AI-105"><a href="#cite_ref-AI_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.al-islam.org/articles/taqlid-meaning-and-reality-sayyid-muhammad-rizvi">"Taqlid: Meaning and Reality"</a>. al-Islam.org. 20 January 2013. Retrieved 29 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=al-Islam.org&rft.atitle=Taqlid%3A+Meaning+and+Reality&rft.date=2013-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-islam.org%2Farticles%2Ftaqlid-meaning-and-reality-sayyid-muhammad-rizvi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peter_139-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Peter_139_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter" class="citation journal cs1">Peter, Rudolph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dare.uva.nl/document/2/94781">"IDJTIHAD AND TAQLID IN 18TH AND 19TH CENTURY ISLAM"</a>. Die Welt des Islams: 139.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt+des+Islams&rft.atitle=IDJTIHAD+AND+TAQLID+IN+18TH+AND+19TH+CENTURY+ISLAM&rft.pages=139&rft.aulast=Peter&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdare.uva.nl%2Fdocument%2F2%2F94781&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Momen-1985-143-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Momen-1985-143_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomen1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Moojan_Momen" title="Moojan Momen">Momen, Moojan</a> (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B0OL5Z8S-V0C&q=taqlid">An Introduction to Shiʻi Islam: The History and Doctrines of Twelver Shiʻism</a>. Yale University Press. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-03531-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-03531-4"><bdi>0-300-03531-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved 29 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Shi%CA%BBi+Islam%3A+The+History+and+Doctrines+of+Twelver+Shi%CA%BBism&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-300-03531-4&rft.aulast=Momen&rft.aufirst=Moojan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB0OL5Z8S-V0C%26q%3Dtaqlid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhobadzadeh2013" class="citation journal cs1">Ghobadzadeh, Naser (December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0191453713507014">"Religious secularity: A vision for revisionist political Islam"</a>. Philosophy & Social Criticism. 39 (10): 1005–1027. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0191453713507014">10.1177/0191453713507014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0191-4537">0191-4537</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145583418">145583418</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+%26+Social+Criticism&rft.atitle=Religious+secularity%3A+A+vision+for+revisionist+political+Islam&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1005-1027&rft.date=2013-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145583418%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0191-4537&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0191453713507014&rft.aulast=Ghobadzadeh&rft.aufirst=Naser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sagepub.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1177%2F0191453713507014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015152-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015152_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarzaneh2015">Farzaneh 2015</a>, pp. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015159-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015159_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarzaneh2015">Farzaneh 2015</a>, pp. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015160-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015160_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarzaneh2015">Farzaneh 2015</a>, pp. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015161-112"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015161_112-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarzaneh2015">Farzaneh 2015</a>, pp. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015162-113"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015162_113-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarzaneh2015">Farzaneh 2015</a>, pp. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> محسن کدیور، "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kadivar.com/1253/">سیاست نامه خراسانی</a>"، ص ۲۱۴-۲۱۵، طبع دوم، تہران سنه ۲۰۰۸ء </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermann2013434-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHermann2013434_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHermann2013">Hermann 2013</a>, pp. 434. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015220-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015220_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarzaneh2015">Farzaneh 2015</a>, pp. 220. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHermann2013436-117"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHermann2013436_117-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHermann2013">Hermann 2013</a>, pp. 436. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015166-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015166_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarzaneh2015">Farzaneh 2015</a>, pp. 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015167-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFarzaneh2015167_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarzaneh2015">Farzaneh 2015</a>, pp. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEconomist_staff2000-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEconomist_staff2000_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEconomist_staff2000">Economist staff 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Molavi, Afshin, The Soul of Iran, Norton, (2005), p.163 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insideindonesia.org/the-banyuwangi-murders">"The Banyuwangi murders"</a>. Inside Indonesia: The peoples and cultures of Indonesia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inside+Indonesia%3A+The+peoples+and+cultures+of+Indonesia&rft.atitle=The+Banyuwangi+murders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insideindonesia.org%2Fthe-banyuwangi-murders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiebhold1998" class="citation magazine cs1">Liebhold, David (19 October 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2053925,00.html">"That New Black Magic"</a>. Time.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=That+New+Black+Magic&rft.date=1998-10-19&rft.aulast=Liebhold&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F0%2C8599%2C2053925%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> "From the official documents of French Masonry contained principally in the official 'Bulletin' and 'Compte-rendu' of the Grand Orient it has been proved that all the anti-clerical measures passed in the French Parliament were decreed beforehand in the Masonic lodges and executed under the direction of the Grand Orient, whose avowed aim is to control everything and everybody in France" (<a href="#CITEREFGruber1909">Gruber 1909</a> cites "Que personne ne bougera plus en France en dehors de nous", "Bull. Gr. Or.", 1890, 500 sq.) </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> "But in spite of the failure of the official transactions, there are a great many German and not a few American Masons, who evidently favour at least the chief anti-clerical aims of the Grand Orient party" (<a href="#CITEREFGruber1909">Gruber 1909</a>) </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvramović2007" class="citation web cs1">Avramović, Sima (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iclrs.org/content/blurb/files/Serbia.1.pdf">"Understanding Secularism in a Post-Communist State: Case of Serbia"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Understanding+Secularism+in+a+Post-Communist+State%3A+Case+of+Serbia&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Avramovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Sima&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iclrs.org%2Fcontent%2Fblurb%2Ffiles%2FSerbia.1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeevor2006" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Antony_Beevor" title="Antony Beevor">Beevor, Antony</a> (2006), The Battle For Spain; The Spanish Civil War 1936-1939, London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+For+Spain%3B+The+Spanish+Civil+War+1936-1939&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerenger1990" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Jean_B%C3%A9renger" title="Jean Bérenger">Berenger, Jean</a> (1990), A History of the Habsburg Empire, 1700-1918, Edinburgh: Addison Wesley</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Habsburg+Empire%2C+1700-1918&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Addison+Wesley&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Berenger&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2015" class="citation web cs1">Campbell, Leslie (August 27, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/yemen-the-tribal-islamists">"Yemen: The Tribal Islamists"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yemen%3A+The+Tribal+Islamists&rft.date=2015-08-27&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Farticle%2Fyemen-the-tribal-islamists&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarkDecalo2012" class="citation book cs1">Clark, John F.; Decalo, Samuel (2012-08-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oyMgIlcKuFkC">Historical Dictionary of Republic of the Congo</a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810879898" title="Special:BookSources/9780810879898"><bdi>9780810879898</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Republic+of+the+Congo&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2012-08-09&rft.isbn=9780810879898&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft.au=Decalo%2C+Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoyMgIlcKuFkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2009" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Duncan (February 1, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qBHzparUGz8C">Crude Continent: The Struggle for Africa's Oil Prize</a>. 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Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313351822" title="Special:BookSources/9780313351822"><bdi>9780313351822</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/609858051">609858051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atheism+and+Secularity.&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F609858051&rft.isbn=9780313351822&rft.aulast=Zuckerman&rft.aufirst=Phil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ1hbaAHsAlUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranicaonline.org/articles/akund-molla-mohammad-kazem-korasani">AḴŪND ḴORĀSĀNĪ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarzaneh2015" class="citation book cs1">Farzaneh, Mateo Mohammad (March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.syr.edu/supressbooks/467">Iranian Constitutional Revolution and the Clerical Leadership of Khurasani</a>. Syracuse, NY: <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780815633884" title="Special:BookSources/9780815633884"><bdi>9780815633884</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/931494838">931494838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iranian+Constitutional+Revolution+and+the+Clerical+Leadership+of+Khurasani&rft.place=Syracuse%2C+NY&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F931494838&rft.isbn=9780815633884&rft.aulast=Farzaneh&rft.aufirst=Mateo+Mohammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.syr.edu%2Fsupressbooks%2F467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSayej2018" class="citation book cs1">Sayej, Caroleen Marji (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cornell.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.7591/cornell/9781501715211.001.0001/upso-9781501715211">Patriotic Ayatollahs: Nationalism in Post-Saddam Iraq</a>. Ithaca, NY: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. p. 67. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7591%2Fcornell%2F9781501715211.001.0001">10.7591/cornell/9781501715211.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781501714856" title="Special:BookSources/9781501714856"><bdi>9781501714856</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Patriotic+Ayatollahs%3A+Nationalism+in+Post-Saddam+Iraq&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+NY&rft.pages=67&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7591%2Fcornell%2F9781501715211.001.0001&rft.isbn=9781501714856&rft.aulast=Sayej&rft.aufirst=Caroleen+Marji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcornell.universitypressscholarship.com%2Fview%2F10.7591%2Fcornell%2F9781501715211.001.0001%2Fupso-9781501715211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermann2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hermann, Denis (1 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00263206.2013.783828">"Akhund Khurasani and the Iranian Constitutional Movement"</a>. Middle Eastern Studies. 49 (3): 430–453. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2013.783828">10.1080/00263206.2013.783828</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3206">0026-3206</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23471080">23471080</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143672216">143672216</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Akhund+Khurasani+and+the+Iranian+Constitutional+Movement&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=430-453&rft.date=2013-05-01&rft.issn=0026-3206&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143672216%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23471080%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2013.783828&rft.aulast=Hermann&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2013.783828&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayat1991" class="citation book cs1">Bayat, Mangol (1991). Iran's First Revolution. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506822-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-506822-1"><bdi>978-0-19-506822-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran%27s+First+Revolution&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-506822-1&rft.aulast=Bayat&rft.aufirst=Mangol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-clericalism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&oldid=1256036844">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&oldid=1256036844</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-clericalism&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 7 November 2024, at 22:20 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalisme" title="Antiklerikalisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Antiklerikalisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86" title="العداء لرجال الدين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العداء لرجال الدين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticlericalismu" title="Anticlericalismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Anticlericalismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalizm" title="Antiklerikalizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Antiklerikalizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Антиклерикализъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антиклерикализъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антиклерикализм – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Антиклерикализм" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticlericalisme" title="Anticlericalisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anticlericalisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalismus" title="Antiklerikalismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antiklerikalismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwrthglerigiaeth" title="Gwrthglerigiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwrthglerigiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalisme" title="Antiklerikalisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antiklerikalisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalismus" title="Antiklerikalismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antiklerikalismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticlericalismo" title="Anticlericalismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anticlericalismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalismo" title="Antiklerikalismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antiklerikalismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalismo" title="Antiklerikalismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antiklerikalismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="روحانی‌ستیزی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روحانی‌ستیزی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticl%C3%A9ricalisme" title="Anticléricalisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anticléricalisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticlericalismo" title="Anticlericalismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Anticlericalismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EA%B5%90%EA%B6%8C%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="반교권주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반교권주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalizam" title="Antiklerikalizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antiklerikalizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-rohaniwan" title="Anti-rohaniwan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Anti-rohaniwan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticlericalismo" title="Anticlericalismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anticlericalismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антиклерикализм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Антиклерикализм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticlericalismus" title="Anticlericalismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Anticlericalismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalismus" title="Antiklerikalismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Antiklerikalismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalizmas" title="Antiklerikalizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antiklerikalizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalizmus" title="Antiklerikalizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Antiklerikalizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalisme" title="Antiklerikalisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antiklerikalisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E8%81%96%E8%81%B7%E8%80%85%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="反聖職者主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="反聖職者主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalisme" title="Antiklerikalisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antiklerikalisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalizm" title="Antiklerikalizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Antiklerikalizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antyklerykalizm" title="Antyklerykalizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antyklerykalizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticlericalismo" title="Anticlericalismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anticlericalismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticlericalism" title="Anticlericalism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anticlericalism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антиклерикализм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антиклерикализм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalizmi" title="Antiklerikalizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Antiklerikalizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Anti-clericalism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalizmus" title="Antiklerikalizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Antiklerikalizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalizem" title="Antiklerikalizem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Antiklerikalizem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalizam" title="Antiklerikalizam – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Antiklerikalizam" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalismi" title="Antiklerikalismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antiklerikalismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalism" title="Antiklerikalism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antiklerikalism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiklerikalizm" title="Antiklerikalizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antiklerikalizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антиклерикалізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антиклерикалізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticlerica%C5%82ismo" title="Anticlericałismo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Anticlericałismo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%95%99%E6%9D%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="反教权主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="反教权主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 November 2024, at 22:20 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li 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