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href="#Brief_overview_of_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Brief overview of history</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Brief_overview_of_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Brief overview of history subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Brief_overview_of_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-18th_and_19th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_and_19th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>18th and 19th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_and_19th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1790_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1790_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>1790 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1790_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Loss_of_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss_of_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1.1</span> <span>Loss of data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loss_of_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1.2</span> <span>Data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_perception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_perception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1.3</span> <span>Contemporary perception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_availability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_availability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1.4</span> <span>Data availability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_availability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1800_and_1810_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1800_and_1810_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>1800 and 1810 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1800_and_1810_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1820_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1820_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>1820 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1820_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1830_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1830_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>1830 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1830_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1850_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1850_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>1850 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1850_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1890_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1890_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>1890 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1890_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1900_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1900_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.7</span> <span>1900 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1900_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1910_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1910_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>1910 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1910_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1920_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>1920 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1930_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>1930 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1940_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>1940 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1950_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1950_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>1950 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1950_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.6</span> <span>1960 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.7</span> <span>1970 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1980_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1980_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.8</span> <span>1980 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.9</span> <span>1990 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.10</span> <span>2000 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-2010_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2010_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>2010 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2010_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2020_census" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2020_census"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>2020 census</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2020_census-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relation_between_ethnicity_and_race_in_census_results" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relation_between_ethnicity_and_race_in_census_results"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Relation between ethnicity and race in census results</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relation_between_ethnicity_and_race_in_census_results-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_agencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_agencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other agencies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_agencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Race and ethnicity in the United States census</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">11 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_en_etnisiteit_in_die_Verenigde_State-sensus" title="Ras en etnisiteit in die Verenigde State-sensus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ras en etnisiteit in die Verenigde State-sensus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%82_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AB%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="العرق والإثنية في تعداد الولايات المتحدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العرق والإثنية في تعداد الولايات المتحدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%A7a_i_etnicitat_en_el_cens_dels_Estats_Units" title="Raça i etnicitat en el cens dels Estats Units – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Raça i etnicitat en el cens dels Estats Units" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)" title="Race (United States Census) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Race (United States Census)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raza_(censo_de_los_Estados_Unidos)" title="Raza (censo de los Estados Unidos) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Raza (censo de los Estados Unidos)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(recensement_des_%C3%89tats-Unis)" title="Race (recensement des États-Unis) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Race (recensement des États-Unis)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raza_(censo_dos_Estados_Unidos)" title="Raza (censo dos Estados Unidos) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Raza (censo dos Estados Unidos)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ras_dan_etnisitas_di_Sensus_Amerika_Serikat" title="Ras dan etnisitas di Sensus Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ras dan etnisitas di Sensus Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%A7a_e_etnia_no_censo_dos_Estados_Unidos" title="Raça e etnia no censo dos Estados Unidos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Raça e etnia no censo dos Estados Unidos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Расовый состав США – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Расовый состав США" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90" title="Расовий склад США – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Расовий склад США" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2035701#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_(U.S._Census)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Race (U.S. Census)">Race (U.S. Census)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Self-identification collected by the US census</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States_census" title="United States census">United States census</a>, the <a href="/wiki/US_Census_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="US Census Bureau">US Census Bureau</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a> (OMB) define a set of <a href="/wiki/Self-concept" title="Self-concept">self-identified</a> categories of <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">race and ethnicity</a> chosen by residents, with which they most closely identify. Residents can indicate their origins alongside their race, and are asked specifically whether they are of <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic or Latino</a> origin in a separate question.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States#Racial_categories" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">racial categories</a> represent a social-political construct for the race or races that respondents consider themselves to be and, "generally reflect a social definition of race recognized in this country". The OMB defines the concept of race as outlined for the census to be not "scientific or anthropological", and takes into account "social and cultural characteristics as well as ancestry", using "appropriate scientific methodologies" that are not "primarily biological or genetic in reference." The race categories include both racial and national-origin groups.<sup id="cite_ref-fact_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Q&A_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Q&A-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AAA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity">Race and ethnicity</a> are considered separate and distinct identities, with a person's origins considered in the census. Thus, in addition to their race or races, all respondents are categorized by membership in one of two ethnic categories, which are "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino." However, the practice of separating "race" and "ethnicity" as different categories has been criticized both by the <a href="/wiki/American_Anthropological_Association" title="American Anthropological Association">American Anthropological Association</a> and members of <a href="/wiki/US_Commission_on_Civil_Rights" class="mw-redirect" title="US Commission on Civil Rights">US Commission on Civil Rights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1997, the OMB issued a <a href="/wiki/Federal_Register" title="Federal Register">Federal Register</a> notice regarding revisions to the standards for the classification of federal data on race and ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The OMB developed race and ethnic standards in order to provide "consistent data on race and ethnicity throughout the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government</a>". The development of the data standards stem in large measure from new responsibilities to enforce civil rights laws. Among the changes, The OMB issued the instruction to "mark one or more races" after noting evidence of increasing numbers of mixed-race children and wanting to record diversity in a measurable way after having received requests by people who wanted to be able to acknowledge theirs and their children's full ancestry, rather than identifying with only one group. Prior to this decision, the census and other government data collections asked people to report singular races.<sup id="cite_ref-Q&A_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Q&A-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2023, the OMB built on the 1997 guidelines and suggested the addition of a <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Middle East and North Africa">Middle Eastern or North African</a> (MENA) racial category and considered combining racial and ethnic categories into one question.<sup id="cite_ref-Faguy_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faguy-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Office of Management and Budget</a> published revisions to <a href="/wiki/Statistical_Policy_Directive" title="Statistical Policy Directive">Statistical Policy Directive</a> No. 15: Standards for Maintaining, Collecting, and Presenting Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity that included a combined question and a MENA category, while also collecting additional detail to enable data disaggregation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="How_data_on_race_and_ethnicity_is_used">How data on race and ethnicity is used</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: How data on race and ethnicity is used"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The OMB states, "many federal programs are put into effect based on the race data obtained from the decennial census (i.e., promoting equal employment opportunities; assessing racial disparities in health and environmental risks). Race data is also critical for the basic research behind many policy decisions. States require this data to meet legislative redistricting requirements. The data is needed to monitor compliance with the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act</a> by local jurisdictions". </p><p>Data on ethnic groups are important for putting into effect a number of federal statutes (i.e., enforcing bilingual election rules under the <a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act</a> and monitoring/enforcing equal employment opportunities under the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act</a>). Data on ethnic groups is also needed by local governments to run programs and meet legislative requirements (i.e., identifying segments of the population who may not be receiving medical services under the <a href="/wiki/Public_Health_Service_Act" title="Public Health Service Act">Public Health Service Act</a>; evaluating whether financial institutions are meeting the credit needs of minority populations under the <a href="/wiki/Community_Reinvestment_Act" title="Community Reinvestment Act">Community Reinvestment Act</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-fact_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fact-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brief_overview_of_history">Brief overview of history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Brief overview of history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 23em; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External image</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/16px-Searchtool.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/24px-Searchtool.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Searchtool.svg/32px-Searchtool.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/news/2015/02/06/103605/infographic-government-collection-of-race-and-ethnicity-data/">"Government Collection of Race and Ethnicity Data"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Center_for_American_Progress" title="Center for American Progress">Center for American Progress</a>, February 6, 2015. An illustrated history of the racial and ethnic categories used in the US census from 1790 through 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_and_19th_centuries">18th and 19th centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 18th and 19th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1790_census">1790 census</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1790 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1790a-01-page-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1790a-01-page-001.jpg/220px-1790a-01-page-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1790a-01-page-001.jpg/330px-1790a-01-page-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/1790a-01-page-001.jpg/440px-1790a-01-page-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1336" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>Title page of 1790 United States census</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/1790_United_States_census" title="1790 United States census">1790 United States census</a> was the first <a href="/wiki/United_States_census" title="United States census">census</a> in the history of the United States. The population of the United States was recorded as 3,929,214 as of Census Day, August 2, 1790, as mandated by Article I, Section 2 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">US Constitution</a> and applicable laws.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The law required that every household be visited, that completed census schedules be posted in two of the most public places within each jurisdiction, remain for the inspection of all concerned, and that "the aggregate amount of each description of persons" for every district be transmitted to the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1790overview_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1790overview-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marshals_Service" title="United States Marshals Service">US Marshals</a> were also responsible for governing the census.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Loss_of_data"><big>Loss of data</big></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Loss of data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About one-third of the original census data has been lost or destroyed since documentation. The data was lost in 1790–1830, and included data from <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. However, the census was proven factual and the existence of most of this data can be confirmed in many secondary sources pertaining to the first census.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Data"><big>Data</big></h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Census data included the name of the head of the family and categorized inhabitants as: free white males at least 16 years of age (to assess the country's industrial and military potential), free white males under 16 years of age, free white females, all other free persons (reported by sex and color), and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slaves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, then the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a>, directed US Marshals to collect data from all 13 original states, and from the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Territory" title="Southwest Territory">Southwest Territory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1790overview_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1790overview-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The census was not conducted in Vermont until 1791, after that state's <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_Union" title="Admission to the Union">admission to the Union</a> as the 14th state on March 4 of that year. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>District </th> <th>Free white males at least 16 years of age, including heads of families </th> <th>Free white males under 16 years </th> <th>Free white females, including heads of families </th> <th>All other free persons </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Slaves </th> <th data-sort-type="number">Total </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> </td> <td>22,435 </td> <td>22,328 </td> <td>40,505 </td> <td>271 </td> <td>0<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>85,539<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> </td> <td>36,086 </td> <td>34,851 </td> <td>70,160 </td> <td>630 </td> <td>158 </td> <td>141,885 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a> </td> <td>24,384 </td> <td>24,748 </td> <td>46,870 </td> <td>538 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>96,540 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> </td> <td>95,453 </td> <td>87,289 </td> <td>190,582 </td> <td>5,463 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>378,787<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CenturyPopulationGrowth_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CenturyPopulationGrowth-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> </td> <td>16,019 </td> <td>15,799 </td> <td>32,652 </td> <td>3,407 </td> <td>948 </td> <td>68,825 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> </td> <td>60,523 </td> <td>54,403 </td> <td>117,448 </td> <td>2,808 </td> <td>2,764 </td> <td>237,946 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> </td> <td>83,700 </td> <td>78,122 </td> <td>152,320 </td> <td>4,654 </td> <td>21,324 </td> <td>340,120 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> </td> <td>45,251 </td> <td>41,416 </td> <td>83,287 </td> <td>2,762 </td> <td>11,423 </td> <td>184,139 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> </td> <td>110,788 </td> <td>106,948 </td> <td>206,363 </td> <td>6,537 </td> <td>3,737 </td> <td>434,373 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> </td> <td>11,783 </td> <td>12,143 </td> <td>22,384 </td> <td>3,899 </td> <td>8,887 </td> <td>59,094<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> </td> <td>55,915 </td> <td>51,339 </td> <td>101,395 </td> <td>8,043 </td> <td>103,036 </td> <td>319,728 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> </td> <td>110,936 </td> <td>116,135 </td> <td>215,046 </td> <td>12,866 </td> <td>292,627 </td> <td>747,610<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CenturyPopulationGrowth_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CenturyPopulationGrowth-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a> </td> <td>15,154 </td> <td>17,057 </td> <td>28,922 </td> <td>114 </td> <td>12,430 </td> <td>73,677 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> </td> <td>69,988 </td> <td>77,506 </td> <td>140,710 </td> <td>4,975 </td> <td>100,572 </td> <td>393,751 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> </td> <td>35,576 </td> <td>37,722 </td> <td>66,880 </td> <td>1,801 </td> <td>107,094 </td> <td>249,073 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a> </td> <td>13,103 </td> <td>14,044 </td> <td>25,739 </td> <td>398 </td> <td>29,264 </td> <td>82,548 </td></tr> <tr align="center" style="background:#B2BEB5;" class="sortbottom"> <td><b>Total</b> </td> <td>807,094 </td> <td>791,850 </td> <td>1,541,263 </td> <td>59,150 </td> <td>694,280 </td> <td>3,893,635 </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The census of 1790, published in 1791, reports 16 slaves in Vermont. Subsequently, and up to 1860, the number is given as 17. An examination of the original manuscript allegedly shows that no slaves were ever in Vermont. The original error occurred in preparing the results for publication, when 16 persons, returned as "Free colored", were carried forward to the following page as "Slave". See <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLyman_Simpson_Hayes1929" class="citation book cs1">Lyman Simpson Hayes (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/connecticutriver00haye"><i>The Connecticut River Valley in southern Vermont and New Hampshire; historical sketches</i></a>. Rutland, Vt., Tuttle Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/connecticutriver00haye/page/276">276</a>–278.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Connecticut+River+Valley+in+southern+Vermont+and+New+Hampshire%3B+historical+sketches&rft.pages=276-278&rft.pub=Rutland%2C+Vt.%2C+Tuttle+Co&rft.date=1929&rft.au=Lyman+Simpson+Hayes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconnecticutriver00haye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+ethnicity+in+the+United+States+census" class="Z3988"></span> for details.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corrected figures are 85,425, or 114 less than the figures published in 1790, due to an error of addition in the returns for each of the towns of Fairfield, Milton, Shelburne, and Williston, in the county of Chittenden; Brookfield, Newbury, Randolph, and Strafford, in the county of Orange; Castleton, Clarendon, Hubbardton, Poultney, Rutland, Shrewsburg, and Wallingford, in the county of Rutland; Dummerston, Guilford, Halifax, and Westminster, in the county of Windham; and Woodstock, in the county of Windsor.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The figures for Massachusetts do not include the population of Maine. Though Maine was then a part of Massachusetts, the Maine figures were compiled separately, and are shown on the line for Maine.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corrected figures are 59,096, or 2 more than figures published in 1790, due to error in addition.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The figures for Virginia do not include the population of Kentucky. Though Kentucky was then a part of Virginia, the Kentucky figures were compiled separately, and are shown on the line for Kentucky. The Virginia figures do include the portion of Virginia that later became the state of West Virginia.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Contemporary_perception">Contemporary perception</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Contemporary perception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pitcher_commemorating_the_first_United_States_census,_c._1790,_made_in_England_-_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_DSC06150.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Pitcher_commemorating_the_first_United_States_census%2C_c._1790%2C_made_in_England_-_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_DSC06150.JPG/220px-Pitcher_commemorating_the_first_United_States_census%2C_c._1790%2C_made_in_England_-_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_DSC06150.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Pitcher_commemorating_the_first_United_States_census%2C_c._1790%2C_made_in_England_-_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_DSC06150.JPG/330px-Pitcher_commemorating_the_first_United_States_census%2C_c._1790%2C_made_in_England_-_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_DSC06150.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Pitcher_commemorating_the_first_United_States_census%2C_c._1790%2C_made_in_England_-_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_DSC06150.JPG/440px-Pitcher_commemorating_the_first_United_States_census%2C_c._1790%2C_made_in_England_-_National_Museum_of_American_History_-_DSC06150.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="3200" /></a><figcaption>Commemorative pitcher with census results</figcaption></figure> <p>Some doubt surrounded the numbers, as President <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> and Thomas Jefferson maintained the population was undercounted.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The potential reasons Washington and Jefferson may have thought this could be refusal to participate, poor public transportation and roads, spread-out population, and restraints of current technology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Data_availability">Data availability</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Data availability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No <a href="/wiki/Microdata_(statistics)" title="Microdata (statistics)">microdata</a> from the 1790 population census are available, but <a href="/wiki/Aggregate_data" title="Aggregate data">aggregate data</a> for small areas and their compatible cartographic boundary files, can be downloaded from the <a href="/wiki/National_Historical_Geographic_Information_System" title="National Historical Geographic Information System">National Historical Geographic Information System</a>. However, the categories of "Free white males" of 16 years and upward, including heads of families under 16 years, "Free white females", including heads of families, All other free persons, and "Slaves," existed in the census form.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson-1999_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-1999-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1800_and_1810_census">1800 and 1810 census</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1800 and 1810 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1800 and 1810, the age question regarding free white males was more detailed with five cohorts and included All other free persons, except "Indians not taxed", and "Slaves".<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson-1999_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-1999-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1820_census">1820 census</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1820 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1820 census built on the questions asked in 1810 by asking age questions about slaves. Also the term "colored" entered the census nomenclature. In addition, a question stating "Number of foreigners not naturalized" was included.<sup id="cite_ref-thru_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thru-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1830_census">1830 census</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1830 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1830 census, a new question, which stated, "The number of White persons who were foreigners not naturalized" was included.<sup id="cite_ref-thru_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thru-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1850_census">1850 census</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1850 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1850 census had a dramatic shift in the way information about residents was collected. For the first time, free persons were listed individually instead of by head of household. Two questionnaires were used - one for free inhabitants and one for slaves. The question on the free inhabitants schedule about color was a column that was to be left blank if a person were white, marked "B" if a person were black, and marked "M" if a person were <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatto</a>. Slaves were listed by owner, and classified by gender and age, not individually, and the question about color was a column that was to be marked with a "B" if the slave were black and an "M" if mulatto.<sup id="cite_ref-thru_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thru-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1890_census">1890 census</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1890 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For 1890, the Census Office changed the design of the population questionnaire. Residents were still listed individually, but a new questionnaire sheet was used for each family. Additionally, this was the first year that the census distinguished among different Asian ethnic groups, such as <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Chinese</a>, due to increased immigration. This census also marked the beginning of the term "race" in the questionnaires. Enumerators were instructed to write "White", "Black", "Mulatto", "<a href="/wiki/Quadroon" title="Quadroon">Quadroon</a>", "Octoroon", "Chinese", "Japanese", or "<a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Indian</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-thru_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thru-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1900_census">1900 census</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1900 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During 1900, the "Color or Race" question was slightly modified, removing the term "Mulatto". Also, there was an inclusion of an "Indian Population Schedule" in which "enumerators were instructed to use a special expanded questionnaire for American Indians living on reservations or in family groups off of reservations." This expanded version included the question "Fraction of person's lineage that is white."<sup id="cite_ref-thru_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thru-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1910_census">1910 census</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1910 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1910 census was similar to that of 1900, but it included a reinsertion of "Mulatto" and a question about the "mother tongue" of foreign-born individuals and individuals with foreign-born parents. "Ot" was also added to signify "other races", with space for a race to be written in. This decade's version of the Indian Population Schedule featured questions asking the individual's proportion of white, black, or American Indian lineage.<sup id="cite_ref-thru_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thru-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1920_census">1920 census</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1920 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1920 census questionnaire was similar to 1910, but excluded a separate schedule for American Indians. "Hin", "Kor", and "Fil" were also added to the "Color or Race" question, signifying Hindu (Asian Indian), Korean, and Filipino, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-thru_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thru-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1930_census">1930 census</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1930 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The biggest change in this census was in racial classification. Enumerators were instructed to no longer use the "Mulatto" classification. Instead, they were given special instructions for reporting the race of interracial persons. A person with both white and black ancestry (termed "blood") was to be recorded as "Negro", no matter the fraction of that lineage (the "<a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">one-drop rule</a>"). A person of mixed black and American Indian ancestry was also to be recorded as "Neg" (for "Negro") unless they were considered to be "predominantly" American Indian and accepted as such within the community. A person with both white and American Indian ancestry was to be recorded as American Indian, unless their Indigenous ancestry was small, and they were accepted as white within the community. In all situations in which a person had white and some other racial ancestry, they were to be reported as that other race.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles"><span title="This text contradicts material elsewhere on this page. (March 2021)">contradictory</span></a></i>]</sup> People who had minority interracial ancestry were to be reported as the race of their father.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles"><span title="This text contradicts material elsewhere on this page. (March 2021)">contradictory</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>For the first and only time, "Mexican" was listed as a race. Enumerators were instructed that all people born in Mexico, or whose parents were born in Mexico, should be listed as Mexicans, and not under any other racial category. In prior censuses and in 1940, enumerators were instructed to list Mexican Americans as white, perhaps because some of them were of white background (mainly Spanish), many others mixed white and Native American and some of them Native American.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The supplemental American Indian questionnaire was back, but in abbreviated form. It featured a question asking if the person was of full or mixed American Indian ancestry.<sup id="cite_ref-thru_26-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thru-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1940_census">1940 census</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1940 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> promoted a <a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor policy</a> that sought better relations with Mexico. In 1935, a federal judge ruled that three Mexican immigrants were ineligible for citizenship because they were not white, as required by federal law. Mexico protested, and Roosevelt decided to circumvent the decision and make sure the federal government treated Hispanics as white. The State Department, the Census Bureau, the Labor Department, and other government agencies therefore made sure to uniformly classify people of Mexican descent as white. This policy encouraged the <a href="/wiki/League_of_United_Latin_American_Citizens" title="League of United Latin American Citizens">League of United Latin American Citizens</a> in its quest to minimize discrimination by asserting their whiteness.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1940 census was the first to include separate population and housing questionnaires.<sup id="cite_ref-thru_26-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thru-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The race category of "Mexican" was eliminated in 1940, and the population of Mexican descent was counted with the white population.<sup id="cite_ref-1930sMex_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1930sMex-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1940 census data was used for <a href="/wiki/Internment_of_Japanese_Americans" title="Internment of Japanese Americans">Japanese American internment</a>. The Census Bureau's role was denied for decades, but was finally proven in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1950_census">1950 census</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1950 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1950 census questionnaire removed the word "color" from the racial question, and also removed Hindu and Korean from the race choices.<sup id="cite_ref-thru_26-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thru-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1960_census">1960 census</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 1960 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1960 census re-added the word "color" to the racial question, and changed "Indian" to "American Indian", as well as adding Hawaiian, Part-Hawaiian, Aleut, and Eskimo. The "Other (print out race)" option was removed.<sup id="cite_ref-thru_26-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thru-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1970_census">1970 census</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 1970 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This year's census included "Negro or Black", re-added Korean and the Other race option. East Indians (the term used at that time for people whose ancestry is from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>) were counted as White. There was a questionnaire that was asked of only a sample of respondents. These questions were as follows: </p> <blockquote> <ol><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li value="13">a. Where was this person born?</li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li value="13">b. Is this person's origin or descent...</li><li value="13"><a href="/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans">Mexican</a></li><li value="13"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rican</a></li><li value="13"><a href="/wiki/Cubans" title="Cubans">Cuban</a></li><li value="13"><a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a> or <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South American</a></li><li value="13">Other <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spanish</a></li><li value="13">None of These</li> <li>What country was the person's father born in?</li> <li>What country was the person's mother born in?</li> <li>a. For persons born in a foreign country – Is the person naturalized?</li> <li>b When did the person come to the United States to stay?</li> <li>What <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a>, other than <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, was spoken in the person's home as a child?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li>Other</li> <li>None, only English<sup id="cite_ref-thru_26-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thru-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> </blockquote><p><i>Questions on Spanish or Hispanic Origin or Descent</i> <sup id="cite_ref-Anderson-1999_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-1999-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Is this person's origin or descent? </p><p>Mexican </p><p>Puerto Rican Cuban </p><p>Central American Other Spanish </p><p>No, none of these </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1980_census">1980 census</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 1980 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This year added several options to the race question, including Vietnamese, Indian (East), Guamanian, Samoan, and re-added Aleut. Again, the term "color" was removed from the racial question, and the following questions were asked of a sample of respondents: </p> <blockquote> <ol><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li value="11">In what state or foreign country was the person born?</li> <li>If this person was born in a foreign country...</li> <li>a. Is this person a naturalized citizen of the United States?</li> <li>b. When did this person come to the United States to stay?</li> <li>a. Does this person speak a language other than English at home?</li> <li>b. If yes, what is this language?</li> <li>c. If yes, how well does this person speak English?</li> <li>What is this person's ancestry?<sup id="cite_ref-thru_26-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thru-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> </blockquote> <p><i>Questions on Spanish or Hispanic Origin or Descent</i> <i><sup id="cite_ref-Anderson-1999_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-1999-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p><p>Is this person of Spanish/Hispanic origin or descent? </p><p>No, not Spanish/Hispanic </p><p>Yes, Mexican, Mexican American, Chicano </p><p>Yes, Puerto Rican </p><p>Yes, Cuban </p><p>Yes, other Spanish/Hispanic </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1990_census">1990 census</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 1990 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The racial categories in this year are as they appear in the 2000 and 2010 censuses. The following questions were asked of a sample of respondents for the <a href="/wiki/1990_United_States_census" title="1990 United States census">1990 census</a>: </p> <blockquote> <ol><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li value="8">In what U.S. State or foreign country was this person born?</li> <li>Is this person a citizen of the United States?</li> <li>If this person was not born in the United States, when did this person come to the United States to stay?<sup id="cite_ref-thru_26-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thru-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> </blockquote> <p>The 1990 census was not designed to capture multiple racial responses, and when individuals marked the "other" race option and provided a multiple write-in. The response was assigned according to the race written first. "For example, a write-in of 'black-white' was assigned a code of 'black,' while a write-in of 'white-black' was assigned a code of 'white.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-Q&A_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Q&A-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Questions on Spanish or Hispanic Origin or Descent</i> <sup id="cite_ref-Anderson-1999_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-1999-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Is this person of Spanish/Hispanic origin? </p><p>No, not Spanish/Hispanic </p><p>Yes, Mexican, Mexican American, Chicano </p><p>Yes, Puerto Rican </p><p>Yes, Cuban </p><p>Yes, other Spanish/Hispanic, print one group ... </p> <blockquote><p><i>Census data indicate that the number of children in interracial families grew from less than one-half million in 1970 to about two million in 1990. In 1990, for interracial families with one <a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White</a> partner, the other parent was <a href="/wiki/Black_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Americans">Black</a> for about 20 percent of all children, the other parent was <a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> for 45 percent, and the other parent was <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska Native</a> for about 34 percent.</i><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2000_census">2000 census</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: 2000 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Race was asked differently in the <a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_census" title="2000 United States census">2000 census</a> in several other ways than previously. Most significantly, respondents were given the option of selecting one or more race categories to indicate racial identities. Data show that nearly seven million Americans identified as members of two or more races. Because of these changes, the 2000 census data on race are not directly comparable with data from the 1990 census or earlier censuses. Use of caution is therefore recommended when interpreting changes in the racial composition of the US population over time. </p><p>The following definitions apply to the 2000 census only.<sup id="cite_ref-cen_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cen-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White</a> — A person having origins in any of the original peoples of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, or <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>. It includes people who indicate their race as "white-skinned people" or report entries such as Irish, German, Italian, Lebanese, Near Easterner, Arab, or Polish.<sup id="cite_ref-cen_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cen-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">Black or African American</a> — A person having origins in any of the <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">black racial groups</a> of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. It includes people who indicate their race as "Black, African Am., or Negro", or provide written entries such as African American, Afro American, Kenyan, Nigerian, or Haitian.<sup id="cite_ref-cen_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cen-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">American Indian and Alaska Native</a> — A person having origins in any of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">original peoples of North and South America (including Central America)</a> and who maintain tribal affiliation or community attachment.<sup id="cite_ref-cen_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cen-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian</a> — A person having origins in any of the original peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Far_East" title="Far East">Far East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> including, for example, Cambodia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Malaysia, Pakistan, the Philippine Islands, Thailand, and Vietnam. It includes "Asian Indian", "Chinese", "Filipino", "Korean", "Japanese", "Vietnamese", and "Other Asian".<sup id="cite_ref-cen_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cen-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander</a> — A person having origins in any of the original peoples of Hawaii, Guam, Samoa, or other <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Islands</a>. It includes people who indicate their race as "Native Hawaiian", "Guamanian or Chamorro", "Samoan", and "Other Pacific Islander".<sup id="cite_ref-cen_35-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cen-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Some other race — Includes all other responses not included in the "White", "Black or African American", "American Indian or Alaska Native", "Asian", and "Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander" race categories described above. Respondents providing write-in entries such as multiracial, mixed, interracial, <a href="/wiki/We-Sorts" class="mw-redirect" title="We-Sorts">We-Sort</a>, or a Hispanic/Latino group (for example, Mexican, Puerto Rican, or Cuban) in the "Some other race" category are included here.<sup id="cite_ref-cen_35-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cen-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Two or more races</a> — People may have chosen to provide two or more races either by checking two or more race response check boxes, by providing multiple write-in responses, or by some combination of check boxes and write-in responses.<sup id="cite_ref-cen_35-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cen-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <table border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="float:right; width:250px; margin:0 0 1em 1em; background:#f9f9f9; border:1px #aaa solid; border-collapse:collapse; font-size:95%;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center;">Snapshot: Race in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_census" title="United States census">US census</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>The 23rd federal census, 2010<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> asks one ethnic and one race question (questions 1–4 not reproduced here, questions 5 and 6 paraphrased): <ol><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li><li value="8">Is the person of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin?</li> <ul><li>No, not of Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin</li> <li>Yes, Mexican, Mexican Am., Chicano</li> <li>Yes, Puerto Rican</li> <li>Yes, Cuban</li> <li>Yes, another Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin – Print origin, for example, Argentinian, Colombian, Dominican, Nicaraguan, Salvadoran, Spaniard, and so on.</li></ul> <li>What is the person's race? <ul><li>White</li> <li>Black or African American</li> <li>American Indian or Alaska Native – Print name of enrolled or principal tribe.</li> <li>Asian Indian</li> <li>Chinese</li> <li>Filipino</li> <li>Other Asian – Print race, for example, Hmong, Laotian, Thai, Pakistani, Cambodian, and so on.</li> <li>Japanese</li> <li>Korean</li> <li>Vietnamese</li> <li>Native Hawaiian</li> <li>Guamanian or Chamorro</li> <li>Samoan</li> <li>Other Pacific Islander – Print race, for example, Fijian, Tongan, and so on.</li> <li>Some other race – Print race.</li></ul></li></ol> <p>This census acknowledged that "race categories include both racial and national-origin groups." </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">federal government of the United States</a> has mandated that "in data collection and presentation, federal agencies are required to use a minimum of two ethnicities: "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino".<sup id="cite_ref-overview_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Census Bureau defines "Hispanic or Latino" as "a person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race."<sup id="cite_ref-overview_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Use of the word "ethnicity" for Hispanics only is considerably more restricted than its conventional meaning, which covers other distinctions, some of which are covered by the "race" and "ancestry" questions. The distinct questions accommodate the possibility of Hispanic and Latino Americans' also declaring various racial identities (see also <a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic and Latino Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanic and Latino Americans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Asian_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans">Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans</a>). </p><p>In the 2000 census, 12.5% of the US population reported "Hispanic or Latino" ethnicity and 87.5% reported "Not-Hispanic or Latino" ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-overview_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2010_census">2010 census</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 2010 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 census</a> included changes designed to more clearly distinguish Hispanic ethnicity as not being a race. That included adding the sentence: "For this census, Hispanic origins are not races."<sup id="cite_ref-2010Waite_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010Waite-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cenform_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cenform-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the Hispanic terms were modified from "Hispanic or Latino" to "Hispanic, Latino or <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spanish</a> origin".<sup id="cite_ref-2010Waite_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010Waite-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cenform_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cenform-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although used in the census and the American Community Survey, "Some other race" is not an official race,<sup id="cite_ref-overview_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-overview-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Bureau considered eliminating it prior to the 2000 census.<sup id="cite_ref-2010change_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010change-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the 2010 census form did not contain the question titled "Ancestry" found in prior censuses, there were campaigns to get non-Hispanic <a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Americans" title="West Indian Americans">West Indian Americans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2010APCaribbean_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2010APCaribbean-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Americans" title="Turkish Americans">Turkish Americans</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian Americans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_Americans" title="Arab Americans">Arab Americans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Americans" title="Iranian Americans">Iranian Americans</a> to indicate their ethnic or national background through the race question, specifically the "Some other race" category.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Interagency Committee has suggested that the concept of marking multiple boxes be extended to the Hispanic origin question, thereby freeing individuals from having to choose between their parents' ethnic heritages. In other words, a respondent could choose both "Hispanic or Latino" and "Not Hispanic or Latino".<sup id="cite_ref-WH_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WH-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2020_census">2020 census</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 2020 census"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/2020_United_States_census" title="2020 United States census">2020 census</a> featured similar designs to the 2000 and 2010 censuses. Subsequently, the Census Bureau adhered to the 1997 OMB standards and thus used two separate questions to collect data on race and ethnicity. However, there were improvements in the phrasing of the race and ethnicity questions within the OMB guidelines, that would enhance clarity for respondents. </p><p>The Hispanic origin question included the same checkboxes as the 2010 census ("Mexican, Mexican Am., Chicano", "Puerto Rican", "Cuban"), along with a "Yes, another Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin". Under this category, two changes emerged. The first was the shift from "Print origin, for example" to "Print, for example".<sup id="cite_ref-Bureau_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bureau-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The removal of the word origin was due to the surveyed confusion and differentiating meanings origin has for respondents or varying backgrounds. Furthermore, the Census Bureau updated the write-in instructions for the "Some Other Race" category and included the instruction to "Print race", but changed the instruction to read "Print race or origin" to match the primary instruction to "<i>Mark ☒ one or more boxes <b>AND</b> print origins</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Bureau_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bureau-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the United States Census Bureau, as a result of significant feedback, a detailed write-in response and example were included for the "White" and the "Black or African Am." racial categories to compensate a wider horizon of identities. There were also six example groups for each of the "White", "Black or African American", and "American Indian or Alaska Native" racial categories. In addition, after 100 years, the term "Negro" was removed from the 2020 census, as a large portion of respondents advocated for its removal. Instead, the category shifted from "Black, African Am., or Negro" to "Black or African Am." on paper questionnaires and electronic instruments.<sup id="cite_ref-Bureau_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bureau-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The identification of the term African American first occurred in the 2000 census, reflecting a long-standing history of offensive terminology since the censuses' inception. The 1790 census included other "free persons" by color and "slaves". From 1850 to 1880, the codes for enumerators were generally Black (B) and Mulatto (M).<sup id="cite_ref-Cohn-2010_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn-2010-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1900, there were no specified categories on the census listing form, and the instructions called for enumerators to list "B" for "Black (or negro or negro descent)", displaying the first occurrence of the controversial term "Negro". In 1930, there were specific instructions that used the term "Negro". Mixed persons were to be counted as "Negro" no matter how small the share of blood, also known as the one-drop rule. It was not until 1970 that the term Black appeared on a census form, and in 1990 the enumerator of color was eliminated.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohn-2010_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn-2010-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2020 census was also "the first to specifically solicit Middle Eastern North African (MENA) responses" through the write-in response for the White racial category.<sup id="cite_ref-Bureau-2_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bureau-2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term MENA includes the Arab American population, which is growing quickly as of 2023. This allowed the 2020 census to include dis-aggregated data on MENA populations, which made up over 3.5 million Americans. California, New York, and Michigan have the largest MENA populations, and Lebanese, Iranian, and Egyptian populations made up nearly half of them.<sup id="cite_ref-Bureau-2_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bureau-2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was almost triple the 2000 census' estimate of a population of 1.2 million Arab Americans, based on the "Ancestry" question rather than the racial category question.<sup id="cite_ref-Bureau-3_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bureau-3-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That number may have been an under count however, as 19% of the American population provided no answer for the "Ancestry" question.<sup id="cite_ref-Bureau-3_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bureau-3-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is significant because MENA identities were previously only tracked through the "Ancestry" write-in question on the <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a> in 2010. The Arab American population was then estimated through the number of responses that included one or more Arab ancestries. The 2020 census changed this by explicitly prompting write-in responses with Arab American examples listed as "Print, for example, German, Irish, English, Italian, Lebanese, Egyptian, etc".<sup id="cite_ref-Bureau-2_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bureau-2-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The improvements are part of a larger effort reviewing the 1997 OMB guidelines, specifically to move MENA from under the White racial category into a new label. An OMB working group officially recommended a new MENA category in 2023 based on public feedback going back to 2015 and "plans to make final decisions on revisions by Summer 2024".<sup id="cite_ref-Faguy_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faguy-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many people in the community "may not be perceived, nor perceive themselves, to be White".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The added category could allow for more targeted funding, social programs, and political representation.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2015 study from <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a> found significant inequalities in household income, citizenship rates, and English-speaking rates between New Jersey's White population and Arab population, concluding that America's White and Arab populations might be different enough both culturally and economically to justify a separate category.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next change was reordering the example groups from "Argentinean, Colombian, Dominican, Nicaraguan, Salvadoran, Spaniard, and so on." to "Salvadoran, Dominican, Colombian, Guatemalan, Spaniard, Ecuadorian, etc." to reflect the ever-increasing geographic diversity of the Hispanic or Latino category and the variations in populations sums each year.<sup id="cite_ref-Bureau_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bureau-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Percent net coverage error by race and Hispanic origin: 2010 and 2020 <sup id="cite_ref-Lo_Wang-2022_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lo_Wang-2022-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Race and Hispanic origin </th> <th>2010 </th> <th>2020 </th> <th>Significant difference? </th></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>0.01 </td> <td>-0.24 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Race alone or in combination </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>White </td> <td>0.54* </td> <td>0.66* </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Non-Hispanic White alone </td> <td>0.83* </td> <td>1.64* </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Black or African American </td> <td>-2.06* </td> <td>-3.30* </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Asian </td> <td>0.00 </td> <td>2.62* </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>American Indian or Alaska Native </td> <td>-0.15 </td> <td>-0.91* </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <td>On reservation </td> <td>-4.88* </td> <td>-5.64* </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <td>American Indian areas off reservation </td> <td>3.86 </td> <td>3.06 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Balance of the United States </td> <td>0.05 </td> <td>-0.86* </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander </td> <td>-1.02 </td> <td>1.28 </td> <td>No </td></tr> <tr> <td>Some other race </td> <td>-1.63* </td> <td>-4.34* </td> <td>Yes </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hispanic or Latino </td> <td>-1.54* </td> <td>-4.99* </td> <td>Yes </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>*Net coverage error is statistically significantly different from 0. </p><p>Though the issues of identification questions of origin were addressed, the accuracy of the 2020 census displays undercounts and overcounts of Black people, Latinos, and Native Americans according to the work conducted under Robert Santos, the current director of the United States Census Bureau. A follow-up survey concluded that the miscounting of children under five years of age and that American Indians and Alaska Natives living on reservations continued to have the highest net undercount rate, similar to 2010. One of the leading factors of the misrepresented information in the 2020 census is the coronavirus pandemic, which caused notable delays in the Census Bureau's Post-Enumeration Survey. The Post-Enumeration Survey is used to determine how accurate the census results are and inform planning for the next national count in 2030.<sup id="cite_ref-Lo_Wang-2022_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lo_Wang-2022-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, discrepancies persisted due to the irrefutable variables of delays to field work, migration of many college students and others, and some respondents failed to answer the necessary questions required for the Post-Enumeration Survey to match the census.<sup id="cite_ref-Lo_Wang-2022_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lo_Wang-2022-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Journalist Michael Wines of the <i>New York Times</i> attributes group quarters like college dormitories, long-term care facilities and prisons to have the largest contingencies in the tally as the pandemic pushed many university students to return home, making it harder to count them in the dormitories or apartments where they normally would have been.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Hispanic or Latino</b> </p><p>Translating the data set, the 3.45 difference in net coverage error for the Hispanic or Latino category proves widely problematic, but is an avid reflection of the seismic shifts in the United States. Mexican immigrants have been at the center of one of the largest mass migrations in contemporary history, reaching a peak of 12.8 million in 2007, but have since declined, as reported by the <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gonzalez-Barrera_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez-Barrera-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The predominant reasoning being shifts in political authority and the coronavirus pandemic resulting in policy changes. More specifically, immigrants entering through a permanent legal residency (green card), visa overstays, and apprehensions have drastically changed the input and output of data. </p><p>The total number of non-immigrant visas processed in Mexico by the US Department of State dropped 35% in 2020 compared with the prior year, from about 1.5 million in 2019 to about 960,000 in 2020. The temporary visas were processed for tourism, business, or crossing the border.<sup id="cite_ref-Gonzalez-Barrera_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez-Barrera-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, due to political shifts, apprehensions of unauthorized Mexican immigrants increased considerably after the pandemic started in 2020. In fiscal 2020, the number of detainments of Mexican adults at the US-Mexican border reached sky-high new levels under former president Donald Trump. There were 253,118 such encounters, up 52% from 166,458 the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-Gonzalez-Barrera_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez-Barrera-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/44px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="44" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/66px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/88px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This <b>is missing information</b> about 2020 census.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please expand the to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Talk:Race and ethnicity in the United States census">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relation_between_ethnicity_and_race_in_census_results">Relation between ethnicity and race in census results</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Relation between ethnicity and race in census results"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Census Bureau warns that data on race in 2000 census are not directly comparable to those collected in previous censuses.<sup id="cite_ref-cen_35-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cen-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many residents of the United States consider race and ethnicity to be the same.<sup id="cite_ref-AAA_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"> <caption>Population distribution by race (2000 census)<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3">Race</th> <th>Hispanic or<br />Latino</th> <th>% of<br />H/L</th> <th>% of<br />US</th> <th>Not Hispanic<br />or Latino</th> <th>% of not<br />H/L</th> <th>% of<br />US </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="text-align:left"><b>All races</b> </td> <td>35,305,818</td> <td>100</td> <td>12.5</td> <td>246,116,088</td> <td>100</td> <td>87.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left"><i><b>One race</b></i> </td> <td>33,081,736</td> <td>93.7</td> <td>11.8</td> <td>241,513,942</td> <td>98.1</td> <td>85.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6"> </td> <td style="text-align:left">White </td> <td>16,907,852</td> <td>47.9</td> <td>6.0</td> <td>194,552,774</td> <td>79.1</td> <td>69.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Black or African A. </td> <td>710,353</td> <td>2.0</td> <td>0.3</td> <td>33,947,837</td> <td>13.8</td> <td>12.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">A. Indian/Alaska Nat. </td> <td>407,073</td> <td>1.2</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>2,068,883</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>0.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Asian </td> <td>119,829</td> <td>0.3</td> <td><0.1</td> <td>10,123,169</td> <td>4.1</td> <td>3.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Hawaiian N. & Pacific Is. </td> <td>45,326</td> <td>0.1</td> <td><0.1</td> <td>353,509</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>0.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">Some other </td> <td>14,891,303</td> <td>42.2</td> <td>5.3</td> <td>467,770</td> <td>0.2</td> <td>0.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:left"><i><b>2+ races</b></i> </td> <td>2,224,082</td> <td>6.3</td> <td>0.8</td> <td>4,602,146</td> <td>1.9</td> <td>1.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"> </td> <td style="text-align:left">Some other + W/B/N/A </td> <td>1,859,538</td> <td>5.3</td> <td>0.7</td> <td>1,302,875</td> <td>0.5</td> <td>0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left">2+ W/B/N/A </td> <td>364,544</td> <td>1.0</td> <td>0.1</td> <td>3,299,271</td> <td>1.3</td> <td>1.2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the 2000 census, respondents were tallied in each of the race groups they reported. Consequently, the total of each racial category exceeds the total population because some people reported more than one race.<sup id="cite_ref-Q&A_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Q&A-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to James P. Allen and Eugene Turner from California State University, Northridge, by some calculations in the 2000 census the largest part white biracial population is white/Native American and Alaskan Native, at 7,015,017, followed by white/black at 737,492, then white/Asian at 727,197, and finally white/Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander at 125,628.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Census Bureau implemented a Census Quality Survey, gathering data from about 50,000 households to assess the reporting of race and Hispanic origin in the 2000 census with the purpose of creating a way to make comparisons between the 2000 census with previous census racial data.<sup id="cite_ref-Q&A_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Q&A-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 1997, during the process of revision of racial categories previously declared by OMB Directive No. 15, the <a href="/wiki/American_Anthropological_Association" title="American Anthropological Association">American Anthropological Association</a> (AAA) recommended that OMB combine the "race" and "ethnicity" categories into one question to appear as "race/ethnicity" for the 2000 census. The Interagency Committee agreed, stating that "race" and "ethnicity" were not sufficiently defined and "that many respondents conceptualize 'race' and 'ethnicity' as one and the same [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] underscor[ing] the need to consolidate these terms into one category, using a term that is more meaningful to the American people."<sup id="cite_ref-AAA_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The AAA also stated: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The American Anthropological Association recommends the elimination of the term "race" from OMB Directive 15 during the planning for the 2010 census. During the past 50 years, "race" has been scientifically proven to not be a real, natural phenomenon. More specific, social categories such as "ethnicity" or "ethnic group" are more salient for scientific purposes and have fewer of the negative, racist connotations for which the concept of race was developed. Yet the concept of race has become thoroughly—and perniciously—woven into the cultural and political fabric of the United States. It has become an essential element of both individual identity and government policy. Because so much harm has been based on "racial" distinctions over the years, correctives for such harm must also acknowledge the impact of "racial" consciousness among the U.S. populace, regardless of the fact that "race" has no scientific justification in human biology. Eventually, however, these classifications must be transcended and replaced by more non-racist and accurate ways of representing the diversity of the U.S. population.<sup id="cite_ref-AAA_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The recommendations of the AAA were not adopted by the Census Bureau for the 2000, 2010, and 2020 censuses. This includes Hispanic, Latino, or Spanish origin, which remained an ethnicity, not a race. While race/ethnicity definitions for 2020 remained consistent, individuals who identify as White, Black/African American, and/or American Indian or Alaska Native were asked to specifically identify their racial origins.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_agencies">Other agencies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Other agencies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission#Race_and_ethnicity" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission § Race and ethnicity</a></div> <p>In 2001, the <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> adopted the new language to comply with the revisions to Directive 15,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as did the <a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Labor" title="United States Department of Labor">United States Department of Labor</a> in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-EEOC_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EEOC-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_Degree_of_Indian_Blood" title="Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood">Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classification_of_ethnicity_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom">Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_racial_and_ethnic_demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States">Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_aspects_of_race_in_the_United_States" title="Judicial aspects of race in the United States">Judicial aspects of race in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Spoken_at_Home" title="Language Spoken at Home">Language Spoken at Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">Race (human categorization)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_censuses" title="Race and ethnicity in censuses">Race and ethnicity in censuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">Race and ethnicity in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">Racial segregation in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_minority" title="Visible minority">Visible minority</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20180819074039/https://factfinder.census.gov/help/en/race.htm">"American FactFinder Help: Race"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factfinder.census.gov/help/en/race.htm">the original</a> on August 19, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+FactFinder+Help%3A+Race&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fhelp%2Fen%2Frace.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+ethnicity+in+the+United+States+census" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170524223029/https://factfinder.census.gov/help/en/hispanic_or_latino_origin.htm">"American FactFinder Help: Hispanic or Latino origin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factfinder.census.gov/help/en/hispanic_or_latino_origin.htm">the original</a> on May 24, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+FactFinder+Help%3A+Hispanic+or+Latino+origin&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fhelp%2Fen%2Fhispanic_or_latino_origin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+ethnicity+in+the+United+States+census" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fact-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fact_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fact_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20180819074059/https://factfinder.census.gov/help/en/ethnic_groups.htm">"American FactFinder Help: Ethnic Groups"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factfinder.census.gov/help/en/ethnic_groups.htm">the original</a> on August 19, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+FactFinder+Help%3A+Ethnic+Groups&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Fhelp%2Fen%2Fethnic_groups.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+ethnicity+in+the+United+States+census" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Q&A-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Q&A_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Q&A_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Q&A_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Q&A_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Q&A_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010405061504/http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2001/raceqandas.html">"Questions and Answers for Census 2000 Data on Race"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. March 14, 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/2001/raceqandas.html">the original</a> on April 5, 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Questions+and+Answers+for+Census+2000+Data+on+Race&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft.date=2001-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2FPress-Release%2Fwww%2F2001%2Fraceqandas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+ethnicity+in+the+United+States+census" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AAA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AAA_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAA_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAA_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AAA_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1">"A Brief History of the OMB Directive 15". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://s3.amazonaws.com/rdcms-aaa/files/production/public/FileDownloads/pdfs/cmtes/minority/upload/AAA_Response_OMB1997.pdf">"Response to OMB Directive 15"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). 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Russell Sage Foundation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87154-256-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87154-256-4"><bdi>978-0-87154-256-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7758/9781610440059">10.7758/9781610440059</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who+Counts%3F%3A+The+Politics+of+Census-Taking+in+Contemporary+America&rft.pub=Russell+Sage+Foundation&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7758%2F9781610440059%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-87154-256-4&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Margo+J.&rft.au=Fienberg%2C+Stephen+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7758%2F9781610440059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+ethnicity+in+the+United+States+census" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thru-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thru_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thru_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thru_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thru_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thru_26-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thru_26-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thru_26-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thru_26-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thru_26-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thru_26-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thru_26-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thru_26-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thru_26-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thru_26-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090901084138/http://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/index_of_questions/">"Through the Decades"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/index_of_questions">the original</a> on September 1, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Through+the+Decades&rft.pub=United+States+Census+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fhistory%2Fwww%2Fthrough_the_decades%2Findex_of_questions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+ethnicity+in+the+United+States+census" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCensus_History_Staff" class="citation web cs1">Census History Staff. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090928041001/https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/index_of_questions/1930_1.html">"1930 - History"</a>. <i>US Census Bureau</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/history/www/through_the_decades/index_of_questions/1930_1.html">the original</a> on September 28, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=1930+-+History&rft.au=Census+History+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fhistory%2Fwww%2Fthrough_the_decades%2Findex_of_questions%2F1930_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+ethnicity+in+the+United+States+census" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrattonMerchant2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gratton, Brian; Merchant, Emily Klancher (September 19, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-policy-history/article/la-raza-mexicans-in-the-united-states-census/2D20DBCD1360E3648DAB50A9ACBC525D">"La Raza: Mexicans in the United States Census"</a>. <i>Journal of Political History</i>. <b>28</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 537–567. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0898030616000257">10.1017/S0898030616000257</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157124212">157124212</a> – via Cambridge Core.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Political+History&rft.atitle=La+Raza%3A+Mexicans+in+the+United+States+Census&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=537-567&rft.date=2016-09-19&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0898030616000257&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157124212%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gratton&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Merchant%2C+Emily+Klancher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-policy-history%2Farticle%2Fla-raza-mexicans-in-the-united-states-census%2F2D20DBCD1360E3648DAB50A9ACBC525D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+ethnicity+in+the+United+States+census" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">copy of the full 1930 census instructions <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170617212653/https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/1930instructions.pdf">https://www.census.gov/history/pdf/1930instructions.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patrick D. Lukens, <i>A Quiet Victory for Latino Rights: FDR and the Controversy over Whiteness</i> (University of Arizona Press, 2012)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1930sMex-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1930sMex_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1930census.com/us_census_history.php">The 1930 Census in Perspective</a>, 1930census.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._R._Minkel2007" class="citation journal cs1">J. R. Minkel (March 30, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=confirmed-the-us-census-b&sc=I100322">"Confirmed: The U.S. Census Bureau Gave Up Names of Japanese-Americans in WW II"</a>. <i>Scientific American</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130829181345/http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=confirmed-the-us-census-b&sc=I100322">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Confirmed%3A+The+U.S.+Census+Bureau+Gave+Up+Names+of+Japanese-Americans+in+WW+II&rft.date=2007-03-30&rft.au=J.+R.+Minkel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientificamerican.com%2Farticle.cfm%3Fid%3Dconfirmed-the-us-census-b%26sc%3DI100322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+ethnicity+in+the+United+States+census" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaya_El_Nasser2007" class="citation journal cs1">Haya El Nasser (March 30, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/news/nation/2007-03-30-census-role_N.htm">"Papers show Census role in WWII camps"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Papers+show+Census+role+in+WWII+camps&rft.date=2007-03-30&rft.au=Haya+El+Nasser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2007-03-30-census-role_N.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+ethnicity+in+the+United+States+census" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.census.gov/census_2000/datasets/CQS/B.3.pdf">"US Census Bureau, 2000"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031020153728/http://www2.census.gov/census_2000/datasets/CQS/B.3.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 20, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=US+Census+Bureau%2C+2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Fcensus_2000%2Fdatasets%2FCQS%2FB.3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+ethnicity+in+the+United+States+census" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cen-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cen_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cen_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cen_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cen_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cen_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cen_35-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cen_35-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cen_35-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cen_35-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090831085310/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/meta/long_68178.htm">"2000 Census of Population, Public Law 94-171 Redistricting Data File: Race"</a>. <i>US Census Bureau</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/meta/long_68178.htm">the original</a> on August 31, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=2000+Census+of+Population%2C+Public+Law+94-171+Redistricting+Data+File%3A+Race&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fquickfacts.census.gov%2Fqfd%2Fmeta%2Flong_68178.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+ethnicity+in+the+United+States+census" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170724062356/https://www.census.gov/schools/pdf/2010form_info.pdf">"2010 US Census Form"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>US Census Bureau</i>. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/schools/pdf/2010form_info.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 24, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=2010+US+Census+Form&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fschools%2Fpdf%2F2010form_info.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+ethnicity+in+the+United+States+census" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-overview-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-overview_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-overview_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-overview_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-overview_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrieco,_Elizabeth_M.Cassidy,_Rachel_C.2001" class="citation web cs1">Grieco, Elizabeth M.; Cassidy, Rachel C. (March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/2001pubs/cenbr01-1.pdf">"Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: Census 2000 Brief"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>US Census Bureau</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=Overview+of+Race+and+Hispanic+Origin%3A+Census+2000+Brief&rft.date=2001-03&rft.au=Grieco%2C+Elizabeth+M.&rft.au=Cassidy%2C+Rachel+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2F2001pubs%2Fcenbr01-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+ethnicity+in+the+United+States+census" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010Waite-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2010Waite_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2010Waite_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Waite, Preston. US Census Bureau. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/sdc/www/0306waite.ppt">2010 Decennial Census Program</a>." 2006. accessed July 7, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cenform-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cenform_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cenform_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170724062356/https://www.census.gov/schools/pdf/2010form_info.pdf">"2010 US Census form"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/schools/pdf/2010form_info.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on July 24, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010+US+Census+form&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fschools%2Fpdf%2F2010form_info.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+ethnicity+in+the+United+States+census" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010change-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2010change_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061012173848/https://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/2010_census/000543.html">"Census Bureau to Test Changes in Questionnaire, New Response Technology"</a> (Press release). US Census Bureau. January 16, 2003. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=The+2020+census+had+big+undercounts+of+Black+people%2C+Latinos+and+Native+Americans&rft.date=2022-03-11&rft.aulast=Lo+Wang&rft.aufirst=Hansi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2022%2F03%2F10%2F1083732104%2F2020-census-accuracy-undercount-overcount-data-quality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+ethnicity+in+the+United+States+census" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWines2021" class="citation news cs1">Wines, Michael (September 14, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/09/14/us/census-analysis-apportionment.html">"Despite Many Obstacles, the 2020 Census Gets a Cautious Thumbs-Up"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Despite+Many+Obstacles%2C+the+2020+Census+Gets+a+Cautious+Thumbs-Up&rft.date=2021-09-14&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Wines&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F09%2F14%2Fus%2Fcensus-analysis-apportionment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+ethnicity+in+the+United+States+census" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gonzalez-Barrera-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gonzalez-Barrera_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gonzalez-Barrera_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gonzalez-Barrera_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonzalez-Barrera2021" class="citation web cs1">Gonzalez-Barrera, Ana (July 9, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/07/09/before-covid-19-more-mexicans-came-to-the-u-s-than-left-for-mexico-for-the-first-time-in-years/">"Before COVID-19, more Mexicans came to the U.S. than left for Mexico for the first time in years"</a>. <i>Pew Research Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 1,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research+Center&rft.atitle=Before+COVID-19%2C+more+Mexicans+came+to+the+U.S.+than+left+for+Mexico+for+the+first+time+in+years&rft.date=2021-07-09&rft.aulast=Gonzalez-Barrera&rft.aufirst=Ana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2021%2F07%2F09%2Fbefore-covid-19-more-mexicans-came-to-the-u-s-than-left-for-mexico-for-the-first-time-in-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+ethnicity+in+the+United+States+census" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/library/publications/decennial/2000/briefs/c2kbr01-01.pdf">"Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2000"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>2000 Census Briefs</i>. US Census Bureau.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2000+Census+Briefs&rft.atitle=Overview+of+Race+and+Hispanic+Origin%3A+2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.census.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fdecennial%2F2000%2Fbriefs%2Fc2kbr01-01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+ethnicity+in+the+United+States+census" class="Z3988"></span> (see Table 10. Hispanic and Not Hispanic Population by Race for the United States: 2000)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csupomona.edu/~mreibel/2000_Census_Files/Allen-Turner.doc">Bridging 1990 and 2000 census race data: Fractional assignment of multiracial populations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081002234040/http://www.csupomona.edu/~mreibel/2000_Census_Files/Allen-Turner.doc">Archived</a> October 2, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, James P. Allen and Eugene Turner, Department of Geography, California State University, Northridge, Northridge, CA</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191012105212/https://www.census2020now.org/faces-blog/same-sex-households-2020-census-r3976">"Race/Ethnicity and the 2020 Census"</a>. <i>census2020now.org</i>. March 23, 2019. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census2020now.org/faces-blog/same-sex-households-2020-census-r3976">the original</a> on October 12, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=census2020now.org&rft.atitle=Race%2FEthnicity+and+the+2020+Census&rft.date=2019-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census2020now.org%2Ffaces-blog%2Fsame-sex-households-2020-census-r3976&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+ethnicity+in+the+United+States+census" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grants.nih.gov/grants/guide/notice-files/NOT-OD-02-001.html">"Amendment: NIH Policy and Guidelines on the Inclusion of Women and Minorities as Subjects in Clinical Research"</a>. <i>National Institutes of Health</i>. October 9, 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Institutes+of+Health&rft.atitle=Amendment%3A+NIH+Policy+and+Guidelines+on+the+Inclusion+of+Women+and+Minorities+as+Subjects+in+Clinical+Research&rft.date=2001-10-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrants.nih.gov%2Fgrants%2Fguide%2Fnotice-files%2FNOT-OD-02-001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+ethnicity+in+the+United+States+census" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EEOC-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EEOC_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eeoc.gov/eeo1/index.html">Final Revisions of the Employer Information Report (EEO-1)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090813053315/http://www.eeoc.gov/eeo1/index.html">Archived</a> August 13, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by the EEOC. The page contains links to <a href="/wiki/FAQ" title="FAQ">FAQs</a>, forms, and instructions.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmadHagler2015" class="citation web cs1">Ahmad, Farah Z.; Hagler, Jamal (February 6, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/race/news/2015/02/06/102798/the-evolution-of-race-and-ethnicity-classifications-in-the-decennial-census/">"The Evolution of Race and Ethnicity Classifications in the Decennial Census"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Center_for_American_Progress" title="Center for American Progress">Center for American Progress</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+Race+and+Ethnicity+Classifications+in+the+Decennial+Census&rft.pub=Center+for+American+Progress&rft.date=2015-02-06&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Farah+Z.&rft.au=Hagler%2C+Jamal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanprogress.org%2Fissues%2Frace%2Fnews%2F2015%2F02%2F06%2F102798%2Fthe-evolution-of-race-and-ethnicity-classifications-in-the-decennial-census%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARace+and+ethnicity+in+the+United+States+census" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Prewitt, Kenneth. <i>What Is Your Race? The Census and Our Flawed Efforts to Classify Americans</i> (Princeton University Press; 2013) argues for dropping the race question from the census.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrewitt,_Kenneth2005" class="citation web cs1">Prewitt, Kenneth (Winter 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/publication/racial-classification-america">"Racial classification in America"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Daedalus_(journal)" title="Daedalus (journal)">Dædalus</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.</cite><span 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this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Demographics_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic history</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By economic<br />and social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Gender inequality in the United States">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_United_States" title="Emigration from the United States">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Housing segregation in the United States">Housing segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Spoken_at_Home_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Spoken at Home in the United States of America">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_demographics_of_the_United_States" title="LGBT demographics of the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Racial inequality in the United States">Racial inequality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_achievement_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial achievement gap in the United States">Racial achievement gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_pay_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial pay gap in the United States">Racial wage gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of U.S. states and territories by unemployment rate">Unemployment by state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocultural politics in the United States">Ethnocultural politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_the_United_States" title="Baháʼí Faith in the United States">Baha'is</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States" title="Christianity in the United States">Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_States" title="Hinduism in the United States">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_the_United_States" title="Jainism in the United States">Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">Muslims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_the_United_States" title="Ahmadiyya in the United States">Ahmadiyyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Percent_Nation" title="Five-Percent Nation">Five Percenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nation_of_Islam" title="United Nation of Islam">Value Creators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism in the United States">Neopagans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States" title="Irreligion in the United States">Non-religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Rastafari movement in the United States">Rastafaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_the_United_States" title="Scientology in the United States">Scientologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_the_United_States" title="Zoroastrianism in the United States">Zoroastrians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">By continent and<br />ethnic ancestry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_the_Americas" title="African diaspora in the Americas">African diaspora in the Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Americans" title="West Indian Americans">Afro-Caribbean/West Indian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_Americans" title="Antiguan and Barbudan Americans">Antiguan and Barbudan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_Americans" title="Bahamian Americans">Bahamian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_Americans" title="Barbadian Americans">Barbadian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_Americans" title="Bermudian Americans">Bermudian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans_(Dominica)" title="Dominican Americans (Dominica)">Dominican Americans (Dominica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_Indian_Americans" title="Dutch West Indian Americans">Dutch West Indian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Americans" title="Grenadian Americans">Grenadian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Americans" title="Haitian Americans">Haitian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Americans" title="Jamaican Americans">Jamaican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittian_and_Nevisian_Americans" title="Kittian and Nevisian Americans">Kittian and Nevisian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Americans" title="Saint Lucian Americans">Saint Lucian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Virgin_Islands_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateside Virgin Islands Americans">Stateside Virgin Islands Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_Americans" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans">Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincentian_Americans" title="Vincentian Americans">Vincentian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">African immigrants to the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Central Africans in the United States">Central Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Americans" title="Cameroonian Americans">Cameroonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_Americans" title="Congolese Americans">Congolese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Americans" title="Equatoguinean Americans">Equatoguinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_Americans" title="Gabonese Americans">Gabonese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="East Africans in the United States">East Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Americans" title="Eritrean Americans">Eritrean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Americans" title="Ethiopian Americans">Ethiopian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Americans" title="Kenyan Americans">Kenyan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Americans" title="Somali Americans">Somali Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Americans" title="South Sudanese Americans">South Sudanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Americans" title="Sudanese Americans">Sudanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_Americans" title="Tanzanian Americans">Tanzanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Americans" title="Ugandan Americans">Ugandan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Southern Africans in the United States">Southern Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Americans" title="Angolan Americans">Angolan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_Americans" title="Malawian Americans">Malawian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Americans" title="South African Americans">South African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Americans" title="Zimbabwean Americans">Zimbabwean Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="West Africans in the United States">West Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beninese_Americans" title="Beninese Americans">Beninese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissau-Guinean_Americans" title="Bissau-Guinean Americans">Bissau-Guinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Americans" title="Cape Verdean Americans">Cape Verdean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Americans" title="Gambian Americans">Gambian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Americans" title="Ghanaian Americans">Ghanaian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_Americans" title="Guinean Americans">Guinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_Americans" title="Ivorian Americans">Ivorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_Americans" title="Liberian Americans">Liberian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_Americans" title="Malian Americans">Malian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Americans" title="Nigerian Americans">Nigerian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_Americans" title="Senegalese Americans">Senegalese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_Americans" title="Sierra Leonean Americans">Sierra Leonean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_Americans" title="Togolese Americans">Togolese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="North Africans in the United States">North Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Americans" title="Berber Americans">Berber Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Americans" title="Algerian Americans">Algerian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Americans" title="Libyan Americans">Libyan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan American">Moroccan American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Americans" title="Tunisian Americans">Tunisian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptic Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Americans" title="Egyptian Americans">Egyptian Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans">Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asians_in_the_United_States" title="Central Asians in the United States">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Americans" title="Afghan Americans">Afghan Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Americans" title="Pashtun Americans">Pashtun Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_Americans" title="Baloch Americans">Baloch Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Americans" title="Kazakh Americans">Kazakh Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Americans" title="Kyrgyz Americans">Kyrgyz Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Americans" title="Tajik Americans">Tajik Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Americans">Turkmen Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Americans" title="Uyghur Americans">Uyghur Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Americans" title="Uzbek Americans">Uzbek Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Americans" title="East Asian Americans">East Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese Americans</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese_Americans" title="Fuzhounese Americans">Fuzhounese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Americans" title="Hakka Americans">Hakka Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Americans" title="Hoklo Americans">Hoklo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Americans" title="Hong Kong Americans">Hong Kong Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans" title="Korean Americans">Korean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Americans" title="Mongolian Americans">Mongolian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_Americans" title="Ryukyuan Americans">Ryukyuan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Americans" title="Taiwanese Americans">Taiwanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Americans" title="Tibetan Americans">Tibetan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Americans" title="South Asian Americans">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Americans" title="Bangladeshi Americans">Bangladeshi Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Americans" title="Bhutanese Americans">Bhutanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Americans" title="Gujarati Americans">Gujarati Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_Americans" title="Indo-Caribbean Americans">Indo-Caribbean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Americans" title="Telugu Americans">Telugu Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_Americans" title="Maldivian Americans">Maldivian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Americans" title="Nepalese Americans">Nepalese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Americans" title="Pakistani Americans">Pakistani Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Americans" title="Sri Lankan Americans">Sri Lankan Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Americans" title="Southeast Asian Americans">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Americans" title="Burmese Americans">Burmese Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Americans" title="Karen Americans">Karen Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Americans" title="Cambodian Americans">Cambodian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_Americans" title="Hmong Americans">Hmong Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Americans" title="Indonesian Americans">Indonesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_Americans" title="Iu Mien Americans">Iu Mien Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Americans" title="Laotian Americans">Laotian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Americans" title="Malaysian Americans">Malaysian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Americans" title="Singaporean Americans">Singaporean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Americans" title="Thai Americans">Thai Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans" title="Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Americans" title="Romani Americans">Romani Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Slovak_Gypsies_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Slovak Gypsies in the United States">Hungarian Slovak Gypsies</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Americans" title="Middle Eastern Americans">West Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Americans" title="Arab Americans">Arab Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini Americans">Bahraini Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Americans" title="Emirati Americans">Emirati Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Americans" title="Iraqi Americans">Iraqi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Americans" title="Jordanian Americans">Jordanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Americans" title="Kuwaiti Americans">Kuwaiti Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Americans" title="Lebanese Americans">Lebanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Omani Americans">Omani Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Americans" title="Palestinian Americans">Palestinian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatari Americans">Qatari Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Americans" title="Saudi Americans">Saudi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Americans" title="Syrian Americans">Syrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Americans" title="Yemeni Americans">Yemeni Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Americans" title="Assyrian Americans">Assyrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Americans" title="Azerbaijani Americans">Azerbaijani Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_Americans" title="Circassian Americans">Circassian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Americans" title="Chechen Americans">Chechen Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Americans" title="Georgian Americans">Georgian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Americans" title="Iranian Americans">Iranian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jewish Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Americans" title="Israeli Americans">Israeli Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_Americans" title="Lezgin Americans">Lezgin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Americans" title="Kurdish Americans">Kurdish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Americans" title="Turkish Americans">Turkish Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Americans" title="Albanian Americans">Albanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Americans" title="Asturian Americans">Asturian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Americans" title="Austrian Americans">Austrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Americans" title="Belarusian Americans">Belarusian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Americans" title="Belgian Americans">Belgian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Americans" title="Bosnian Americans">Bosnian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Americans" title="British Americans">British Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_Americans" title="Manx Americans">Manx Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Americans" title="Welsh Americans">Welsh Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Americans" title="Bulgarian Americans">Bulgarian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Americans" title="Catalan Americans">Catalan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Americans" title="Croatian Americans">Croatian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Americans" title="Cypriot Americans">Cypriot Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Americans" title="Czech Americans">Czech Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Americans" title="Estonian Americans">Estonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Americans" title="Finnish Americans">Finnish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Americans" title="Galician Americans">Galician Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">Greek Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Americans" title="Hungarian Americans">Hungarian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880" title="Italians in the United States before 1880">before 1880</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Americans" title="Latvian Americans">Latvian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtensteiner_Americans" title="Liechtensteiner Americans">Liechtensteiner Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Americans" title="Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Americans" title="Luxembourgish Americans">Luxembourgish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Americans" title="Macedonian Americans">Macedonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Americans" title="Maltese Americans">Maltese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Americans" title="Moldovan Americans">Moldovan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Americans" title="Montenegrin Americans">Montenegrin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Portuguese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Americans" title="Romanian Americans">Romanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans" title="Russian Americans">Russian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Americans" title="Sammarinese Americans">Sammarinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_Americans" title="Nordic and Scandinavian Americans">Nordic and Scandinavian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Americans" title="Danish Americans">Danish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Americans" title="Icelandic Americans">Icelandic Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Americans" title="Norwegian Americans">Norwegian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">Swedish Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Americans" title="Serbian Americans">Serbian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Americans" title="Slovak Americans">Slovak Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian Americans">Slovenian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">Californios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Americans" title="Swiss Americans">Swiss Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans" title="Ukrainian Americans">Ukrainian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piegan_Blackfeet" title="Piegan Blackfeet">Blackfeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colville_people" title="Colville people">Colville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_people" title="Crow people">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_people" title="Cayuga people">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_people" title="Oneida people">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_people" title="Onondaga people">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_people" title="Tuscarora people">Tuscarora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Indians" title="Mission Indians">Mission Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemehuevi" title="Chemehuevi">Chemehuevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño">Cupeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Diegueño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esselen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Esselen people">Esselen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juane%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Juaneño">Juaneño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk" title="Kitanemuk">Kitanemuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Luiseño people">Luiseño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok" title="Miwok">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwin" title="Patwin">Patwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomo people">Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Salinan people">Salinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_people" title="Serrano people">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suisun_people" title="Suisun people">Suisunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohlone people">Ohlone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awaswas" title="Awaswas">Awaswas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalon_people" title="Chalon people">Chalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chochenyo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chochenyo people">Chochenyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkin_people" title="Karkin people">Karkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyen people">Tamyen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tataviam" title="Tataviam">Tataviam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongva_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongva people">Tongva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wappo" title="Wappo">Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintun" title="Wintun">Wintun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts" title="Yokuts">Yokuts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiute" title="Paiute">Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zia_people_(New_Mexico)" title="Zia people (New Mexico)">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_peoples" title="Salish peoples">Salish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakama_Indian_Reservation" title="Yakama Indian Reservation">Yakama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska Natives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Athabaskans" title="Alaskan Athabaskans">Alaskan Athabaskans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq" title="Alutiiq">Alutiiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in">Gwich'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiat" title="Iñupiat">Iñupiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian" title="Tsimshian">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupik</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Americans" title="Canadian Americans">Canadian Americans</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a> <ul><li>Central America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Americans" title="Belizean Americans">Belizean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Americans" title="Costa Rican Americans">Costa Rican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Americans" title="Guatemalan Americans">Guatemalan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Americans" title="Honduran Americans">Honduran Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Americans" title="Nicaraguan Americans">Nicaraguan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Americans" title="Panamanian Americans">Panamanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Americans" title="Salvadoran Americans">Salvadoran Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Americans">Puerto Rican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Mexican_Americans" title="Indigenous Mexican Americans">Indigenous Mexican Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_Americans" title="Oceanian Americans">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_Americans" title="Fijian Americans">Fijian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesian_Americans" title="French Polynesian Americans">French Polynesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_Americans" title="Marshallese Americans">Marshallese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_Americans" title="Micronesian Americans">Micronesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_Americans" title="Palauan Americans">Palauan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Americans" title="Samoan Americans">Samoan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_Americans" title="Tongan Americans">Tongan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li>Americans of Euro Oceanic origin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Americans" title="Australian Americans">Australian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Americans" title="New Zealand Americans">New Zealand Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Americans" title="Argentine Americans">Argentine Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Americans" title="Bolivian Americans">Bolivian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans" title="Brazilian Americans">Brazilian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Americans" title="Chilean Americans">Chilean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Americans" title="Colombian Americans">Colombian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Americans" title="Ecuadorian Americans">Ecuadorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Americans" title="Guyanese Americans">Guyanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Americans" title="Paraguayan Americans">Paraguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Americans" title="Peruvian Americans">Peruvian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Americans" title="Surinamese Americans">Surinamese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Americans" title="Uruguayan Americans">Uruguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Americans" title="Venezuelan Americans">Venezuelan Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Multiethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians#United_States" title="Afro-Asians">Afro-Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa">Hapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto#United_States" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Punjabi Mexican Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People of the United States / Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_ancestry" title="American ancestry">American ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American ancestry">Native American ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_American_ancestries" class="mw-redirect" title="Maps of American ancestries">Maps of American ancestries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 census</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Race and ethnicity in the census</a></li></ul></li> <li>Births of U.S. states and territories by race/ethnicity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_(EEO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity (EEO)">Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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