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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Дулебы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дулебы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Дулебы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дулебы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Дулеби – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дулеби" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doudlebov%C3%A9" title="Doudlebové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Doudlebové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duleben" title="Duleben – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Duleben" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duljebi" title="Duljebi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Duljebi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulebai" title="Dulebai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dulebai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Дулеби – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дулеби" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doeleben" title="Doeleben – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Doeleben" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%89%E3%82%A5%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E3%82%A3%E6%97%8F" title="ドゥレーブィ族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ドゥレーブィ族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulebowie_(wo%C5%82y%C5%84scy)" title="Dulebowie (wołyńscy) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dulebowie (wołyńscy)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Дулебы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дулебы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulebovia" title="Dulebovia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dulebovia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulebi" title="Dulebi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dulebi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Дуљеби – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дуљеби" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Дуліби – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дуліби" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Slavic tribe</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Distribution_of_Croatian_and_Dulebes_ethnonyms_in_the_Middle_Ages.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Distribution_of_Croatian_and_Dulebes_ethnonyms_in_the_Middle_Ages.jpg/220px-Distribution_of_Croatian_and_Dulebes_ethnonyms_in_the_Middle_Ages.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Distribution_of_Croatian_and_Dulebes_ethnonyms_in_the_Middle_Ages.jpg/330px-Distribution_of_Croatian_and_Dulebes_ethnonyms_in_the_Middle_Ages.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Distribution_of_Croatian_and_Dulebes_ethnonyms_in_the_Middle_Ages.jpg/440px-Distribution_of_Croatian_and_Dulebes_ethnonyms_in_the_Middle_Ages.jpg 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="734" /></a><figcaption>The range of Slavic ceramics of the <a href="/wiki/Penkovka_culture" title="Penkovka culture">Prague-Penkovka culture</a> marked in black, and presumed location of three Early Medieval tribes of Dulebes in Central and Eastern Europe, per V.V. Sedov (1979).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_kmeny.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_kmeny.png/220px-%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_kmeny.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_kmeny.png/330px-%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_kmeny.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_kmeny.png/440px-%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_kmeny.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>The presumed location of Dulebes (green) in present-day <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> during the 10th century, per V.V. Sedov (2002).</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Dulebes</b>, <b>Dulebs</b>, <b>Dudlebi</b> or <b>Dulibyh</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Дуліби</span>) were one of the <a href="/wiki/Tribe" title="Tribe">tribal</a> unions of <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a> between the 6th and the 10th centuries. According to medieval sources they lived in Western <a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a>, as well as southern parts of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bohemia" title="Duchy of Bohemia">Duchy of Bohemia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Danube" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Danube">Middle Danube</a> between <a href="/wiki/Lake_Balaton" title="Lake Balaton">Lake Balaton</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mur_(river)" title="Mur (river)">Mur River</a> (a tributary of the <a href="/wiki/Drava" title="Drava">Drava</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a>, probably implying migrations from a single region.<sup id="cite_ref-Sedov_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dulebes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The etymological origin of their ethnonym is uncertain. <a href="/wiki/Jan_D%C5%82ugosz" title="Jan Długosz">Jan Długosz</a> argued it derives from the name of their supposed progenitor, Duleba.<sup id="cite_ref-Kibin2015_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kibin2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others, such as <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Trubachyov" title="Oleg Trubachyov">Oleg Trubachyov</a> consider that the ethnonym existed before the <a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a> because it derives from <a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a>; <i>*dudlebi</i> from <i>*daud-laiba-</i> in the meaning of "inheritance of the deceased", which would fit "with the early historical process of development of the lands by the Slavs abandoned at one time by the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic tribes</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Sedov1979_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedov1979-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhikh2015_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhikh2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially, the Proto-Slavic tribe possibly was part of <a href="/wiki/Przeworsk_culture" title="Przeworsk culture">Przeworsk culture</a> near Old Western Germanic area, but later belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Prague-Korchak_culture" title="Prague-Korchak culture">Prague-Korchak culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sedov_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sedov1979_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedov1979-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhikh2015_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhikh2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would be "only Slavic ethnonym with a Germanic etymology".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dulebes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Primary_Chronicle" title="Primary Chronicle">Primary Chronicle</a></i> describes them as a tribe that formerly lived along the <a href="/wiki/Bug_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Bug river">Bug river</a>, "where the <a href="/wiki/Volhynians" title="Volhynians">Volhynians</a> now are found", in <a href="/wiki/Volhynia" title="Volhynia">Volhynia</a> what is today Western <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barford2001_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barford2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the chronicle, the <i>Dulebi</i> suffered greatly from the invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Pannonian Avars</a> in the late 6th or early 7th century:<sup id="cite_ref-Sedov_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CrossNestor_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CrossNestor-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>"They made war upon the Slavs, and harassed the Dulebians, who were themselves Slavs. They even did violence to the Dulebian women. When an Avar made a journey, he did not cause either a horse or a steer to be harnessed, but gave command instead that three or four or five women should be yoked to his cart and be made to draw him. Even thus they harassed the Dulebians. The Avars were large of stature and proud of spirit, and God destroyed them."</p></blockquote> <p>Some scholars relate them to <a href="/wiki/Antes_people" title="Antes people">Antes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> having seen a connection between the demise of the Antes by the Avars and the oppression of the Dulebes by the same Avars and the tradition recorded by <a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Al-Masudi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abraham_ben_Jacob" class="mw-redirect" title="Abraham ben Jacob">Abraham ben Jacob</a> that in ancient times the <i>Walitābā</i> (which some read as <i>Walīnānā</i> and identified with the <a href="/wiki/Volhynians" title="Volhynians">Volhynians</a>) were "the original, pure-blooded <a href="/wiki/Saqaliba" title="Saqaliba">Saqaliba</a>, the most highly honoured", who dominated the rest of the Slavic tribes, but whose "original organization was destroyed" and "the people divided into factions, each of them ruled by their own king", due to "dissent", as implying the existence of a Slavic federation which perished after the attack of the Avars.<sup id="cite_ref-Fadlan2012_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fadlan2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CrossNestor2_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CrossNestor2-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some consider that because of the oppression mentioned in the <i>Primary Chronicle</i>, some of them resettled along the Upper <a href="/wiki/Vltava" title="Vltava">Vltava</a> River in today's Southern <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>, while others were part of the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_settlement_of_the_Eastern_Alps" title="Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps">Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps</a> near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Balaton" title="Lake Balaton">Lake Balaton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drava" title="Drava">Drava</a> River in <a href="/wiki/Carantania" title="Carantania">Carantania</a> and today's southwestern <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sedov_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sedov1979_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedov1979-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The place of their migration is uncertain and is argued to be from Volhynia to the West due to Avar invasion,<sup id="cite_ref-Zhikh2015_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhikh2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or from the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> Rivers in all the directions because of supposed proximity with West Germanic tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-Sedov1979_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedov1979-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhikh2015_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhikh2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the East, in 907, a Dulebian unit took part in <a href="/wiki/Oleg_of_Kyiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleg of Kyiv">Oleg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rus%27-Byzantine_War_(907)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rus'-Byzantine War (907)">military campaign</a> against <a href="/wiki/Czargrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Czargrad">Czargrad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-WaldmanMason2006_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaldmanMason2006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It appears that the Dulebi tribal union between 8th and 10th century formed or assimilated into the Volhynians, <a href="/wiki/Drevlians" title="Drevlians">Drevlians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polans_(eastern)" title="Polans (eastern)">Polans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dregoviches" title="Dregoviches">Dregoviches</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sedov_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sedov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and possibly <a href="/wiki/Buzhans" title="Buzhans">Buzhans</a>, eventually to become part of the <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barford2001_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barford2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the West, in the mid-10th century, <a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">Al-Masudi</a> mentioned them as Dūlāba and their "king" (ruler) as Wānjslāf (most probably <a href="/wiki/Wenceslaus_I,_Duke_of_Bohemia" title="Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia">Wenceslaus I, Duke of Bohemia</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Fadlan2012b_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fadlan2012b-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Chronica_Boemorum" title="Chronica Boemorum">Chronica Boemorum</a></i> chronicle by <a href="/wiki/Cosmas_of_Prague" title="Cosmas of Prague">Cosmas of Prague</a> (written in 1119–1125), a fortified settlement <a href="/wiki/Doudleby" title="Doudleby">Doudleby</a>, which exists even today, was part of <a href="/wiki/Slavn%C3%ADk" title="Slavník">Slavník</a>'s territory in the <a href="/wiki/South_Bohemian_Region" title="South Bohemian Region">South Bohemian Region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhikh2015_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhikh2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Pannonian Basin</a>, in the charter by <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Italy" title="Louis II of Italy">Louis II</a> (843–876), appears Tudleipin in a list of possessions of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Salzburg" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Salzburg">Salzburg archbishop</a> Adalwin; church Dudleipin built by Duke of <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Slavs#Principality" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Slavs">Lower Pannonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pribina" title="Pribina">Pribina</a> (846–861), is recorded in <i><a href="/wiki/Conversio_Bagoariorum_et_Carantanorum" title="Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum">Conversio Bagoariorum et Carantanorum</a></i> (c. 870); comitatus Dudleipa is mentioned in the "Letter of <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">King Arnulf</a> of 891" written during the time of <a href="/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Otto II, Holy Roman Emperor">Otto II</a> (973–983), the county probably located in the territory of later <a href="/wiki/Vas_County" title="Vas County">Vas County</a>; a locality called Dulieb in the Upper Drava region is mentioned in the Tyrolean act from 1060.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhikh2015_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhikh2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Steinhubel2021_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinhubel2021-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Part of these toponyms most probably was located near <a href="/wiki/Bad_Radkersburg" title="Bad Radkersburg">Bad Radkersburg</a> and in-between of it and <a href="/wiki/Leibnitz" title="Leibnitz">Leibnitz</a> separated by <a href="/wiki/Mur_(river)" title="Mur (river)">Mur</a> river.<sup id="cite_ref-Steinhubel2021_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinhubel2021-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today exist many hydronyms and toponyms on the territory of Poland, Austria, Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Serbia which derive from <i>*dudleb-</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kibin2015_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kibin2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhikh2015_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhikh2015-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dulebes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Slavic_peoples" title="List of early Slavic peoples">List of early Slavic peoples</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dulebes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sedov-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sedov_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sedov_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sedov_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sedov_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sedov_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSedov2013" class="citation book cs1">Sedov, Valentin Vasilyevich (2013) [1995]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HD4oAAAAMAAJ"><i>Славяне в раннем Средневековье</i></a> [<i>Sloveni u ranom srednjem veku (Slavs in Early Middle Ages)</i>]. Novi Sad: Akademska knjiga. pp. 41–44, 164, 388, 428–430, 435–437, 481, 497, 499, 515. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-86-6263-026-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-86-6263-026-1"><bdi>978-86-6263-026-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C%D0%B5&rft.place=Novi+Sad&rft.pages=41-44%2C+164%2C+388%2C+428-430%2C+435-437%2C+481%2C+497%2C+499%2C+515&rft.pub=Akademska+knjiga&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-86-6263-026-1&rft.aulast=Sedov&rft.aufirst=Valentin+Vasilyevich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHD4oAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADulebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kibin2015-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kibin2015_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kibin2015_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKibiń2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kibiń, Aleksiej (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/yan-dlugosh-rus-kak-prodolzhenie-polshi-i-duleb-praroditel-dulebov">"Ян Длугош, Русь как продолжение Польши и Дулеб, прародитель дулебов"</a> [Jan Długosz, Rus' as a continuation of Poland and Duleb a Dulebian progenitor]. <i>Исторический формат</i> (in Russian). <b>4</b> (4): 297–311<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82&rft.atitle=%D0%AF%D0%BD+%D0%94%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%88%2C+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%88%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%94%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%2C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C+%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=297-311&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Kibi%C5%84&rft.aufirst=Aleksiej&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyberleninka.ru%2Farticle%2Fn%2Fyan-dlugosh-rus-kak-prodolzhenie-polshi-i-duleb-praroditel-dulebov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADulebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sedov1979-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sedov1979_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sedov1979_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sedov1979_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sedov1979_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sedov, Valentin Vasilyevich <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archaeology.ru/Download/Sedow/Sedow_1979_Proischozhdenie_i_rannia.pdf">Происхождение и ранняя история славян</a></i>, 1979, Наука, pg. 131–132 (pdf. 138-139): Другой славянский этноним — дулебы, восходящий также к праславянской поре, территориально связан с племенной группировкой славян, представленной керамикой первой группы (рис. 25). Бесспорно, что дулебы составляли какую-то часть этой группировки; наряду с ними в ее составе были и другие праславянские племена, названия которых не дошли до нас. Разбросанность этнонимов дулебы отражает миграции выходцев из этого племени. Где находилась коренная территория дулебов, определить невозможно. Поскольку этот этноним имеет западногерманское происхождение [Трубачев О. Н. Ранние славянские этнонимы — свидетели миграции славян, с. 52, 53.], то, видимо, нужно допустить, что славянское племя дулебов сложилось ещё в римское время где-то по соседству с западногерманским населением. Оттуда дулебы расселились в разных направлениях. Средневековые письменные источники фиксируют дулебов на Волыни, в Чехии, на среднем Дунае, между озером Балатон и рекой Мурсой, и в Хорутании, на верхней Драве [Niederle L. Slovanske starozitnosti, II, s. 369, 370.].</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhikh2015-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhikh2015_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhikh2015_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhikh2015_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhikh2015_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhikh2015_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhikh2015_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhikh2015_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhikh2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Zhikh, Maksim (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/duleby-i-avary-v-povesti-vremennyh-let-slavyanskiy-epos-ili-knizhnaya-konstruktsiya">"Авары и дулебы в Повести временных лет: славянский эпос или книжная конструкция?"</a> [The Dulebes and Avars in the Tale of Bygone Years: The story from a Slavic epic or book construct?]. <i>Исторический формат</i> (in Russian). <b>3</b> (3): 52–71<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B+%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%8B+%D0%B2+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%3A+%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%8D%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81+%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%3F&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=52-71&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Zhikh&rft.aufirst=Maksim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyberleninka.ru%2Farticle%2Fn%2Fduleby-i-avary-v-povesti-vremennyh-let-slavyanskiy-epos-ili-knizhnaya-konstruktsiya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADulebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersen2023" class="citation journal cs1">Andersen, Henning (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/118546192">"The Slavic Expansion. Streams, Springs, and Wells"</a>. <i>Scando-Slavica</i>. <b>69</b> (1): 81–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00806765.2023.2188609">10.1080/00806765.2023.2188609</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scando-Slavica&rft.atitle=The+Slavic+Expansion.+Streams%2C+Springs%2C+and+Wells&rft.volume=69&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=81-82&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00806765.2023.2188609&rft.aulast=Andersen&rft.aufirst=Henning&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F118546192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADulebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barford2001-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barford2001_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barford2001_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_M._Barford2001" class="citation book cs1">Paul M. Barford (January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z9ItAtbJ5AC&pg=PA111"><i>The Early Slavs: Culture and Society in Early Medieval Eastern Europe</i></a>. Cornell University Press. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3977-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3977-3"><bdi>978-0-8014-3977-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Early+Slavs%3A+Culture+and+Society+in+Early+Medieval+Eastern+Europe&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2001-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-3977-3&rft.au=Paul+M.+Barford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1Z9ItAtbJ5AC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADulebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CrossNestor-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CrossNestor_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuel_Hazzard_Cross_and_Olgerd_P._Sherbowitz-Wetzor1953" class="citation book cs1">Samuel Hazzard Cross and Olgerd P. 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Cambridge, Mass., Mediaeval Academy of America. pp. 37, 55–56, 64, 232.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian+Primary+Chronicle.+Laurentian+Text.&rft.pages=37%2C+55-56%2C+64%2C+232&rft.pub=Cambridge%2C+Mass.%2C+Mediaeval+Academy+of+America&rft.date=1953&rft.au=Samuel+Hazzard+Cross+and+Olgerd+P.+Sherbowitz-Wetzor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mgh-bibliothek.de%2Fdokumente%2Fa%2Fa011458.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADulebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiggamWolf2022" class="citation book cs1">Biggam, Carole; Wolf, Kirsten (2022). <i>A Cultural History of Color in the Medieval Age</i>. 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Translated by Lunde, Paul; Stone, Caroline. Penguin. pp. 128, 146, 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-045507-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-045507-6"><bdi>978-0-14-045507-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+Fadlan+and+the+Land+of+Darkness%3A+Arab+Travellers+in+the+Far+North&rft.pages=128%2C+146%2C+200&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-14-045507-6&rft.aulast=Fa%E1%B8%8Dl%C4%81n&rft.aufirst=A%E1%B8%A5mad+Ibn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FIbnFadlanAndTheLandOfDarknessArabTravellersInTheFarNorthPenguinClassicsCopie%2Fpage%2Fn195%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dsarbin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADulebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CrossNestor2-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CrossNestor2_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossSherbowitz-Wetzor1953" class="citation book cs1">Cross, Samuel Hazzard; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P. 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С. 53-59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Рыбаков Б. А. Киевская Русь и русские княжества XII—XIII вв. М.: Наука, 1982. 598 с.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Войтович Л. В. Восточное Прикарпатье во второй половине І тыс. н. э. Начальные этапы формирования государственности // Rossica antiqua: Исследования и материалы. 2006. СПб.: Издательство СПбГУ, 2006. С. 6-39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Жих М. И. О предыстории Волынской земли (VI — начало X века) // Международный исторический журнал «Русин». 2008. № 3-4 (13-14). С. 35-57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WaldmanMason2006-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WaldmanMason2006_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarl_WaldmanCatherine_Mason2006" class="citation book cs1">Carl Waldman; Catherine Mason (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfv6HKXErqAC&pg=PA878"><i>Encyclopedia of European Peoples</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 878. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2918-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2918-1"><bdi>978-1-4381-2918-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+European+Peoples&rft.pages=878&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2918-1&rft.au=Carl+Waldman&rft.au=Catherine+Mason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkfv6HKXErqAC%26pg%3DPA878&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADulebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fadlan2012b-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fadlan2012b_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaḍlān2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Fadlan" title="Ahmad ibn Fadlan">Faḍlān, Aḥmad Ibn</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/IbnFadlanAndTheLandOfDarknessArabTravellersInTheFarNorthPenguinClassicsCopie/page/n127/mode/2up?q=sarbin"><i>Ibn Fadlan and the Land of Darkness: Arab Travellers in the Far North</i></a>. Translated by Lunde, Paul; Stone, Caroline. Penguin. pp. 128, 200. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-045507-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-045507-6"><bdi>978-0-14-045507-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ibn+Fadlan+and+the+Land+of+Darkness%3A+Arab+Travellers+in+the+Far+North&rft.pages=128%2C+200&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-14-045507-6&rft.aulast=Fa%E1%B8%8Dl%C4%81n&rft.aufirst=A%E1%B8%A5mad+Ibn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FIbnFadlanAndTheLandOfDarknessArabTravellersInTheFarNorthPenguinClassicsCopie%2Fpage%2Fn127%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dsarbin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADulebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Steinhubel2021-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Steinhubel2021_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Steinhubel2021_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinhübel2021" class="citation book cs1">Steinhübel, Ján (2021). <i>The Nitrian Principality: The Beginnings of Medieval Slovakia</i>. Brill. pp. 163–171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43863-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43863-7"><bdi>978-90-04-43863-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nitrian+Principality%3A+The+Beginnings+of+Medieval+Slovakia&rft.pages=163-171&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43863-7&rft.aulast=Steinh%C3%BCbel&rft.aufirst=J%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADulebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosch1992" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Posch, Fritz (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historischerverein-stmk.at/wp-content/uploads/B_Jg66_Fritz-POSCH-Die-Dudleben-in-der-Steiermark.pdf">"Die Dudleben in der Steiermark"</a> [The Dulebes in Styria] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Blätter für Heimatkunde</i> (in German). <b>66</b>: 21–25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bl%C3%A4tter+f%C3%BCr+Heimatkunde&rft.atitle=Die+Dudleben+in+der+Steiermark&rft.volume=66&rft.pages=21-25&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Posch&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historischerverein-stmk.at%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FB_Jg66_Fritz-POSCH-Die-Dudleben-in-der-Steiermark.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADulebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmon2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Amon, Karl (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historischerverein-stmk.at/wp-content/uploads/Z_Jg93_Karl-AMON-Die-Kirche-in-Dudleipin.pdf">"Die Kirche in Dudleipin"</a> [The church in Dudleipin] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Zeitschrift des Historischen Vereines für Steiermark</i> (in German). <b>93</b>: 15–57<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+des+Historischen+Vereines+f%C3%BCr+Steiermark&rft.atitle=Die+Kirche+in+Dudleipin&rft.volume=93&rft.pages=15-57&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Amon&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historischerverein-stmk.at%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FZ_Jg93_Karl-AMON-Die-Kirche-in-Dudleipin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADulebes" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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(VII-XII century)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavic_ethnic_groups_(VII-XII_century)" title="Template talk:Slavic ethnic groups (VII-XII century)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic_ethnic_groups_(VII-XII_century)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavic ethnic groups (VII-XII century)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Early_Slavic_ethnic_groups_(7th–12th_centuries)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Slavic peoples">Early Slavic ethnic groups (7th–12th centuries)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Croats" title="White Croats">Carpathian Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radimichs" title="Radimichs">Radimichs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severians" title="Severians">Severians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivertsi" title="Tivertsi">Tivertsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulichs" title="Ulichs">Ulichs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyatichi" title="Vyatichi">Vyatichi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Don_Slavs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Don Slavs (page does not exist)">Don Slavs</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Донские славяне">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeriuani" title="Zeriuani">Zeriuani</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolokhovians" title="Bolokhovians">Bolokhovians</a><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dulebes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buzhans" title="Buzhans">Buzhans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volhynians" title="Volhynians">Volhynians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drevlians" title="Drevlians">Drevlians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polans_(eastern)" title="Polans (eastern)">Polans </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dregoviches" title="Dregoviches">Dregoviches</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narevyans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narevyans (page does not exist)">Narevyans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Наревяне">ru</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krivichs" title="Krivichs">Krivichs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polochans" title="Polochans">Polochans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pskov%27s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pskov's (page does not exist)">Pskov's</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Псковские кривичи">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a>'s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>'s</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Slavs" title="Novgorod Slavs">Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merya_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Merya people">Merya</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muromians" class="mw-redirect" title="Muromians">Muroma</a><sup>2</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Slavs" title="West Slavs">West Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polish_tribes" title="Polish tribes">Polish tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goplans" title="Goplans">Goplans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lendians" title="Lendians">Lendians</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lubuszans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lubuszans (page does not exist)">Lubuszans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubuszanie" class="extiw" title="pl:Lubuszanie">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masovians" title="Masovians">Masovians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polans_(western)" title="Polans (western)">Polans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieradzans" title="Sieradzans">Sieradzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vistulans" title="Vistulans">Vistulans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kujawians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kujawians (page does not exist)">Kujawians</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kujawianie" class="extiw" title="pl:Kujawianie">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiercans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiercans (page does not exist)">Wiercans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiercanie" class="extiw" title="pl:Wiercanie">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thafnezi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thafnezi (page does not exist)">Thafnezi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thafnezi" class="extiw" title="pl:Thafnezi">pl</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pomeranians_(tribe)" title="Pomeranians (tribe)">Pomeranians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prissani" title="Prissani">Prissani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolinians" title="Wolinians">Wolinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovincians" title="Slovincians">Slovincians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Silesian_tribes" title="Silesian tribes">Silesian tribes</a><sup>3</sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bezunzans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bezunzans (page does not exist)">Bezunzans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Besunzane" class="extiw" title="de:Besunzane">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobrzanie" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobrzanie">Bobrzans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Croats" title="White Croats">Silesian Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadosesani" title="Dadosesani">Dadosesani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golensizi" title="Golensizi">Golensizi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opolans" title="Opolans">Opolans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selpoli" title="Selpoli">Selpoli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesians_(tribe)" title="Silesians (tribe)">Silesians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polabian_Slavs" title="Polabian Slavs">Polabian tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Veleti" title="Veleti">Veleti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutici" title="Lutici">Lutici</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brizans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brizans (page does not exist)">Brizans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brze%C5%BCanie" class="extiw" title="pl:Brzeżanie">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circipania" title="Circipania">Circipania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kessinians" title="Kessinians">Kessinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tollensians" title="Tollensians">Tollensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxani" title="Doxani">Doxani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Morzyczans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Morzyczans (page does not exist)">Morzyczans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morzyczanie" class="extiw" title="pl:Morzyczanie">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neletyches&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neletyches (page does not exist)">Neletyches</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieletycy" class="extiw" title="pl:Nieletycy">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rani_(tribe)" title="Rani (tribe)">Rujani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Redariers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Redariers (page does not exist)">Redariers</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redarowie" class="extiw" title="pl:Redarowie">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rechans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rechans (page does not exist)">Rechans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rzeczanie" class="extiw" title="pl:Rzeczanie">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprevane" title="Sprevane">Sprevane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hevelli" title="Hevelli">Hevelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrani" title="Ukrani">Ukrani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zamcici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zamcici (page does not exist)">Zamcici</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamczycy" class="extiw" title="pl:Zamczycy">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zemcici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zemcici (page does not exist)">Zemcici</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ziemczycy" class="extiw" title="pl:Ziemczycy">pl</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obotrites" title="Obotrites">Obotrites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bethenici" title="Bethenici">Bethenici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drevani" title="Drevani">Drevani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linons" class="mw-redirect" title="Linons">Linons</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reregs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reregs (page does not exist)">Reregs</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reregowie" class="extiw" title="pl:Reregowie">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smeldingi" title="Smeldingi">Smeldingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagri" title="Wagri">Wagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warnabi" title="Warnabi">Warnabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polabians_(tribe)" title="Polabians (tribe)">Polabians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sorbs" title="Sorbs">Sorbs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khutices&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khutices (page does not exist)">Khutices</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chutycy" class="extiw" title="pl:Chutycy">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glomatians" title="Glomatians">Glomatians</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koledices&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koledices (page does not exist)">Koledices</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koledzice" class="extiw" title="pl:Koledzice">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lusatians_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lusatians (tribe) (page does not exist)">Lusatians</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81u%C5%BCyczanie" class="extiw" title="pl:Łużyczanie">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milceni" title="Milceni">Milceni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suslowi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suslowi (page does not exist)">Suslowi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sus%C5%82owie" class="extiw" title="pl:Susłowie">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhirmunts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhirmunts (page does not exist)">Zhirmunts</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BByrmunty" class="extiw" title="pl:Żyrmunty">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhitices&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhitices (page does not exist)">Zhitices</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BBytyce" class="extiw" title="pl:Żytyce">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neletiches&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neletiches (page does not exist)">Neletiches</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nieletycy" class="extiw" title="pl:Nieletycy">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nizhices&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nizhices (page does not exist)">Nizhices</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizice" class="extiw" title="pl:Nizice">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishans" class="mw-redirect" title="Nishans">Nishans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbs_(tribe)" title="Sorbs (tribe)">Sorbs</a> (<a href="/wiki/White_Serbia" title="White Serbia">White Serbs</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bohemians_(tribe)" title="Bohemians (tribe)">Czech tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Croats" title="White Croats">Bohemian Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dechans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dechans (page does not exist)">Dechans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deczanie" class="extiw" title="pl:Deczanie">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bohemian Dulebes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lemuzi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lemuzi (page does not exist)">Lemuzi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lemuzi" class="extiw" title="cs:Lemuzi">cs</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Litomerici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Litomerici (page does not exist)">Litomerici</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litomierzyce_(plemi%C4%99)" class="extiw" title="pl:Litomierzyce (plemię)">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luchans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luchans (page does not exist)">Luchans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C4%8Dan%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="cs:Lučané">cs</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravians_(tribe)" title="Moravians (tribe)">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merehani" title="Merehani">Merehani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pshovans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pshovans (page does not exist)">Pshovans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%A1ovan%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="cs:Pšované">cs</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedlichans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sedlichans (page does not exist)">Sedlichans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siedliczanie" class="extiw" title="pl:Siedliczanie">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zlicans" title="Zlicans">Zlicans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hbans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hbans (page does not exist)">Hbans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="uk:Гбани">uk</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Domazhlici&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Domazhlici (page does not exist)">Domazhlici</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Домажличи">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lupiglians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lupiglians (page does not exist)">Lupiglians</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupiglaa" class="extiw" title="pl:Lupiglaa">pl</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Znetalici" title="Znetalici">Znetalici</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovak tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrians&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrians (page does not exist)">Nitrians</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitrzanie" class="extiw" title="pl:Nitrzanie">pl</a>]</span><sup>4</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovaks" title="Slovaks">Slovaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgarian tribes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Union of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Slavic_tribes" title="Seven Slavic tribes">Seven Slavic tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severians" title="Severians">Southern Severians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolyani" title="Smolyani">Smolyani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strymonites" title="Strymonites">Strymonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moratsi" title="Moratsi">Moratsi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milcovci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milcovci (page does not exist)">Milcovci</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%86%D1%8B" class="extiw" title="ru:Мильковцы">ru</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">in <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drougoubitai" title="Drougoubitai">Drougoubitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezeritai" title="Ezeritai">Ezeritai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melingoi" title="Melingoi">Melingoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagudates" title="Sagudates">Sagudates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiounitai" title="Baiounitai">Baiounitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belegezites" title="Belegezites">Belegezites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berziti" title="Berziti">Berziti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhynchinoi" title="Rhynchinoi">Rhynchinoi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_settlement_of_the_Eastern_Alps" title="Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps">Alpine Slavs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carantanians" title="Carantanians">Carantanians</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor_Slavs" title="Asia Minor Slavs">Asia Minor Slavs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Slavs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Slavs">Pannonian Slavs</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pannonian Dulebes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guduscani" title="Guduscani">Guduscani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narentines" title="Narentines">Narentines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachlumia" title="Zachlumia">Zachlumians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travunija" class="mw-redirect" title="Travunija">Travunians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanalites" title="Kanalites">Kanalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duklja" title="Duklja">Diokletlians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merehani" title="Merehani">Moravens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timo%C4%8Dani" title="Timočani">Timochans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brani%C4%8Devci" title="Braničevci">Branichevci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praedenecenti" title="Praedenecenti">Praedenecenti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Notes</b> (ethnicity is undefined): <sup>1</sup> = supposedly Eastern Slavic tribes</li> <li><sup>2</sup> = supposedly <a href="/wiki/Finno-Ugric_languages" title="Finno-Ugric languages">Finno-Ugric</a> tribes</li> <li><sup>3</sup> = some of the Silesian tribes are Germanic, for example <a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silings</a></li> <li><sup>4</sup> = generally considered synonym for early medieval Slovaks</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dulebes&oldid=1259740725">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dulebes&oldid=1259740725</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Slavic_tribes" title="Category:East Slavic tribes">East Slavic tribes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Primary_Chronicle" title="Category:Primary Chronicle">Primary 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