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href="#Mentions_in_late_medieval_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mentions in late medieval literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mentions_in_late_medieval_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnic_and_social_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_and_social_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ethnic and social structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_and_social_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="কারান্তানিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কারান্তানিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Карантания – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Карантания" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Карантанія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карантанія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Карантанія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Карантанія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Карантания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карантания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carant%C3%A0nia" title="Carantània – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Carantània" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karant%C3%A1nie" title="Karantánie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Karantánie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karantanien" title="Karantanien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Karantanien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karantanien" title="Karantanien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Karantanien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karantaania" title="Karantaania – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Karantaania" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Καραντανία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καραντανία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carantania" title="Carantania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carantania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karantanio" title="Karantanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karantanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carantanie" title="Carantanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carantanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carantania" title="Carantania – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Carantania" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karantanija" title="Karantanija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Karantanija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karantania" title="Karantania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karantania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karantan%C3%ADa" title="Karantanía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Karantanía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carantania" title="Carantania – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Carantania" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="კარანტანია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კარანტანია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karantanija" title="Karantanija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karantanija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karant%C3%A1nia" title="Karantánia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Karantánia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Карантанија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Карантанија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karantani%C3%AB" title="Karantanië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Karantanië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%BF%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="カランタニア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カランタニア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karantania" title="Karantania – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karantania" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karantania" title="Karantania – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karantania" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marca_de_Carintia" title="Marca de Carintia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marca de Carintia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Карантания – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карантания" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karant%C3%A1nia" title="Karantánia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Karantánia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karantanija" title="Karantanija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Karantanija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Карантанија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Карантанија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karantanija" title="Karantanija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karantanija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karantanien" title="Karantanien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karantanien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Карантанія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карантанія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%85%B0%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="卡兰塔尼亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卡兰塔尼亚" 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vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Carantania</div><div class="ib-country-names"><i>*Korǫtanъ</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">658–828</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Carantania_800_AD-en.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Carantania_800_AD-en.PNG/250px-Carantania_800_AD-en.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Carantania_800_AD-en.PNG/375px-Carantania_800_AD-en.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Carantania_800_AD-en.PNG/500px-Carantania_800_AD-en.PNG 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="457" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Karnburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnburg">Karnburg</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Slavic">Proto-Slavic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data">Monarchy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Samo" title="Samo">Death of King Samo</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">658</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Tributary to <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">745</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Integration to Franks </div></th><td class="infobox-data">828</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/S%C3%A1mova_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e.png/20px-S%C3%A1mova_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/S%C3%A1mova_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e.png/30px-S%C3%A1mova_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/S%C3%A1mova_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e.png/40px-S%C3%A1mova_%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%A1e.png 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="850" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samo%27s_Empire" title="Samo's Empire">Samo's Empire</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Karl_der_Gro%C3%9Fe_800.jpg/20px-Karl_der_Gro%C3%9Fe_800.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Karl_der_Gro%C3%9Fe_800.jpg/30px-Karl_der_Gro%C3%9Fe_800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Karl_der_Gro%C3%9Fe_800.jpg/40px-Karl_der_Gro%C3%9Fe_800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1509" data-file-height="1599" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Slovenia" title="Category:History of Slovenia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Slovenia" title="History of Slovenia">History of <span class="fn org label">Slovenia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="511" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_settlement_of_the_Eastern_Alps" title="Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps">Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo%27s_Empire" title="Samo's Empire">Samo's Realm</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carantania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carniola" title="Carniola">Carneola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_of_Carniola" title="March of Carniola">March of Carniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windic_March" title="Windic March">Windic March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carniola" title="Duchy of Carniola">Duchy of Carniola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venetian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_Provinces" title="Illyrian Provinces">Illyrian Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Illyria" title="Kingdom of Illyria">Kingdom of Illyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Austria" title="Inner Austria">Inner Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezia_Giulia" class="mw-redirect" title="Venezia Giulia">Venezia Giulia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drava_Banovina" title="Drava Banovina">Drava Banovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Slovene_Lands" title="World War II in the Slovene Lands">World War II in the Slovene Lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Slovenia" title="Socialist Republic of Slovenia">Socialist Republic of Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten-Day_War" title="Ten-Day War">Ten-Day War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Republic of Slovenia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Flag_of_Slovenia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Slovenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Slovenia" title="Portal:Slovenia">Slovenia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Austria" title="Category:History of Austria">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">History of <span class="fn org label">Austria</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria"><img alt="Austria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Austria_coat_of_arms_official.svg/50px-Austria_coat_of_arms_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Austria_coat_of_arms_official.svg/75px-Austria_coat_of_arms_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Austria_coat_of_arms_official.svg/100px-Austria_coat_of_arms_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="132" data-file-height="180" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Noricum" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Noricum">Kingdom of Noricum</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Era</a> (<a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a> - <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a> - <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugiland" title="Rugiland">Rugiland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(476-493)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (476-493)">Odoacer's Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early Middle Ages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a> - <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> - <a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a> - <a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avars_(Carpathians)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avars (Carpathians)">Avars</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Carantania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Kingdom">Frankish Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Austria" title="Margraviate of Austria">Margraviate of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Babenberg" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Babenberg">House of Babenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privilegium_Minus" title="Privilegium Minus">Privilegium Minus</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Middle Ages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Archbishopric_of_Salzburg" title="Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg">Prince-Archbishopric of Salzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Austria" title="Duchy of Austria">Duchy of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Styria" title="Duchy of Styria">Duchy of Styria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia" title="Duchy of Carinthia">Duchy of Carinthia</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early modern period</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archduchy_of_Austria" title="Archduchy of Austria">Archduchy of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Confederation" title="German Confederation">German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">World War I</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Assassination of Franz Ferdinand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria-Hungary_during_World_War_I" title="History of Austria-Hungary during World War I">History of Austria-Hungary during World War I</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Interwar years</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_German-Austria" title="Republic of German-Austria">Republic of German-Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Austrian_Republic" title="First Austrian Republic">First Austrian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrofascism">Austrofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_State_of_Austria" title="Federal State of Austria">Federal State of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostmark_(Austria)" title="Ostmark (Austria)">Ostmark (Austria)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">World War II</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria_in_the_time_of_National_Socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austria in the time of National Socialism">National Socialism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Post-war Austria</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Austria" title="Allied-occupied Austria">Allied-occupied Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Second Austrian Republic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Austria" title="History of the Jews in Austria">Jews</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Vienna" title="History of the Jews in Vienna">Vienna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Austria">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_football_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="History of football in Austria">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cricket_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="History of cricket in Austria">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Austria" title="Military history of Austria">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="History of rail transport in Austria">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="History of radio in Austria">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="History of liberalism in Austria">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Austria" title="Music of Austria">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cinema_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="History of cinema in Austria">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Hinduism in Austria">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in Austria">Islam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Austrian_history" title="Timeline of Austrian history">Timeline</a> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/16px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/24px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/32px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Austria" title="Portal:Austria">Austria portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Austria" title="Template:History of Austria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Austria" title="Template talk:History of Austria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Austria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Austria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <p><b>Carantania</b>, also known as <b>Carentania</b> (<a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>: <i lang="sl">Karantanija</i>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Karantanien</i>, in <a href="/wiki/Old_Slavic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Slavic language">Old Slavic</a> <i><span title="Slavic languages collective text">*<span lang="sla">Korǫtanъ</span></span></i>), was a <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Slavic</a> <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principality</a> that emerged in the second half of the <a href="/wiki/7th_century" title="7th century">7th century</a>, in the territory of present-day southern <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> and north-eastern <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>. It was the predecessor of the <a href="/wiki/March_of_Carinthia" title="March of Carinthia">March of Carinthia</a>, created within the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a> in 889. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_of_the_name">Origin of the name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carantania&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origin of the name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name <i>Carantania</i> is of proto-<a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a> origin. <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paul the Deacon</a> mentions <i>Slavs in <a href="/wiki/Carnuntum" title="Carnuntum">Carnuntum</a>, which is erroneously called Carantanum</i> (<i>Carnuntum, quod corrupte vocitant Carantanum</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A possible etymological explanation is that it may have been formed from a toponymic base <i>carant-</i> which ultimately derives from pre-<a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> root *<i>karra</i> meaning 'rock', or that it is of <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> origin and derived from *<i>karant-</i> meaning 'friend, ally'. Its Slavic name <i><span title="Slavic languages collective text">*<span lang="sla">korǫtanъ</span></span></i> was adopted from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> *<i>carantanum</i>. The toponym <i>Carinthia</i> (Slovene: <span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">Koroška</i></span> < <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> <i>*korǫt’ьsko</i>) is also claimed to be etymologically related, deriving from pre-Slavic *<i>carantia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Slovenian, <i>Korotan</i> remained a synonym for both Carinthia and Carantania well into the 19th and early 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nowadays, <i>Karantanija</i> is used for the early medieval Slavic principality, while <i>Koroška</i> for the duchy and region that emerged from it from the 10th century onward. </p><p>The name, like most toponyms beginning with *<i>Kar(n)-</i> in this area of Europe, are in turn most likely linked to the pre-Roman tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Carni" title="Carni">Carni</a> that once populated the eastern Alps.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Territory">Territory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carantania&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carantania's capital was most likely <a href="/wiki/Maria_Saal" title="Maria Saal">Karnburg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>: <i lang="sl">Krnski grad</i>) in the <a href="/wiki/Zollfeld" title="Zollfeld">Zollfeld Field</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>: <i lang="sl">Gosposvetsko polje</i>), north of modern-day town of <a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a>: <i lang="sl">Celovec</i>). The principality was centered in the area of modern <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (state)">Carinthia</a>, and included territories of modern <a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a>, most of today's <a href="/wiki/East_Tyrol" title="East Tyrol">East Tyrol</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Puster_Valley" title="Puster Valley">Puster Valley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Tamsweg_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamsweg (district)">Lungau</a> and <a href="/wiki/St._Johann_im_Pongau_(district)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Johann im Pongau (district)">Ennspongau</a> regions of <a href="/wiki/Salzburg_(state)" title="Salzburg (state)">Salzburg</a>, and parts of southern <a href="/wiki/Upper_Austria" title="Upper Austria">Upper Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a>. It most probably also included the territory of the modern Slovenian province of <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Carinthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian Carinthia">Carinthia</a>. The few existing historical sources distinguish between two separate Slavic principalities in the Eastern Alpine area: Carantania and <a href="/wiki/Carniola" title="Carniola">Carniola</a>. The latter, which appears in historical records dating from the late 8th century, was situated in the central part of modern Slovenia. It was (at least by name) the predecessor of the later <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carniola" title="Duchy of Carniola">Duchy of Carniola</a>. </p><p>The borders of the later Carantania state, which was under the feudal overlordship of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a>, and its successor (the <a href="/wiki/March_of_Carinthia" title="March of Carinthia">March of Carinthia</a>, 826–976), as well as of the later <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(duchy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (duchy)">Duchy of Carinthia</a> (from 976), extended beyond historical Carantania. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carantania&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavic_settlement_of_the_Eastern_Alps" title="Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps">Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg/220px-Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg/330px-Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg/440px-Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1591" data-file-height="1205" /></a><figcaption>Carantania within <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish Empire</a> (AD 788–843)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 4th century <a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a> became the seat of the first Christian bishopric north to the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>. Despite a legend assigning its foundation to an alleged Briton king, St. Lucius, the first known bishop is one Asinio<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in AD 451. </p><p>In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)" title="Gothic War (535–554)">Gothic War</a> (535-554), the Byzantine Empire found itself unable to prevent the Germanic tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> from invading Italy and founding <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">a kingdom there</a>. The territory left behind by the Lombards in Pannonia was subsequently settled by Slavs (with the help of their <a href="/wiki/Avars_(Carpathians)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avars (Carpathians)">Avar</a> overlords) in the last decades of the 6th century. In 588 they reached the area of the Upper <a href="/wiki/Sava" title="Sava">Sava River</a> and in 591 they arrived in the Upper <a href="/wiki/Drava" title="Drava">Drava</a> region, where they soon fought the Bavarians under Duke <a href="/wiki/Tassilo_I_of_Bavaria" title="Tassilo I of Bavaria">Tassilo I</a>. In 592 the Bavarians won, but three years later in 595 the Slavic-Avar army gained victory and thus consolidated the boundary between the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Avars_(Carpathians)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avars (Carpathians)">Avar</a> territories.<sup id="cite_ref-Štih_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Štih-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By that time, today's East Tyrol and Carinthia came to be referred to in historical sources as <i>Provincia Sclaborum</i> (the Country of Slavs).<sup id="cite_ref-Luthar_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luthar-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 6th century Chur was also conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Between the 9th and 10th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Slavs" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpine Slavs">Alpine Slavs</a>, who are reckoned to be among the ancestors of present-day Slovenes, settled the eastern areas of the <a href="/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli">Friuli</a> region. They settled in the easternmost mountainous areas of Friuli, known as the <a href="/wiki/Friulian_Slavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Friulian Slavia">Friulian Slavia</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Karst_Plateau" title="Karst Plateau">Karst Plateau</a> and the area north and south from Gorizia. </p><p>Slavic settlement in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Alps" title="Eastern Alps">Eastern Alps</a> region is assumed to be connected to the collapse of local dioceses in the late 6th century, a change in population and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">material culture</a>, and most importantly, in the establishment of a Slavic <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language group</a> in the area. The territory settled by Slavs, however, was also inhabited by the remains of the indigenous Romanized population, which preserved Christianity. </p><p>Slavs in both the Eastern Alps and the Pannonian region are assumed to be originally subject to Avar rulers (<i>kagans</i>). After Avar rule weakened around 610, a relatively independent March of the Slavs (<i>marca Vinedorum</i>), governed by a <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">duke</a>, emerged in southern Carinthia in the early 7th century. Historical sources mention <a href="/wiki/Valuk_(duke)" title="Valuk (duke)">Valuk</a> as the duke of Slavs (<i>Wallux dux Winedorum</i>). </p><p>The year 626 brought an end to Avar dominance over Slavs, as the Avars were defeated at <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Štih2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Štih2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 658 Samo died and his Tribal Union disintegrated. A smaller part of the original March of the Slavs, centred north of modern Klagenfurt, preserved independence and came to be known as <i>Carantania</i>. The name <i>Carantania</i> itself begins to appear in historical sources soon after 660. The first clear indication of a specific <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic identity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_organisation" title="Political organisation">political organisation</a> may be recognised in the geographical term <i>Carantanum</i> which <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paul the Deacon</a> used in reference to the year 664, and in connection to which he also mentioned a specific Slavic people (<i>gens Sclavorum</i>) living there.<sup id="cite_ref-Luthar_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luthar-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When about 740 Prince <a href="/wiki/Boruth" title="Boruth">Boruth</a> asked the Bavarian duke <a href="/wiki/Odilo,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Odilo, Duke of Bavaria">Odilo</a> for help against the pressing danger posed by <a href="/wiki/Avars_(Carpathians)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avars (Carpathians)">Avar</a> tribes from the east, Carantania lost its independence. Boruth's successors had to accept the overlordship of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Bavaria</a> and the semifeudal <a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Frankish kingdom</a>, ruled by <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> from 771 to 814. Charlemagne also put an end to the invasions undertaken by the Avars, who had regained eastern parts of Carantania between 745 and 795. </p><p>In 828, Carantania finally became a <a href="/wiki/March_(territorial_entity)" class="mw-redirect" title="March (territorial entity)">margraviate</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Carolingian_Empire" title="Carolingian Empire">Carolingian Empire</a>. The local princes were deposed for following the <a href="/wiki/Rebellion_of_Ljudevit" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebellion of Ljudevit">anti-Frankish rebellion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ljudevit_Posavski" class="mw-redirect" title="Ljudevit Posavski">Ljudevit Posavski</a>, the prince of <a href="/wiki/Slavs_of_Lower_Pannonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavs of Lower Pannonia">Slavs of Lower Pannonia</a>, and replaced by a <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> (primarily Bavarian) ascendancy. By the 843 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun" title="Treaty of Verdun">Treaty of Verdun</a>, it passed into the hands of <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_German" title="Louis the German">Louis the German</a> (804–876) who, according to the <i><a href="/wiki/Annales_Fuldenses" title="Annales Fuldenses">Annales Fuldenses</a></i> (863), gave the title of a "prefect of the Carantanians" (<i>praelatus Carantanis</i>) to his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Carloman_of_Bavaria" title="Carloman of Bavaria">Carloman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 887 <a href="/wiki/Arnulf_of_Carinthia" title="Arnulf of Carinthia">Arnulf of Carinthia</a> (850–899), a grandson of Louis the German, assumed his title of King of the <a href="/wiki/East_Francia" title="East Francia">East Franks</a> and became the first Duke of Carinthia. </p><p>The city of Chur suffered several invasions by the <a href="/wiki/Magyars" class="mw-redirect" title="Magyars">Magyars</a> in 925-926, when the cathedral was destroyed. In the area of Carantania 954–979 exist Slavic parish <i>"pagus Crouuati"</i>(<a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a>) which is mentioned in royal charters, ruled by count Hartwig in the name of the German king.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Ducal_Inauguration">The Ducal Inauguration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carantania&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Ducal Inauguration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maria_Saal_Dom_Suedansicht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Maria_Saal_Dom_Suedansicht.jpg/170px-Maria_Saal_Dom_Suedansicht.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Maria_Saal_Dom_Suedansicht.jpg/255px-Maria_Saal_Dom_Suedansicht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Maria_Saal_Dom_Suedansicht.jpg/340px-Maria_Saal_Dom_Suedansicht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="2164" /></a><figcaption>Church of <a href="/wiki/Maria_Saal" title="Maria Saal">Maria Saal</a> (Gospa Sveta)</figcaption></figure> <p>The principality of Carantania is particularly notable for the ancient ritual of installing Carantanian dukes (or princes, both an approximate translation of <a href="/wiki/Knez_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Knez (title)">Knez</a>/<a href="/wiki/Knyaz" title="Knyaz">Knyaz</a>/<a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCrst" title="Fürst">Fürst</a>), a practice that continued after Carantania was incorporated into the later <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Carinthia" title="Duchy of Carinthia">Duchy of Carinthia</a>. It was last performed in 1414, when the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburg</a> <a href="/wiki/Ernest,_Duke_of_Austria" title="Ernest, Duke of Austria">Ernest the Iron</a> was enthroned as Duke of Carinthia. The ritual took place on the <a href="/wiki/Prince%27s_Stone" title="Prince's Stone">Prince's Stone</a> (Slovene <i>Knežji kamen</i>, German <i>Fürstenstein</i>), an ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> column capital near <i>Krnski grad</i> (now <a href="/wiki/Maria_Saal" title="Maria Saal">Karnburg</a>) and was performed in <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a> by a free peasant who, selected by his peers, in the name of the people of the land questioned the new Prince about his integrity and reminded him of his duties. Later, when the Duchy of Carinthia had fallen to the Habsburgs, the idea that it was actually the people from whom the Duke of Carinthia received his legitimation was the basis of the Habsburgs' claim to the unique title of Archduke. </p><p>The coronation of Carinthian Dukes consisted of three parts: first, a ritual in Slovene was performed at the Prince's Stone; then a <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">mass</a> was held at the cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Maria_Saal" title="Maria Saal">Maria Saal</a> (<span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">Gospa Sveta</i></span>); and subsequently, a ceremony took place at the <i><a href="/wiki/Duke%27s_Chair" title="Duke's Chair">Duke's Chair</a></i> (<span title="Slovene-language text"><i lang="sl">Vojvodski stol</i></span>, German: <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Herzogsstuhl</i></span>), where the new Duke swore an oath in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> and where he also received the homage of the <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">estates</a>. The Duke's Chair is located at <i>Zollfeld</i> valley, north of Klagenfurt in modern <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (state)">Carinthia</a>, Austria. </p><p>The ceremony was first described by the chronicler <a href="/wiki/John_of_Viktring" title="John of Viktring">John of Viktring</a> on the occasion of the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Meinhard,_Duke_of_Carinthia" title="Meinhard, Duke of Carinthia">Meinhard II of Tyrol</a> in 1286. It is also mentioned in <a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Jean Bodin</a>'s book <i>Six livres de la République</i> in 1576. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mentions_in_late_medieval_literature">Mentions in late medieval literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carantania&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mentions in late medieval literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_of_Fredegar" title="Chronicle of Fredegar">Chronicle of Fredegar</a> mentions Carantania as <i>Sclauvinia</i>, <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a> (1265–1321) mentions Carantania as <i>Chiarentana</i>. The same name was also used by Florentines, such as the poet Fazio degli Uberti (circa 1309–1367), the famous chronicler <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Villani" title="Giovanni Villani">Giovanni Villani</a> (c. 1275–1348), and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a> (1313–1375), who wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Brenta_(river)" title="Brenta (river)">Brenta River</a> rises from the mountains of Carantania, a land in the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> dividing Italy from Germany. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnic_and_social_structure">Ethnic and social structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carantania&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ethnic and social structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Carantanians" title="Carantanians">Carantanians</a></div> <p>The population of ancient Carantania had a polyethnic structure. The core stratum was represented by two groups of Slavs who had <a href="/wiki/Slavic_settlement_of_the_Eastern_Alps" title="Slavic settlement of the Eastern Alps">settled in the Eastern Alps region</a> in 6th century and are the ancestors of the present-day <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a> and partially also <a href="/wiki/Austrians" title="Austrians">Austrians</a>. Other ethnic strong element included the descendants of the Romanised <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">aboriginal peoples</a> (<a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricans</a>), which is attestable on the basis of a recent DNA analysis and a number of place names. It is also possible that traces of <a href="/wiki/Dulebes" title="Dulebes">Dulebes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avars_(Carpathians)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avars (Carpathians)">Avars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theories_on_the_origin_of_Croats" class="mw-redirect" title="Theories on the origin of Croats">Croats</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> were present among <a href="/wiki/Carantanians" title="Carantanians">Carantanians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Štih_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Štih-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Štih2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Štih2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carantania&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaernten_herzogeinsetzung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kaernten_herzogeinsetzung.jpg/220px-Kaernten_herzogeinsetzung.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kaernten_herzogeinsetzung.jpg/330px-Kaernten_herzogeinsetzung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Kaernten_herzogeinsetzung.jpg/440px-Kaernten_herzogeinsetzung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="740" /></a><figcaption>The installation of the Dukes of Carinthia according to a Medieval chronicle</figcaption></figure> <p>In its early stages, the language of <a href="/wiki/Carantanians" title="Carantanians">Carantanian Slavs</a> was essentially <a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a>. In Slovenian linguistic literature and reference books it is sometimes provisionally termed <i>Alpine Slavic</i> (<i>alpska slovanščina</i>). Its Proto-Slavic character can be deduced from language contacts of Alpine Slavs with the remainders of the Romanised aboriginal population, later also with <a href="/wiki/Bavarians" title="Bavarians">Bavarians</a>. The adopted Pre-Slavic placenames and river names and their subsequent phonetic development in Alpine Slavic, as well as Bavarian records of Alpine Slavic names, shed light on the characteristics of the Alpine Slavic language.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 9th century onwards, Alpine Slavic underwent a series of gradual changes and innovations which were characteristic of <a href="/wiki/South_Slavic_languages" title="South Slavic languages">South Slavic languages</a>. By roughly the 13th century, these developments gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carantania&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince%27s_Stone" title="Prince's Stone">Prince's Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke%27s_Chair" title="Duke's Chair">Duke's Chair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modestus_(Apostle_of_Carantania)" title="Modestus (Apostle of Carantania)">Modestus (Apostle of Carantania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_panther_(symbol)" title="Black panther (symbol)">Black panther (symbol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Slovenian_history" title="Timeline of Slovenian history">Timeline of Slovenian history</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carantania&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simoniti, Vasko & Peter Štih (1996): <i>Slovenska zgodovina do razsvetljenstva</i>. Klagenfurt: Mohorjeva družba and Korotan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">France Bezlaj, <i>Etimološki slovar slovenskega jezika</i> (Slovenian <a href="/wiki/Etymological_dictionary" title="Etymological dictionary">Etymological Dictionary</a>). Vol. 2: K-O / edited by Bogomil Gerlanc. - 1982. p. 68. Ljubljana: Mladinska knjiga, 1976–2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sta.si/2803491/kaj-pomeni-korotan">"STA: Kaj pomeni Korotan?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=STA%3A+Kaj+pomeni+Korotan%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sta.si%2F2803491%2Fkaj-pomeni-korotan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarantania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I8569-1-7.php">Religious life in the Alps, Switzerland Historical Dictionary</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090824062514/http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I8569-1-7.php">Archived</a> 2009-08-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Italian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Štih-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Štih_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Štih_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Peter_%C5%A0tih" title="Peter Štih">Peter Štih</a>, <i>Ozemlje Slovenije v zgodnjem srednjem veku: osnovne poteze zgodovinskega razvoja od začetka 6. stoletja do konca 9. stoletja</i> [The territory of Slovenia during early Middle Ages: a basic outline of historical development from early 6th century to late 9th century], Ljubljana, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luthar-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luthar_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luthar_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Oto Luthar, ed., "The Land Between: A History of Slovenia". Frankfurt am Main [etc.]: <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lang_(publishing_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Lang (publishing company)">Peter Lang</a>, cop. 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-631-57011-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-631-57011-1">978-3-631-57011-1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Paulus Diaconus</a>, "Historia Langobardorum".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hls-dhs-dss.ch/textes/i/I8249.php">Franks, page at Switzerland Historical Dictionary</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Štih2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Štih2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Štih2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Peter_%C5%A0tih" title="Peter Štih">Peter Štih</a>. "Slovenska zgodovina: Od prazgodovinskih kultur do konca srednjega veka". [Slovenian history: From prehistoric cultures to late Middle Ages] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319025304/http://www.sistory.si/publikacije/pdf/zgodovina/Stih-Slovenska_zgodovina_od_prazgodovinskih_kultur_do_konca_srednjega_veka.pdf">"Archived copy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sistory.si/publikacije/pdf/zgodovina/Stih-Slovenska_zgodovina_od_prazgodovinskih_kultur_do_konca_srednjega_veka.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-03-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sistory.si%2Fpublikacije%2Fpdf%2Fzgodovina%2FStih-Slovenska_zgodovina_od_prazgodovinskih_kultur_do_konca_srednjega_veka.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarantania" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goldberg, Eric Joseph (2006). <i>Struggle for Empire: Kingship and Conflict Under Louis the German, 817–876.</i> Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mate_Bo%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Mate Božić">Mate Božić</a>; (2019) <i>"Hrvat" i "Hrvati" – od toponima do etnonima</i> ("Croat" and "Croats" - from toponyms to ethnonyms) p. 143-143; Pleter: Časopis udruge studenata povijesti, Vol. 3. No. 3 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/217870">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnojGreenberg2012" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Snoj, Marko; Greenberg, Marc (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/10467/Snoj-Greenberg.pdf">"O jeziku slovanskih prebivalcev med Donavo in Jadranom v srednjem veku (pogled jezikoslovcev)"</a> [On the Language of the Medieval Slavic Population in the Area between the Danube and the Adriatic (from a Linguistic Perspective)] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Zgodovinski časopis [Historical Review]</i> (in Slovenian). <b>66</b> (3–4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zgodovinski+%C4%8Dasopis+%5BHistorical+Review%5D&rft.atitle=O+jeziku+slovanskih+prebivalcev+med+Donavo+in+Jadranom+v+srednjem+veku+%28pogled+jezikoslovcev%29&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Snoj&rft.aufirst=Marko&rft.au=Greenberg%2C+Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkuscholarworks.ku.edu%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1808%2F10467%2FSnoj-Greenberg.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACarantania" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Tine_Logar" title="Tine Logar">Tine Logar</a>, "Pregled zgodovine slovenskega jezika" (An Outline of the History of Slovene Language). In: <i>Slovenski jezik, literatura in kultura</i>. Ed.: Matjaž Kmecl et al. Ljubljana: Seminar slovenskega jezika, literature in kulture pri Oddelku za slovanske jezike in književnosti Filozofske fakultete Univerze, 1974, p. [103]-113.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_sources">Further sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carantania&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Rajko Bratož, ur., <i>Slovenija in sosednje dežele med antiko in karolinško dobo : začetki slovenske etnogeneze = Slowenien und die Nachbarländer zwischen Antike und karolingischer Epoche : Anfänge der slowenischen Ethnogenese</i>, 2 zv. Ljubljana, 2000.</li> <li>Paul Gleirscher, <i>Karantanien - das slawische Kärnten</i>. Klagenfurt, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-85378-511-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-85378-511-5">3-85378-511-5</a>.</li> <li>Bogo Grafenauer, <i>Ustoličevanje koroških vojvod in država karantanskih Slovencev : Die Kärntner Herzogseinsetzung und der Staat der Karantanerslawen.</i> Ljubljana, 1952.</li> <li>Hans-Dietrich Kahl, <i>Der Staat der Karantanen: Fakten, Thesen und Fragen zu einer frühen slawischen Machtbildung im Ostalpenraum</i>, Ljubljana, 2002.</li> <li>Peter Štih, »Karantanci - zgodnjesrednjeveško ljudstvo med Vzhodom in Zahodom«, <i>Zgodovinski časopis</i> 61 (2007), s. 47-58.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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