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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-ISU_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ISU_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>ISU development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ISU_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elfstedentocht" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elfstedentocht"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Elfstedentocht</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elfstedentocht-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Olympic_Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Olympic_Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Olympic Games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Olympic_Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Technical developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professionalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professionalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Professionalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professionalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_American_professionals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_American_professionals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>North American professionals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_American_professionals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Short_track_enters_the_Olympics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short_track_enters_the_Olympics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Short track enters the Olympics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short_track_enters_the_Olympics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rules</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Rules-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Rules subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Short_track" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short_track"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Short track</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short_track-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Long_track" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Long_track"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Long track</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_track-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Team_pursuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Team_pursuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Team pursuit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Team_pursuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_and_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_and_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References and notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_and_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Speed skating</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%AC_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9" title="تزلج سريع – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تزلج سريع" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patinaxe_de_velocid%C3%A1_sobre_xelu" title="Patinaxe de velocidá sobre xelu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Patinaxe de velocidá sobre xelu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D2%99%D0%B0_%D0%B9%D2%AF%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D2%AF_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Конькиҙа йүгереү спорты – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Конькиҙа йүгереү спорты" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Канькабежны спорт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Канькабежны спорт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Канькабежны спорт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Канькабежны спорт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brzo_klizanje" title="Brzo klizanje – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Brzo klizanje" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patinatge_de_velocitat_sobre_gel" title="Patinatge de velocitat sobre gel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Patinatge de velocitat sobre gel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rychlobruslen%C3%AD" title="Rychlobruslení – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rychlobruslení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurtigl%C3%B8b_p%C3%A5_sk%C3%B8jter" title="Hurtigløb på skøjter – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hurtigløb på skøjter" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiiruisutamine" title="Kiiruisutamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kiiruisutamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%87%CF%8D%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Παγοδρομία ταχύτητας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παγοδρομία ταχύτητας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patinaje_de_velocidad_sobre_hielo" title="Patinaje de velocidad sobre hielo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Patinaje de velocidad sobre hielo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapid-sketado" title="Rapid-sketado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rapid-sketado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izotz_gaineko_abiadura-patinaje" title="Izotz gaineko abiadura-patinaje – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Izotz gaineko abiadura-patinaje" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="اسکیت سرعت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اسکیت سرعت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patinage_de_vitesse" title="Patinage de vitesse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Patinage de vitesse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%94%BC%EB%93%9C%EC%8A%A4%EC%BC%80%EC%9D%B4%ED%8C%85" title="스피드스케이팅 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스피드스케이팅" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%B4%D5%B7%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%A6%D6%84" title="Չմշկավազք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չմշկավազք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brzo_klizanje" title="Brzo klizanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Brzo klizanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seluncur_cepat" title="Seluncur cepat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Seluncur cepat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patinage_de_velocitate" title="Patinage de velocitate – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Patinage de velocitate" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattinaggio_di_velocit%C3%A0_su_ghiaccio" title="Pattinaggio di velocità su ghiaccio – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pattinaggio di velocità su ghiaccio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B6%D2%AF%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%80%D1%83" title="Конькимен жүгіру – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Конькимен жүгіру" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isk%C3%AAyta_Lez%C3%AA" title="Iskêyta Lezê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Iskêyta Lezê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%80trslido%C5%A1ana" title="Ātrslidošana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ātrslidošana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greitasis_%C4%8Diuo%C5%BEimas" title="Greitasis čiuožimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Greitasis čiuožimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sjaatse" title="Sjaatse – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sjaatse" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyorskorcsolya" title="Gyorskorcsolya – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gyorskorcsolya" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%BE_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Брзо лизгање – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Брзо лизгање" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luncur_laju" title="Luncur laju – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Luncur laju" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D2%AF%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%88%D2%AF%D2%AF%D1%80" title="Гүйлтийн тэшүүр – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Гүйлтийн тэшүүр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%94%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="スピードスケート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スピードスケート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengdel%C3%B8p_p%C3%A5_skeiser" title="Lengdeløp på skeiser – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lengdeløp på skeiser" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patinatge_de_velocitat" title="Patinatge de velocitat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Patinatge de velocitat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81y%C5%BCwiarstwo_szybkie" title="Łyżwiarstwo szybkie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Łyżwiarstwo szybkie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patina%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_velocidade_no_gelo" title="Patinação de velocidade no gelo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Patinação de velocidade no gelo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patinaj_vitez%C4%83" title="Patinaj viteză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Patinaj viteză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Конькобежный спорт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Конькобежный спорт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skeitchin" title="Speed skeitchin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Speed skeitchin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speed_skating" title="Speed skating – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Speed skating" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BDchlokor%C4%8Du%C4%BEovanie" title="Rýchlokorčuľovanie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rýchlokorčuľovanie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitrostno_drsanje" title="Hitrostno drsanje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hitrostno drsanje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B7%D0%BE_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Брзо клизање – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Брзо клизање" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikaluistelu" title="Pikaluistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pikaluistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li 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Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sürat pateni" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Ковзанярський спорт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ковзанярський спорт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3t_b%C4%83ng_t%E1%BB%91c_%C4%91%E1%BB%99" title="Trượt băng tốc độ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trượt băng tốc độ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Competitive form of ice skating</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about ice speed skating. For speed skating on wheels, see <a href="/wiki/Inline_speed_skating" title="Inline speed skating">inline speed skating</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;">Speed skating</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Paulien_van_Deutekom_(08-12-2007).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Paulien_van_Deutekom_%2808-12-2007%29.jpg/250px-Paulien_van_Deutekom_%2808-12-2007%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Paulien_van_Deutekom_%2808-12-2007%29.jpg/375px-Paulien_van_Deutekom_%2808-12-2007%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Paulien_van_Deutekom_%2808-12-2007%29.jpg/500px-Paulien_van_Deutekom_%2808-12-2007%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1184" data-file-height="868" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Paulien_van_Deutekom" title="Paulien van Deutekom">Paulien van Deutekom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thialf" title="Thialf">Thialf</a>, 2007</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;">Highest <a href="/wiki/Sports_governing_body" title="Sports governing body">governing body</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Skating_Union" title="International Skating Union">International Skating Union</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Mixed-sex_sports" title="Mixed-sex sports">Mixed-sex</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">Yes</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#eee;">Presence</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-right:1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_1924_Winter_Olympics" title="Speed skating at the 1924 Winter Olympics">1924</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Speed skating</b> is a competitive form of <a href="/wiki/Ice_skating" title="Ice skating">ice skating</a> in which the competitors <a href="/wiki/Racing" title="Racing">race</a> each other in travelling a certain distance on <a href="/wiki/Ice_skate" title="Ice skate">skates</a>. Types of speed skating are <a href="/wiki/Long-track_speed_skating" title="Long-track speed skating">long-track speed skating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Short-track_speed_skating" title="Short-track speed skating">short-track speed skating</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marathon_speed_skating" class="mw-redirect" title="Marathon speed skating">marathon speed skating</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a>, long-track speed skating is usually referred to as just "speed skating", while short-track speed skating is known as "short track".<sup id="cite_ref-nbcolympics_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbcolympics-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Skating_Union" title="International Skating Union">International Skating Union</a> (ISU), the governing body of competitive ice sports, refers to long track as "speed skating" and short track as "short track skating". Long track speed skating takes place on a 400m ice track, while short track takes place on a 111m track. </p><p>An <a href="/wiki/International_federation" class="mw-redirect" title="International federation">international federation</a> was founded in 1892, the first for any <a href="/wiki/Winter_sports" title="Winter sports">winter sport</a>. The sport enjoys large popularity in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>. There are top international rinks in a number of other countries, including <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Speed_Skating_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed Skating World Cup">World Cup</a> circuit is held with events in those countries plus two events in the <a href="/wiki/Thialf" title="Thialf">Thialf</a> ice hall in <a href="/wiki/Heerenveen" title="Heerenveen">Heerenveen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_skating&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Speed_skating" title="Special:EditPage/Speed skating">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jan_Smeekens_(23-02-2008).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Jan_Smeekens_%2823-02-2008%29.jpg/220px-Jan_Smeekens_%2823-02-2008%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Jan_Smeekens_%2823-02-2008%29.jpg/330px-Jan_Smeekens_%2823-02-2008%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Jan_Smeekens_%2823-02-2008%29.jpg/440px-Jan_Smeekens_%2823-02-2008%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Long_track_speed_skating" class="mw-redirect" title="Long track speed skating">Long track speed skating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thialf" title="Thialf">Thialf</a>, 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>The standard rink for long track is 400 meters long,<sup id="cite_ref-rules_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rules-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but tracks of 200, 250 and 333<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> meters are used occasionally. It is one of two Olympic forms of the sport and the one with the longer history. </p><p>ISU rules allow some leeway in the size and radius of curves. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating" class="mw-redirect" title="Short track speed skating">Short track speed skating</a> takes place on a smaller rink, normally the size of an <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> rink, on a 111.12 m oval track.<sup id="cite_ref-rulesshorttrack_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rulesshorttrack-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Distances are shorter than in long-track racing, with the longest Olympic individual race being 1500 meters (the women's relay is 3000 meters and the men's relay 5000 meters). Events are usually held with a knockout format, with the best two in heats of four or five qualifying for the final race, where medals are awarded. Disqualifications and falls are not uncommon. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veit_Dubiel_2008-11-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Veit_Dubiel_2008-11-02.jpg/220px-Veit_Dubiel_2008-11-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Veit_Dubiel_2008-11-02.jpg/330px-Veit_Dubiel_2008-11-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Veit_Dubiel_2008-11-02.jpg/440px-Veit_Dubiel_2008-11-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="617" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption>Individual start</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_5923_stamp_with_label_(1988_World_Allround_Speed_Skating_Championships_for_Men._Skater._Emblem._Alma-Ata_ice_rink,_Medeo).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_5923_stamp_with_label_%281988_World_Allround_Speed_Skating_Championships_for_Men._Skater._Emblem._Alma-Ata_ice_rink%2C_Medeo%29.jpg/220px-The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_5923_stamp_with_label_%281988_World_Allround_Speed_Skating_Championships_for_Men._Skater._Emblem._Alma-Ata_ice_rink%2C_Medeo%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_5923_stamp_with_label_%281988_World_Allround_Speed_Skating_Championships_for_Men._Skater._Emblem._Alma-Ata_ice_rink%2C_Medeo%29.jpg/330px-The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_5923_stamp_with_label_%281988_World_Allround_Speed_Skating_Championships_for_Men._Skater._Emblem._Alma-Ata_ice_rink%2C_Medeo%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_5923_stamp_with_label_%281988_World_Allround_Speed_Skating_Championships_for_Men._Skater._Emblem._Alma-Ata_ice_rink%2C_Medeo%29.jpg/440px-The_Soviet_Union_1988_CPA_5923_stamp_with_label_%281988_World_Allround_Speed_Skating_Championships_for_Men._Skater._Emblem._Alma-Ata_ice_rink%2C_Medeo%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1902" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Speed skating on a stamp</figcaption></figure> <p>There are variations on the mass-start races. In the regulations of roller sports, eight different types of mass starts are described. Among them are elimination races, where one or more competitors are eliminated at fixed points during the course; simple distance races, which may include preliminary races; <a href="/wiki/Endurance_race_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Endurance race (disambiguation)">endurance races</a> with time limits instead of a fixed distance; <a href="/wiki/Points_race" title="Points race">points races</a>; and individual pursuits. </p><p>Races usually have rules about disqualification if an opponent is unfairly hindered; these rules vary between the disciplines. In long track speed skating, almost any infringement on the pairmate is punished, though skaters are permitted to change from the inner to the outer lane out of the final curve if they are not able to hold the inner curve, as long as they are not interfering with the other skater. In mass-start races, skaters will usually be allowed some physical contact. </p><p>Team races are also held; in long track speed skating, the only team race at the highest level of competition is the <a href="/wiki/Long_track_speed_skating#Team_pursuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Long track speed skating">team pursuit</a>, though athletics-style <a href="/wiki/Relay_race" title="Relay race">relay races</a> are held at children's competitions. Relay races are also held in short track and inline competitions, but here exchanges may take place at any time during the race, though exchanges may be banned during the last couple of laps. </p><p>Most speed skating races are held on an oval course, but there are exceptions. Oval sizes vary; in short track speed skating, the rink must be an oval of 111.12 metres, while long track speed skating uses a similarly standardized 400 m rink. Inline skating rinks are between 125 and 400 metres, though banked tracks can only be 250 metres long. Inline skating can also be held on closed road courses between 400 and 1,000 metres, as well as open-road competitions where starting and finishing lines do not coincide. This is also a feature of outdoor marathons. </p><p>In the Netherlands, marathon competitions may be held on natural ice on canals, and bodies of water such as lakes and rivers, but may also be held on artificially frozen 400 m tracks, with skaters circling the track 100 times, for example. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_skating&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schaatswedstrijd_voor_vrouwen_op_de_Stadsgracht_in_Leeuwarden_-_21_januari_1809_-_Nicolaas_Baur_-_1809_-_SK-A-5020_-_Rijksmuseum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Schaatswedstrijd_voor_vrouwen_op_de_Stadsgracht_in_Leeuwarden_-_21_januari_1809_-_Nicolaas_Baur_-_1809_-_SK-A-5020_-_Rijksmuseum.jpg/220px-Schaatswedstrijd_voor_vrouwen_op_de_Stadsgracht_in_Leeuwarden_-_21_januari_1809_-_Nicolaas_Baur_-_1809_-_SK-A-5020_-_Rijksmuseum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Schaatswedstrijd_voor_vrouwen_op_de_Stadsgracht_in_Leeuwarden_-_21_januari_1809_-_Nicolaas_Baur_-_1809_-_SK-A-5020_-_Rijksmuseum.jpg/330px-Schaatswedstrijd_voor_vrouwen_op_de_Stadsgracht_in_Leeuwarden_-_21_januari_1809_-_Nicolaas_Baur_-_1809_-_SK-A-5020_-_Rijksmuseum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Schaatswedstrijd_voor_vrouwen_op_de_Stadsgracht_in_Leeuwarden_-_21_januari_1809_-_Nicolaas_Baur_-_1809_-_SK-A-5020_-_Rijksmuseum.jpg/440px-Schaatswedstrijd_voor_vrouwen_op_de_Stadsgracht_in_Leeuwarden_-_21_januari_1809_-_Nicolaas_Baur_-_1809_-_SK-A-5020_-_Rijksmuseum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7030" data-file-height="5458" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bauer" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolaas Bauer">Nicolaas Bauer</a>: Women's speed skating competition on the town canal at Leeuwarden, 1809.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kortebaanwedstrijd_in_Hindelopen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kortebaanwedstrijd_in_Hindelopen.jpg/220px-Kortebaanwedstrijd_in_Hindelopen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kortebaanwedstrijd_in_Hindelopen.jpg/330px-Kortebaanwedstrijd_in_Hindelopen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kortebaanwedstrijd_in_Hindelopen.jpg/440px-Kortebaanwedstrijd_in_Hindelopen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="869" /></a><figcaption>Speed skating match on the <a href="/wiki/Zuiderzee" title="Zuiderzee">Zuiderzee</a> near <a href="/wiki/Hindeloopen" title="Hindeloopen">Hindeloopen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, in 1828</figcaption></figure> <p>The origins of speed skating date back over a <a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">millennium</a> in the North of Europe, especially <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, where the natives added bones to their shoes and used them to travel on frozen rivers, canals and lakes. In contrast to what people<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2024)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> think, ice skating has always been an activity of joy and sports and not a matter of transport and travel. For example, winters in the Netherlands have never been stable and cold enough to make ice skating a regular way of travelling or a mode of transport. This has already been described in 1194 by William Fitzstephen, who described a sport in London.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, in Norway, King <a href="/wiki/Eystein_Magnusson" class="mw-redirect" title="Eystein Magnusson">Eystein Magnusson</a>, later King Eystein I of <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, boasts of his skills racing on bone skates, so called ice legs. </p><p>However, skating and speed skating was not limited to the Netherlands and Scandinavia; in 1592, a Scotsman designed a skate with an iron blade. It was iron-bladed skates that led to the spread of skating and, in particular, speed skating. By 1642, the first known skating club, The Skating Club of Edinburgh, was born, and, in 1763, the first speed skating race known in any detail was held from <a href="/wiki/Wisbech" title="Wisbech">Wisbech</a> to <a href="/wiki/Whittlesey" title="Whittlesey">Whittlesey</a> on the <a href="/wiki/The_Fens" title="The Fens">Fens</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> for a prize sum of 20 <a href="/wiki/Guinea_(coin)" title="Guinea (coin)">guineas</a>, won by John Lamb of Wisbech.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in the Netherlands, people began touring the waterways connecting the 11 cities of Friesland, a challenge which eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Elfstedentocht" title="Elfstedentocht">Elfstedentocht</a>. </p><p>The first known speed skating competition for women was in <a href="/wiki/Heerenveen" title="Heerenveen">Heerenveen</a>, the Netherlands from 1 to 2 February 1805. The competition was won by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trijntje_Pieters_Westra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trijntje Pieters Westra (page does not exist)">Trijntje Pieters Westra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-knaw_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-knaw-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-speedskatingnews_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speedskatingnews-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1851, North Americans had discovered a love of the sport, and the all-steel blade was later developed there. In Norway speed skating also became popular, as there was a huge interest in the <a href="/wiki/1885_speed_skating_race_at_Frognerkilen" title="1885 speed skating race at Frognerkilen">1885 speed skating race at Frognerkilen</a> between <a href="/wiki/Axel_Paulsen" title="Axel Paulsen">Axel Paulsen</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Renke_van_der_Zee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renke van der Zee (page does not exist)">Renke van der Zee</a>. The Netherlands came back to the fore in 1889 with the organization of the first world championships. The ISU (<a href="/wiki/International_Skating_Union" title="International Skating Union">International Skating Union</a>) was also born in the Netherlands in 1892. By the start of the 20th century, skating and speed skating had come into its own as a major popular sporting activity. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ISU_development">ISU development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_skating&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: ISU development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JaapEden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/JaapEden.jpg/170px-JaapEden.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/JaapEden.jpg/255px-JaapEden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/JaapEden.jpg/340px-JaapEden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jaap_Eden" title="Jaap Eden">Jaap Eden</a>, the first official world champion</figcaption></figure> <p>Organized races on ice skates developed in the 19th century. Norwegian clubs hosted competitions from 1863, with races in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Christiania</a> drawing five-digit crowds.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1884, the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Axel_Paulsen" title="Axel Paulsen">Axel Paulsen</a> was named Amateur Champion Skater of the World after winning competitions in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Five years later, a sports club in Amsterdam held an ice-skating event they called a world championship, with participants from <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, as well as the host country. The <i>Internationale Eislauf Vereinigung</i>, now known as the <a href="/wiki/International_Skating_Union" title="International Skating Union">International Skating Union</a>, was founded at a meeting of 15 national representatives in <a href="/wiki/Scheveningen" title="Scheveningen">Scheveningen</a> in 1892, the first international winter sports federation. The Nederlandse Schaatsrijderbond was founded in 1882<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and organised the world championships of 1890 and 1891.<sup id="cite_ref-wchallm_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wchallm-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Competitions were held around tracks of varying lengths—the 1885 match between <a href="/wiki/Axel_Paulsen" title="Axel Paulsen">Axel Paulsen</a> and Remke van der Zee was skated on a track of 6/7 mile (1400 metres)—but the 400 metre track was standardised by the ISU in 1892, along with the standard distances for world championships, 500 m, 1500 m, 5000 m and 10,000 m. Skaters started in pairs, each to their own lane, and changed lanes for every lap to ensure that each skater completed the same distance. This is what is now known as long track speed skating. Competitions were exclusively for amateur skaters, which was enforced. Peter Sinnerud was disqualified for professionalism in 1904 and lost his world title. </p><p>Long track <a href="/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_speed_skating" title="List of world records in speed skating">world records</a> were first registered in imperial distances and since 1880 in metrical distances. The latter ones improved rapidly since their adoption as standard distances by the ISU, with <a href="/wiki/Jaap_Eden" title="Jaap Eden">Jaap Eden</a> lowering the world 5000-metre record by half a minute during the Hamar European Championships in 1894. However, the record stood for 17 years, and it took over 50 years to lower it by further half a minute.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wr5000_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wr5000-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elfstedentocht">Elfstedentocht</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_skating&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Elfstedentocht"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/De_10e_Elfstedentocht.ogv/220px--De_10e_Elfstedentocht.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="294" data-mwtitle="De_10e_Elfstedentocht.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:De_10e_Elfstedentocht.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/De_10e_Elfstedentocht.ogv/De_10e_Elfstedentocht.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/De_10e_Elfstedentocht.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/De_10e_Elfstedentocht.ogv/De_10e_Elfstedentocht.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/07/De_10e_Elfstedentocht.ogv/De_10e_Elfstedentocht.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>Historical footage of the 1954 <a href="/wiki/Elfstedentocht" title="Elfstedentocht">Elfstedentocht</a> with Dutch commentary</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Elfstedentocht" title="Elfstedentocht">Elfstedentocht</a> was organized as a competition in 1909 and has been held at irregular intervals, whenever the ice on the course is deemed good enough. Other outdoor races developed later, with <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a> in the northern Netherlands hosting a race in 1917, but the Dutch natural ice conditions have rarely been conducive to skating. The Elfstedentocht has been held 15 times in the nearly 100 years since 1909, and, before artificial ice was available in 1962, national championships had been held in 25 of the years between 1887, when the first championship was held in <a href="/wiki/Slikkerveer" title="Slikkerveer">Slikkerveer</a>, and 1961. Since artificial ice became common in the Netherlands, Dutch speed skaters have been among the world top in long track ice skating and marathon skating. Another solution to still be able to skate marathons on natural ice became the Alternative Elfstedentocht. The Alternative Elfstedentocht races take part in other countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> or <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, and all top marathon skaters, as well as thousands of recreative skaters, travel from the Netherlands to the location where the race is held. According to the <a href="/wiki/NRC_Handelsblad" class="mw-redirect" title="NRC Handelsblad">NRC Handelsblad</a> journalist Jaap Bloembergen, the country "takes a carnival look" during international skating championships.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Olympic_Games">Olympic Games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_skating&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Olympic Games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-05456,_St._Moritz,_Winterolympiade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-05456%2C_St._Moritz%2C_Winterolympiade.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-05456%2C_St._Moritz%2C_Winterolympiade.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-05456%2C_St._Moritz%2C_Winterolympiade.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-05456%2C_St._Moritz%2C_Winterolympiade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-05456%2C_St._Moritz%2C_Winterolympiade.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-05456%2C_St._Moritz%2C_Winterolympiade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>Speed skating at the <a href="/wiki/1928_Winter_Olympics" title="1928 Winter Olympics">1928 Winter Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Moritz" title="St. Moritz">St. Moritz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Speed_skating_at_the_Winter_Olympics" title="Speed skating at the Winter Olympics">Speed skating at the Winter Olympics</a></div> <p>At the 1914 Olympic Congress, the delegates agreed to include ice speed skating in the 1916 Olympics, after figure skating had featured in the 1908 Olympics. However, World War I put an end to the plans of Olympic competition, and it was not until the winter sports week in Chamonix in 1924—retroactively awarded Olympic status—that ice speed skating reached the Olympic programme. Charles Jewtraw from Lake Placid, New York, won the first Olympic gold medal, though several Norwegians in attendance claimed Oskar Olsen had clocked a better time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Timing issues on the 500 were a problem within the sport until electronic clocks arrived in the 1960s; during the 1936 Olympic 500–metre race, it was suggested that Ivar Ballangrud's 500-metre time was almost a second too good. Finland won the remaining four gold medals at the 1924 Games, with Clas Thunberg winning 1,500 metres, 5,000 metres, and allround. It was the first and only time an allround Olympic gold medal has been awarded in speed skating. Speed Skating is also a sport in today's Olympics. </p><p>Norwegian and Finnish skaters won all the gold medals in world championships between the world wars, with Latvians and Austrians visiting the podium in the European Championships. However, North American races were usually conducted pack-style, similar to the marathon races in the Netherlands, but the Olympic races were to be held over the four ISU-approved distances. The ISU approved the suggestion that the speed skating at the 1932 Winter Olympics should be held as pack-style races, and Americans won all four gold medals. Canada won five medals, all silver and bronze, while defending World Champion Clas Thunberg stayed at home, protesting against this form of racing. At the World Championships held immediately after the games, without the American champions, Norwegian racers won all four distances and occupied the three top spots in the allround standings. </p><p>Norwegians, Swedes, Finns, and Japanese skating leaders protested to the USOC, condemning the manner of competition and expressing the wish that mass-start races were never to be held again at the Olympics. However, the ISU adopted the short track speed skating branch, with mass-start races on shorter tracks, in 1967, arranged international competitions from 1976, and brought them back to the Olympics in 1992. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technical_developments">Technical developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_skating&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Technical developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monique_Angerm%C3%BCller_(23-02-2008).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Monique_Angerm%C3%BCller_%2823-02-2008%29.jpg/220px-Monique_Angerm%C3%BCller_%2823-02-2008%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Monique_Angerm%C3%BCller_%2823-02-2008%29.jpg/330px-Monique_Angerm%C3%BCller_%2823-02-2008%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Monique_Angerm%C3%BCller_%2823-02-2008%29.jpg/440px-Monique_Angerm%C3%BCller_%2823-02-2008%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monique_Angerm%C3%BCller" title="Monique Angermüller">Monique Angermüller</a> on <a href="/wiki/Clap_skate" title="Clap skate">clap skates</a> and in a full body-covering suit in 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>Artificial ices entered the long track competitions with the <a href="/wiki/1960_Winter_Olympics" title="1960 Winter Olympics">1960 Winter Olympics</a>, and the competitions in 1956 on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Misurina" title="Lake Misurina">Lake Misurina</a> were the last Olympic competitions on natural ice. 1960 also saw the first Winter Olympic competitions for women. <a href="/wiki/Lidia_Skoblikova" class="mw-redirect" title="Lidia Skoblikova">Lidia Skoblikova</a> won two gold medals in 1960 and four in 1964. </p><p>More aerodynamic skating suits were also developed, with Swiss skater <a href="/wiki/Franz_Krienb%C3%BChl" title="Franz Krienbühl">Franz Krienbühl</a> (who finished 8th on the Olympic 10,000 m at the age of 46) at the front of development.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a while, national teams took over development of bodysuits, which are also used in short track skating, though without headcover attached to the suit—short trackers wear helmets instead, as falls are more common in mass-start races. Suits and indoor skating, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Clap_skates" class="mw-redirect" title="Clap skates">clap skate</a>, has helped to lower long track world records considerably; from 1971 to 2009, the average speed on the men's 1500 metres has been raised from 45 to 52 <a href="/wiki/Km/h" class="mw-redirect" title="Km/h">km/h</a>. Similar speed increases are shown in the other distances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professionalism">Professionalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_skating&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Professionalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the 1972 season, European long track skaters founded a professional league, International Speedskating League, which included <a href="/wiki/Ard_Schenk" title="Ard Schenk">Ard Schenk</a>, three-time Olympic gold medallist in 1972, as well as five Norwegians, four other Dutchmen, three Swedes, and a few other skaters. <a href="/wiki/Jonny_Nilsson" title="Jonny Nilsson">Jonny Nilsson</a>, 1963 world champion and Olympic gold medallist, was the driving force behind the league, which folded in 1974 for economic reasons, and the ISU also excluded tracks hosting professional races from future international championships.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ISU later organised its own World Cup circuit with monetary prizes, and full-time professional teams developed in the Netherlands during the 1990s, which led them to a dominance on the men's side only challenged by Japanese 500 m racers and American inline skaters who changed to long tracks to win Olympic gold. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_American_professionals">North American professionals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_skating&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: North American professionals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Roller_skating" title="Roller skating">roller skating</a> also developed as a competitive sport. Roller-skating races were professional from an early stage.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Professional World Championships were arranged in North America between the competitors on that circuit.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, <a href="/wiki/Roller_derby" title="Roller derby">roller derby</a> leagues appeared, a professional contact sport that originally was a form of racing. <a href="/wiki/International_Roller_Sports_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="International Roller Sports Federation">FIRS</a> World Championships of inline speed skating go back to the 1980s,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but many world champions, such as <a href="/wiki/Derek_Parra" title="Derek Parra">Derek Parra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chad_Hedrick" title="Chad Hedrick">Chad Hedrick</a>, have switched to ice in order to win Olympic medals. </p><p>Like roller skating, ice speed skating was also professional in North America. <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Mathisen" title="Oscar Mathisen">Oscar Mathisen</a>, five-time ISU world champion and three-time European champion, renounced his amateur status in 1916 and travelled to America, where he won many races but was beaten by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bobby_McLean&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bobby McLean (page does not exist)">Bobby McLean</a> of <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, four-time American champion,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in one of the races. Chicago was a centre of ice speed skating in America; the <i><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></i> sponsored a competition called the Silver Skates from 1912 to 2014. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short_track_enters_the_Olympics">Short track enters the Olympics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_skating&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Short track enters the Olympics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating_at_the_Winter_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Short track speed skating at the Winter Olympics">Short track speed skating at the Winter Olympics</a></div> <p>In 1992, short track speed skating was accepted as an Olympic sport. Short track speed skating had little following in the long track speed skating countries of Europe, such as Norway, the Netherlands and the former Soviet Union, with none of these nations having won official medals (though the Netherlands won two gold medals when the sport was a demonstration event in 1988). The Norwegian publication <i>Sportsboken</i> spent ten pages detailing the long track speed skating events at the Albertville Games in 1993, but short track was not mentioned by word, though the results pages appeared in that section.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although this form of speed skating is newer, it is growing faster than long-track speed skating, largely because short track can be done on an ice hockey rink rather than a long-track oval. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rules">Rules</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_skating&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short_track">Short track</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_skating&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Short track"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Races are run counter-clockwise on a 111-meter track. Short track races are almost always run in a mass start format in which two to six skaters may race at once. Skaters may be disqualified for false starts, impeding, and cutting inside the track. False starts occur when a skater moves before the gun goes off at the start of a race. Skaters are disqualified for impeding when one skater cuts in front of another skater and causes the first skater to stand up to avoid collision or fall. Cutting inside the track occurs when a skater's skates goes inside the blocks which mark the track on the ice. If disqualified the skater will be given last place in their heat or final.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Long_track">Long track</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_skating&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Long track"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Races are run counter-clockwise on a 400-meter oval. In all individual competition forms, only two skaters are allowed to race at once. Skaters must change lanes every lap. The skater changing from the outside lane to the inside has right-of-way. Skaters may be disqualified for false starts, impeding, and cutting inside the track. If a skater misses their race or falls they have the option to race their distance again. There are no heats or finals in long track, all rankings are by time. </p><p>The starting procedure in long-track speed skating consists of three parts. First, the referee tells the athletes to "<i>Go to the start</i>". Second, the referee cues the athletes to get "Ready", and waits until the skaters have stopped moving. Finally, the referee waits for a random duration between 1 and 1.5 seconds, and then fires the starting shot.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some argue that this inherent timing variability could disadvantage athletes that start after longer pauses, due to the <a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">alerting effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the only non-individual competition form, the <a href="/wiki/Long_track_speed_skating#Team_pursuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Long track speed skating">team pursuit</a>, two teams of each three to four skaters are allowed to race at once. Both teams remain in the inner lane for the duration of the race; they start on opposite sides of the rink. If four skaters are racing one skater is allowed to drop off and stop racing. The clock stops when the third skater crosses the finish line. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Team_pursuit">Team pursuit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_skating&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Team pursuit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PyeongChang_2018_5156_(40538330421).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PyeongChang_2018_5156_%2840538330421%29.jpg/220px-PyeongChang_2018_5156_%2840538330421%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PyeongChang_2018_5156_%2840538330421%29.jpg/330px-PyeongChang_2018_5156_%2840538330421%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/PyeongChang_2018_5156_%2840538330421%29.jpg/440px-PyeongChang_2018_5156_%2840538330421%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5199" data-file-height="2961" /></a><figcaption>Sven Kramer, Jan Blokhuijsen and Koen Verweij (NED) in team pursuit at the 2018 Winter Olympics.</figcaption></figure> <p>The team pursuit is a team event in speed skating and is skated by teams of three skaters. Races resemble the <a href="/wiki/Team_pursuit" title="Team pursuit">team pursuit</a> event in <a href="/wiki/Track_cycling" title="Track cycling">track cycling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two teams race at a time, starting at a line in the middle of the straightaway. One team starts on each side of the track. Only the inner lane is used. The distance is eight laps for men and six for women. The team's time is the third skater to cross the finish line. </p><p>There are several formats for the team pursuit. The Olympic format is unusual in that it is a cup format, with several rounds of exclusion between two teams. In the World Cup and World Championships, one race is skated and the teams are ranked by their finishing time. In the Olympic format, a team that overtakes the other has automatically won the race and the remaining distance is not skated. In practice, the distance is so short that this rarely happens unless one team has a fall. </p><p>The team pursuit is a new event in major international competitions. The event was introduced at international level at the world junior championships around the turn of the millennium, and to the <a href="/wiki/Speed_skating_World_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Speed skating World Cup">World Cup</a> in 2003, but it was not considered an official ISU event until around 2004, and eventually introduced at the Olympics in 2006. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Equipment">Equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_skating&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Speed skates</b> Speed skates differ greatly from hockey skates and figure skates. Unlike hockey skates and figure skates, speed skates cut off at the ankle and are built more like a shoe than a boot to allow for more ankle compression. The blades range in length from 30 to 45 cm depending on the age and height of the skater. Short track blades are fixed to the boot in at the heel and immediately behind the ball of the foot. Long track skates, also called clap skates, attach to a hinge at the front of the boot. The heel of the boot detaches from the blade on every stroke, through a spring mechanism located at the front connector. This extends the skater's stroke by keeping the blade on the ice longer. Speed skates are manually sharpened using a jig to hold them in place.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Short track</b> All short track skaters must have speed skates, a <a href="/wiki/Spandex" title="Spandex">spandex</a> skin suit, protective helmet, specific cut proof skating gloves, knee pads and shin pads (in suit), neck guard (bib style) and ankle protection. Protective eyewear is mandatory. Many skaters wear smooth ceramic or carbon fiber tips on the left hand glove to reduce friction when their hand is on the ice at corners. All skaters who race at a national level must wear a cutproof <a href="/wiki/Kevlar" title="Kevlar">kevlar</a> suit to protect against being cut from another skater's blade. </p><p><b>Long track</b> For long track skaters the same equipment should be worn as short track racers but with the exception of a helmet, shin pads, knee pads, and neck guard which are not required; along with their blades. Long track skaters skate on what are called "clap blades". These blades have hinges under the boot towards the back. It is described in more detail above. Protective eyewear is not mandatory. The suit also does not need to be kevlar. Long track skaters wear a hood that is built into the suit. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_skating&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speed_skating_rink" title="Speed skating rink">Speed skating rink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speed_skaters" title="List of speed skaters">List of speed skaters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_world_records_in_speed_skating" title="List of world records in speed skating">List of world records in speed skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Olympic_records_in_speed_skating" title="List of Olympic records in speed skating">List of Olympic records in speed skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelskalender_(skating)" title="Adelskalender (skating)">Adelskalender (skating)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen_skating" title="Fen skating">Fen skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kortebaanschaatsen" title="Kortebaanschaatsen">Kortebaanschaatsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inline_speed_skating" title="Inline speed skating">Inline speed skating</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_notes">References and notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_skating&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References and notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nbcolympics-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nbcolympics_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbcolympics.com/index.html">"NBC's Olympics coverage"</a>. <i>nbcolympics.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nbcolympics.com&rft.atitle=NBC%27s+Olympics+coverage&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcolympics.com%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+skating" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rules-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rules_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isu.org/inside-isu/rules-regulations/isu-statutes-constitution-regulations-technical/special-regulations-and-technical-rules/34212-short-track-speed-skating-2024/file">"Special Rules and Regulations Speed Skating 2024"</a>. <i>www.isu.org/</i>. 20 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.isu.org%2F&rft.atitle=Special+Rules+and+Regulations+Speed+Skating+2024&rft.date=2022-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isu.org%2Finside-isu%2Frules-regulations%2Fisu-statutes-constitution-regulations-technical%2Fspecial-regulations-and-technical-rules%2F34212-short-track-speed-skating-2024%2Ffile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+skating" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rulesshorttrack-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rulesshorttrack_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isu.org/inside-isu/rules-regulations/isu-statutes-constitution-regulations-technical/special-regulations-and-technical-rules/29543-speed-skating-2022/file">"Special Rules and Regulations Short Track Speed Skating 2024"</a>. <i>www.isu.org/</i>. 7 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.isu.org%2F&rft.atitle=Special+Rules+and+Regulations+Short+Track+Speed+Skating+2024&rft.date=2024-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.isu.org%2Finside-isu%2Frules-regulations%2Fisu-statutes-constitution-regulations-technical%2Fspecial-regulations-and-technical-rules%2F29543-speed-skating-2022%2Ffile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+skating" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlvarez" class="citation web cs1">Alvarez, Sandra. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.medievalists.net/2015/12/did-people-ice-skate-in-the-middle-ages/">"Did People Ice Skate in the Middle Ages?"</a>. <i>www.medievalists.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.medievalists.net&rft.atitle=Did+People+Ice+Skate+in+the+Middle+Ages%3F&rft.aulast=Alvarez&rft.aufirst=Sandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.medievalists.net%2F2015%2F12%2Fdid-people-ice-skate-in-the-middle-ages%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+skating" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000189/17630204/009/0002">"County News"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2019</span> – via <a href="/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive" title="British Newspaper Archive">British Newspaper Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=County+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0000189%2F17630204%2F009%2F0002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+skating" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-knaw-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-knaw_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resources.huygens.knaw.nl/vrouwenlexicon/lemmata/data/TrijntjePieters">"Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland"</a>. <i>resources.huygens.knaw.nl</i>. 17 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=resources.huygens.knaw.nl&rft.atitle=Digitaal+Vrouwenlexicon+van+Nederland&rft.date=2019-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresources.huygens.knaw.nl%2Fvrouwenlexicon%2Flemmata%2Fdata%2FTrijntjePieters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+skating" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-speedskatingnews-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-speedskatingnews_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.speedskatingnews.info/en/data/skater/trijntje-pieters-westra/">"Competition results, statistics and records; SpeedSkatingNews"</a>. <i>speedskatingnews.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=speedskatingnews.info&rft.atitle=Competition+results%2C+statistics+and+records%3B+SpeedSkatingNews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.speedskatingnews.info%2Fen%2Fdata%2Fskater%2Ftrijntje-pieters-westra%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+skating" class="Z3988"></span> 1001 Vrouwen uit de Nederlandse geschiedenis</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Norwegian)</span> <i>Olympiske vinterleker 1924–2006</i>, Åge Dalby, Jan Greve, <a href="/wiki/Per_Jorsett" title="Per Jorsett">Per Jorsett</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-7286-162-3" title="Special:BookSources/82-7286-162-3">82-7286-162-3</a>, Akilles forlag 2006, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Dutch)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knsb.nl/content/langebaan/watislangebaan.asp">Wat is Langebaanschaatsen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090305133755/http://www.knsb.nl/content/langebaan/watislangebaan.asp">Archived</a> 5 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, KNSB.nl</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wchallm-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wchallm_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.speedskatingstats.com/index.php?file=championships&g=m&type=wchall">"History of the World Championship Allround Men"</a>. 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Cappelens forlag 1971, p. 183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wr5000-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wr5000_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.speedskatingstats.com/index.php?file=records&g=m&event=5000">"Evolution of the world record 5000 meters Men"</a>. SpeedskatingResults.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+the+world+record+5000+meters+Men&rft.pub=SpeedskatingResults.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.speedskatingstats.com%2Findex.php%3Ffile%3Drecords%26g%3Dm%26event%3D5000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+skating" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrc.nl/W2/Lab/Profiel/Netherlands/sports.html">Less orange during the uneven years</a>, from nrc.nl, published 1 July 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Norwegian)</span> <i>Olympiske vinterleker 1924–2006</i>, Åge Dalby, Jan Greve, Per Jorsett, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-7286-162-3" title="Special:BookSources/82-7286-162-3">82-7286-162-3</a>, Akilles forlag 2006, p. 252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Norwegian)</span> <i>Olympiske vinterleker 1924–2006</i>, Åge Dalby, Jan Greve, Per Jorsett, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-7286-162-3" title="Special:BookSources/82-7286-162-3">82-7286-162-3</a>, Akilles forlag 2006, p. 230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turner, James, in collaboration with Zaidman, Michael (1997). The History of Roller Skating. National Museum of Roller Skating. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9658192-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9658192-0-5">0-9658192-0-5</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hickoksports.com/history/rollerskate03.shtml">Roller Skating 3: Types of Competition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120905220659/http://www.hickoksports.com/history/rollerskate03.shtml">Archived</a> 5 September 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>, from hickoksprots.com. Retrieved 25 December 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hickoksports.com/history/wminline.shtml">World In-Line Skating Medalists – Men</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120903143310/http://www.hickoksports.com/history/wminline.shtml">Archived</a> 3 September 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org/pages/1146.html">Ice Skating</a>, The Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Sportsboken 1992</i>, Schibsted forlag, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/82-516-1428-7" title="Special:BookSources/82-516-1428-7">82-516-1428-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usspeedskating.org/athletes/rules-and-regulations/short-track">"New ContentWithLeftNav"</a>. <i>Team USA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Team+USA&rft.atitle=New+ContentWithLeftNav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usspeedskating.org%2Fathletes%2Frules-and-regulations%2Fshort-track&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+skating" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Skating_Union" class="citation web cs1">International Skating Union. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isu.org/en/about-isu/isu-statues-constitution-and-regulations">"Special Regulations & Technical Rules"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Special+Regulations+%26+Technical+Rules&rft.au=International+Skating+Union&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isu.org%2Fen%2Fabout-isu%2Fisu-statues-constitution-and-regulations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+skating" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalmaijerNijenhuisVan_der_Stigchel2015" class="citation journal cs1">Dalmaijer, E.S.; Nijenhuis, B.G.; Van der Stigchel, S. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4623299">"Life is unfair, and so are racing sports: some athletes can randomly benefit from alerting effects due to inconsistent starting procedures"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>. <b>6</b> (1618): 1618. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2015.01618">10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01618</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4623299">4623299</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26579009">26579009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=Life+is+unfair%2C+and+so+are+racing+sports%3A+some+athletes+can+randomly+benefit+from+alerting+effects+due+to+inconsistent+starting+procedures&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1618&rft.pages=1618&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4623299%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26579009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2015.01618&rft.aulast=Dalmaijer&rft.aufirst=E.S.&rft.au=Nijenhuis%2C+B.G.&rft.au=Van+der+Stigchel%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4623299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+skating" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalmaijerNijenhuisVan_der_Stigchel2016" class="citation journal cs1">Dalmaijer, E.S.; Nijenhuis, B.G.; Van der Stigchel, S. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4746233">"Commentary: Life is unfair, and so are racing sports: some athletes can randomly benefit from alerting effects due to inconsistent starting procedures"</a>. <i>Frontiers in Psychology</i>. <b>7</b> (7): 119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2016.00119">10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00119</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4746233">4746233</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26903923">26903923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Psychology&rft.atitle=Commentary%3A+Life+is+unfair%2C+and+so+are+racing+sports%3A+some+athletes+can+randomly+benefit+from+alerting+effects+due+to+inconsistent+starting+procedures&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=119&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4746233%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26903923&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffpsyg.2016.00119&rft.aulast=Dalmaijer&rft.aufirst=E.S.&rft.au=Nijenhuis%2C+B.G.&rft.au=Van+der+Stigchel%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4746233&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+skating" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.usatoday.com/sports/olympics/vancouver/medals/Speed-Skating">"Olympic Medal Winners for Speed Skating"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Olympic+Medal+Winners+for+Speed+Skating&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.usatoday.com%2Fsports%2Folympics%2Fvancouver%2Fmedals%2FSpeed-Skating&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+skating" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181227214039/http://www.socalspeedskating.org/equip/skates/longtrack/longtrack.htm">"longtrack"</a>. <i>socalspeedskating.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.socalspeedskating.org/equip/skates/longtrack/longtrack.htm">the original</a> on 27 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=socalspeedskating.org&rft.atitle=longtrack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.socalspeedskating.org%2Fequip%2Fskates%2Flongtrack%2Flongtrack.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpeed+skating" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_skating&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dianne Holum: <i>The Complete Handbook of Speed Skating</i> (1984), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89490-051-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89490-051-X">0-89490-051-X</a></li> <li>USOC: <i>A Basic Guide to Speed Skating</i>, Griffin Publishers – Torrance, Ca. (2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58000-087-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-58000-087-8">1-58000-087-8</a></li> <li>Barry Publow: <i>Speed on Skates</i>, Human Kinetics Publishers – Champaign, Ill. (1999), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88011-721-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88011-721-4">0-88011-721-4</a></li> <li>Matthias Opatz: <i>Taschenfibel Eisschnelllauf</i> (<i>Pocketguide Speedskating</i>), Lotok Publ. – Stedten-upon-Ilm, Germany (2005), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-939088-00-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-939088-00-5">3-939088-00-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speed_skating&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Speed_skating" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Speed skating">Speed skating</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/21px-Sports_icon.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/32px-Sports_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Sports_icon.png/42px-Sports_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="226" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Sports" title="Portal:Sports">Sports</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rollersports.org/public/pagein/File/CIC/2009_CIC_SPORTS_RULES.pdf">Roller Sports C. I. 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.navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="30px_Winter_Olympic_sports" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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id="30px_Winter_Olympic_sports" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/30px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/45px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg/60px-Olympic_rings_without_rims.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="158" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Olympic sports">Winter Olympic sports</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biathlon" title="Biathlon">Biathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobsleigh" title="Bobsleigh">Bobsleigh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(sport)" title="Skeleton (sport)">skeleton</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luge" title="Luge">Luge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_skating" title="Ice skating">Skating</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Figure_skating" title="Figure skating">figure skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-track_speed_skating" title="Short-track speed skating">short-track</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-track_speed_skating" title="Long-track speed skating">long-track</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">Skiing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_skiing" title="Alpine skiing">alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)" title="Cross-country skiing (sport)">cross-country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freestyle_skiing" title="Freestyle skiing">freestyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_combined" title="Nordic combined">Nordic combined</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_jumping" title="Ski jumping">ski jumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowboarding" title="Snowboarding">snowboarding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_mountaineering" title="Ski mountaineering">Ski mountaineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>See also:</i> <a href="/wiki/Paralympic_sports" title="Paralympic sports">Paralympic sports</a> and <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_sports" class="mw-redirect" title="Summer Olympic sports">Summer Olympic sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Racing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Racing" title="Template:Racing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Racing" title="Template talk:Racing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Racing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Racing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Racing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Racing" title="Racing">Racing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Running" title="Running">Running</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">Track running</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sprint_(running)" title="Sprint (running)">Sprinting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-distance_running" title="Middle-distance running">Middle-distance running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-distance_running" title="Long-distance running">Long-distance running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relay_race" title="Relay race">Relay race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurdling" title="Hurdling">Hurdling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_(athletics)" title="Steeplechase (athletics)">Steeplechase</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg/80px-Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg/120px-Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg/160px-Commgames_2006_Mens_Marathon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="902" data-file-height="1107" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Road_running" title="Road running">Road running</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Half_marathon" title="Half marathon">Half marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon" title="Marathon">Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramarathon" title="Ultramarathon">Ultramarathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekiden" title="Ekiden">Ekiden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Off-road running</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross_country_running" title="Cross country running">Cross country running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_running" title="Mountain running">Mountain running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fell_running" title="Fell running">Fell running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_running" title="Trail running">Trail running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyrunning" title="Skyrunning">Skyrunning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tower_running" title="Tower running">Tower running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racewalking" title="Racewalking">Racewalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backward_running" title="Backward running">Backward running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowshoe_running" title="Snowshoe running">Snowshoe running</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkour" title="Parkour">Parkour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orienteering" title="Orienteering">Orienteering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foot_orienteering" title="Foot orienteering">Foot orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_bike_orienteering" title="Mountain bike orienteering">Mountain bike orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_orienteering" title="Ski orienteering">Ski orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_orienteering" title="Trail orienteering">Trail orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_radio_direction_finding" title="Amateur radio direction finding">Radio orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_orienteering" title="Canoe orienteering">Canoe orienteering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogaining" title="Rogaining">Rogaining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_marathon" title="Mountain marathon">Mountain marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_orienteering" title="Car orienteering">Car orienteering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">Bicycle racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing" title="Road bicycle racing">Road bicycle racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclo-cross" title="Cyclo-cross">Cyclo-cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravel racing">Gravel racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_bike_racing" title="Mountain bike racing">Mountain bike racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_cycling" title="Track cycling">Track cycling</a> (<a href="/wiki/Keirin" title="Keirin">Keirin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMX_racing" title="BMX racing">BMX racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_speedway" title="Cycle speedway">Cycle speedway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_sport" title="Animals in sport">Animal racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camel_racing" title="Camel racing">Camel racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greyhound_racing" title="Greyhound racing">Greyhound racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">Horse racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigeon_racing" title="Pigeon racing">Pigeon racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sled_dog_racing" title="Sled dog racing">Sled dog racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">Swimming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_water_swimming" title="Open water swimming">Open water swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marathon_swimming" title="Marathon swimming">Marathon swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_swimming" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralympic swimming">Paralympic swimming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">Climbing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speed_climbing" title="Speed climbing">Speed climbing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">Motor racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">Auto racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drag_racing" title="Drag racing">Drag racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_racing" title="Formula racing">Formula racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_racing" title="Kart racing">Kart racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Off-road_racing" title="Off-road racing">Off-road racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck_racing" title="Pickup truck racing">Pickup truck racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_car_racing" title="Sports car racing">Sports car racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_car_racing" title="Stock car racing">Stock car racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touring_car_racing" title="Touring car racing">Touring car racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truck_racing" title="Truck racing">Truck racing</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg/80px-David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg/120px-David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg/160px-David_Coulthard_2008_Canada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1745" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_racing" title="Motorcycle racing">Motorcycle racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_racing" title="Beach racing">Beach racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motocross" title="Motocross">Motocross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_chariot_racing" title="Motorcycle chariot racing">Motorcycle chariot racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_raid" title="Rally raid">Rally raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_racing" title="Track racing">Track racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boat_racing#Motorboat_racing" title="Boat racing">Motorboat racing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drag_boat_racing" title="Drag boat racing">Drag boat racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroplane_racing" title="Hydroplane racing">Hydroplane racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetsprint" title="Jetsprint">Jet sprint boat racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inshore_powerboat_racing" title="Inshore powerboat racing">Inshore powerboat racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_powerboat_racing" title="Offshore powerboat racing">Offshore powerboat racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_racing" title="Air racing">Air racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-controlled_car" title="Radio-controlled car">Radio-controlled car racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slot_car_racing" title="Slot car racing">Slot car racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_racing" title="Street racing">Street racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Board racing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longboarding" title="Longboarding">Longboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandboarding" title="Sandboarding">Sandboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slalom_skateboarding" title="Slalom skateboarding">Slalom skateboarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_luge" title="Street luge">Street luge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Winter racing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_skiing" title="Alpine skiing">Alpine skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-country_skiing_(sport)" title="Cross-country skiing (sport)">Cross-country skiing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowboard_cross" title="Snowboard cross">Snowboard cross</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Speed skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sledding" title="Sledding">Sledding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multi-sport racing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventure_racing" title="Adventure racing">Adventure racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">Triathlon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duathlon" title="Duathlon">Duathlon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquathlon" title="Aquathlon">Aquathlon</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_racing" title="List of forms of racing">List of forms of racing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ice" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ice" title="Template:Ice"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ice" title="Template talk:Ice"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ice" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ice"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ice" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>The <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a> <a href="/wiki/State_of_matter" title="State of matter">state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major phases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_ice#Amorphous_ice" title="Phases of ice">Amorphous solid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_ice#Known_phases" title="Phases of ice">Crystalline phases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_ice#Ice_XVIII_(superionic_water)" title="Phases of ice">Superionic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor_ice" title="Anchor ice">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cap" title="Ice cap">Cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cave" title="Ice cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_dune" title="Ice dune">Dune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_field" title="Ice field">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">Glacier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">Iceberg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ice_calving" title="Ice calving">calving</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icicle" title="Icicle">Icicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_jam" title="Ice jam">Jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_sheet" title="Ice sheet">Sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_spike" title="Ice spike">Spike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalactite#Ice_stalactites" title="Stalactite">Stalactites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_volcano" title="Ice volcano">Volcano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Phenomena</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice%E2%80%93albedo_feedback" title="Ice–albedo feedback">Albedo feedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_ice" title="Black ice">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_circle" title="Ice circle">Circle or disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_ice" title="Clear ice">Clear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_crystals" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice crystals">Crystals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firn" title="Firn">Firn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_fog" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice fog">Fog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazil_ice" title="Frazil ice">Frazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_heaving" title="Frost heaving">Frost heave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frost_flower" title="Frost flower">Frost flower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Frost_flower_(sea_ice)" title="Frost flower (sea ice)">sea ice</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaze_(ice)" title="Glaze (ice)">Glaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">Hail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hair_ice" title="Hair ice">Hair ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_jacking" title="Ice jacking">Jacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9v%C3%A9" title="Névé">Névé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_ice" title="Needle ice">Needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_nucleus" title="Ice nucleus">Nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rime_ice" title="Rime ice">Rime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_shove" title="Ice shove">Shove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuga_(ice)" title="Shuga (ice)">Shuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slurry_ice" title="Slurry ice">Slurry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slush" title="Slush">Slush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storm" title="Ice storm">Storm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ice-related<br />activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_bath" title="Ice bath">Bathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_blasting" title="Ice blasting">Blasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_blocking" title="Ice blocking">Blocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_climbing" title="Ice climbing">Climbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_fishing" title="Ice fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_rafting" title="Ice rafting">Rafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_sculpture" title="Ice sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_skating" title="Ice skating">Skating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Winter_sports" title="Winter sports">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandy" title="Bandy">Bandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceboat" title="Iceboat">Iceboating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cricket" title="Ice cricket">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icetrack_cycling" title="Icetrack cycling">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figure_skating" title="Figure skating">Figure skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_racing" title="Ice racing">Ice racing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Speed skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-track_speed_skating" title="Short-track speed skating">Short-track speed skating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tour_skating" title="Tour skating">Tour skating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Constructions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_bar" title="Ice bar">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_bridge" title="Ice bridge">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hotel" title="Ice hotel">Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igloo" title="Igloo">Igloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_palace" title="Ice palace">Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_pier" title="Ice pier">Pier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pykrete" title="Pykrete">Pykrete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_rink" title="Ice rink">Rink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_road" title="Ice road">Road</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Work</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cutting" title="Ice cutting">Cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icebox" title="Icebox">Icebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_house_(building)" title="Ice house (building)">Icehouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceman_(occupation)" title="Iceman (occupation)">Iceman (occupation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_pick" title="Ice pick">Pick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_trade" title="Ice trade">Trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakhch%C4%81l" title="Yakhchāl">Yakhchāl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_chips" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice chips">Chips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_core" title="Ice core">Core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_cube" title="Ice cube">Cube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_pack" title="Ice pack">Pack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">Ice ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glaciology" title="Glaciology">Glaciology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Ice_Age" title="Little Ice Age">Little Ice Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_Earth" title="Snowball Earth">Snowball Earth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Water_ice" title="Category:Water ice">Category</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ice" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ice">Wikimedia Commons</a></li> <li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ice" class="extiw" title="wikt:ice">Wiktionary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4151648-5">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Speed skaters"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh96009133">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="rychlobruslení"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph323782&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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