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open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p><b>Overgrazing</b> occurs when plants are exposed to intensive <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a> for extended periods of time, or without sufficient recovery periods.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can be caused by either <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> in poorly managed <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> applications, <a href="/wiki/Game_reserve" title="Game reserve">game reserves</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">nature reserves</a>. It can also be caused by immobile, travel restricted populations of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous (ecology)">native</a> or <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">non-native</a> <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wild animals</a>. </p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Overgrazing.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Overgrazing.JPG/300px-Overgrazing.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Overgrazing.JPG/450px-Overgrazing.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Overgrazing.JPG/600px-Overgrazing.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></a><figcaption>Overgrazed area in western <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>), by loss of native <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a>, in the upper right corner</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_Egypt_Border.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Israel_Egypt_Border.JPG/220px-Israel_Egypt_Border.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Israel_Egypt_Border.JPG/330px-Israel_Egypt_Border.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Israel_Egypt_Border.JPG 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="552"></a><figcaption>Satellite image of the border between <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. The Egyptian side, to the left, is overgrazed.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cabrasnortechico.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Cabrasnortechico.JPG/220px-Cabrasnortechico.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Cabrasnortechico.JPG/330px-Cabrasnortechico.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Cabrasnortechico.JPG/440px-Cabrasnortechico.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></a><figcaption>Penned goats in an overgrazed landscape (Norte Chico, Chile)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wildebeest-during-Great-Migration.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Wildebeest-during-Great-Migration.JPG/220px-Wildebeest-during-Great-Migration.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Wildebeest-during-Great-Migration.JPG/330px-Wildebeest-during-Great-Migration.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Wildebeest-during-Great-Migration.JPG/440px-Wildebeest-during-Great-Migration.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4532" data-file-height="2282"></a><figcaption>Huge herd of migratory wildebeest in <a href="/wiki/Masai_Mara" class="mw-redirect" title="Masai Mara">Masai Mara</a> during their annual migration shows landscape not overgrazed</figcaption></figure> <p>Overgrazing reduces the usefulness, <a href="/wiki/Primary_productivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary productivity">productivity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> of the land and is one cause of <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>. Overgrazing is also seen as a cause of the spread of <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive species</a> of <a href="/wiki/Invasive_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasive plant">non-native plants</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Weed" title="Weed">weeds</a>. Degrading land, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_agriculture" title="Environmental impact of agriculture">emissions from animal agriculture</a> and reducing the biomass in a ecosystem contribute directly to climate change<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between grazing events. Successful planned grazing strategies have been in support of the American bison of the Great Plains,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duke_University_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duke_University-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or migratory <a href="/wiki/Wildebeest" title="Wildebeest">wildebeest</a> of the African <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savannas</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or by <a href="/wiki/Holistic_management_(agriculture)" title="Holistic management (agriculture)">holistic</a> planned grazing.<sup id="cite_ref-Forbes-AS_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forbes-AS-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Ecological_impact"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Ecological impact</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Economic_theory"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Economic theory</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#By_region"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">By region</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Africa-Sahel_region"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Africa-Sahel region</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Sub-Sahara_Africa"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sub-Sahara Africa</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Australia"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Australia</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Caribbean"><span class="tocnumber">3.4</span> <span class="toctext">Caribbean</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#New_Zealand"><span class="tocnumber">3.5</span> <span class="toctext">New Zealand</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Ecological_impact">Ecological impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Overgrazing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ecological impact" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></div> <p>Overgrazing typically increases <a href="/wiki/Soil_erosion" title="Soil erosion">soil erosion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With continued overutilization of land for grazing, there is an increase in degradation. This leads to poor soil conditions that only <a href="/wiki/Deserts_and_xeric_shrublands" title="Deserts and xeric shrublands">xeric</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Primary_succession" title="Primary succession">successional species</a> can tolerate.<sup id="cite_ref-Ecosystem_modification_created_by_p_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ecosystem_modification_created_by_p-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A meta-analysis of 148 studies found that the value of most ecosystem functions declines with increasing grazing intensity and that increasing aridity weakens positive impacts of light grazing.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Native_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Native plant">Native plant</a> <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grass</a> species, both individual <a href="/wiki/Bunch_grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Bunch grass">bunch grasses</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a>, are especially vulnerable. For example, excessive browsing by <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_deer" title="White-tailed deer">white-tailed deer</a> can lead to the growth of less preferred species of grasses and ferns or non-native plant species<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that can potentially displace native, woody plants, decreasing the biodiversity.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Turning to the aquatic environment, Ling et al. (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have documented the phenomenon of catastrophic <a href="/wiki/Sea_urchin" title="Sea urchin">sea urchin</a> overgrazing and its role in <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine ecosystem</a> regime shifts. Their study underscores the urgent need for effective management and conservation strategies to mitigate the profound ecological impacts of overgrazing, highlighting the issue's global scope. Similarly, on the Mongolian steppes, Liu et al. (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> found that approximately 60% of vegetation decline could be attributed to climate factors, with the rest significantly influenced by increased goat density due to overgrazing. This points to a complex interplay between <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and grazing practices in ecosystem degradation. </p><p>Further expanding our understanding, Stevens et al. (2016)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> investigated <a href="/wiki/Woody_plant_encroachment" title="Woody plant encroachment">woody encroachment</a> in South African <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">savannahs</a> over a 70-year period, identifying overgrazing, global changes, and the ecological effects of <a href="/wiki/Megafauna" title="Megafauna">megafauna</a> extinction as key factors. Their findings shed light on the multifaceted drivers behind changes in savannah ecosystems. Echoing this theme of alternative strategies to combat overgrazing, Kriegisch et al. (2019)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> demonstrated how drift-<a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelp</a> availability could reduce the foraging movement of overgrazing sea urchins, suggesting that alternative food sources may significantly influence grazing behaviors and aid in managing marine ecosystem pressures. </p><p>In a similar vein, the research by Cai et al. (2020)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> presents a stark example of the terrestrial impact of overgrazing, showing how the fertile island effect collapses under extreme conditions in shrub-encroached <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a>. This case study emphasizes the critical need for sustainable grazing practices to protect soil health and maintain ecosystem functionality, further illustrating the wide-reaching consequences of overgrazing across diverse habitats. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Economic_theory">Economic theory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Overgrazing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Economic theory" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">Common land</a></div> <p>Overgrazing is used as an example in the economic concept now known as the <a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragedy of the Commons">Tragedy of the Commons</a> devised in a 1968 paper by <a href="/wiki/Garrett_Hardin" title="Garrett Hardin">Garrett Hardin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hardin68_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hardin68-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This cited the work of a Victorian economist who used as an example the over-grazing of common land. Hardin's example could only apply to unregulated use of land regarded as a common resource. </p><p>Normally, rights of use of common land in England and Wales were, and still are, closely regulated, and available only to "commoners". If excessive use was made of common land, for example in overgrazing, a common would be "stinted", that is, a limit would be put on the number of animals each commoner was allowed to graze. These regulations were responsive to demographic and economic pressure; thus rather than let a common become degraded, access was restricted even further. This important part of actual historic practice was absent from the economic model of Hardin.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reality the use of common land in England and Wales was a triumph of conserving a scarce resource using agreed custom and practice. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="By_region">By region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Overgrazing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: By region" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa-Sahel_region">Africa-Sahel region</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Overgrazing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Africa-Sahel region" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>There have been overgrazing consequences in the region <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> region. The violent <a href="/wiki/Herder%E2%80%93farmer_conflicts_in_Nigeria" title="Herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria">herder–farmer conflicts in Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_nomadic_conflicts" title="Sudanese nomadic conflicts">Sudan</a> and other countries in the Sahel region have been exacerbated by land degradation and overgrazing.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/2010_Sahel_famine" title="2010 Sahel famine">2010 Sahel famine</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sub-Sahara_Africa">Sub-Sahara Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Overgrazing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sub-Sahara Africa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Various countries in Sub-Sahara Africa are affected by overgrazing and resulting ecological effects. In <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, overgrazing is considered the main cause of <a href="/wiki/Woody_plant_encroachment" title="Woody plant encroachment">woody plant encroachment</a> at the expenses of grasses on a land area of up to 45 million hectares. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Overgrazing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Australia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In many arid zones in Australia, overgrazing by sheep and cattle during the 19th century, as <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralism</a> was introduced by European settlers, caused many long-lived species of trees and shrubs to give way to short-lived <a href="/wiki/Annual_plant" title="Annual plant">annual plants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weed" title="Weed">weed</a> species. Introduced <a href="/wiki/Rabbits_in_Australia" title="Rabbits in Australia">feral rabbits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cats_in_Australia" title="Cats in Australia">cats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_foxes_in_Australia" title="Red foxes in Australia">foxes</a> exacerbated the threat to both <a href="/wiki/Flora_and_fauna" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora and fauna">flora and fauna</a>. Many bird species have become extinct or endangered, and many of the medium-sized desert mammals are now completely extinct or only exist on a few <a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islands of Australia">islands of Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-emr2016_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-emr2016-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Overgrazing can also occur with native species. In the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a>, the local government in 2013 authorised a <a href="/wiki/Culling" title="Culling">cull</a> of 1455 <a href="/wiki/Eastern_grey_kangaroo" title="Eastern grey kangaroo">kangaroos</a> due to overgrazing.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Maisie_Carr" title="Maisie Carr">Maisie Carr</a> (1912-1988), Ecologist and Botanist, undertook significant research and studies in overgrazing and established consequences on the surrounding land in Australia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Caribbean">Caribbean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Overgrazing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Caribbean" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In the Caribbean region, overgrazing is a threat to vegetation areas where there is livestock farming, which is an important source of livelihood and food security for many people. a combination of small scale livestock farming with small ruminants, and mixed farming is practised. However, livestock consume vegetation faster than it can be renewed and this leads to land degradation, loss of vegetative areas, and soil erosion resulting in poor quality feed and reduced livestock yields and income. Also, these grazing lands are critical in controlling carbon dioxide and mitigating risks against severe weather such as floods and droughts. Overgrazing weakens ecological conservation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Overgrazing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: New Zealand" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In New Zealand, overgrazing is a massive threat to the native species of flora and fauna, especially the native bushes which are often overlooked by invasive species looking for homes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Mustalids, rabbits, hares and possums often eat the plants that hold soil together. This makes the ground very unstable and crumbly. If soil is unstable, it is prone to collapse in extreme weather events such as floods and heavy rain. This is detrimental to farmers of crops and animals alike. 40% of the native species of New Zealand have been wiped out by pests including humans.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Overgrazing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_degradation" title="Land degradation">Land degradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">Desertification</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Overgrazing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMysterud2006" class="citation journal cs1">Mysterud, Atle (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2981%2F0909-6396%282006%2912%5B129%3ATCOOAI%5D2.0.CO%3B2">"The concept of overgrazing and its role in management of large herbivores"</a>. <i>Wildlife Biology</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 129–141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2981%2F0909-6396%282006%2912%5B129%3ATCOOAI%5D2.0.CO%3B2">10.2981/0909-6396(2006)12[129:TCOOAI]2.0.CO;2</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0909-6396">0909-6396</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55599448">55599448</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wildlife+Biology&rft.atitle=The+concept+of+overgrazing+and+its+role+in+management+of+large+herbivores&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=129-141&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55599448%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0909-6396&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2981%2F0909-6396%282006%2912%5B129%3ATCOOAI%5D2.0.CO%3B2&rft.aulast=Mysterud&rft.aufirst=Atle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2981%252F0909-6396%25282006%252912%255B129%253ATCOOAI%255D2.0.CO%253B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvergrazing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/0b0f8d8bdffe4d02b72c2c5d92c0a78e">"The relationship between overgrazing and the US environment"</a>. ArcGIS StoryMaps. 13 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+relationship+between+overgrazing+and+the+US+environment&rft.pub=ArcGIS+StoryMaps&rft.date=2020-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstorymaps.arcgis.com%2Fstories%2F0b0f8d8bdffe4d02b72c2c5d92c0a78e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvergrazing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaduke1999" class="citation book cs1">Laduke, Winona (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allourrelationsn00ladu"><i>All Our Relations: Native Struggles for Land and Life</i></a></span>. Cambridge, MA: South End Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/allourrelationsn00ladu/page/146">146</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0896085996" title="Special:BookSources/0896085996"><bdi>0896085996</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Also available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/162/3859/1243.pdf">here</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.garretthardinsociety.org/articles/art_tragedy_of_the_commons.html">here</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Susan Jane Buck Cox (Spring 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/3113/buck_NoTragedy.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"No Tragedy on the Commons"</a>. <i>Journal of Environmental Ethics</i>, Vol. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/nigeria/2019-01-23/deadliest-conflict-youve-never-heard">"The Deadliest Conflict You've Never Heard of"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a></i>. 23 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Deadliest+Conflict+You%27ve+Never+Heard+of&rft.date=2019-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foreignaffairs.com%2Farticles%2Fnigeria%2F2019-01-23%2Fdeadliest-conflict-youve-never-heard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvergrazing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/the-reporters-46921487">"The battle on the frontline of climate change in Mali"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 22 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+battle+on+the+frontline+of+climate+change+in+Mali&rft.date=2019-01-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fthe-reporters-46921487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvergrazing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-emr2016-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-emr2016_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://site.emrprojectsummaries.org/2016/03/15/arid-recovery-roxby-downs-south-australia/">"Arid Recovery – Roxby Downs, South Australia"</a>. <i>EMR Project Summaries</i>. 15 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EMR+Project+Summaries&rft.atitle=Arid+Recovery+%E2%80%93+Roxby+Downs%2C+South+Australia&rft.date=2016-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsite.emrprojectsummaries.org%2F2016%2F03%2F15%2Farid-recovery-roxby-downs-south-australia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvergrazing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cmtedd.act.gov.au/open_government/inform/act_government_media_releases/tamsd/2013/july/kangaroo-conservation-cull-to-go-ahead">"ACT Territory and Municipal Services Directorate | Media Releases Kangaroo conservation cull to go ahead"</a>. <i>ACT Territory and Municipal Services Directorate</i>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Government of the Australian Capital Territory">Government of the Australian Capital Territory</a>. 2013-07-10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20200702004610/http://pandora.nla.gov.au/pan/144647/20200702-0411/www.cmtedd.act.gov.au/open_government/inform/act_government_media_releases/tamsd/2013/july/kangaroo-conservation-cull-to-go-ahead.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ACT+Territory+and+Municipal+Services+Directorate&rft.atitle=ACT+Territory+and+Municipal+Services+Directorate+%7C+Media+Releases+Kangaroo+conservation+cull+to+go+ahead&rft.date=2013-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cmtedd.act.gov.au%2Fopen_government%2Finform%2Fact_government_media_releases%2Ftamsd%2F2013%2Fjuly%2Fkangaroo-conservation-cull-to-go-ahead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvergrazing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cepf.net/our-work/biodiversity-hotspots/caribbean-islands/threats">"Caribbean Islands - Threats | CEPF"</a>. <i>www.cepf.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cepf.net&rft.atitle=Caribbean+Islands+-+Threats+%7C+CEPF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cepf.net%2Four-work%2Fbiodiversity-hotspots%2Fcaribbean-islands%2Fthreats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvergrazing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Overgrazing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonner1912" class="citation book cs1">Gonner, E. C. K (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.223567"><i>Common Land and Inclosure</i></a>. London: Macmillan & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Common+Land+and+Inclosure&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan+%26+Co&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Gonner&rft.aufirst=E.+C.+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.223567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOvergrazing" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924079597336">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output 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</div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B9%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="رعي جائر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رعي جائر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobrepastura" title="Sobrepastura – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sobrepastura" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cberweidung" title="Überweidung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Überweidung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobrepastoreo" title="Sobrepastoreo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sobrepastoreo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropa%C5%9Dtado" title="Tropaŝtado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tropaŝtado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gainlarratze" title="Gainlarratze – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gainlarratze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%87" title="چرای بی‌رویه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چرای بی‌رویه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surp%C3%A2turage" title="Surpâturage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Surpâturage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88" title="अत्यधिक चराई – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अत्यधिक चराई" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemamahan_berlebih" title="Pemamahan berlebih – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemamahan berlebih" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%A8" title="רעיית יתר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רעיית יתר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overbegrazing" title="Overbegrazing – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Overbegrazing" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overbeiting" title="Overbeiting – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Overbeiting" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overbeiting" title="Overbeiting – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Overbeiting" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobrepastoreio" title="Sobrepastoreio – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sobrepastoreio" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suprap%C4%83%C8%99unat" title="Suprapășunat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Suprapășunat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Перевыпас – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Перевыпас" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overgrazing" title="Overgrazing – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Overgrazing" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ylilaiduntaminen" title="Ylilaiduntaminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ylilaiduntaminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labis_na_panginginain" title="Labis na panginginain – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Labis na panginginain" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மிகை மேய்தல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மிகை மேய்தல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%81_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Надмірний випас худоби – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Надмірний випас худоби" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C4%83n_th%E1%BA%A3_qu%C3%A1_m%E1%BB%A9c" title="Chăn thả quá mức – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chăn thả quá mức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%8E%E5%BA%A6%E6%94%BE%E7%89%A7" title="過度放牧 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="過度放牧" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> 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