CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Westminster Confession of Faith - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"98326c7a-e7ba-4e3b-bfce-ba8e2e836290","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Westminster_Confession_of_Faith","wgTitle":"Westminster Confession of Faith","wgCurRevisionId":1250936204,"wgRevisionId":1250936204,"wgArticleId":266958,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use dmy dates from April 2022","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017","Articles with LibriVox links","1646 works","17th-century Christian texts","Church of Scotland","Congregationalism","English Reformation","Orthodox Presbyterian Church","Presbyterianism","Westminster Assembly","Westminster Standards", "17th-century Reformed Christianity","Christian statements of faith"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Westminster_Confession_of_Faith","wgRelevantArticleId":266958,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q815013","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media", "ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith_title_page.jpg/1200px-Westminster_Confession_of_Faith_title_page.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1770"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith_title_page.jpg/800px-Westminster_Confession_of_Faith_title_page.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1180"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith_title_page.jpg/640px-Westminster_Confession_of_Faith_title_page.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="944"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Westminster Confession of Faith - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Westminster_Confession_of_Faith rootpage-Westminster_Confession_of_Faith skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Westminster+Confession+of+Faith" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Westminster+Confession+of+Faith" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Westminster+Confession+of+Faith" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Westminster+Confession+of+Faith" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Historical situation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contents</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contents-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contents subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Holy_Scriptures,_the_Trinity_and_predestination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holy_Scriptures,_the_Trinity_and_predestination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Holy Scriptures, the Trinity and predestination</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holy_Scriptures,_the_Trinity_and_predestination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Covenant_theology,_Christ's_mediation_and_free_will" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Covenant_theology,_Christ's_mediation_and_free_will"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Covenant theology, Christ's mediation and free will</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Covenant_theology,_Christ's_mediation_and_free_will-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Salvation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salvation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Salvation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salvation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law,_Christian_liberty_and_worship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law,_Christian_liberty_and_worship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Law, Christian liberty and worship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law,_Christian_liberty_and_worship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_government_and_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_government_and_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Civil government and marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_government_and_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacraments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacraments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Sacraments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacraments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_government_and_discipline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_government_and_discipline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Church government and discipline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_government_and_discipline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eschatology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eschatology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Eschatology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eschatology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-England_and_Wales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#England_and_Wales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>England and Wales</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-England_and_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scotland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scotland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Scotland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scotland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland_(including_Northern_Ireland)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland_(including_Northern_Ireland)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Ireland (including Northern Ireland)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland_(including_Northern_Ireland)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Westminster Confession of Faith</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster-konfessie" title="Westminster-konfessie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Westminster-konfessie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyffes_Ffydd_Westminster" title="Cyffes Ffydd Westminster – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cyffes Ffydd Westminster" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekenntnis_von_Westminster" title="Bekenntnis von Westminster – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bekenntnis von Westminster" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confesi%C3%B3n_de_Fe_de_Westminster" title="Confesión de Fe de Westminster – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Confesión de Fe de Westminster" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confession_de_foi_de_Westminster" title="Confession de foi de Westminster – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Confession de foi de Westminster" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%A8%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%AF%BC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0_%EC%8B%A0%EC%95%99%EA%B3%A0%EB%B0%B1" title="웨스트민스터 신앙고백 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="웨스트민스터 신앙고백" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengakuan_Iman_Westminster" title="Pengakuan Iman Westminster – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengakuan Iman Westminster" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confessione_di_fede_di_Westminster" title="Confessione di fede di Westminster – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Confessione di fede di Westminster" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belijdenis_van_Westminster" title="Belijdenis van Westminster – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Belijdenis van Westminster" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0%E5%91%8A%E7%99%BD" title="ウェストミンスター信仰告白 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウェストミンスター信仰告白" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konfesja_westminsterska" title="Konfesja westminsterska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Konfesja westminsterska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confiss%C3%A3o_de_F%C3%A9_de_Westminster" title="Confissão de Fé de Westminster – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Confissão de Fé de Westminster" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Вестминстерское исповедание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вестминстерское исповедание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminsterin_tunnustus" title="Westminsterin tunnustus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Westminsterin tunnustus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminsterbek%C3%A4nnelsen" title="Westminsterbekännelsen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Westminsterbekännelsen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Вестмінстерське віросповідання – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вестмінстерське віросповідання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%95%8F%E4%BF%A1%E6%A2%9D" title="西敏信條 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西敏信條" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q815013#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&oldid=1250936204" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&id=1250936204&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWestminster_Confession_of_Faith"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FWestminster_Confession_of_Faith"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q815013" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Presbyterian creedal statement</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Westminster_Confession_of_Faith_title_page.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith_title_page.jpg/220px-Westminster_Confession_of_Faith_title_page.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith_title_page.jpg/330px-Westminster_Confession_of_Faith_title_page.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith_title_page.jpg/440px-Westminster_Confession_of_Faith_title_page.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1807" data-file-height="2665" /></a><figcaption>Title page of a 1647 printing of the confession</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has a <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Confession of Faith of the Assembly of Divines at Westminster">modern English version of the Westminster Confession</a></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile plainlist" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Calvinism" title="Category:Calvinism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:150%"><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg/225px-ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg/338px-ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg/450px-ReformationsdenkmalGenf1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="590" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Reformation_Wall" title="Reformation Wall">Reformation Wall</a> in Geneva, featuring prominent Reformed theologians <a href="/wiki/William_Farel" title="William Farel">William Farel</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza" title="Theodore Beza">Theodore Beza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)">Theology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_John_Calvin" title="Theology of John Calvin">Theology of John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">Covenant theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republication_of_the_Covenant_of_Works" title="Republication of the Covenant of Works">Republication of the Covenant of Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Covenant_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Covenant Theology">Baptist Covenant Theology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_order_of_God%27s_decrees" title="Logical order of God's decrees">Logical order of God's decrees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Supper_in_Reformed_theology" title="Lord's Supper in Reformed theology">Lord's Supper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulative_principle_of_worship" title="Regulative principle of worship">Regulative principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Calvinism" title="Predestination in Calvinism">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_scholasticism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)">Texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Calvinist_texts" title="Category:Calvinist texts">List of texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_Bible" title="Geneva Bible">Geneva Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_confessions_of_faith" title="Reformed confessions of faith">Confessions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Confessions" title="Helvetic Confessions">Helvetic Confessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Confession_of_Faith" title="French Confession of Faith">French Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgic_Confession" title="Belgic Confession">Belgic Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Catechism" title="Heidelberg Catechism">Heidelberg Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_of_Dort" title="Canons of Dort">Canons of Dort</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scots_Confession" title="Scots Confession">Scots Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Standards" title="Westminster Standards">Westminster Standards</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Westminster Confession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Shorter_Catechism" title="Westminster Shorter Catechism">Westminster Shorter Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Larger_Catechism" title="Westminster Larger Catechism">Westminster Larger Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmen_Declaration" title="Barmen Declaration">Barmen Declaration</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Institutes_of_the_Christian_Religion" title="Institutes of the Christian Religion">Institutes of the Christian Religion</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_systematic_theology_bibliography" title="Reformed systematic theology bibliography">Systematic theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metrical_psalter" title="Metrical psalter">Metrical psalter</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)">Theologians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Calvinist_and_Reformed_theologians" title="Category:Calvinist and Reformed theologians">List of theologians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huldrych_Zwingli" title="Huldrych Zwingli">Huldrych Zwingli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Oecolampadius" title="Johannes Oecolampadius">Johannes Oecolampadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bucer" title="Martin Bucer">Martin Bucer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Martyr_Vermigli" title="Peter Martyr Vermigli">Peter Martyr Vermigli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Bullinger" title="Heinrich Bullinger">Heinrich Bullinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacharias_Ursinus" title="Zacharias Ursinus">Zacharias Ursinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza" title="Theodore Beza">Theodore Beza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Perkins_(theologian)" title="William Perkins (theologian)">William Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Gomarus" title="Franciscus Gomarus">Franciscus Gomarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Twisse" title="William Twisse">William Twisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_Amyraut" title="Moses Amyraut">Moses Amyraut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rutherford" title="Samuel Rutherford">Samuel Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Owen_(theologian)" title="John Owen (theologian)">John Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Turretin" title="Francis Turretin">Francis Turretin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baxter" title="Richard Baxter">Richard Baxter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theologian)" title="Jonathan Edwards (theologian)">Jonathan Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schleiermacher" title="Friedrich Schleiermacher">Friedrich Schleiermacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Philip Schaff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Williamson_Nevin" title="John Williamson Nevin">John Nevin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hodge" title="Charles Hodge">Charles Hodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Kuyper" title="Abraham Kuyper">Abraham Kuyper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Bavinck" title="Herman Bavinck">Herman Bavinck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._B._Warfield" title="B. B. Warfield">B. B. Warfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Gresham_Machen" title="J. Gresham Machen">John Machen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geerhardus_Vos" title="Geerhardus Vos">Geerhardus Vos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barth" title="Karl Barth">Karl Barth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Richard_Niebuhr" title="H. Richard Niebuhr">H. Richard Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Niebuhr" title="Reinhold Niebuhr">Reinhold Niebuhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Van_Til" title="Cornelius Van Til">Cornelius Van Til</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Torrance" title="Thomas F. Torrance">T. F. Torrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Moltmann" title="Jürgen Moltmann">Jürgen Moltmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._I._Packer" title="J. I. Packer">J. I. Packer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_G._Bloesch" title="Donald G. Bloesch">Donald G. Bloesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Horton_(theologian)" title="Michael Horton (theologian)">Michael Horton</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Reformed_denominations" title="List of Reformed denominations"> Denominations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Continental Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism_in_South_Korea" title="Presbyterianism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism_in_the_United_States" title="Presbyterianism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Baptists" title="Reformed Baptists">Reformed Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Calvinism" title="Afrikaner Calvinism">Afrikaners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyraldism" title="Amyraldism">Amyraldians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Vision" title="Federal Vision">Federal Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrow_Brethren" title="Marrow Brethren">Marrow Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercersburg_theology" title="Mercersburg theology">Mercersburg theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neonomianism" title="Neonomianism">Neonomians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Calvinism" title="Neo-Calvinism">Neo-Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_theology" title="New England theology">New England theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Calvinism" title="New Calvinism">New Calvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_(Plymouth_Colony)" title="Pilgrims (Plymouth Colony)">Pilgrims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_theology" title="Princeton theology">Princeton theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #ddf;padding:0.2em;color:#000000;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:International_bodies_of_Reformed_denominations" title="Category:International bodies of Reformed denominations">Organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em; text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color: lavender; border:2px solid lavender;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_Communion_of_Reformed_Churches" title="World Communion of Reformed Churches">World Communion of Reformed Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Reformed_Fellowship" title="World Reformed Fellowship">World Reformed Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Conference_of_Reformed_Churches" title="International Conference of Reformed Churches">International Conference of Reformed Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Presbyterian_and_Reformed_Council" title="North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council">North American Presbyterian and Reformed Council</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> • <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kreuz-hugenotten.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/10px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/16px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Kreuz-hugenotten.svg/21px-Kreuz-hugenotten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="849" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Reformed_Christianity" title="Portal:Reformed Christianity">Reformed Christianity portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformed_Christianity" title="Template:Reformed Christianity"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reformed_Christianity" title="Template talk:Reformed Christianity"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reformed_Christianity" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reformed Christianity"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Westminster Confession of Faith</b>, or simply the <b>Westminster Confession</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Reformed_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Reformed tradition">Reformed</a> confession of faith. Drawn up by the 1646 <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster Assembly</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Standards" title="Westminster Standards">Westminster Standards</a> to be a confession of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, it became and remains the "<a href="/wiki/Subordinate_standard" title="Subordinate standard">subordinate standard</a>" of doctrine in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> and has been influential within <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> churches worldwide. </p><p>In 1643, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">English Parliament</a> called upon "learned, godly and judicious <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/divine#Noun" class="extiw" title="wikt:divine">Divines</a>" to meet at <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a> in order to provide advice on issues of worship, doctrine, government and discipline of the Church of England. Their meetings, over a period of five years, produced the confession of faith, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Larger_Catechism" title="Westminster Larger Catechism">Larger Catechism</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Shorter_Catechism" title="Westminster Shorter Catechism">Shorter Catechism</a>. For more than three hundred years, various churches around the world have adopted the confession and the catechisms as their standards of doctrine, subordinate to the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. For the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> and the various denominations which spring from it directly, though, only the Confession and not the Catechisms is the subordinate standard, the Catechisms not being re-legislated in 1690. </p><p>The Westminster Confession was modified and adopted by <a href="/wiki/Congregationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalists">Congregationalists</a> in England in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Declaration" title="Savoy Declaration">Savoy Declaration</a> (1658). English Presbyterians, Congregationalists, and some Anglicans, would together come to be known as <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformists</a>, because they did not conform to the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Uniformity_1662" title="Act of Uniformity 1662">Act of Uniformity (1662)</a> establishing the Church of England as the only legally approved church, though they were in many ways united by their common confessions, built on the Westminster Confession. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_situation">Historical situation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a> (1642–1649), the <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">English Parliament</a> raised armies in an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Covenanter" class="mw-redirect" title="Covenanter">Covenanters</a> who by then were the <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> government of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, against the forces of <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>, King of England, Scotland and Ireland. The purpose of the Westminster Assembly, in which 121 Puritan clergymen participated, was to provide official documents for the reformation of the Church of England. The Church of Scotland had recently overthrown the bishops imposed by the King and reinstated presbyterianism (see <a href="/wiki/Bishops%27_Wars" title="Bishops' Wars">Bishops' Wars</a>). For this reason, as a condition for entering into the alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">English Parliament</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Scotland" title="Parliament of Scotland">Scottish Parliament</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Solemn_League_and_Covenant" title="Solemn League and Covenant">Solemn League and Covenant</a> with the English Parliament, which meant that the Church of England would abandon <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">episcopalianism</a> and consistently adhere to reformed standards of doctrine and worship. The Confession and Catechisms were produced in order to secure the help of the Scots against the king. </p><p> The work of the Westminster Assembly was a product of the British Reformed tradition, taking as a major source the <a href="/wiki/Thirty-Nine_Articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty-Nine Articles">Thirty-Nine Articles</a> as well as the theology of <a href="/wiki/James_Ussher" title="James Ussher">James Ussher</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Irish_Articles_of_Religion" title="Irish Articles of Religion">Irish Articles</a> of 1615.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELetham200983_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELetham200983-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The divines also considered themselves to be within the broader European Reformed tradition. They were in frequent correspondence with continental Reformed theologians, and sought their approval.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELetham200985–86_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELetham200985–86-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also drew upon the pre-Reformation British theological tradition, which emphasized biblical knowledge and was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustinian</a> theological tradition exemplified by <a href="/wiki/Anselm_of_Canterbury" title="Anselm of Canterbury">Anselm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bradwardine" title="Thomas Bradwardine">Thomas Bradwardine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">John Wycliffe</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeith197338–39_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeith197338–39-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The recorded debates of the Assembly are full of citations of <a href="/wiki/Church_fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Church fathers">church fathers</a> and medieval scholastic theologians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELetham200994–95_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELetham200994–95-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assertion_of_Liberty_of_Conscience_by_the_Independents_of_the_Westminster_Assembly_of_Divines,_1644.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Assertion_of_Liberty_of_Conscience_by_the_Independents_of_the_Westminster_Assembly_of_Divines%2C_1644.jpg/220px-Assertion_of_Liberty_of_Conscience_by_the_Independents_of_the_Westminster_Assembly_of_Divines%2C_1644.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Assertion_of_Liberty_of_Conscience_by_the_Independents_of_the_Westminster_Assembly_of_Divines%2C_1644.jpg/330px-Assertion_of_Liberty_of_Conscience_by_the_Independents_of_the_Westminster_Assembly_of_Divines%2C_1644.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Assertion_of_Liberty_of_Conscience_by_the_Independents_of_the_Westminster_Assembly_of_Divines%2C_1644.jpg/440px-Assertion_of_Liberty_of_Conscience_by_the_Independents_of_the_Westminster_Assembly_of_Divines%2C_1644.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1838" data-file-height="1177" /></a><figcaption> <i>The Assertion of Liberty of Conscience by the Independents at the Westminster Assembly of Divines</i>, painted by <a href="/wiki/John_Rogers_Herbert" title="John Rogers Herbert">John Rogers Herbert</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1844</span></figcaption></figure><p>The Scottish Commissioners who were present at the Assembly were satisfied with the Confession of Faith, and in 1646, the document was sent to the English parliament to be ratified, and submitted to the <a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Church_of_Scotland" title="General Assembly of the Church of Scotland">General Assembly</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kirk#Church_of_Scotland" title="Kirk">Scottish Kirk</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> adopted the document, without amendment, in 1647. In England, the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> returned the document to the Assembly with the requirement to compile a list of proof texts from Scripture. After vigorous debate, the Confession was then in part adopted as the Articles of Christian Religion in 1648, by act of the English parliament, omitting section 4 of chapter 20 (Of Christian Liberty), sections 4–6 of chapter 24 (Of Marriage and Divorce), and chapters 30 and 31 (Of Church Censures and Of Synods and Councils). The next year, the Scottish parliament ratified the Confession without amendment. </p><p>In 1660, the <a href="/wiki/Stuart_Restoration" title="Stuart Restoration">Restoration</a> of the British monarchy and Anglican episcopacy resulted in the nullification of these acts of the two parliaments. However, when <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William of Orange</a> replaced the Catholic <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">King James VII of Scotland and II of England</a> on the thrones of Scotland, England and Ireland, he gave royal assent to the Scottish parliament's ratification of the Confession (but not the Catechisms), again without change, in 1690.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch_of_Scotland_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch_of_Scotland-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents">Contents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Contents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The confession is a systematic exposition of Calvinist theology (which <a href="/wiki/Neo-orthodoxy" title="Neo-orthodoxy">neo-orthodox</a> scholars refer to as "<a href="/wiki/Scholastic_Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholastic Calvinism">scholastic Calvinism</a>"), influenced by <a href="/wiki/Puritan" class="mw-redirect" title="Puritan">Puritan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">covenant theology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlberg201313_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlberg201313-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It includes doctrines common to most of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>' sacrificial death and <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a>, and it contains doctrines specific to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">sola scriptura</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">sola fide</a></i>. Its more controversial features include the covenant of works with <a href="/wiki/Adam_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam (Bible)">Adam</a>, the Puritan doctrine that assurance of salvation is not a necessary consequence of faith, a <a href="/wiki/Regulative_principle_of_worship" title="Regulative principle of worship">minimalist conception of worship</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Puritan_Sabbatarianism" title="Puritan Sabbatarianism">Puritan Sabbatarianism</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It states that the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a>, which was a very common belief in seventeenth-century England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGinn2000220_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGinn2000220-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also stated that the Catholic <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">mass</a> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a>, that the civil magistrates have divine authority to punish heresy, and rules out marriage with non-Christians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holy_Scriptures,_the_Trinity_and_predestination"><span id="Holy_Scriptures.2C_the_Trinity_and_predestination"></span>Holy Scriptures, the Trinity and predestination</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Holy Scriptures, the Trinity and predestination"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The confession begins with a definition of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Bible" title="Protestant Bible">Bible's</a> content as well as an explication of its role within the church. Chapter 1 declares that the Bible, both <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testaments</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_inspiration" title="Biblical inspiration">inspired</a>, written <a href="/wiki/Authorship_of_the_Bible#Divine_authorship" title="Authorship of the Bible">Word of God</a>. As the Word of God, the Bible is considered "the rule of faith and life." The Holy Scriptures are said to possess <a href="/wiki/Biblical_infallibility" title="Biblical infallibility">infallible truth</a> and divine authority, containing "all things necessary for [God's] own glory, man's salvation, faith, and life", so that no new <a href="/wiki/Continuous_revelation" title="Continuous revelation">revelations</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">human traditions</a> can be added to it. The Confession of Faith states that, in the original languages, the Bible was kept pure and authentic. Because of this, the <a href="/wiki/Sola_Scriptura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sola Scriptura">Scriptures alone</a> are the church's final authority in all religious disputes. The confession states that "the Holy Spirit speaking in the Scripture" is "the supreme judge" of <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">councils</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">ancient writers</a>, doctrines, and <a href="/wiki/Private_revelation" title="Private revelation">private revelation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After describing the <a href="/wiki/Attributes_of_God_in_Christianity" title="Attributes of God in Christianity">attributes of God</a>, chapter 2 of the confession endorses the traditional doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a>, which holds that the one and only <a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> exists as three persons, "of one substance, power, and eternity", namely, <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a>, <a href="/wiki/God_the_Son" title="God the Son">God the Son</a>, and God the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter 3 affirms the Calvinist doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Calvinism" title="Predestination in Calvinism">predestination</a>: that God foreordained who would be among the <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_election" title="Unconditional election">elect</a> (and therefore <a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">saved</a>), while he passed by those who would be <a href="/wiki/Reprobation" title="Reprobation">damned</a> for their <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">sins</a>. The confession states that from <a href="/wiki/God_and_eternity" title="God and eternity">eternity</a> God did "freely, and unchangeably ordain whatsoever comes to pass". By God's decree, "some men and <a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">angels</a> are predestinated unto everlasting life; and others foreordained to everlasting death."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter 4 recounts the <a href="/wiki/Genesis_creation_narrative" title="Genesis creation narrative">Genesis creation narrative</a> and affirms that human beings were created in the <a href="/wiki/Image_of_God" title="Image of God">image of God</a> with immortal <a href="/wiki/Soul_in_the_Bible" title="Soul in the Bible">souls</a>, having fellowship with God and <a href="/wiki/Stewardship_(theology)" title="Stewardship (theology)">dominion over other creatures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chapter 6 recounts the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="Fall of Man">Fall of Man</a> whereby humans committed <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a> and became subject to <a href="/wiki/Total_depravity" title="Total depravity">total depravity</a>. According to the confession, the consequence of the fall and sin is that sinners are guilty before God, under <a href="/wiki/Divine_retribution" title="Divine retribution">divine wrath</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">curse</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">law</a>, and, ultimately, subject to <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_death_in_Christianity" title="Spiritual death in Christianity">spiritual death</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The confession states that the fall and all other sins were foreordained by <a href="/wiki/Divine_providence" title="Divine providence">divine providence</a>; however, the confession also teaches that sin "proceedeth only from the creature, and not from God". God cannot be the author of sin because he is entirely holy and righteous.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Covenant_theology,_Christ's_mediation_and_free_will"><span id="Covenant_theology.2C_Christ.27s_mediation_and_free_will"></span>Covenant theology, Christ's mediation and free will</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Covenant theology, Christ's mediation and free will"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chapter 7 is a description of <a href="/wiki/Covenant_theology" title="Covenant theology">covenant theology</a>, which holds that God has dealt with humans through various <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)" title="Covenant (biblical)">covenants</a>. In the first covenant, a covenant of works, <a href="/wiki/Adam" title="Adam">Adam</a> and his descendants were promised life on the condition of perfect obedience. The fall made it impossible for man to keep this covenant, so God made another covenant, this one called the covenant of <a href="/wiki/Grace_in_Christianity" title="Grace in Christianity">grace</a>. In the covenant of grace, God freely offered sinners life and salvation by <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>. As part of this covenant, God promises to give the elect the Holy Spirit to make them willing and able to believe.<sup id="cite_ref-chpt_7_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chpt_7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the confession, the covenant of grace was administered differently in the time of the law (during Old Testament times) and in the time of <a href="/wiki/The_gospel" title="The gospel">the gospel</a> (during and after New Testament times). Under the law, the covenant was administered by promises, <a href="/wiki/Bible_prophecy" title="Bible prophecy">prophecies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korban" title="Korban">sacrifices</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">circumcision</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Passover_sacrifice" title="Passover sacrifice">paschal lamb</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Typology_(theology)" title="Typology (theology)">types</a> and ordinances instituted among the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish people">Jewish people</a>. These all anticipated Jesus Christ, the promised <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">Messiah</a>, and were sufficient to give the elect of that time <a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">forgiveness of sins</a> and eternal salvation. The confession teaches that under the gospel, the covenant of grace is dispensed more fully through the preaching of the Bible and the administration of the <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacraments</a> of <a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">baptism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Supper_in_Reformed_theology" title="Lord's Supper in Reformed theology">Lord's Supper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chpt_7_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chpt_7-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter 8 declares that Jesus Christ, the second person of the Trinity, was chosen by God the Father to be the <a href="/wiki/Kingly_office_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingly office of Christ">mediator between God and man</a> and hold the <a href="/wiki/Threefold_office" title="Threefold office">threefold office</a> of prophet, priest, and king. It affirms his <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_(Christianity)" title="Incarnation (Christianity)">incarnation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgin_birth_of_Jesus" title="Virgin birth of Jesus">virgin birth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hypostatic_union" title="Hypostatic union">dual nature</a> as both God and man. In his human nature, Christ was <a href="/wiki/Impeccability" title="Impeccability">without sin</a>. He was <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucified</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burial_of_Jesus" title="Burial of Jesus">buried</a>, and the confession teaches that he was bodily <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">resurrected</a> and afterward <a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">ascended into heaven</a> where he <a href="/wiki/Intercession_of_Christ" title="Intercession of Christ">intercedes on behalf of the living</a>. It also teaches that <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Christ will return to earth</a> to judge the world.<sup id="cite_ref-chpt_8_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chpt_8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter 8 also describes Christ's <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice#Christianity" title="Sacrifice">sacrificial</a> death as <a href="/wiki/Satisfaction_theory_of_atonement" title="Satisfaction theory of atonement">satisfying</a> God's justice and attaining both humanity's <a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(theology)" title="Reconciliation (theology)">reconciliation with God</a> and everlasting life for the elect. Salvation is granted to individuals by means of the word of God and the Holy Spirit, who persuades them to believe and obey.<sup id="cite_ref-chpt_8_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chpt_8-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chapter 9 teaches that man's will is free, and that because of the fall, man lost the ability to do anything spiritually pleasing to God, and man's will became enslaved to his sinful nature. Man, after conversion, regains the ability to please God and to choose good, but sin remains within. Complete <a href="/wiki/Sinless_perfection" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinless perfection">sinless perfection</a> is only attainable after death in the state of <a href="/wiki/Glorification_(theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glorification (theology)">glorification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salvation">Salvation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Salvation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ordo_salutis" title="Ordo salutis">Ordo salutis</a></div> <p>Chapters 10 through 18 describe various phases or aspects of salvation. The confession teaches that—by the Holy Spirit and the preaching of the word—God <a href="/wiki/Effectual_calling" title="Effectual calling">effectually calls</a> the elect out of the state of sin and death toward <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">faith</a> in Jesus Christ and spiritual life. It teaches that "elect infants" and "all other elect persons who are uncapable of being outwardly called by the ministry of the Word" are <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(theology)" title="Regeneration (theology)">regenerated</a> and saved.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter 11 covers the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Justification_(theology)" title="Justification (theology)">justification</a>. It affirms the Reformation doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Sola_fide" title="Sola fide">justification by faith alone</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Imputed_righteousness" title="Imputed righteousness">imputation of Christ's righteousness</a> to the elect (the Catholic teaching of <a href="/wiki/Infused_righteousness" title="Infused righteousness">infused righteousness</a> is specifically rejected). Justification can never be lost, but the justified are still able to sin and, as a result, <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">confession</a> and <a href="/wiki/Repentance_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Repentance (Christianity)">repentance</a> must be ongoing.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chapter 12 states that all who are justified also partake in the grace of <a href="/wiki/Adoption_(theology)" title="Adoption (theology)">adoption</a> and become <a href="/wiki/Divine_filiation" title="Divine filiation">children of God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, those who are effectually called and regenerated are also <a href="/wiki/Sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctification">sanctified</a>. In sanctification, the dominion of sin is eliminated and <a href="/wiki/Lust" title="Lust">lust</a> is weakened and suppressed as the individual grows in <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/holy" class="extiw" title="wikt:holy">holiness</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter 14 defines saving faith as that which enables people to believe to the saving of their <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">souls</a>. The confession states that it is the work of the Holy Spirit and is ordinarily accomplished by the preaching of the word. Saving faith is strengthened and increased by the preaching of the word, the sacraments, and prayer. This faith enables a person to believe that whatever is revealed in the Bible is true and to rest on Christ alone for eternal life.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter 15 stresses the need for <a href="/wiki/Repentance_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Repentance (Christianity)">repentance</a> alongside saving faith. While repentance (rejecting sin and committing to obey God's commandments) does not earn forgiveness (which is the result of divine grace), the confession states that no sinner "may expect pardon without it." The confession also describes the role of private and public <a href="/wiki/Confession_(religion)" title="Confession (religion)">confession of sin</a> in the life of a Christian.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chapter 16 explains the role of <a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">good works</a> (actions done in obedience to God's commandments) in the Christian life and their relationship to salvation. Good works are said to be the result of the Holy Spirit's influence and are evidence of true faith; however, good works cannot earn or merit salvation or forgiveness of sins.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter 17 presents the doctrine of the <a href="/wiki/Perseverance_of_the_saints" title="Perseverance of the saints">perseverance of the saints</a>, which holds that it is impossible for those effectually called to "fall away" from the state of grace or, in other words, lose their salvation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chapter 18 states that believers can receive <a href="/wiki/Assurance_(theology)" title="Assurance (theology)">assurance of faith</a>. This assurance is based on "the promises of salvation, the inward evidence of those graces unto which these promises are made, the testimony of the Spirit of adoption witnessing with our spirits that we are the children of God". The confession does not teach that assurance is instantaneous upon conversion; rather, it states that "a true believer may wait long, and conflict with many difficulties, before he be partaker of it".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law,_Christian_liberty_and_worship"><span id="Law.2C_Christian_liberty_and_worship"></span>Law, Christian liberty and worship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Law, Christian liberty and worship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chapter 19 discusses <a href="/wiki/Law_and_Gospel" title="Law and Gospel">God's law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Christian ethics</a>. The confession states that while the ceremonial parts of <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_the_Old_Covenant" title="Christian views on the Old Covenant">biblical law</a> have been <a href="/wiki/Abrogation_of_Old_Covenant_laws" title="Abrogation of Old Covenant laws">abrogated</a> under the New Covenant, the <a href="/wiki/Morality" title="Morality">moral</a> law as described in the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a> and the "general equity" of the civil law in the Old Testament remains binding to all people and nations. While true believers are neither "justified, or condemned" by the law, it serves "as a rule of life informing them of the will of God, and their duty". The confession also teaches that the Holy Spirit enables "the will of man to do that freely, and cheerfully, which the will of God, revealed in the law, requireth to be done."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter 20 states that "God alone is Lord of the conscience, and hath left it free from the doctrines and commandments of men." The purpose of <a href="/wiki/Christian_liberty" title="Christian liberty">Christian liberty</a> is to enable Christians to "serve the Lord without fear, in holiness and righteousness before Him." The confession warns that Christian liberty cannot be used to justify sinful behavior or to resist lawful secular and church authority.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter 21 describes the acceptable parameters of <a href="/wiki/Reformed_worship" title="Reformed worship">Reformed worship</a> as governed by the <a href="/wiki/Regulative_principle_of_worship" title="Regulative principle of worship">regulative principle of worship</a>. It also outlines a <a href="/wiki/Puritan_Sabbatarianism" title="Puritan Sabbatarianism">Puritan Sabbatarian</a> position in regards to Christian behavior on <a href="/wiki/Sunday" title="Sunday">Sunday</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Sabbath" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Sabbath">Christian Sabbath</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chapter 22 describes the appropriate use of <a href="/wiki/Oath" title="Oath">oaths</a> and solemn <a href="/wiki/Vows" class="mw-redirect" title="Vows">vows</a>, which are part of religious worship because the person calls upon God.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_government_and_marriage">Civil government and marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Civil government and marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chapter 23 describes the role of the civil authorities in relation to the church. Governments are ordained by God to maintain justice and peace and to punish evil doers. The <a href="/wiki/Chief_magistrate" title="Chief magistrate">civil magistrate</a> has no right to interfere with the preaching of the word of God or administration of the sacraments. The <a href="/wiki/Power_of_the_keys" class="mw-redirect" title="Power of the keys">power of the keys</a> is reserved exclusively to church authorities. Nevertheless, the civil magistrate has a duty to preserve church unity, suppress heresy, and prevent corruption and abuse within the church. To fulfill these obligations, the magistrate has authority to convene <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synods</a> and ensure that its deliberations are agreeable to "the mind of God."<sup id="cite_ref-chpt_23_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chpt_23-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter 23 also teaches that Christians are obligated to pray for civil authorities and to obey lawful commands. A magistrate's legal authority is not lost because of unbelief or religious differences. The confession denies that the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> has any jurisdiction over civil magistrates or authority to deprive magistrates of their office if he determines them to be heretics.<sup id="cite_ref-chpt_23_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chpt_23-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter 24 covers Reformed teaching on <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">marriage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_divorce" title="Christian views on divorce">divorce</a>. Marriage is to be <a href="/wiki/Heterosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterosexual">heterosexual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monogamous" class="mw-redirect" title="Monogamous">monogamous</a>. The purpose of marriage is to provide for the mutual help of husband and wife, the birth of <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)" title="Legitimacy (family law)">legitimate</a> children, the growth of the church, and the prevention of "uncleanness." The confession discourages <a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage" title="Interfaith marriage">interfaith marriage</a> with non-Christians, Roman Catholics, or "other idolaters". In addition, godly persons should not be "<a href="/wiki/2_Corinthians_6#Verse_14" title="2 Corinthians 6">unequally yoked</a>" in marriage to "notoriously wicked" persons. <a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incestuous</a> marriage, defined <a href="/wiki/Incest_in_the_Bible" title="Incest in the Bible">according to biblical guidelines</a>, is also prohibited. The only grounds for <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_divorce" title="Christian views on divorce">divorce</a> are <a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_commit_adultery" title="Thou shalt not commit adultery">adultery</a> and willful abandonment by a spouse.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church">Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chapter 25 addresses <a href="/wiki/Calvinism#Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed ecclesiology</a> or the teachings about the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Christian Church</a>. The confession teaches that the church is <a href="/wiki/Catholic_(term)" title="Catholic (term)">catholic</a> (or universal) and both invisible and visible. The <a href="/wiki/Invisible_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Invisible church">invisible church</a> is made up of all the elect who will ever live. Christ is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Head of the church">head of the church</a>, and the church is the <a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">body of Christ</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bride_of_Christ" title="Bride of Christ">bride of Christ</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Visible_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible church">visible church</a> includes all people alive throughout the world who "profess the true religion" and their children. It is described as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Kingdom of God (Christianity)">kingdom of Christ</a> and the house and family of God. The confession teaches that there is no ordinary possibility of salvation outside of the visible church. It is said that Christ gave to the visible church "the ministry, oracles, and ordinances of God" for the perfecting of the <a href="/wiki/Saints_in_Protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Saints in Protestantism">saints</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chpt_25_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chpt_25-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The confession teaches that local churches can be more or less pure depending on how faithfully they adhere to correct doctrine and worship. Yet, it acknowledges that even the purest churches might contain some theological error, while other churches have become so corrupted that they can no longer be called churches of Christ but instead are of <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>. The confession affirms that only Jesus Christ can be head of the church. It states that the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">pope</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a> who "exalteth himself, in the Church, against Christ and all that is called God."<sup id="cite_ref-chpt_25_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chpt_25-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter 26 presents Reformed teaching on the <a href="/wiki/Communion_of_saints" title="Communion of saints">communion of saints</a>. This is the spiritual union that Christians have with Christ and with one another that allows them to share in the grace, suffering, death, resurrection, and glory of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sacraments">Sacraments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sacraments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chapter 27 summarizes Reformed sacramental theology. It states that <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacraments</a> were established by God as "signs and seals" of the covenant of grace to represent Christ and his benefits, to visibly differentiate members of the church from the rest of world and draw them to God's service. The confession teaches that in every sacrament there is a spiritual relation between the sign and what is being signified; because of this, the names and effects of one are attributed to the other. The effectiveness of a sacrament depends upon the work of the Holy Spirit and the <a href="/wiki/Words_of_institution" class="mw-redirect" title="Words of institution">words of institution</a>, which contains a promise of benefit to <a href="/wiki/Examination_of_conscience" title="Examination of conscience">worthy receivers</a>. The confession teaches that only ordained ministers can provide the sacraments, of which there are only two: <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">baptism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Supper_in_Reformed_theology" title="Lord's Supper in Reformed theology">Lord's Supper</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter 28 presents a summary of <a href="/wiki/Reformed_baptismal_theology" title="Reformed baptismal theology">Reformed baptismal theology</a>. Baptism joins a person to the visible church and signifies the person's <a href="/wiki/Union_with_Christ" title="Union with Christ">union with Christ</a>, regeneration, forgiveness of sin and <a href="/wiki/New_creation_(theology)" title="New creation (theology)">newness of life</a>. Individuals should be baptized in water using the <a href="/wiki/Trinitarian_formula" title="Trinitarian formula">Trinitarian formula</a> ("in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost"). <a href="/wiki/Baptism_by_immersion" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism by immersion">Baptism by immersion</a> is not necessary; <a href="/wiki/Affusion" title="Affusion">affusion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aspersion" title="Aspersion">aspersion</a> are acceptable modes. The confession approves of <a href="/wiki/Infant_baptism" title="Infant baptism">infant baptism</a> if one or both parents are Christians. While it teaches that neglecting baptism is a "great sin", the confession does not endorse <a href="/wiki/Baptismal_regeneration" title="Baptismal regeneration">baptismal regeneration</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ex_opere_operato" title="Ex opere operato">ex opere operato</a> sense. It states that it is possible to be regenerated without baptism, and unregenerated with baptism. This is because the effectiveness of baptism is not tied to the moment in time it is administered; the grace promised is granted by the Holy Spirit to the elect according to God's own will and at the time of his choosing. According to the confession, baptism is to be received only once.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter 29 summarizes Presbyterian beliefs about the Lord's Supper. It states that the sacrament is to be observed in the church until the end of the world "for the perpetual remembrance of the sacrifice of Himself in His death; the sealing all benefits thereof, unto true believers, their spiritual nourishment and growth in Him, their further engagement in and to all duties which they owe unto Him; and, to be a bond and pledge of their communion with Him, and with each other, as members of His mystical body."<sup id="cite_ref-chpt29_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chpt29-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The confession states that the Lord's Supper is not the actual <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">sacrifice of Christ</a> but rather a commemoration of Christ's one sacrifice for the remission of sins and an offering of praise to God. It explicitly condemns the Roman Catholic Church's teaching of "the popish sacrifice of the <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">mass</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-chpt29_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chpt29-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It also rejects the Roman Catholic doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Transubstantiation" title="Transubstantiation">transubstantiation</a>, which states that after consecration by a priest the bread and wine miraculously become the <a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">body</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blood_of_Christ" title="Blood of Christ">blood of Christ</a>. Rather, the confession teaches that communicants receive the body and blood of Christ and all the benefits of his death spiritually by faith, while the bread and wine remain physically unchanged. Ignorant, wicked and ungodly persons may eat the bread and wine, but they do not receive Christ. Instead, these unworthy persons are "guilty of the body and blood of the Lord" and commit great sin; for this reason, such persons should not be admitted to the sacrament.<sup id="cite_ref-chpt29_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chpt29-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_government_and_discipline">Church government and discipline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Church government and discipline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">Presbyterian polity</a></div> <p>Chapter 30 describes the role of church officers, who are appointed by Christ to govern the church. These officers hold the <a href="/wiki/Keys_of_the_kingdom" title="Keys of the kingdom">keys of the kingdom</a>, giving them power to <a href="/wiki/Church_discipline" title="Church discipline">discipline church members</a> through admonition, suspension from the Lord's Supper for a period of time, and <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a>, according to the severity of the offense. Church discipline is for the purpose of leading sinful church members to repentance, deterring others from similar behavior, vindicating the honor of Christ, and preventing the wrath of God from falling on the entire church.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter 31 states that <a href="/wiki/Synod" title="Synod">synods</a> and church councils have authority to settle religious controversies, make rules for the church and public worship, and judge cases of misconduct in the church. While synods may be called by civil authorities, they only have jurisdiction over ecclesiastical affairs and are not to intervene in civil affairs except "by way of humble petition in cases extraordinary; or, by way of advice".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eschatology">Eschatology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Eschatology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chapters 32 and 33 concern <a href="/wiki/Christian_eschatology" title="Christian eschatology">Christian eschatology</a>. Chapter 32 describes what occurs after death—while the body decomposes, the immortal <a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">soul</a> immediately returns to God. The souls of the righteous are then made perfect in holiness and received into heaven where they "behold the face of God" and wait for the redemption of their bodies. The souls of the wicked are sent to hell where they remain in torment until the judgment. The confession rejects the idea of <a href="/wiki/Purgatory" title="Purgatory">purgatory</a> because it is not present in scripture. The confession teaches that on the last day, those alive will not die but will be changed, and all the dead will be <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the dead">resurrected</a> with the same bodies they had when alive. The bodies of the unjust will be "raised to dishonour", but the bodies of the just will be raised "unto honour" <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See also <a href="/wiki/Glorification" title="Glorification">Glorification</a>.)</span>. <sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter 33 describes the <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a> in which the Father will give Christ authority to judge all <a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">apostate angels</a> and every person that has lived on earth. Those judged will "give an account of their thoughts, words, and deeds" and will "receive according to what they have done in the body, whether good or evil." God's purpose in dispensing judgment is to show the glory of his mercy—by saving the elect—and of his justice—by the damnation of the reprobate. The righteous will receive <a href="/wiki/Eternal_life_(Christianity)" title="Eternal life (Christianity)">eternal life</a> in the presence of God, and the wicked will receive eternal torment and destruction. The date and time of the Last Judgment is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Westminster Confession was adopted as a doctrinal standard by various Presbyterian churches around the world. These churches have at times repudiated or changed different parts of the confession over the years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Australia" title="Presbyterian Church of Australia">Presbyterian Church of Australia</a> holds to the Westminster Confession as its standard, subordinate to the Word of God, and read in the light of a <a href="/wiki/Basis_of_Union_(Presbyterian_Church_of_Australia)" title="Basis of Union (Presbyterian Church of Australia)">declaratory statement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPresbyterian_Church_of_Australia_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPresbyterian_Church_of_Australia-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_of_Australia" title="Reformed Presbyterian Church of Australia">Reformed Presbyterian Church of Australia</a> also holds to the Confession as a subordinate standard.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="England_and_Wales">England and Wales</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: England and Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Presbyterian_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Evangelical Presbyterian Church in England and Wales">Evangelical Presbyterian Church in England and Wales</a> - subordinate standard (excepting the authority of the "civil magistrate" over presbyteries in religious or moral matters and the identification of the Antichrist exclusively with the papacy which is deemed a matter of individual interpretation). Additionally, individual elders and sessions may determine their own positions on the establishment principle as concerns the relationship between the church and state and the question of marriages to close relatives of deceased spouses.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scotland">Scotland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Scotland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> - subordinate standard but since 1986 has dissociated itself from four sections of the Confession (relating to monastic vows, marriage to Catholics and non-Christians, the identification of the Pope with the Antichrist and the Mass). Additionally, liberty of opinion is granted on those matters which do not enter into the substance of the faith.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(since_1900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (since 1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a> - subordinate standard<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Free Church of Scotland -Continuing (since 2000)</li> <li>Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland (Since 1893)</li> <li>Associated Presbyterian Church (since 1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Free_Church_of_Scotland" title="United Free Church of Scotland">United Free Church of Scotland</a> - subordinate standard (but with liberty of judgement allowed on matters which do not enter into the substance of the faith)<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland_(including_Northern_Ireland)"><span id="Ireland_.28including_Northern_Ireland.29"></span>Ireland (including Northern Ireland)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ireland (including Northern Ireland)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Ireland" title="Presbyterian Church in Ireland">Presbyterian Church in Ireland</a> accepts the Westminster Confession as its subordinate standard, along with the Shorter and Larger Catechisms.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Free_Presbyterian_Church_of_Ulster" title="Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster">Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster</a> retains the Confession as its “subordinate standard” of doctrine.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism_in_the_United_States" title="Presbyterianism in the United States">Presbyterianism in the United States</a></div> <p>With the <a href="/wiki/Adopting_Act_of_1729" title="Adopting Act of 1729">Adopting Act of 1729</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Synod of Philadelphia">Synod of Philadelphia</a> officially adopted the Westminster Confession as the doctrinal standard for American Presbyterians. All ministerial candidates were required to <a href="/wiki/Confessional_subscription" title="Confessional subscription">subscribe</a> to it but were allowed to declare scruples to those parts considered nonessential. This compromise left a permanent legacy to following generations of Presbyterians in America resulting in permanent controversies over the manner in which a minister is bound to accept the document; and it has left the American versions of the Westminster Confession more amenable to the will of the church to amend it. </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America" title="Presbyterian Church in the United States of America">Presbyterian Church in the United States of America</a> was formed in 1789, it adopted the Westminster standards, as containing the system of doctrine taught in the Holy Scriptures. However, it revised chapters 20.4, 23.3, and 31.2 of the Confession, basically removing the civil magistrate (i.e., the state) from involvement in ecclesiastical matters. It also removed the phrase "tolerating a false religion" from the list of sins forbidden in Answer 109 of the Larger Catechism, and replaced "depopulations" in Answer 142 with "depredation." The Confession was amended again in 1887, when the final sentence of chapter 24.4, which forbade the marrying of the close kindred of one's deceased spouse, was removed. </p><p>The Presbyterian Church in the U.S.A. adopted more sweeping revisions of its Confession in 1903. Chapter 16.7, on the works of unregenerate men, was rewritten. The last sentence of chapter 22.3, which forbade the refusing of a proper oath when imposed by lawful authority, was removed. Chapter 25.6, on the head of the church, was rewritten, and the identification of the Roman Catholic pope as the Antichrist was removed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrthodox_Presbyterian_Church_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrthodox_Presbyterian_Church-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaratory_statement" title="Declaratory statement">Declaratory statement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Parliament" title="Long Parliament">Long Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">Religion in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Bloudy_Tenent_of_Persecution_for_Cause_of_Conscience" title="The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience">The Bloudy Tenent of Persecution for Cause of Conscience</a>,</i> 1644, by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams_(theologian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Williams (theologian)">Roger Williams</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELetham200983-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELetham200983_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLetham2009">Letham 2009</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELetham200985–86-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELetham200985–86_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLetham2009">Letham 2009</a>, pp. 85–86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELeith197338–39-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELeith197338–39_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeith1973">Leith 1973</a>, pp. 38–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELetham200994–95-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELetham200994–95_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLetham2009">Letham 2009</a>, pp. 94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurch_of_Scotland-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurch_of_Scotland_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChurch_of_Scotland">Church of Scotland</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarlberg201313-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarlberg201313_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKarlberg2013">Karlberg 2013</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcGinn2000220-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcGinn2000220_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcGinn2000">McGinn 2000</a>, p. 220.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_1">chpt 1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_2">chpt 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_3">chpt 3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_4">chpt 4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_6">chpt 6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_5">chpt 5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chpt_7-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chpt_7_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chpt_7_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_7">chpt 7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chpt_8-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chpt_8_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chpt_8_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_8">chpt 8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_9">chpt 9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_10">chpt 10</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_11">chpt 11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_12">chpt 12</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_13">chpt 13</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_14">chpt 14</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_15">chpt 15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_16">chpt 16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_17">chpt 17</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_18">chpt 18</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_19">chpt 19</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_20">chpt 20</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_21">chpt 21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_22">chpt 22</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chpt_23-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chpt_23_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chpt_23_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_23">chpt 23</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_24">chpt 24</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chpt_25-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chpt_25_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chpt_25_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_25">chpt 25</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_26">chpt 26</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_27">chpt 27</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_28">chpt 28</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chpt29-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chpt29_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chpt29_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chpt29_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_29">chpt 29</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_30">chpt 30</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_31">chpt 31</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_32">chpt 32</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCarruthers1946">Carruthers 1946</a>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster#Chapter_33">chpt 33</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPresbyterian_Church_of_Australia-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPresbyterian_Church_of_Australia_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPresbyterian_Church_of_Australia">Presbyterian Church of Australia</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rpca.org.au/beliefs/">"Beliefs"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beliefs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frpca.org.au%2Fbeliefs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Confession+of+Faith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epcew.org.uk/OLD/bco/bco.pdf">"Evangelical Presbyterian Church in England and Wales, Book of Church Order, p. 4"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evangelical+Presbyterian+Church+in+England+and+Wales%2C+Book+of+Church+Order%2C+p.+4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepcew.org.uk%2FOLD%2Fbco%2Fbco.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Confession+of+Faith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181222213800/http://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/650/westminster_confession.pdf">"The Westminster Confession"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/650/westminster_confession.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 22 December 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Westminster+Confession&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofscotland.org.uk%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0011%2F650%2Fwestminster_confession.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Confession+of+Faith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freechurch.org/resources/confessions-and-catechisms">"Confessions and Catechisms"</a>. <i>Free Church of Scotland</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Free+Church+of+Scotland&rft.atitle=Confessions+and+Catechisms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreechurch.org%2Fresources%2Fconfessions-and-catechisms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Confession+of+Faith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ufcos.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/General%20Assembly/2018/Ec%20Rel%20GA18.pdf">"REPORT OF THE ECUMENICAL RELATIONS COMMITTEE"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=REPORT+OF+THE+ECUMENICAL+RELATIONS+COMMITTEE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ufcos.org.uk%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FGeneral%2520Assembly%2F2018%2FEc%2520Rel%2520GA18.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Confession+of+Faith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presbyterianireland.org/getmedia/55f38ba0-2050-4203-b1a0-a1713f5ae4fc/THE-CODE-JUNE-2016.pdf.aspx">"The Code: The book of the Constitution and Government of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland, p. 11"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Code%3A+The+book+of+the+Constitution+and+Government+of+the+Presbyterian+Church+in+Ireland%2C+p.+11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presbyterianireland.org%2Fgetmedia%2F55f38ba0-2050-4203-b1a0-a1713f5ae4fc%2FTHE-CODE-JUNE-2016.pdf.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Confession+of+Faith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freepresbyterian.org/wcf/">"Westminster Confession of Faith – 1646"</a>. <i>Free Presbyterian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Free+Presbyterian&rft.atitle=Westminster+Confession+of+Faith+%E2%80%93+1646&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freepresbyterian.org%2Fwcf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Confession+of+Faith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrthodox_Presbyterian_Church-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrthodox_Presbyterian_Church_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOrthodox_Presbyterian_Church">Orthodox Presbyterian Church</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The Committee to Prepare a Statement of Belief". <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Tribune">New York Tribune</a></i>. 7 July 1901. pp. A7. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/570970608">570970608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Tribune&rft.atitle=The+Committee+to+Prepare+a+Statement+of+Belief&rft.pages=A7&rft.date=1901-07-07&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Confession+of+Faith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarruthers1946" class="citation book cs1">Carruthers, S. W., ed. (1946) [1646]. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster"><i>The Confession of Faith of the Assembly of Divines at Westminster</i></a>. London, England: Publishing Office of the Presbyterian Church of England.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Confession+of+Faith+of+the+Assembly+of+Divines+at+Westminster&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pub=Publishing+Office+of+the+Presbyterian+Church+of+England&rft.date=1946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FThe_Confession_of_Faith_of_the_Assembly_of_Divines_at_Westminster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Confession+of+Faith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurch_of_Scotland" class="citation web cs1">Church of Scotland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161022093419/http://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/about_us/our_faith/westminster_confession_of_faith">"Our faith: Westminster Confession of Faith"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.churchofscotland.org.uk/about_us/our_faith/westminster_confession_of_faith">the original</a> on 22 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+faith%3A+Westminster+Confession+of+Faith&rft.au=Church+of+Scotland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofscotland.org.uk%2Fabout_us%2Four_faith%2Fwestminster_confession_of_faith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Confession+of+Faith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlberg2013" class="citation book cs1">Karlberg, Mark W. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xh9TAwAAQBAJ&q=westminster+%22scholastic+Calvinism%22+barth&pg=PA13"><i>Engaging Westminster Calvinism: The Composition of Redemption's Song</i></a>. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781621896647" title="Special:BookSources/9781621896647"><bdi>9781621896647</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engaging+Westminster+Calvinism%3A+The+Composition+of+Redemption%27s+Song&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781621896647&rft.aulast=Karlberg&rft.aufirst=Mark+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXh9TAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dwestminster%2B%2522scholastic%2BCalvinism%2522%2Bbarth%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Confession+of+Faith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeith1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_H._Leith" title="John H. Leith">Leith, John H.</a> (1973). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/assemblyatwestmi0000leit"><i>Assembly at Westminster: Reformed Theology in the Making</i></a></span>. Richmond, VA: John Knox Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8042-0885-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8042-0885-7"><bdi>978-0-8042-0885-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assembly+at+Westminster%3A+Reformed+Theology+in+the+Making&rft.place=Richmond%2C+VA&rft.pub=John+Knox+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0-8042-0885-7&rft.aulast=Leith&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fassemblyatwestmi0000leit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Confession+of+Faith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLetham2009" class="citation book cs1">Letham, Robert (2009). <i>The Westminster Assembly: Reading Its Theology in Historical Context</i>. The Westminster Assembly and the Reformed Faith. Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87552-612-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87552-612-6"><bdi>978-0-87552-612-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Westminster+Assembly%3A+Reading+Its+Theology+in+Historical+Context&rft.place=Phillipsburg%2C+NJ&rft.series=The+Westminster+Assembly+and+the+Reformed+Faith&rft.pub=P%26R+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-87552-612-6&rft.aulast=Letham&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Confession+of+Faith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGinn2000" class="citation book cs1">McGinn, Bernard (2000). <i>Antichrist: Two Thousand Years of the Human Fascination with Evil</i>. New York: Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antichrist%3A+Two+Thousand+Years+of+the+Human+Fascination+with+Evil&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=McGinn&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Confession+of+Faith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrthodox_Presbyterian_Church" class="citation web cs1">Orthodox Presbyterian Church. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opc.org/preface.html">"The Confession of Faith of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church"</a>. <i>www.opc.org</i>. Orthodox Presbyterian Church Committee on Christian Education<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.opc.org&rft.atitle=The+Confession+of+Faith+of+the+Orthodox+Presbyterian+Church&rft.au=Orthodox+Presbyterian+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopc.org%2Fpreface.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Confession+of+Faith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPresbyterian_Church_of_Australia" class="citation web cs1">Presbyterian Church of Australia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110128022641/http://pcau.org.au/basis-of-union.html">"The Scheme of Union"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pcau.org.au/basis-of-union.html">the original</a> on 28 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Scheme+of+Union&rft.au=Presbyterian+Church+of+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpcau.org.au%2Fbasis-of-union.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Confession+of+Faith" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncan2003" class="citation book cs1">Duncan, J. Ligon, ed. (2003). <i>The Westminster Confession into the 21st Century</i>. Ross-shire, Scotland: <a href="/wiki/Christian_Focus_Publications" title="Christian Focus Publications">Christian Focus Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781857928624" title="Special:BookSources/9781857928624"><bdi>9781857928624</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Westminster+Confession+into+the+21st+Century&rft.place=Ross-shire%2C+Scotland&rft.pub=Christian+Focus+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781857928624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Confession+of+Faith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.) <i>Book of Confessions: Study Edition.</i> Louisville, KY.: Geneva Press, c1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-50012-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-664-50012-9">0-664-50012-9</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/creeds3.iv.xvii.ii.html">Westminster Confession of Faith A.D. 1647 (with Scripture proofs)</a> in English with a <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> translation from 1656—from <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Philip Schaff</a>'s <i>The Creeds of Christendom</i>, vol. 3, at the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Classics_Ethereal_Library" title="Christian Classics Ethereal Library">Christian Classics Ethereal Library</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/search?title=Westminster+Confession+of+Faith&author=&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced"><i>Westminster Confession of Faith</i></a> public domain audiobook at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestminster_Assembly1647" class="citation book cs1">Westminster Assembly (1647). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humbleadviceofas00west"><i>The humble advice of the Assembly of Divines, now by authority of Parliament sitting at Westminster, concerning a confession of faith : with the quotations and texts of Scripture annexed; presented by them lately to both Houses of Parliament</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+humble+advice+of+the+Assembly+of+Divines%2C+now+by+authority+of+Parliament+sitting+at+Westminster%2C+concerning+a+confession+of+faith+%3A+with+the+quotations+and+texts+of+Scripture+annexed%3B+presented+by+them+lately+to+both+Houses+of+Parliament&rft.date=1647&rft.au=Westminster+Assembly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumbleadviceofas00west&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWestminster+Confession+of+Faith" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Reformed_confessions_of_faith" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformed_confessions" title="Template:Reformed confessions"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reformed_confessions" title="Template talk:Reformed confessions"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reformed_confessions" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reformed confessions"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Reformed_confessions_of_faith" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Reformed_confessions_of_faith" title="Reformed confessions of faith">Reformed confessions of faith</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Continental<br />Reformed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrapolitan_Confession" title="Tetrapolitan Confession">Tetrapolitan Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Confessions" title="Helvetic Confessions">Helvetic Confessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_Tigurinus" title="Consensus Tigurinus">Consensus Tigurinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Confession_of_Faith" title="French Confession of Faith">French Confession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Forms_of_Unity" title="Three Forms of Unity">Three Forms of Unity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heidelberg_Catechism" title="Heidelberg Catechism">Heidelberg Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgic_Confession" title="Belgic Confession">Belgic Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_of_Dort" title="Canons of Dort">Canons of Dort</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony_of_the_Confessions_of_Faith" title="Harmony of the Confessions of Faith">Harmony of the Confessions of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helvetic_Consensus" title="Helvetic Consensus">Helvetic Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conclusions_of_Utrecht" title="Conclusions of Utrecht">Conclusions of Utrecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barmen_Declaration" title="Barmen Declaration">Barmen Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belhar_Confession" title="Belhar Confession">Belhar Confession</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">British and<br />American</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presbyterian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scots_Confession" title="Scots Confession">Scots Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_Confession" title="Negative Confession">Negative Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Standards" title="Westminster Standards">Westminster Standards</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Westminster Confession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Shorter_Catechism" title="Westminster Shorter Catechism">Westminster Shorter Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Larger_Catechism" title="Westminster Larger Catechism">Westminster Larger Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confession_of_1967" title="Confession of 1967">Confession of 1967</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Confessions" title="Book of Confessions">Book of Confessions</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anglican</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thirty-nine_Articles" title="Thirty-nine Articles">Thirty-nine Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambeth_Articles" title="Lambeth Articles">Lambeth Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Articles_of_Religion" title="Irish Articles of Religion">Irish Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago%E2%80%93Lambeth_Quadrilateral" title="Chicago–Lambeth Quadrilateral">Chicago–Lambeth Quadrilateral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baptist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confession_of_Faith_(1644)" title="Confession of Faith (1644)">1644 Baptist Confession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keach%27s_Catechism" title="Keach's Catechism">Keach's Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confession_of_Faith_(1689)" title="Confession of Faith (1689)">1689 Baptist Confession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Confession_of_Faith" title="New Hampshire Confession of Faith">New Hampshire Confession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Affirmation_of_Faith_1966" title="Baptist Affirmation of Faith 1966">Baptist Affirmation of Faith 1966</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Congregationalist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Platform" title="Cambridge Platform">Cambridge Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoy_Declaration" title="Savoy Declaration">Savoy Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saybrook_Platform" title="Saybrook Platform">Saybrook Platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_City_Statement_of_Faith" title="Kansas City Statement of Faith">Kansas City Statement of Faith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Subordinate_standard" title="Subordinate standard">Subordinate standard</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Westminster_Assembly" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Westminster_Assembly" title="Template:Westminster Assembly"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Westminster_Assembly" title="Template talk:Westminster Assembly"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Westminster_Assembly" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Westminster Assembly"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Westminster_Assembly" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Assembly" title="Westminster Assembly">Westminster Assembly</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Standards" title="Westminster Standards">Documents</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Westminster Confession of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Larger_Catechism" title="Westminster Larger Catechism">Westminster Larger Catechism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Shorter_Catechism" title="Westminster Shorter Catechism">Westminster Shorter Catechism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Directory_for_Public_Worship" title="Directory for Public Worship">Directory for Public Worship</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Form_of_Presbyterial_Church_Government" title="The Form of Presbyterial Church Government">Form of Presbyterial Church Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_Westminster_Assembly" title="List of members of the Westminster Assembly">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Arrowsmith_(scholar)" title="John Arrowsmith (scholar)">John Arrowsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Ashe" title="Simeon Ashe">Simeon Ashe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Baillie" title="Robert Baillie">Robert Baillie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Baylie" title="Thomas Baylie">Thomas Baylie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Blair_(moderator)" title="Robert Blair (moderator)">Robert Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bolton" title="Samuel Bolton">Samuel Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bond_(jurist)" title="John Bond (jurist)">John Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bridge" title="William Bridge">William Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Brownrigg" title="Ralph Brownrigg">Ralph Brownrigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Burges" title="Anthony Burges">Anthony Burges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Burges" title="Cornelius Burges">Cornelius Burges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Burroughs" title="Jeremiah Burroughs">Jeremiah Burroughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoniram_Byfield" title="Adoniram Byfield">Adoniram Byfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Byfield" title="Richard Byfield">Richard Byfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Calamy_the_Elder" title="Edmund Calamy the Elder">Edmund Calamy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell,_1st_Marquess_of_Argyll" title="Archibald Campbell, 1st Marquess of Argyll">Archibald Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_1st_Earl_of_Loudoun" title="John Campbell, 1st Earl of Loudoun">John Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Capel" title="Richard Capel">Richard Capel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Caryl" title="Joseph Caryl">Joseph Caryl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Case" title="Thomas Case">Thomas Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cawdry" title="Daniel Cawdry">Daniel Cawdry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Cecil,_2nd_Earl_of_Salisbury" title="William Cecil, 2nd Earl of Salisbury">William Cecil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Cheynell" title="Francis Cheynell">Francis Cheynell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clotworthy,_1st_Viscount_Massereene" title="John Clotworthy, 1st Viscount Massereene">John Clotworthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coleman" title="Thomas Coleman">Thomas Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Conant" title="John Conant">John Conant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Conway,_2nd_Viscount_Conway" title="Edward Conway, 2nd Viscount Conway">Edward Conway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cook_(regicide)" title="John Cook (regicide)">John Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Corbet" title="Edward Corbet">Edward Corbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Crosse_(theologian)" title="Robert Crosse (theologian)">Robert Crosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Devereux,_3rd_Earl_of_Essex" title="Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex">Robert Devereux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Douglas_(minister)" title="Robert Douglas (minister)">Robert Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calybute_Downing" title="Calybute Downing">Calybute Downing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dury" title="John Dury">John Dury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Earle_(bishop)" title="John Earle (bishop)">John Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Elphinstone,_2nd_Lord_Balmerino" title="John Elphinstone, 2nd Lord Balmerino">John Elphinstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Featley" title="Daniel Featley">Daniel Featley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_Feilding,_2nd_Earl_of_Denbigh" title="Basil Feilding, 2nd Earl of Denbigh">Basil Feilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Fiennes" title="Nathaniel Fiennes">Nathaniel Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Fiennes,_1st_Viscount_Saye_and_Sele" title="William Fiennes, 1st Viscount Saye and Sele">William Fiennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ford_(minister)" title="Thomas Ford (minister)">Thomas Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gataker" title="Thomas Gataker">Thomas Gataker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gillespie" title="George Gillespie">George Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Glynne_(judge)" title="John Glynne (judge)">John Glynne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Goodwin" title="Thomas Goodwin">Thomas Goodwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gouge" title="William Gouge">William Gouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Greenhill" title="William Greenhill">William Greenhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Grey,_1st_Baron_Grey_of_Werke" title="William Grey, 1st Baron Grey of Werke">William Grey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hacket" title="John Hacket">John Hacket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Hale_(jurist)" title="Matthew Hale (jurist)">Matthew Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hammond" title="Henry Hammond">Henry Hammond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Harley_(1579%E2%80%931656)" title="Robert Harley (1579–1656)">Robert Harley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Harris_(Warden)" title="John Harris (Warden)">John Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Harris_(minister)" title="Robert Harris (minister)">Robert Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Haselrig" title="Arthur Haselrig">Arthur Haselrig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Henderson_(theologian)" title="Alexander Henderson (theologian)">Alexander Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Herbert,_4th_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Philip Herbert, 4th Earl of Pembroke">Philip Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Herle" title="Charles Herle">Charles Herle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hill_(Cambridge)" title="Thomas Hill (Cambridge)">Thomas Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Holdsworth" title="Richard Holdsworth">Richard Holdsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Howard,_1st_Baron_Howard_of_Escrick" title="Edward Howard, 1st Baron Howard of Escrick">Edward Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Hoyle" title="Joshua Hoyle">Joshua Hoyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Johnston" title="Archibald Johnston">Archibald Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ley" title="John Ley">John Ley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lightfoot" title="John Lightfoot">John Lightfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Love" title="Richard Love">Richard Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyford" title="William Lyford">William Lyford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maitland,_1st_Duke_of_Lauderdale" title="John Maitland, 1st Duke of Lauderdale">John Maitland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Marshall_(minister)" title="Stephen Marshall (minister)">Stephen Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_(1604%E2%80%931690)" title="John Maynard (1604–1690)">John Maynard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mew" title="William Mew">William Mew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Montagu,_2nd_Earl_of_Manchester" title="Edward Montagu, 2nd Earl of Manchester">Edward Montagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Morley_(bishop)" title="George Morley (bishop)">George Morley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Newcomen" title="Matthew Newcomen">Matthew Newcomen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Nicholson_(English_bishop)" title="William Nicholson (English bishop)">William Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Nye" title="Philip Nye">Philip Nye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Palmer_(Puritan)" title="Herbert Palmer (Puritan)">Herbert Palmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Percy,_10th_Earl_of_Northumberland" title="Algernon Percy, 10th Earl of Northumberland">Algernon Percy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Perne_(Puritan)" title="Andrew Perne (Puritan)">Andrew Perne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pierrepont_(politician)" title="William Pierrepont (politician)">William Pierrepont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pym" title="John Pym">John Pym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Reynolds" title="Edward Reynolds">Edward Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Reynolds_(MP)" title="Robert Reynolds (MP)">Robert Reynolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Rich,_1st_Earl_of_Holland" title="Henry Rich, 1st Earl of Holland">Henry Rich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Rous" title="Francis Rous">Francis Rous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rudyerd" title="Benjamin Rudyerd">Benjamin Rudyerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rutherford" title="Samuel Rutherford">Samuel Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Sanderson_(theologian)" title="Robert Sanderson (theologian)">Robert Sanderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Scudder_(priest)" title="Henry Scudder (priest)">Henry Scudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Seaman" title="Lazarus Seaman">Lazarus Seaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah_Sedgwick" title="Obadiah Sedgwick">Obadiah Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Selden" title="John Selden">John Selden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josias_Shute" title="Josias Shute">Josias Shute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidrach_Simpson" title="Sidrach Simpson">Sidrach Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Spurstowe" title="William Spurstowe">William Spurstowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Staunton" title="Edmund Staunton">Edmund Staunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sterry" title="Peter Sterry">Peter Sterry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_St_John,_1st_Earl_of_Bolingbroke" title="Oliver St John, 1st Earl of Bolingbroke">Oliver St John (1580–1646)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_St_John" title="Oliver St John">Oliver St John (1598–1673)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Strode" title="William Strode">William Strode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Strong_(priest,_died_1654)" title="William Strong (priest, died 1654)">William Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zouch_Tate" title="Zouch Tate">Zouch Tate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Tozer_(priest)" title="Henry Tozer (priest)">Henry Tozer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Tuckney" title="Anthony Tuckney">Anthony Tuckney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Twisse" title="William Twisse">William Twisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Elder" title="Henry Vane the Elder">Henry Vane the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Vane_the_Younger" title="Henry Vane the Younger">Henry Vane the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Vines_(minister)" title="Richard Vines (minister)">Richard Vines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Walker_(Puritan)" title="George Walker (Puritan)">George Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ward_(scholar)" title="Samuel Ward (scholar)">Samuel Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Westfield" title="Thomas Westfield">Thomas Westfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Wharton,_4th_Baron_Wharton" title="Philip Wharton, 4th Baron Wharton">Philip Wharton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Whitaker" title="Jeremiah Whitaker">Jeremiah Whitaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_White_(colonist_priest)" title="John White (colonist priest)">John White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulstrode_Whitelocke" title="Bulstrode Whitelocke">Bulstrode Whitelocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilde_(jurist)" title="John Wilde (jurist)">John Wilde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilkinson_(1610%E2%80%931675)" title="Henry Wilkinson (1610–1675)">Henry Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Yonge_(died_1649)" title="Walter Yonge (died 1649)">Walter Yonge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(theologian)" title="Thomas Young (theologian)">Thomas Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Chamber" title="Jerusalem Chamber">Jerusalem Chamber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_Scotland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_in_Scotland" title="Template:Religion in Scotland"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_in_Scotland" title="Template talk:Religion in Scotland"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_in_Scotland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion in Scotland"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_Scotland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland"><span style="color:black;">Religion in Scotland</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Scotland" title="History of Christianity in Scotland">Overview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Medieval_Scotland" title="Christianity in Medieval Scotland">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation" title="Scottish Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_religion_in_the_seventeenth_century" title="Scottish religion in the seventeenth century">17th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_religion_in_the_eighteenth_century" title="Scottish religion in the eighteenth century">18th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_religion_in_the_nineteenth_century" title="Scottish religion in the nineteenth century">19th century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Contemporary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Scotland" title="Christianisation of Scotland">Christianisation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cum_universi" title="Cum universi">Cum universi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reformation_Parliament" title="Scottish Reformation Parliament">Reformation Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Articles_of_Perth" title="Five Articles of Perth">Five Articles of Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Covenant" title="National Covenant">National Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solemn_League_and_Covenant" title="Solemn League and Covenant">Solemn League and Covenant</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Westminster Confession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Killing_Time" title="The Killing Time">The Killing Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution_in_Scotland#Religious_settlement" title="Glorious Revolution in Scotland">Glorious Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marrow_Controversy" title="Marrow Controversy">Marrow Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Patronage_(Scotland)_Act_1711" title="Church Patronage (Scotland) Act 1711">Patronage Act 1711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Secession" title="First Secession">First Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_Church" title="Relief Church">Second Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disruption_of_1843" title="Disruption of 1843">Great Disruption of 1843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Scotland_Movement" title="Tell Scotland Movement">Tell Scotland Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_revival_in_Scotland" title="Evangelical revival in Scotland">Evangelical revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Scotland" title="Freedom of religion in Scotland">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Protestant_missions" title="Scottish Protestant missions">Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_music_in_Scotland" title="Church music in Scotland">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_popular_religion_in_Scotland" title="History of popular religion in Scotland">Popular religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_saints_of_Scotland" title="List of saints of Scotland">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism_in_Glasgow" title="Sectarianism in Glasgow">Sectarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extant <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Scotland">Christian</a> <br />denominations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Presbyterian_Churches" title="Associated Presbyterian Churches">Associated Presbyterian Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Scotland" title="Baptist Union of Scotland">Baptist Union of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_Federation" title="Congregational Federation">Congregational Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodoxy in the United Kingdom">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Fellowship_of_Independent_Evangelical_Churches" title="Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches">Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(since_1900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (since 1900)">Free Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(Continuing)" title="Free Church of Scotland (Continuing)">Free Church of Scotland (Continuing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Presbyterian_Church_of_Scotland" title="Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland">Free Presbyterian Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Presbyterian_Church#Scotland" title="International Presbyterian Church">International Presbyterian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Scotland" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Scotland">Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodist_Church_of_Great_Britain" title="Methodist Church of Great Britain">Methodist Church of Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy in the United Kingdom">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Presbyterian_Church_of_Scotland" title="Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scotland">Reformed Presbyterian Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Scotland" title="Catholic Church in Scotland">Roman Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">Salvation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Episcopal_Church" title="Scottish Episcopal Church">Scottish Episcopal Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Free_Church_of_Scotland" title="United Free Church of Scotland">United Free Church of Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Reformed_Church" title="United Reformed Church">United Reformed Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Scotland" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Scotland">Christian</a> <br />denominations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_and_New_Lights" title="Old and New Lights">Old and New Lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Burgher" title="Anti-Burgher">Anti-Burgher movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Presbytery" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate Presbytery">Associate Presbytery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barclay_(Berean)" title="John Barclay (Berean)">Bereans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buchanites" title="Buchanites">Buchanites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Catholic Apostolic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Union_(Scotland)" title="Evangelical Union (Scotland)">Evangelical Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Church_of_Scotland_(1843%E2%80%931900)" title="Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)">Free Church of Scotland (1843–1900)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasite" title="Glasite">Glasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_Secession_Church" title="Original Secession Church">Original Secession Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_Church" title="Relief Church">Relief Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Presbyterian_Church_(Scotland)" title="United Presbyterian Church (Scotland)">United Presbyterian Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Secession_Church" title="United Secession Church">United Secession Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian <br />ecumenism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_Churches_Together_in_Scotland" title="Action of Churches Together in Scotland">Action of Churches Together in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iona_Community" title="Iona Community">Iona Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Bible_Society" title="Scottish Bible Society">Scottish Bible Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Churches_Parliamentary_Office" title="Scottish Churches Parliamentary Office">Scottish Churches Parliamentary Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-Christian faiths</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Scotland" title="Baháʼí Faith in Scotland">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Scotland" title="Buddhism in Scotland">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Scotland" title="Hinduism in Scotland">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Scotland" title="Islam in Scotland">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland" title="History of the Jews in Scotland">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Council_of_Jewish_Communities" title="Scottish Council of Jewish Communities">council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Pagan_Federation" title="Scottish Pagan Federation">Paganism (modern)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Scotland" title="Sikhism in Scotland">Sikhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/32px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/48px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/64px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Scotland" title="Portal:Scotland">Scotland portal</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815013#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815013#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815013#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/197189693">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4189748-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84227487">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb161698374">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb161698374">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987009950609505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/029611369">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&oldid=1250936204">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&oldid=1250936204</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1646_works" title="Category:1646 works">1646 works</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:17th-century_Christian_texts" title="Category:17th-century Christian texts">17th-century Christian texts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Church_of_Scotland" title="Category:Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Congregationalism" title="Category:Congregationalism">Congregationalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_Reformation" title="Category:English Reformation">English Reformation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Orthodox_Presbyterian_Church" title="Category:Orthodox Presbyterian Church">Orthodox Presbyterian Church</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presbyterianism" title="Category:Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Westminster_Assembly" title="Category:Westminster Assembly">Westminster Assembly</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Westminster_Standards" title="Category:Westminster Standards">Westminster Standards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:17th-century_Reformed_Christianity" title="Category:17th-century Reformed Christianity">17th-century Reformed Christianity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_statements_of_faith" title="Category:Christian statements of faith">Christian statements of faith</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2022">Use dmy dates from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_April_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LibriVox_links" title="Category:Articles with LibriVox links">Articles with LibriVox links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 October 2024, at 12:31<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Westminster_Confession_of_Faith&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-74cc59cb9d-lchsc","wgBackendResponseTime":175,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.683","walltime":"0.982","ppvisitednodes":{"value":3716,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":130610,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3107,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":119799,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 784.215 1 -total"," 19.54% 153.273 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.90% 101.181 1 Template:Calvinism"," 12.80% 100.345 10 Template:Cite_web"," 12.50% 98.009 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 8.46% 66.341 4 Template:Navbox"," 8.36% 65.531 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.29% 64.996 1 Template:Crossreference"," 8.02% 62.865 1 Template:Authority_control"," 7.75% 60.788 1 Template:Hatnote_inline"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.379","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8359211,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFCarruthers1946\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChurch_of_Scotland\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuncan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarlberg2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeith1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLetham2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGinn2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrthodox_Presbyterian_Church\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPresbyterian_Church_of_Australia\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestminster_Assembly1647\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Calvinism\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 10,\n [\"Crossreference\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Westminster Confession Of Faith\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 33,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox book\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Reformed confessions\"] = 1,\n [\"Scottish religion\"] = 1,\n [\"See\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 9,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Westminster Assembly\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-lnwv6","timestamp":"20241125134405","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Westminster Confession of Faith","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q815013","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q815013","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-07-14T03:02:10Z","dateModified":"2024-10-13T12:31:44Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/00\/Westminster_Confession_of_Faith_title_page.jpg","headline":"Presbyterian creedal statement"}</script> </body> </html>