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class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Analysis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plate_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plate_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Plate production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plate_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul 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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thin-layer chromatography</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%82%D8%A9" title="استشراب طبقة رقيقة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استشراب طبقة رقيقة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankoslojna_hromatografija" title="Tankoslojna hromatografija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tankoslojna hromatografija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromatografia_de_capa_fina" title="Cromatografia de capa fina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Cromatografia de capa fina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatografie_na_tenk%C3%A9_vrstv%C4%9B" title="Chromatografie na tenké vrstvě – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chromatografie na tenké vrstvě" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCnnschichtchromatographie" title="Dünnschichtchromatographie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dünnschichtchromatographie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95hukese_kihi_kromatograafia" title="Õhukese kihi kromatograafia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Õhukese kihi kromatograafia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%80%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B2%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Χρωματογραφία λεπτής στιβάδας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χρωματογραφία λεπτής στιβάδας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromatograf%C3%ADa_en_capa_fina" title="Cromatografía en capa fina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cromatografía en capa fina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C_%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%DA%A9" title="کروماتوگرافی لایه‌نازک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کروماتوگرافی لایه‌نازک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatographie_sur_couche_mince" title="Chromatographie sur couche mince – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chromatographie sur couche mince" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromatograf%C3%ADa_en_capa_fina" title="Cromatografía en capa fina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cromatografía en capa fina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%95%EC%B8%B5_%ED%81%AC%EB%A1%9C%EB%A7%88%ED%86%A0%EA%B7%B8%EB%9E%98%ED%94%BC" title="박층 크로마토그래피 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="박층 크로마토그래피" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80" title="पतली परत क्रोमैटोग्राफी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पतली परत क्रोमैटोग्राफी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankoslojna_kromatografija" title="Tankoslojna kromatografija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tankoslojna kromatografija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kromatografi_lapisan_tipis" title="Kromatografi lapisan tipis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kromatografi lapisan tipis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromatografia_su_strato_sottile" title="Cromatografia su strato sottile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cromatografia su strato sottile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Тенкослојна хроматографија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тенкослојна хроматографија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunnelaagchromatografie" title="Dunnelaagchromatografie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dunnelaagchromatografie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%84%E5%B1%A4%E3%82%AF%E3%83%AD%E3%83%9E%E3%83%88%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC" title="薄層クロマトグラフィー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="薄層クロマトグラフィー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynnsjiktkromatografi" title="Tynnsjiktkromatografi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tynnsjiktkromatografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tynnsjiktkromatografi" title="Tynnsjiktkromatografi – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tynnsjiktkromatografi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/TLC_(chemia)" title="TLC (chemia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="TLC (chemia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromatografia_em_camada_delgada" title="Cromatografia em camada delgada – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cromatografia em camada delgada" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cromatografie_pe_strat_sub%C8%9Bire" title="Cromatografie pe strat subțire – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cromatografie pe strat subțire" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Тонкослойная хроматография – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тонкослойная хроматография" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thin_layer_chromatography" title="Thin layer chromatography – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thin layer chromatography" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatografia_na_tenkej_vrstve" title="Chromatografia na tenkej vrstve – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chromatografia na tenkej vrstve" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tankoplastna_kromatografija" title="Tankoplastna kromatografija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tankoplastna kromatografija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Танкослојна хроматографија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Танкослојна хроматографија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohutkerroskromatografia" title="Ohutkerroskromatografia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ohutkerroskromatografia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunnskiktskromatografi" title="Tunnskiktskromatografi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tunnskiktskromatografi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Тонкошарова хроматографія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тонкошарова хроматографія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BA%AFc_k%C3%BD_l%E1%BB%9Bp_m%E1%BB%8Fng" title="Sắc ký lớp 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searchaux" style="display:none">Technique used to separate non-volatile mixtures</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Thin-layer chromatography</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:TLC_black_ink_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/TLC_black_ink_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-TLC_black_ink_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/TLC_black_ink_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-TLC_black_ink_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/TLC_black_ink_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-TLC_black_ink_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1909" data-file-height="1063" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Separation of black ink on a TLC plate</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Acronym</th><td class="infobox-data">TLC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Classification</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">Chromatography</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other techniques</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Related</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HPTLC" class="mw-redirect" title="HPTLC">HPTLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_chromatography" title="Paper chromatography">Paper chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agarose_gel_electrophoresis" title="Agarose gel electrophoresis">Agarose gel electrophoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDS-PAGE" title="SDS-PAGE">SDS-PAGE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Thin-layer chromatography</b> (<b>TLC</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">chromatography</a> technique that separates components in non-volatile mixtures.<sup id="cite_ref-HarwoodMoodyEOCPAP2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarwoodMoodyEOCPAP2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is performed on a TLC plate made up of a non-reactive solid coated with a thin layer of <a href="/wiki/Adsorbent" class="mw-redirect" title="Adsorbent">adsorbent</a> material.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang-2022_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is called the stationary phase.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang-2022_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang-2022-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sample is deposited on the plate, which is eluted with a <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a> or solvent mixture known as the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile phase">mobile phase</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Elution" title="Elution">eluent</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Silver-2020_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silver-2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This solvent then moves up the plate via <a href="/wiki/Capillary_action" title="Capillary action">capillary action</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stahl-1969-2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahl-1969-2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As with all <a href="/wiki/Chromatography" title="Chromatography">chromatography</a>, some compounds are more attracted to the mobile phase, while others are more attracted to the stationary phase.<sup id="cite_ref-Santiago-2013-2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santiago-2013-2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, different compounds move up the TLC plate at different speeds and become separated.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To visualize colourless compounds, the plate is viewed under UV light or is stained.<sup id="cite_ref-Jork-1990_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jork-1990-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Testing different stationary and mobile phases is often necessary to obtain well-defined and separated spots.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>TLC is quick, simple, and gives high sensitivity for a relatively low cost.<sup id="cite_ref-Santiago-2013-2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santiago-2013-2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can monitor reaction progress, identify compounds in a mixture, determine purity, or purify small amounts of compound.<sup id="cite_ref-Santiago-2013-2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santiago-2013-2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedure">Procedure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thin-layer_chromatography&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The process for TLC is similar to <a href="/wiki/Paper_chromatography" title="Paper chromatography">paper chromatography</a> but provides faster runs, better separations, and the choice between different stationary phases.<sup id="cite_ref-Santiago-2013-2_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santiago-2013-2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plates can be labelled before or after the chromatography process with a pencil or other implement that will not interfere with the process.<sup id="cite_ref-Thin_Layer_Chromatography_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thin_Layer_Chromatography-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are four main stages to running a thin-layer chromatography plate:<sup id="cite_ref-Silver-2020_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Silver-2020-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thin_Layer_Chromatography_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thin_Layer_Chromatography-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Plate preparation:</b> Using a capillary tube, a small amount of a concentrated solution of the sample is deposited near the bottom edge of a TLC plate. The <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a> is allowed to completely evaporate before the next step. A <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_chamber" title="Vacuum chamber">vacuum chamber</a> may be necessary for non-volatile solvents. To make sure there is sufficient compound to obtain a visible result, the spotting procedure can be repeated. Depending on the application, multiple different samples may be placed in a row the same distance from the bottom edge; each sample will move up the plate in its own "lane." </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amino_acids_TLC_with_English_translation.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Amino_acids_TLC_with_English_translation.png/383px-Amino_acids_TLC_with_English_translation.png" decoding="async" width="383" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Amino_acids_TLC_with_English_translation.png/575px-Amino_acids_TLC_with_English_translation.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Amino_acids_TLC_with_English_translation.png/766px-Amino_acids_TLC_with_English_translation.png 2x" data-file-width="3068" data-file-height="2071" /></a><figcaption>TLC of three amino acids and a sample (left) with an English translation (right)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Development chamber preparation:</b> The development solvent or solvent mixture is placed into a transparent container (separation/development chamber) to a depth of less than 1 centimetre. A strip of filter paper (aka "wick") is also placed along the container wall. This filter paper should touch the solvent and almost reach the top of the container. The container is covered with a lid and the solvent vapors are allowed to saturate the atmosphere of the container. Failure to do so results in poor separation and non-reproducible results. </p><p><b>Development:</b> The TLC plate is placed in the container such that the sample spot(s) are not submerged into the mobile phase. The container is covered to prevent solvent evaporation. The <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvent</a> migrates up the plate by <a href="/wiki/Capillary_action" title="Capillary action">capillary action</a>, meets the sample mixture, and carries it up the plate (elutes the sample). The plate is removed from the container before the solvent reaches the top of the plate; otherwise, the results will be misleading. The <i>solvent front</i>, the highest mark the solvent has travelled along the plate, is marked. </p><p><b>Visualization:</b> The solvent evaporates from the plate. Visualization methods include UV light, staining, and many more. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Separation_process_and_principle">Separation process and principle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thin-layer_chromatography&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Separation process and principle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The separation of compounds is due to the differences in their attraction to the stationary phase and because of differences in solubility in the solvent.<sup id="cite_ref-hptlc_med2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hptlc_med2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the compounds and the mobile phase compete for binding sites on the stationary phase.<sup id="cite_ref-hptlc_med2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hptlc_med2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a> in the sample mixture travel at different rates due to the differences in their <a href="/wiki/Partition_coefficient" title="Partition coefficient">partition coefficients</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mehta2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mehta2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different solvents, or different solvent mixtures, gives different separation.<sup id="cite_ref-Santiago-2013-2_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santiago-2013-2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Retardation_factor" title="Retardation factor">retardation factor</a> (<i>R</i><sub>f</sub>), or <i>retention factor</i>, quantifies the results. It is the distance traveled by a given substance divided by the distance traveled by the mobile phase.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tlc_sequence.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Tlc_sequence.svg/940px-Tlc_sequence.svg.png" decoding="async" width="940" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Tlc_sequence.svg/1410px-Tlc_sequence.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Tlc_sequence.svg/1880px-Tlc_sequence.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="128" /></a><figcaption>Development of a TLC plate. Spots that appear purple separate into red spots and blue spots.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Normal_phase_chromatography" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal phase chromatography">normal-phase</a> TLC, the stationary phase is <a href="/wiki/Chemical_polarity" title="Chemical polarity">polar</a>. Silica gel is very common in normal-phase TLC. More polar compounds in a sample mixture interact more strongly with the polar stationary phase.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As a result, more-polar compounds move less (resulting in smaller <i>R</i><sub>f</sub>) while less-polar compounds move higher up the plate (higher <i>R</i><sub>f</sub>).<sup id="cite_ref-mehta2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mehta2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A more-polar mobile phase also binds more strongly to the plate, competing more with the compound for binding sites; a more-polar mobile phase also dissolves polar compounds more.<sup id="cite_ref-mehta2_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mehta2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, all compounds on the TLC plate move higher up the plate in polar solvent mixtures.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> "Strong" solvents move compounds higher up the plate, whereas "weak" solvents move them less.<sup id="cite_ref-Dolan-2006_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dolan-2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the stationary phase is non-polar, like <a href="/wiki/Reversed-phase_chromatography" title="Reversed-phase chromatography">C18</a>-functionalized silica plates, it is called <a href="/wiki/Reversed-phase_chromatography" title="Reversed-phase chromatography">reverse-phase</a> TLC. In this case, non-polar compounds move less and polar compounds move more.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The solvent mixture will also be much more polar than in normal-phase TLC.<sup id="cite_ref-Dolan-2006_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dolan-2006-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solvent_choice">Solvent choice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thin-layer_chromatography&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Solvent choice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Eluotropic_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Eluotropic series">eluotropic series</a>, which orders solvents by how much they move compounds, can help in selecting a mobile phase.<sup id="cite_ref-Santiago-2013-2_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santiago-2013-2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solvents are also divided into solvent selectivity groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Santiago-2013-2_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santiago-2013-2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Johnson-2011_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using solvents with different elution strengths or different selectivity groups can often give very different results.<sup id="cite_ref-Santiago-2013-2_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Santiago-2013-2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Johnson-2011_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While single-solvent mobile phases can sometimes give good separation, some cases may require solvent mixtures.<sup id="cite_ref-Snyder-2009_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snyder-2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In normal-phase TLC, the most common solvent mixtures include ethyl acetate/hexanes (<a href="/wiki/Ethyl_acetate" title="Ethyl acetate">EtOAc</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hexane" title="Hexane">Hex</a>) for less-polar compounds and methanol/dichloromethane (<a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">MeOH</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dichloromethane" title="Dichloromethane">DCM</a>) for more polar compounds.<sup id="cite_ref-SiliCycle-2023_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiliCycle-2023-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different solvent mixtures and solvent ratios can help give better separation.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickson-2004_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickson-2004-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reverse-phase TLC, solvent mixtures are typically water with a less-polar solvent: Typical choices are water with tetrahydrofuran (<a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrofuran" title="Tetrahydrofuran">THF</a>), acetonitrile (<a href="/wiki/Acetonitrile" title="Acetonitrile">ACN</a>), or methanol.<sup id="cite_ref-SiliCycle-2023_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiliCycle-2023-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thin-layer_chromatography&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Analysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tlc_plate_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tlc_plate_%28cropped%29.jpg/161px-Tlc_plate_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tlc_plate_%28cropped%29.jpg/241px-Tlc_plate_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tlc_plate_%28cropped%29.jpg/322px-Tlc_plate_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="1235" /></a><figcaption>TLC plate visualised with UV-light</figcaption></figure> <p>As the chemicals being separated may be colourless, several methods exist to visualise the spots: </p> <ul><li>Placing the plate under <a href="/wiki/Blacklight" title="Blacklight">blacklight</a> (366 nm light) makes fluorescent compounds glow<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>TLC plates containing a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent">fluorescent</a> compound (usually <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>-activated <a href="/wiki/Willemite" title="Willemite">zinc silicate</a>) in the adsorbent layer allow for visualisation of some compounds under UV-C light (254 nm). The adsorbent layer will fluoresce light-green, while spots containing compounds that absorb UV-C light will not.<sup id="cite_ref-Stahl-1969-2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahl-1969-2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Placing the plate in a container filled with <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> vapours temporarily stains the spots.<sup id="cite_ref-Stahl-1969-2_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahl-1969-2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They typically become a yellow or brown colour.</li> <li>The TLC plate can either be dipped in or sprayed with a stain and sometimes heated depending on the stain used. Many stains exist for a large range of chemical moieties but some examples include:<sup id="cite_ref-Jork-1990_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jork-1990-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_permanganate" title="Potassium permanganate">Potassium permanganate</a> (no heating, for oxidisable groups)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninhydrin" title="Ninhydrin">Ninhydrin</a> (heating, amines and amino-acids)</li> <li>Acidic <a href="/wiki/Vanillin" title="Vanillin">vanillin</a> (heating, general reagent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphomolybdic_acid" title="Phosphomolybdic acid">Phosphomolybdic acid</a> (no heating, general reagent)</li></ul></li> <li>In the case of lipids, the chromatogram may be transferred to a <a href="/wiki/Polyvinylidene_fluoride" title="Polyvinylidene fluoride">polyvinylidene fluoride</a> membrane and then subjected to further analysis, for example, <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a>. This technique is known as <a href="/wiki/Far-eastern_blot" title="Far-eastern blot">far-eastern blot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stahl-1969-2_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahl-1969-2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plate_production">Plate production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thin-layer_chromatography&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Plate production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TLC plates are usually commercially available, with standard particle size ranges to improve <a href="/wiki/Reproducibility" title="Reproducibility">reproducibility</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stahl-1969-2_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahl-1969-2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are prepared by mixing the adsorbent, such as <a href="/wiki/Silica_gel" title="Silica gel">silica gel</a>, with a small amount of <a href="/wiki/Chemically_inert" title="Chemically inert">inert</a> binder like <a href="/wiki/Calcium_sulfate" title="Calcium sulfate">calcium sulfate</a> (gypsum) and water.<sup id="cite_ref-YBerktas-2010_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YBerktas-2010-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mixture is spread as a thick slurry on an unreactive carrier sheet, usually <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, thick aluminum foil, or plastic. The resultant plate is dried and <i>activated</i> by heating in an oven for thirty minutes at 110 °C.<sup id="cite_ref-YBerktas-2010_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YBerktas-2010-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The thickness of the absorbent layer is typically around 0.1–0.25 mm for analytical purposes and around 0.5–2.0 mm for preparative TLC.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other adsorbent coatings include <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_oxide" title="Aluminium oxide">aluminium oxide</a> (alumina), or <a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">cellulose</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YBerktas-2010_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YBerktas-2010-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thin-layer_chromatography&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reaction_monitoring_and_characterization">Reaction monitoring and characterization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thin-layer_chromatography&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Reaction monitoring and characterization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TLC is a useful tool for reaction monitoring.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickson-2004_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickson-2004-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this, the plate normally contains a spot of starting material, a spot from the reaction mixture, and a co-spot (or cross-spot) containing both.<sup id="cite_ref-Stahl-1969-2_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahl-1969-2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SiliCycle-2023_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiliCycle-2023-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The analysis will show if the starting material disappeared and if any new products appeared.<sup id="cite_ref-SiliCycle-2023_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SiliCycle-2023-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This provides a quick and easy way to estimate how far a reaction has proceeded. In one study, TLC has been applied in the screening of <a href="/wiki/Organic_reaction" title="Organic reaction">organic reactions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The researchers react an <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">alcohol</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Catalysis" title="Catalysis">catalyst</a> directly in the co-spot of a TLC plate before developing it. This provides quick and easy small-scale testing of different <a href="/wiki/Reagent" title="Reagent">reagents</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TLC_Reaction_monitoring_and_column_chromatography.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/TLC_Reaction_monitoring_and_column_chromatography.jpg/332px-TLC_Reaction_monitoring_and_column_chromatography.jpg" decoding="async" width="332" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/TLC_Reaction_monitoring_and_column_chromatography.jpg/498px-TLC_Reaction_monitoring_and_column_chromatography.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/TLC_Reaction_monitoring_and_column_chromatography.jpg/664px-TLC_Reaction_monitoring_and_column_chromatography.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="1770" /></a><figcaption>TLC for reaction monitoring and choosing a purification solvent mixture (left)TLC from the resulting <a href="/wiki/Column_chromatography" title="Column chromatography">flash column chromatography</a> (right)</figcaption></figure> <p>Compound characterization with TLC is also possible<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and is similar to reaction monitoring. However, rather than spotting with starting material and reaction mixture, it is with an unknown and a known compound. They may be the same compound if both spots have the same <i>R</i><sub>f</sub> and look the same under the chosen visualization method.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coelution" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:coelution">co-elution</a> complicates both reaction monitoring and characterization. This is because different compounds will move to the same spot on the plate. In such cases, different solvent mixtures may provide better separation.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purity_and_purification">Purity and purification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thin-layer_chromatography&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Purity and purification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>TLC helps show the purity of a sample.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A pure sample should only contain one spot by TLC. TLC is also useful for small-scale purification.<sup id="cite_ref-Wing-1972_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wing-1972-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the separated compounds will be on different areas of the plate, a scientist can scrape off the stationary phase particles containing the desired compound and dissolve them into an appropriate solvent.<sup id="cite_ref-Wing-1972_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wing-1972-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once all the compound dissolves in the solvent, they filter out the silica particles, then evaporate the solvent to isolate the product. Big preparative TLC plates with thick silica gel coatings can separate more than 100 mg of material.<sup id="cite_ref-Wing-1972_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wing-1972-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For larger-scale purification and isolation, TLC is useful to quickly test solvent mixtures before running <a href="/wiki/Column_chromatography" title="Column chromatography">flash column chromatography</a> on a large batch of impure material.<sup id="cite_ref-Snyder-2009_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snyder-2009-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A compound <a href="/wiki/Elution" title="Elution">elutes</a> from a column when the amount of solvent collected is equal to 1/<i>R</i><sub>f</sub>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Elution" title="Elution">eluent</a> from <a href="/wiki/Column_chromatography" title="Column chromatography">flash column chromatography</a> gets collected across several containers (for example, test tubes) called fractions. TLC helps show which fractions contain impurities and which contain pure compound.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Furthermore, two-dimensional TLC<sup id="cite_ref-Stahl-1969-2_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stahl-1969-2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> can help check if a compound is stable on a particular stationary phase. This test requires two runs on a square-shaped TLC plate. The plate is rotated by 90º before the second run. If the target compound appears on the diagonal of the square, it is stable on the chosen stationary phase. Otherwise, it is decomposing on the plate. If this is the case, an alternative stationary phase may prevent this decomposition.<sup id="cite_ref-Chemistry_Hall-2020_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chemistry_Hall-2020-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> TLC is also an analytical method for the direct separation of <a href="/wiki/Enantiomer" title="Enantiomer">enantiomers</a> and the control of enantiomeric purity, e.g. active pharmaceutical ingredients (<a href="/wiki/Active_Pharmaceutical_Ingredient" class="mw-redirect" title="Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient">APIs</a>) that are chiral.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">Separation of green plant matter in spinach (note that images from steps 1-6 are zoomed into the bottom of the plate)</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Step 1"><img alt="Step 1" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_1.jpg/120px-Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_1.jpg/180px-Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_1.jpg/240px-Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Step 1</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Step 2"><img alt="Step 2" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_2.jpg/75px-Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_2.jpg/112px-Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_2.jpg/150px-Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Step 2</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Step 3"><img alt="Step 3" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_3.jpg/120px-Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_3.jpg/180px-Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_3.jpg/240px-Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Step 3</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Step 4"><img alt="Step 4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_4.jpg/120px-Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_4.jpg/180px-Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_4.jpg/240px-Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Step 4</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Step 5"><img alt="Step 5" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_5.jpg/120px-Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_5.jpg/180px-Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_5.jpg/240px-Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Step 5</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_6.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Step 6"><img alt="Step 6" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_6.jpg/66px-Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_6.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_6.jpg/100px-Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_6.jpg/133px-Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Step 6</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_7.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Step 7"><img alt="Step 7" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_7.jpg/32px-Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_7.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_7.jpg/49px-Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_7.jpg/65px-Chromatography_of_chlorophyll_-_Step_7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="916" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Step 7</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thin-layer_chromatography&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Column_chromatography" title="Column chromatography">Column chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HPTLC" class="mw-redirect" title="HPTLC">HPTLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radial_chromatography" title="Radial chromatography">Radial chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiral_thin-layer_chromatography" title="Chiral thin-layer chromatography">Chiral thin-layer chromatography</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thin-layer_chromatography&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HarwoodMoodyEOCPAP2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HarwoodMoodyEOCPAP2_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Longman Scientific & Technical. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-46236-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-46236-6"><bdi>978-0-582-46236-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vogel%27s+Textbook+of+Practical+Organic+Chemistry&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Longman+Scientific+%26+Technical&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-582-46236-6&rft.au=A.I.+Vogel&rft.au=A.R.+Tatchell&rft.au=B.S.+Furnis&rft.au=A.J.+Hannaford&rft.au=P.W.G.+Smith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FVogels_Textbook_of_Practical_Organic_Chemistry_5ed_1989_Longman_WW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThin-layer+chromatography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jork-1990-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jork-1990_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jork-1990_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jork, H., Funk, W., Fischer, W., Wimmer, H. (1990): Thin-Layer Chromatography: Reagents and Detection Methods, Volume 1a, VCH, Weinheim, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-527-278834" title="Special:BookSources/3-527-278834">3-527-278834</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thin_Layer_Chromatography-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Thin_Layer_Chromatography_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Thin_Layer_Chromatography_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thin Layer Chromatography: How To <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.reachdevices.com/TLC.html">http://www.reachdevices.com/TLC.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hptlc_med2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hptlc_med2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hptlc_med2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReich,_E.Schibli_A.2007" class="citation book cs1">Reich, E.; Schibli A. 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(31 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chromatographyonline.com/view/power-mobile-phase-strength">"The Power of Mobile Phase Strength"</a>. <i>LCGC North America</i>. LCGC North America-06-01-2006. <b>24</b> (6): 570–578<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=LCGC+North+America&rft.atitle=The+Power+of+Mobile+Phase+Strength&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=570-578&rft.date=2006-05-31&rft.aulast=Dolan&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chromatographyonline.com%2Fview%2Fpower-mobile-phase-strength&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThin-layer+chromatography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson-2011-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson-2011_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Johnson-2011_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonVitha2011" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Andrew R.; Vitha, Mark F. (2011-01-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021967310012823">"Chromatographic selectivity triangles"</a>. <i>Journal of Chromatography A</i>. EDITORS' CHOICE V. <b>1218</b> (4): 556–586. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chroma.2010.09.046">10.1016/j.chroma.2010.09.046</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9673">0021-9673</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21067756">21067756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chromatography+A&rft.atitle=Chromatographic+selectivity+triangles&rft.volume=1218&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=556-586&rft.date=2011-01-28&rft.issn=0021-9673&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21067756&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chroma.2010.09.046&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Andrew+R.&rft.au=Vitha%2C+Mark+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0021967310012823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThin-layer+chromatography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snyder-2009-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder-2009_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Snyder-2009_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnyderKirklandDolan2009" class="citation book cs1">Snyder, Lloyd R.; Kirkland, Joseph J.; Dolan, John W. (2009-11-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9780470508183"><i>Introduction to Modern Liquid Chromatography</i></a>. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470508183.app1">10.1002/9780470508183.app1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-50818-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-50818-3"><bdi>978-0-470-50818-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Modern+Liquid+Chromatography&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ%2C+USA&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2009-11-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470508183.app1&rft.isbn=978-0-470-50818-3&rft.aulast=Snyder&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+R.&rft.au=Kirkland%2C+Joseph+J.&rft.au=Dolan%2C+John+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1002%2F9780470508183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThin-layer+chromatography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SiliCycle-2023-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SiliCycle-2023_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SiliCycle-2023_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SiliCycle-2023_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SiliCycle-2023_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.silicycle.com/ca/products/thin-layer-chromatography-tlc-plates/siliaplate-tlc-practical-guide">"SiliaPlate - TLC Practical Guide"</a>. <i>SiliCycle</i>. March 28, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SiliCycle&rft.atitle=SiliaPlate+-+TLC+Practical+Guide&rft.date=2023-03-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.silicycle.com%2Fca%2Fproducts%2Fthin-layer-chromatography-tlc-plates%2Fsiliaplate-tlc-practical-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThin-layer+chromatography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dickson-2004-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dickson-2004_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dickson-2004_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDicksonKittredgeSarquis2004" class="citation journal cs1">Dickson, Hamilton; Kittredge, Kevin W.; Sarquis, Arlyne M. (1 July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed081p1023">"Thin-Layer Chromatography: The "Eyes" of the Organic Chemist"</a>. <i>Journal of Chemical Education</i>. <b>81</b> (7): 1023. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JChEd..81.1023D">2004JChEd..81.1023D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fed081p1023">10.1021/ed081p1023</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9584">0021-9584</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chemical+Education&rft.atitle=Thin-Layer+Chromatography%3A+The+%22Eyes%22+of+the+Organic+Chemist&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1023&rft.date=2004-07-01&rft.issn=0021-9584&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fed081p1023&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004JChEd..81.1023D&rft.aulast=Dickson&rft.aufirst=Hamilton&rft.au=Kittredge%2C+Kevin+W.&rft.au=Sarquis%2C+Arlyne+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1021%2Fed081p1023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThin-layer+chromatography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thin Layer Chromatography stains <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.reachdevices.com/TLC_stains.html">http://www.reachdevices.com/TLC_stains.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jork, H., Funk, W., Fischer, W., Wimmer, H. 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Berktas (2010-12-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2FREVAC.2010.29.3-4.129">"How To Choose The Right Plate For Thin-Layer Chromatography?"</a>. <i>Reviews in Analytical Chemistry</i>. <b>29</b> (3–4): 129–148. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2FREVAC.2010.29.3-4.129">10.1515/REVAC.2010.29.3-4.129</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2191-0189">2191-0189</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:94158318">94158318</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reviews+in+Analytical+Chemistry&rft.atitle=How+To+Choose+The+Right+Plate+For+Thin-Layer+Chromatography%3F&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=129-148&rft.date=2010-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A94158318%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2191-0189&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2FREVAC.2010.29.3-4.129&rft.au=O.+Kaynar&rft.au=Y.+Berktas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%252FREVAC.2010.29.3-4.129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThin-layer+chromatography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.materialharvest.com/welcome/silica_products/tlc_plates.html">Tables</a> showing the thickness value of commercial regular and preparative Thin Layer Chromatography plates</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>TLC plates as a convenient platform for solvent-free reactions</i> Jonathan M. Stoddard, Lien Nguyen, Hector Mata-Chavez and Kelly Nguyen <a href="/wiki/Chem._Commun." class="mw-redirect" title="Chem. Commun.">Chem. Commun.</a>, <b>2007</b>, 1240–1241, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2Fb616311d">10.1039/b616311d</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickler2022" class="citation web cs1">Bickler, Bob (22 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://selekt.biotage.com/blog/why-is-solvent-evaluation-by-tlc-important-for-good-flash-chromatography-results">"Why is Solvent Evaluation by TLC Important for Good Flash Chromatography Results?"</a>. <i>Biotage</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 April</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biotage&rft.atitle=Why+is+Solvent+Evaluation+by+TLC+Important+for+Good+Flash+Chromatography+Results%3F&rft.date=2022-11-22&rft.aulast=Bickler&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fselekt.biotage.com%2Fblog%2Fwhy-is-solvent-evaluation-by-tlc-important-for-good-flash-chromatography-results&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThin-layer+chromatography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wing-1972-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wing-1972_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wing-1972_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wing-1972_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWingBemiller1972" class="citation cs2">Wing, R. E.; Bemiller, J. N. (1972-01-01), Whistler, Roy L.; BeMiller, James N. (eds.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780127462066500151">"[8] - Preparative Thin-Layer Chromatography"</a>, <i>General Carbohydrate Method</i>, Academic Press, pp. 60–64, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-746206-6.50015-1">10.1016/b978-0-12-746206-6.50015-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-746206-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-746206-6"><bdi>978-0-12-746206-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-01</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=General+Carbohydrate+Method&rft.atitle=%5B8%5D+-+Preparative+Thin-Layer+Chromatography&rft.pages=60-64&rft.date=1972-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-746206-6.50015-1&rft.isbn=978-0-12-746206-6&rft.aulast=Wing&rft.aufirst=R.+E.&rft.au=Bemiller%2C+J.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FB9780127462066500151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThin-layer+chromatography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickler2020" class="citation web cs1">Bickler, Bob (13 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://selekt.biotage.com/blog/invest-10-minutes-on-tlc-and-save-a-day-of-grief">"Invest 10 minutes on TLC and save a day of grief"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Invest+10+minutes+on+TLC+and+save+a+day+of+grief&rft.date=2020-11-13&rft.aulast=Bickler&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fselekt.biotage.com%2Fblog%2Finvest-10-minutes-on-tlc-and-save-a-day-of-grief&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThin-layer+chromatography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFairKormos2008" class="citation journal cs1">Fair, Justin D.; Kormos, Chad M. (2008-11-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021967308016683">"Flash column chromatograms estimated from thin-layer chromatography data"</a>. <i>Journal of Chromatography A</i>. <b>1211</b> (1): 49–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chroma.2008.09.085">10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.085</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-9673">0021-9673</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18849041">18849041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chromatography+A&rft.atitle=Flash+column+chromatograms+estimated+from+thin-layer+chromatography+data&rft.volume=1211&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-54&rft.date=2008-11-21&rft.issn=0021-9673&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18849041&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chroma.2008.09.085&rft.aulast=Fair&rft.aufirst=Justin+D.&rft.au=Kormos%2C+Chad+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0021967308016683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThin-layer+chromatography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chemistry_Hall-2020-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chemistry_Hall-2020_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chemistryhall.com/thin-layer-chromatography/">"Thin Layer Chromatography: A Complete Guide to TLC"</a>. <i>Chemistry Hall</i>. 2020-01-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Chemistry+Hall&rft.atitle=Thin+Layer+Chromatography%3A+A+Complete+Guide+to+TLC&rft.date=2020-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchemistryhall.com%2Fthin-layer-chromatography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThin-layer+chromatography" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Bhushan" title="Ravi Bhushan">Bhushan, R.</a>; Tanwar, S. <i><a href="/wiki/J._Chromatogr._A" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Chromatogr. A">J. Chromatogr. A</a></i> <b>2010</b>, <i>1217</i>, 1395–1398. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chroma.2009.12.071">10.1016/j.chroma.2009.12.071</a>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thin-layer_chromatography&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>F. Geiss (1987): Fundamentals of thin layer chromatography planar chromatography, Heidelberg, Hüthig, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7785-0854-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-7785-0854-7">3-7785-0854-7</a></li> <li>Justus G. Kirchner (1978): Thin-layer chromatography, 2nd edition, Wiley</li> <li>Joseph Sherma, Bernard Fried (1991): Handbook of Thin-Layer Chromatography (= <i>Chromatographic Science.</i> Bd. 55). Marcel Dekker, New York NY, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8247-8335-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8247-8335-2">0-8247-8335-2</a>.</li> <li>Elke Hahn-Deinstorp: <i>Applied Thin-Layer Chromatography. Best Practice and Avoidance of Mistakes.</i> Wiley-VCH, Weinheim u. a. 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-527-29839-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-527-29839-8">3-527-29839-8</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_chromatography" title="Column chromatography">Column chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Displacement_chromatography" title="Displacement chromatography">Displacement chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrochromatography" title="Electrochromatography">Electrochromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography" title="Gas chromatography">Gas chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">High-performance liquid chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capillary_electrochromatography" title="Capillary electrochromatography">Capillary electrochromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_chromatography" title="Ion chromatography">Ion chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micellar_electrokinetic_chromatography" title="Micellar electrokinetic chromatography">Micellar electrokinetic chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_liquid_chromatography" title="High-performance liquid chromatography">Normal-phase chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_chromatography" title="Paper chromatography">Paper chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reversed-phase_chromatography" title="Reversed-phase chromatography">Reversed-phase chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Size-exclusion_chromatography" title="Size-exclusion chromatography">Size-exclusion chromatography</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thin-layer chromatography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-dimensional_chromatography" title="Two-dimensional chromatography">Two-dimensional chromatography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hyphenated methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_chromatography%E2%80%93mass_spectrometry" title="Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry">Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_chromatography%E2%80%93mass_spectrometry" title="Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry">Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis%E2%80%93gas_chromatography%E2%80%93mass_spectrometry" title="Pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry">Pyrolysis–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distribution_constant" title="Distribution constant">Distribution constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freundlich_equation" title="Freundlich equation">Freundlich equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovats_retention_index" title="Kovats retention index">Kovats retention index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retardation_factor" title="Retardation factor">Retention factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Deemter_equation" title="Van Deemter equation">Van Deemter equation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prominent publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Biomedical_Chromatography" title="Biomedical Chromatography">Biomedical Chromatography</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Chromatography_A" title="Journal of Chromatography A">Journal of Chromatography A</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Chromatography_B" title="Journal of Chromatography B">Journal of Chromatography B</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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