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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippine_Independent_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippine_Independent_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Philippine Independent Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippine_Independent_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iglesia_ni_Cristo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iglesia_ni_Cristo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Iglesia ni Cristo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iglesia_ni_Cristo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seventh-day_Adventist_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Seventh-day Adventist Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seventh-day_Adventist_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jesus_Miracle_Crusade_International_Ministry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jesus_Miracle_Crusade_International_Ministry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Jesus Miracle Crusade International Ministry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jesus_Miracle_Crusade_International_Ministry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Members_Church_of_God_International" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Members_Church_of_God_International"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Members Church of God International</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Members_Church_of_God_International-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Most_Holy_Church_of_God_in_Christ_Jesus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Most_Holy_Church_of_God_in_Christ_Jesus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Most Holy Church of God in Christ Jesus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Most_Holy_Church_of_God_in_Christ_Jesus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apostolic_Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apostolic_Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Apostolic Catholic Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apostolic_Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthodoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Orthodoxy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestantism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestantism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Protestantism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestantism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Christians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Christians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Other Christians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Christians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Abrahamic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Abrahamic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other Abrahamic religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other Abrahamic religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baháʼí_Faith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Baháʼí Faith</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baháʼí_Faith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dharmic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dharmic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Dharmic religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dharmic_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dharmic religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dharmic_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Indigenous religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Indigenous_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Indigenous religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revitalization_attempts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revitalization_attempts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Revitalization attempts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revitalization_attempts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Irreligion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irreligion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Irreligion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irreligion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perception_of_religion_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perception_of_religion_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Perception of religion during the COVID-19 pandemic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perception_of_religion_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Religion and politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Religion in the Philippines</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86" title="الدين في الفلبين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الدين في الفلبين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinuohan_sa_Pilipinas" title="Tinuohan sa Pilipinas – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tinuohan sa Pilipinas" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%B3n_en_Filipinas" title="Religión en Filipinas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Religión en Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_aux_Philippines" title="Religion aux Philippines – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Religion aux Philippines" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="फिलीपींस में धर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="फिलीपींस में धर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_di_Filipina" title="Agama di Filipina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Agama di Filipina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religioni_nelle_Filippine" title="Religioni nelle Filippine – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Religioni nelle Filippine" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98" title="რელიგია ფილიპინებში – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რელიგია ფილიპინებში" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="ഫിലിപ്പീൻസിലെ മതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഫിലിപ്പീൻസിലെ മതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="फिलिपिन्समधील धर्म – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फिलिपिन्समधील धर्म" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agama_di_Filipina" title="Agama di Filipina – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Agama di Filipina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religia_na_Filipinach" title="Religia na Filipinach – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Religia na Filipinach" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religi%C3%A3o_nas_Filipinas" title="Religião nas Filipinas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Religião nas Filipinas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Религия на Филиппинах – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Религия на Филиппинах" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feja_n%C3%AB_Filipine" title="Feja në Filipine – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Feja në Filipine" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relihiyon_sa_Pilipinas" title="Relihiyon sa Pilipinas – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Relihiyon sa Pilipinas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3182.0515953774px; border-left-color:deeppink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:deeppink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:deeppink"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 243.58297171766px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div 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style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 24.340394514934px; border-left-color:DarkBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkBlue"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <p>Religion in the Philippines (<a href="/wiki/2020_Philippine_census" title="2020 Philippine census">2020 census</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-PSA-PIF2020_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSA-PIF2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DarkBlue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Church in the Philippines">Catholic Church</a> (78.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Green; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Islam</a> (6.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:DodgerBlue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a> (2.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:SkyBlue; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Independent_Church" title="Philippine Independent Church">Aglipay</a> (1.4%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#82eefd; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a> (0.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:Blue; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Philippines" title="Christianity in the Philippines">Other Christians</a> (3.8%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:deeppink; color:black;"> </span> Others / None (5.7%)</div> </div> </div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catholic_devotees_flock_to_the_Manila_Cathedral_on_Maundy_Thursday_(March_29,_2018)_for_the_traditional_Visita_Iglesia,_a_Holy_Week_practice_of_visiting_and_praying_in_at_least_seven_churches_(ASC_1272).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Catholic_devotees_flock_to_the_Manila_Cathedral_on_Maundy_Thursday_%28March_29%2C_2018%29_for_the_traditional_Visita_Iglesia%2C_a_Holy_Week_practice_of_visiting_and_praying_in_at_least_seven_churches_%28ASC_1272%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Catholic_devotees_flock_to_the_Manila_Cathedral_on_Maundy_Thursday_%28March_29%2C_2018%29_for_the_traditional_Visita_Iglesia%2C_a_Holy_Week_practice_of_visiting_and_praying_in_at_least_seven_churches_%28ASC_1272%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Catholic_devotees_flock_to_the_Manila_Cathedral_on_Maundy_Thursday_%28March_29%2C_2018%29_for_the_traditional_Visita_Iglesia%2C_a_Holy_Week_practice_of_visiting_and_praying_in_at_least_seven_churches_%28ASC_1272%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Catholic devotees flock to the <a href="/wiki/Manila_Cathedral" title="Manila Cathedral">Manila Cathedral</a> on Maundy Thursday in 2018 for the traditional <i>Visita Iglesia</i>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard hlist" style="width:21em; border: 4px double #FCD116; background:#FFF;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><b><span style="color:#000000;">Part of a series on the</span></b></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#0038A8; border: 1px double #333;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines"><span style="color:#FFFFFF;">Culture of the Philippines</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/70px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/105px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg/140px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="568" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CE1126; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #333;"> Society</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">sign language</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">indigenous peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_values" title="Filipino values">Value system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_styles_and_honorifics" title="Filipino styles and honorifics">Honorifics</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CE1126; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #333;"> Arts and literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Philippines" title="Architecture of the Philippines">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_comics" title="Philippine comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_Philippines" title="Dance in the Philippines">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines" title="Fashion and clothing in the Philippines">Fashion and clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature" title="Philippine literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Music</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CE1126; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #333;"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines" title="Lists of Cultural Properties of the Philippines">Cultural Properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_folk_literature" title="Philippine folk literature">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_markers_of_the_Philippines" title="Historical markers of the Philippines">Historical markers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Philippines" title="Mass media in the Philippines">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_Philippines" title="List of newspapers in the Philippines">newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Philippines" title="Radio in the Philippines">radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Philippines" title="Television in the Philippines">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_the_Philippines" title="Internet in the Philippines">Internet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" title="Public holidays in the Philippines">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_the_Philippines" title="List of festivals in the Philippines">festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_Philippines" title="Sports in the Philippines">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_in_the_Philippines" title="Traditional games in the Philippines">Traditional games</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#CE1126; color:#FFF; border: 1px double #333;"> <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="National symbols of the Philippines"><span style="color:#FFF;">Symbols</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_eagle" title="Philippine eagle">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_sambac" title="Jasminum sambac">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinctada_maxima" title="Pinctada maxima">Gem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Philippines" title="Great Seal of the Philippines">Great Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maka-Diyos,_Maka-tao,_Makakalikasan_at_Makabansa" title="Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Sport and martial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus_indicus" title="Pterocarpus indicus">Tree</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Template:Culture of the Philippines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Template talk:Culture of the Philippines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of the Philippines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is the predominant <b>religion in the Philippines</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-PSA-PIF2020_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSA-PIF2020-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> being its largest denomination. Sizeable minorities adhering to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Dharmic religions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">indigenous Philippine folk religions (Anito or Anitism)</a> are also present. </p><p>The country is <a href="/wiki/Secular" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular">secular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">its constitution</a> guarantees <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Freedom of religion in the Philippines">freedom of religion</a>. Before the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a>, the various ethnic groups residing in the territory of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> practiced a variety of faiths. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2></div> <p>According to the 2020 census, almost 88% of the population is Christian; about 79% belong to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Church in the Philippines">Catholic Church</a> while about 9% belong to <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_Philippines" title="Protestantism in the Philippines">Protestantism</a> and other denominations such as <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ_of_Latter-Day_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Christ of Latter-Day Saints">Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Independent_Church" title="Philippine Independent Church">Philippine Independent Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Catholic_Church_(Philippines)" title="Apostolic Catholic Church (Philippines)">Apostolic Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ_in_the_Philippines" title="United Church of Christ in the Philippines">United Church of Christ in the Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostals</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Indigenous Philippine folk religions</a> (collectively referred to as Anitism or Bathalism), the traditional religion of Filipinos which predates Philippine Christianity and Islam, is practiced by an estimated 2% of the population,<sup id="cite_ref-cia-rp_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-rp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pew_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made up of many indigenous peoples, tribal groups, and people who have reverted into traditional religions from Catholic/Christian or Islamic religions. These religions are often <a href="/wiki/Syncretic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncretic religion">syncretized</a> with Christianity and Islam. <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Buddhism</a> is practiced by 0.04%<sup id="cite_ref-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Philippine population by the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_in_the_Philippines" title="Japanese in the Philippines">Japanese-Filipino community</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pew_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, together with <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a>, is also dominant in Chinese communities. There are also smaller number of followers of <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_Philippines" title="Hinduism in the Philippines">Hinduism</a> as well.<sup id="cite_ref-cia-rp_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-rp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pew_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pew-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-globalreligiousfutures.org_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalreligiousfutures.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Philippines" title="Irreligion in the Philippines">Irreligion in the Philippines</a> is very low,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with 0.04% of the Philippine population self-reporting in 2020 as having no religion.<sup id="cite_ref-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the 2015 census, <a href="/wiki/Evangelicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelicals">Evangelicals</a> comprised 2% of the population. It is particularly strong among American and Korean communities, Northern Luzon especially in <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">Cordillera Administrative Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soccsksargen" title="Soccsksargen">Southern Mindanao</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many other tribal groups in the Philippines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Protestants both mainline and evangelical have gained significant annual growth rate up to 10% since 1910 to 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>About 6.4% of the population of the Philippines is <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> as of 2020,<sup id="cite_ref-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Islam</a> the second largest religion in the country. The majority of Muslims live in parts of Mindanao, Palawan, and the Sulu Archipelago – an area known as <a href="/wiki/Bangsamoro" title="Bangsamoro">Bangsamoro</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Moro_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moro (Philippines)">Moro</a> region.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some have migrated into urban and rural areas in different parts of the country, and are highly visible in and around <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a> (especially in the 'Muslim Town' district of <a href="/wiki/Quiapo,_Manila" title="Quiapo, Manila">Quiapo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baclaran" title="Baclaran">Baclaran</a> in <a href="/wiki/Para%C3%B1aque" title="Parañaque">Parañaque</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Las_Pi%C3%B1as" title="Las Piñas">Las Piñas</a>, and Maharlika in <a href="/wiki/Pasig" title="Pasig">Pasig</a>), <a href="/wiki/Metro_Cebu" title="Metro Cebu">Metro Cebu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baguio" title="Baguio">Baguio</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Calabarzon" title="Calabarzon">Calabarzon</a> region (notably in urbanized towns and cities in <a href="/wiki/Cavite" title="Cavite">Cavite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laguna_(province)" title="Laguna (province)">Laguna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Batangas" title="Batangas">Batangas</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Most Muslim Filipinos practice <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> school.<sup id="cite_ref-McAmis_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McAmis-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are some <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> Muslims in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-R_Michael_Feener,_Terenjit_Sevea_144_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R_Michael_Feener,_Terenjit_Sevea_144-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freedom_of_religion">Freedom of religion</h2></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Freedom of religion in the Philippines">Freedom of religion in the Philippines</a> is guaranteed by the Constitution under Section 5 of Article III (Bill of Rights), which states that "<i>No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> gave the country a 4 out of 4 score for <a href="/wiki/Religious_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious freedom">religious freedom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Religious_Affiliation_in_the_Philippines_2020.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Religious_Affiliation_in_the_Philippines_2020.png/220px-Religious_Affiliation_in_the_Philippines_2020.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="393" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Religious_Affiliation_in_the_Philippines_2020.png/330px-Religious_Affiliation_in_the_Philippines_2020.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Religious_Affiliation_in_the_Philippines_2020.png/440px-Religious_Affiliation_in_the_Philippines_2020.png 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="4985" /></a><figcaption> <table> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2">Religious majority according to the <a href="/wiki/2020_Philippine_census" title="2020 Philippine census">2020 Census</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Christians: </th> <th>Muslims: </th></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#e7d4e8; color:black;"> </span> above 50%</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#d9f0d3; color:black;"> </span> above 50%</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#c2a5cf; color:black;"> </span> above 70%</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#a6dba0; color:black;"> </span> above 70%</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#9970ab; color:black;"> </span> above 85%</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5aae61; color:black;"> </span> above 85%</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#762a83; color:white;"> </span> above 95%</div> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#1b7837; color:white;"> </span> above 95%</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a> reported in February 2023 that, based on the 2020 census, 78.81% of the total Filipino population were <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Church in the Philippines">Catholics</a>, 10.8%- 11% were <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> and 6.42% were <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Muslims</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1232966811">.mw-parser-output .hover-highlight tr:hover,.mw-parser-output .mw-datatable tr:hover{background-color:var(--background-color-progressive-subtle,#eaf3ff);color:var(--color-base,#333)}.mw-parser-output .mw-datatable{background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);color:var(--color-base,#333)}</style> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Population by religious affiliation (2020) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Affiliation </th> <th scope="col">Number </th> <th scope="col">Percentage </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Church in the Philippines">Roman Catholic</a><sup id="cite_ref-2020CatholicCharismatic_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020CatholicCharismatic-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td>85,645,362 </td> <td><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238854847">.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar{position:relative;border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#fff;width:100px;max-width:100%;height:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar-fill{position:absolute;background-color:#dbdbdb;height:1.5em;width:50%}.mw-parser-output .percentage-bar-text{position:absolute;width:100%;height:1.5em;text-align:center;color:#000}</style><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 100%;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 78%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">78.8%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Islam</a> </th> <td>6,981,710 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 100%;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 6%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">6.4%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a> </th> <td>2,806,524 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 100%;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 2%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">2.6%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Independent_Church" title="Philippine Independent Church">Philippine Independent Church</a> </th> <td>1,458,992 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 100%;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 1%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">1.4%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh-day Adventist">Seventh-day Adventist</a> </th> <td>862,725 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 100%;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.8%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Church">Bible Baptist Church</a> </th> <td>540,364 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 100%;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.5%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ_in_the_Philippines" title="United Church of Christ in the Philippines">United Church of Christ in the Philippines</a> </th> <td>470,792 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 100%;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.4%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> </th> <td>457,245 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 100%;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.4%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Church of Christ </th> <td>429,921 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 100%;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0.4%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Other religious affiliations</i> </th> <td>8,954,291 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 100%;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 8%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">8.2%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>None</i> </th> <td>43,931 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 100%;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><i>Not reported</i> </th> <td>15,186 </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 100%;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 0%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">0%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom" style="font-weight:700; border-top-style:double;"> <th scope="row" style="font-weight:700;">Total </th> <td style="background-color:#eaecf0;">108,667,043 </td> <td style="background-color:#eaecf0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238854847"><div class="percentage-bar" style="width: 100%;"><div class="percentage-bar-fill" style="width: 100%;"></div><div class="percentage-bar-text" style="">100%</div></div> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom" style="font-size:90%;"> <th scope="row" colspan="5" style="text-align:right;">Source: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a><sup id="cite_ref-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity">Christianity</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Philippines" title="Christianity in the Philippines">Christianity in the Philippines</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Christian denominations in the Philippines">List of Christian denominations in the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Voyages_of_Magellan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Voyages_of_Magellan.png/220px-Voyages_of_Magellan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Voyages_of_Magellan.png/330px-Voyages_of_Magellan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Voyages_of_Magellan.png/440px-Voyages_of_Magellan.png 2x" data-file-width="805" data-file-height="398" /></a><figcaption>Map showing Magellan's voyages</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> arrived in the Philippines with the landing of <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a> in 1521. In 1543, Spanish explorer <a href="/wiki/Ruy_L%C3%B3pez_de_Villalobos" title="Ruy López de Villalobos">Ruy López de Villalobos</a> named the archipelago <i>Las Islas Filipinas</i> in honor of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain" title="Philip II of Spain">Philip II of Spain</a>, who was then <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Girona" title="Prince of Girona">Prince of Girona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Asturias" title="Prince of Asturias">of Asturias</a> under his father, <a href="/wiki/Charles_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor">Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor</a> who, as Charles I, was also <a href="/wiki/King_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Spain">King of Spain</a>. Missionary activity during the country's colonial rule <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish colonization of the Philippines">by Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">the United States</a> led the transformation of the Philippines into the first and then, along with <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, one of two predominantly Catholic nations in East Asia, with approximately 88.66% of the population belonging to the Christian faith.<sup id="cite_ref-cia-rp_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-rp-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cia-tt_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia-tt-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Church in the Philippines">Catholic Church in the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cebu_cathedral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Cebu_cathedral.jpg/220px-Cebu_cathedral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Cebu_cathedral.jpg/330px-Cebu_cathedral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Cebu_cathedral.jpg/440px-Cebu_cathedral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>The Catholic <a href="/wiki/Cebu_Metropolitan_Cathedral" title="Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral">Cebu Metropolitan Cathedral</a>, built on the site of the Church of St. Vitales, the first church built in the Philippines</figcaption></figure> <p>Catholicism (Filipino: <i lang="fil">Katolisismo</i>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Catolicismo</i>) is the predominant religion and the largest Christian denomination in the Philippines comprising 78.8% of the population (or 85,645,362 million adherents)<sup id="cite_ref-2020CatholicCharismatic_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2020CatholicCharismatic-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It served as the country's <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> over most of the archipelago during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish colonization of the Philippines">Spanish colonial period</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CMFR-2022_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CMFR-2022-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the Spanish Constitution of 876.<sup id="cite_ref-Aguilar-2015_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aguilar-2015-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Spanish efforts to convert many on the islands were aided by the lack of a significant central authority, and by friars who learnt local languages to preach. Some traditional animistic practices <a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">blended</a> with the new faith.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Catholicism's status as state religion continued under the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Malolos_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Malolos Republic">Malolos Republic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American colonial government</a> established a policy of <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>, eventually ending prospects of establishing a state religion in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-Aguilar-2015_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aguilar-2015-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> has great influence on Philippine society and politics. It was instrumental in rallying public support for the bloodless <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a> of 1986. Then-<a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Manila">Archbishop of Manila</a> and <i>de facto</i> Primate of the Philippines, Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Sin" title="Jaime Sin">Jaime Sin</a> appealed to the public via radio to congregate along <a href="/wiki/Epifanio_de_los_Santos_Avenue" class="mw-redirect" title="Epifanio de los Santos Avenue">Epifanio de los Santos Avenue</a> in support of rebel forces against <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ferdinand_Marcos" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Ferdinand Marcos">the dictatorship</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_E._Marcos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand E. Marcos">Ferdinand E. Marcos</a>. Some seven million people responded to the call between February 22–25, and the non-violent protests successfully forced Marcos and <a href="/wiki/Marcos_family" title="Marcos family">his family</a> out of power and into exile in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several Catholic holidays are culturally important as family occasions, and are observed in the civil calendar. Chief among these are <a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_the_Philippines" title="Christmas in the Philippines">Christmas</a>, which includes celebrations of the civil New Year, and the more solemn <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week_in_the_Philippines" title="Holy Week in the Philippines">Holy Week</a>, which may occur in March or April. Every November, Filipino families celebrate <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/All_Souls%27_Day" title="All Souls' Day">All Souls' Day</a> as a single holiday in honour of the saints and the dead, visiting and cleaning ancestral graves, offering prayers, and feasting.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018, Feast of the Immaculate Conception on December 8 was added as a special non-working holiday.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippine_Independent_Church">Philippine Independent Church</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Magallanes,Cavitejf8193_06.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Magallanes%2CCavitejf8193_06.JPG/250px-Magallanes%2CCavitejf8193_06.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Magallanes%2CCavitejf8193_06.JPG/375px-Magallanes%2CCavitejf8193_06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Magallanes%2CCavitejf8193_06.JPG/500px-Magallanes%2CCavitejf8193_06.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Iglesia Filipina Independiente Parish of <a href="/wiki/Our_Lady_of_Guidance" title="Our Lady of Guidance">Our Lady of Guidance</a> in <a href="/wiki/Magallanes,_Cavite" title="Magallanes, Cavite">Magallanes, Cavite</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3375Baldomero_Aguinaldo_Shrine_Kawit_Churches_Landmarks_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/3375Baldomero_Aguinaldo_Shrine_Kawit_Churches_Landmarks_13.jpg/250px-3375Baldomero_Aguinaldo_Shrine_Kawit_Churches_Landmarks_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/3375Baldomero_Aguinaldo_Shrine_Kawit_Churches_Landmarks_13.jpg/375px-3375Baldomero_Aguinaldo_Shrine_Kawit_Churches_Landmarks_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/3375Baldomero_Aguinaldo_Shrine_Kawit_Churches_Landmarks_13.jpg/500px-3375Baldomero_Aguinaldo_Shrine_Kawit_Churches_Landmarks_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/St._Michael_the_Archangel_Parish_of_Binakayan" title="St. Michael the Archangel Parish of Binakayan">St. Michael the Archangel Parish of Binakayan</a> of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente in <a href="/wiki/Kawit" title="Kawit">Kawit</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Independent_Church" title="Philippine Independent Church">Philippine Independent Church</a></div> <p>The Philippine Independent Church (officially in <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Spanish" title="Philippine Spanish">Philippine</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_Filipina_Independiente" class="mw-redirect" title="Iglesia Filipina Independiente">Iglesia Filipina Independiente</a></i>, IFI; colloquially known as the Aglipayan Church) is an independent Christian denomination in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">church</a> in the Philippines. Its <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">revolutionary nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">schism</a> from the Roman Catholic Church was proclaimed in 1902 by the members of the <a href="/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Obrera_Democr%C3%A1tica_Filipina" title="Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina">Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina</a> due to the mistreatment towards the Filipinos by Spanish priests and partly influenced by the execution of nationalist <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal" title="José Rizal">José Rizal</a> under Spanish colonial rule. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Isabelo_de_los_Reyes" title="Isabelo de los Reyes">Isabelo de los Reyes</a> was one of the initiators of the separation, and suggested that former Roman Catholic priest <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Aglipay" title="Gregorio Aglipay">Gregorio Aglipay</a> be the head of the church. It is also known as the "<a href="/wiki/Aglipayan_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Aglipayan Church">Aglipayan Church</a>" after its first <a href="/wiki/Obispo_Maximo" class="mw-redirect" title="Obispo Maximo">Obispo Maximo</a>, Gregorio Aglipay. </p><p>Commonly shared beliefs in the Aglipayan Church are the rejection of the Apostolic Succession solely to the <a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine Papacy</a>, the acceptance of priestly ordination of women, the free option of clerical celibacy, the <a href="/wiki/Christian_attitudes_towards_Freemasonry#Philippine_Independent_Church" title="Christian attitudes towards Freemasonry">tolerance to join Freemasonry groups</a>, and the advocacy of contraception and same-sex civil rights among its members. Many saints canonised by Rome after the schism are also not officially recognised by the Aglipayan church and its members, but they recognise the popes that have been <a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">universally</a> canonised as saints before the schism. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/2020_Philippine_census" title="2020 Philippine census">2020</a>, the Philippine Independent Church had around 1,458,992 adherents (1.4% of the Philippine population).<sup id="cite_ref-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aglipayans in the Philippines claim to number at least 6 to 8 million members, with most from the northern part of Luzon, especially in the Ilocos Region and in the parts of Visayas like Antique, Iloilo and Guimaras provinces. Congregations are also found throughout the Philippine diaspora in North America, Europe, Middle East and Asia. With the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarian</a> Iglesia ni Cristo, the church is the second-largest single Christian denomination in the country after the Roman Catholic Church (some 80.2% of the population). It has 48 dioceses plus the 2 dioceses outside the Philippines such as the Diocese of Tampa (USA) and the Diocese of Western USA, Western Canada, and the Pacific Islands. It has Fellowship congregations in the United Kingdom, United Arab Emirates, Hong Kong and Singapore. IFI is in full communion with the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Churches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">The Episcopal Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iglesia_ni_Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iglesia_ni_Cristo_Central_Temple_(Commonwealth_Avenue,_Quezon_City)(2018-02-07).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e1/Iglesia_ni_Cristo_Central_Temple_%28Commonwealth_Avenue%2C_Quezon_City%29%282018-02-07%29.jpg/237px-Iglesia_ni_Cristo_Central_Temple_%28Commonwealth_Avenue%2C_Quezon_City%29%282018-02-07%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="237" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e1/Iglesia_ni_Cristo_Central_Temple_%28Commonwealth_Avenue%2C_Quezon_City%29%282018-02-07%29.jpg/356px-Iglesia_ni_Cristo_Central_Temple_%28Commonwealth_Avenue%2C_Quezon_City%29%282018-02-07%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e1/Iglesia_ni_Cristo_Central_Temple_%28Commonwealth_Avenue%2C_Quezon_City%29%282018-02-07%29.jpg/474px-Iglesia_ni_Cristo_Central_Temple_%28Commonwealth_Avenue%2C_Quezon_City%29%282018-02-07%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/INC_Central_Temple" title="INC Central Temple">Iglesia ni Cristo's central temple</a> in Quezon City</figcaption></figure> <p><span title="Filipino-language text"><span lang="fil" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span> (English: <span lang="en">Church of Christ</span>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Iglesia de Cristo</i>) is the largest entirely locally initiated religious organisation in the Philippines comprising roughly 2.6% of religious affiliation in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-brittanica_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittanica-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sanders_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanders-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Felix_Manalo" title="Felix Manalo">Felix Y. Manalo</a> officially registered the church with the Philippine Government on July 27, 1914<sup id="cite_ref-Palafox_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palafox-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and because of this, most publications refer to him as the founder of the church. Felix Manalo claimed that he was restoring the church of Christ that was lost for 2,000 years. He died on April 12, 1963, aged 76. </p><p>The Iglesia ni Cristo is known for its large evangelical missions. The largest of which was the Grand Evangelical Mission (GEM) which also occurred simultaneously on 19 sites across the country. In Manila site alone, more than 600,000 people attended the event.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other programs includes the <span title="Filipino-language text"><i lang="fil">Lingap sa Mamamayan</i></span> (Aid to Humanity),<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Filipino-language text"><i lang="fil">Kabayan Ko Kapatid Ko</i></span> (My Countrymen, My Brethren) and various resettlement projects for affected individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church has been embroiled in corruption scandals, as well as <a href="/wiki/2015_Iglesia_ni_Cristo_leadership_controversy" title="2015 Iglesia ni Cristo leadership controversy">allegations of illegal detentions</a> in 2015, leading to <a href="/wiki/2015_Iglesia_ni_Cristo_protests" title="2015 Iglesia ni Cristo protests">widespread protests</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Issues about the idolization of the group's founder and the church establishment over the Bible have also surfaced, as well as the outcasting of members who question the leaders of the church.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seventh-day_Adventist_Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pasayjf5323_06.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Pasayjf5323_06.JPG/220px-Pasayjf5323_06.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Pasayjf5323_06.JPG/330px-Pasayjf5323_06.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Pasayjf5323_06.JPG/440px-Pasayjf5323_06.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Seventh-day Adventist Church in <a href="/wiki/Pasay" title="Pasay">Pasay</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: <i lang="fil">Iglesia Adventista ng Ikapitong Araw</i>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Iglesia Adventista del Septimo Dia</i>) is the fourth largest Christian denomination and fifth largest religious affiliation in the Philippines, behind <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Independent_Church" title="Philippine Independent Church">Philippine Independent Church</a> or <a href="/wiki/Aglipay_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Aglipay church">Aglipay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The church was established in the Philippines in 1905. Robert Caldwell, a literature evangelist missionary, arrived in Manila on August 24 of that year and pioneered the literature ministry by selling books in the language people understand – Spanish. People bought books and spread the word to their friends. In 1906, the Philippine Mission was organized under the Asiatic Division with headquarters located in Shanghai, China.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Seventh-day Adventist Church was co-founded by <a href="/wiki/Ellen_G._White" title="Ellen G. White">Ellen G. White</a>, which is best known for its teaching that Saturday, the seventh day of the week, is the <a href="/wiki/Sabbath_and_Seventh-day_Adventism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbath and Seventh-day Adventism">Sabbath</a>, and that the <a href="/wiki/Second_advent" class="mw-redirect" title="Second advent">second advent</a> of Christ is imminent. Colloquially called <i>Sabadístas</i> by outsiders, Filipino Adventists numbered 862,725 as of 2020 with an annual membership growth rate of 5.6%.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (October 2024)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2022, the Seventh-day Adventist Church has 5,358 churches in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Numerous primary and secondary schools, colleges, and a university—notably, the <a href="/wiki/Adventist_University_of_the_Philippines" title="Adventist University of the Philippines">Adventist University of the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adventist_International_Institute_of_Advanced_Studies" title="Adventist International Institute of Advanced Studies">Adventist International Institute of Advance Studies</a>–were established to provide education to students as well as to assist in preaching and evangelization of the church in different parts of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jesus_Miracle_Crusade_International_Ministry">Jesus Miracle Crusade International Ministry</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Miracle_Crusade" title="Jesus Miracle Crusade">Jesus Miracle Crusade</a></div> <p>The Jesus Miracle Crusade International Ministry (JMCIM) is an apostolic Pentecostal religious group from the Philippines which believes in the gospel of Jesus Christ with signs, wonders, miracles and faith in God for healing. JMCIM was founded by evangelist Wilde E. Almeda on February 14, 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Chia-2021_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chia-2021-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Members_Church_of_God_International">Members Church of God International</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ADD_Convention_Center_-_Front.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/ADD_Convention_Center_-_Front.JPG/220px-ADD_Convention_Center_-_Front.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/ADD_Convention_Center_-_Front.JPG/330px-ADD_Convention_Center_-_Front.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/ADD_Convention_Center_-_Front.JPG/440px-ADD_Convention_Center_-_Front.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption>Ang Dating Daan Convention Center in <a href="/wiki/Apalit" title="Apalit">Apalit</a>, Pampanga</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a> (MCGI, <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: <i lang="fil">Mga Kaanib sa Iglesia ng Dios Internasyonal</i>) is a religious organization popularly known through its Filipino television program, <span title="Filipino-language text"><i lang="fil"><a href="/wiki/Ang_Dating_Daan" title="Ang Dating Daan">Ang Dating Daan</a></i></span> (English Program "The Old Path"; in Spanish <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">El Camino Antiguo</i></span>; in Portuguese <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">O Caminho Antigo</i></span>). MCGI are one of the Christian majority in the Philippines with more than a million members internationally. </p><p>The church is known for their "Bible Expositions", where guests and members are given a chance to ask any biblical question to the "Overall Servant" <a href="/wiki/Eliseo_Soriano" class="mw-redirect" title="Eliseo Soriano">Eliseo Soriano</a>. He and his associates refute teachings of asked religions which are, according to Soriano, "not biblical" and discuss controversial passages. Besides general preaching, they also established charity works. Among these humanitarian services are The Legacy Continues Wish granting activity, MCGI Free Store, Free Meal and Free Potable Water; charity homes for the senior citizens and orphaned children and teenagers; transient homes; medical missions; full college scholarship; start-up capital for livelihood projects; vocational training for the differently-abled; free legal assistance; free bus, jeepney, and train rides for commuters and senior citizens, and; free Bibles for everyone. MCGI is now one of the major blood donor in the Philippines, as acknowledged and awarded by the Philippine National Red Cross' Jose Rizal Award, the highest honor given by PNRC.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Most_Holy_Church_of_God_in_Christ_Jesus">Most Holy Church of God in Christ Jesus</h3></div> <p>The Most Holy Church of God in Christ Jesus (<a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: <i lang="fil">Kabanalbanalang Iglesia ng Dios kay Kristo Hesus</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an independent <a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Christian denomination</a> officially registered in the Philippines by Teofilo D. Ora in May 1922. The church claims to restore the visible church founded in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> by Christ Jesus. It has spread to areas including <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a>, and other Asian countries. According to the 2020 census, the church had 9,585 members in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion-Full_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion-Full-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The church was founded by Bishop Teofilo D. Ora in 1922. He, along with Avelino Santiago and Nicolas Perez, split off from the <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a> (Church of Christ) in 1922. They initially called their church <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Iglesia Verdadera de Cristo Hesus</i></span> (True Church of Christ Jesus). However, following a religious doctrine controversy, Nicolas Perez split off from the group and registered an offshoot called <span title="Filipino-language text"><i lang="fil">Iglesia ng Dios kay Kristo Hesus, Haligi at Suhay ng Katotohanan</i></span> (Church of God in Christ Jesus, the Pillar and Support of the Truth). Teofilo D. Ora was bishop until his death in 1969. He was officially succeeded by Bishop Salvador C. Payawal who led the church until 1989. Subsequent bishops were Bishop Gamaliel T. Payawal (1989 to 2003) and Bishop Isagani N. Capistrano (2003–present). It was during Gamaliel Payawal's tenure when the church was renamed as <i>Most Holy Church of God in Christ Jesus</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apostolic_Catholic_Church">Apostolic Catholic Church</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Catholic_Church_(Philippines)" title="Apostolic Catholic Church (Philippines)">Apostolic Catholic Church (Philippines)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:09253jfNational_Shrine_Ina_Poon_Bato_Apostolic_Catholic_Church_EDSA_Veterans_Village_Project_44_Quezon_Cityfvf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/09253jfNational_Shrine_Ina_Poon_Bato_Apostolic_Catholic_Church_EDSA_Veterans_Village_Project_44_Quezon_Cityfvf.jpg/220px-09253jfNational_Shrine_Ina_Poon_Bato_Apostolic_Catholic_Church_EDSA_Veterans_Village_Project_44_Quezon_Cityfvf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/09253jfNational_Shrine_Ina_Poon_Bato_Apostolic_Catholic_Church_EDSA_Veterans_Village_Project_44_Quezon_Cityfvf.jpg/330px-09253jfNational_Shrine_Ina_Poon_Bato_Apostolic_Catholic_Church_EDSA_Veterans_Village_Project_44_Quezon_Cityfvf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/09253jfNational_Shrine_Ina_Poon_Bato_Apostolic_Catholic_Church_EDSA_Veterans_Village_Project_44_Quezon_Cityfvf.jpg/440px-09253jfNational_Shrine_Ina_Poon_Bato_Apostolic_Catholic_Church_EDSA_Veterans_Village_Project_44_Quezon_Cityfvf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>National Shrine of Ina Poon Bato in <a href="/wiki/EDSA" title="EDSA">EDSA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quezon_City" title="Quezon City">Quezon City</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Apostolic Catholic Church (ACC; <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a>: <i lang="fil">Apostolika't Katolikang Simbahan</i>) is an <a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Catholic">Independent Catholic</a> denomination established in 1992 by <a href="/wiki/John_Florentine_Teruel" title="John Florentine Teruel">John Florentine L. Teruel</a>. The church started as a mainstream <a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic lay organization">Catholic lay organization</a> that was founded in <a href="/wiki/Hermosa,_Bataan" title="Hermosa, Bataan">Hermosa, Bataan</a> in the early 1970s by Maria Virginia P. Leonzon Vda. De Teruel.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991 the organisation and the Roman Catholic Church had a <a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">schism</a>; due to varying issues, it formally separated itself from the Roman Catholic Church, when John Florentine Teruel was consecrated as a patriarch and registered the church as a Protestant and Independent Catholic denomination.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the Apostolic Catholic Church has 54,543 members in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion-Full_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion-Full-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Churches_in_the_Philippines" title="National Council of Churches in the Philippines">National Council of Churches in the Philippines</a> reports that the Apostolic Catholic Church has more than 5 million members worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest international congregations are in Japan, United States and Canada.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Orthodox Church">Philippine Orthodox Church</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodoxy</a> has been continuously present in the Philippines for more than 200 years.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is represented by two groups, by the <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_the_Philippines" title="Exarchate of the Philippines">Exarchate of the Philippines</a> (a jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_Patriarchate_of_Constantinople" title="Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople">Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople</a> governed by the <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Metropolitanate_of_Hong_Kong_and_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and Southeast Asia">Orthodox Metropolitanate of Hong Kong and Southeast Asia</a>), and by the <a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Orthodox_Christian_Mission_in_the_Philippines" title="Antiochian Orthodox Christian Mission in the Philippines">Antiochian Orthodox Christian Mission in the Philippines</a> (a jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochian Orthodox Church">Antiochian Orthodox Church</a> governed by the <a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_Australia,_New_Zealand,_and_All_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia, New Zealand, and All Oceania">Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia, New Zealand, and All Oceania</a>). In 1999, it was asserted that there were about 560 Orthodox church members in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-mission_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mission-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestantism">Protestantism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_Philippines" title="Protestantism in the Philippines">Protestantism in the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:989Ambalite,_Pugo,_La_Union_23.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/989Ambalite%2C_Pugo%2C_La_Union_23.jpg/220px-989Ambalite%2C_Pugo%2C_La_Union_23.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/989Ambalite%2C_Pugo%2C_La_Union_23.jpg/330px-989Ambalite%2C_Pugo%2C_La_Union_23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/989Ambalite%2C_Pugo%2C_La_Union_23.jpg/440px-989Ambalite%2C_Pugo%2C_La_Union_23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Bible Baptist Church in <a href="/wiki/Pugo,_La_Union" title="Pugo, La Union">Pugo, La Union</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FvfTagudinIlocosSur5108_35.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/FvfTagudinIlocosSur5108_35.JPG/220px-FvfTagudinIlocosSur5108_35.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/FvfTagudinIlocosSur5108_35.JPG/330px-FvfTagudinIlocosSur5108_35.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/FvfTagudinIlocosSur5108_35.JPG/440px-FvfTagudinIlocosSur5108_35.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ_in_the_Philippines" title="United Church of Christ in the Philippines">UCCP</a> Memorial Church in <a href="/wiki/Tagudin,_Ilocos_Sur" class="mw-redirect" title="Tagudin, Ilocos Sur">Tagudin, Ilocos Sur</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manila_North_Road_Minalin_San_Simon_Pampanga_16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Manila_North_Road_Minalin_San_Simon_Pampanga_16.jpg/220px-Manila_North_Road_Minalin_San_Simon_Pampanga_16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Manila_North_Road_Minalin_San_Simon_Pampanga_16.jpg/330px-Manila_North_Road_Minalin_San_Simon_Pampanga_16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Manila_North_Road_Minalin_San_Simon_Pampanga_16.jpg/440px-Manila_North_Road_Minalin_San_Simon_Pampanga_16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a><figcaption>Kingdom Hall of <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> in <a href="/wiki/Minalin,_Pampanga" class="mw-redirect" title="Minalin, Pampanga">Minalin, Pampanga</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batangasjf1854_10.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Batangasjf1854_10.JPG/220px-Batangasjf1854_10.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Batangasjf1854_10.JPG/330px-Batangasjf1854_10.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Batangasjf1854_10.JPG/440px-Batangasjf1854_10.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Philippines_General_Council_of_the_Assemblies_of_God" title="Philippines General Council of the Assemblies of God">Philippine Assemblies of God</a> in <a href="/wiki/Taal,_Batangas" title="Taal, Batangas">Taal, Batangas</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> arrived in the Philippines with the take-over of the islands by Americans at the turn of the 20th century. In 1898, Spain lost the Philippines to the United States. After a bitter fight for independence against its new occupiers, Filipinos surrendered and were again colonized. The arrival of Protestant American missionaries soon followed. As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Protestants comprised about 10%-15% of the population, with an annual growth rate of 10% since 1910<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and constitute the largest Christian grouping after <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_Philippines" title="Protestantism in the Philippines">Protestants</a> were 10.8% of the population in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Protestant church organizations established in the Philippines during the 20th century include the following: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ang_Iglesia_Metodista_sa_Pilipinas" title="Ang Iglesia Metodista sa Pilipinas">Ang Iglesia Metodista sa Pilipinas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a>)</li> <li>Association of Fundamental Baptist Churches in the Philippines (<a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a>/<a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">Evangelical</a>)</li> <li>Awake International Ministries (<a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">Evangelical</a>)</li> <li>Baptist Bible Fellowship in the Philippines (<a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a>/<a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">Evangelical</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_of_Life_Ministries_International" title="Bread of Life Ministries International">Bread of Life Ministries International</a> (<a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">Evangelical</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Praise" title="Cathedral of Praise">Cathedral of Praise</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ%27s_Commission_Fellowship" title="Christ's Commission Fellowship">Christ's Commission Fellowship</a> (<a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">Evangelical</a>)</li> <li>Christ Living Epistle Ministries Inc. (<a href="/wiki/Full_Gospel" title="Full Gospel">Full Gospel</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_and_Missionary_Alliance_Churches_of_the_Philippines" title="Christian and Missionary Alliance Churches of the Philippines">Christian and Missionary Alliance Churches of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)" title="Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)">Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_in_Christ" title="Church of God in Christ">Church of God in Christ</a> (Memphis, Tennessee)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Foursquare_Gospel_in_the_Philippines" title="Church of the Foursquare Gospel in the Philippines">Church of the Foursquare Gospel in the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Full_Gospel" title="Full Gospel">Full Gospel</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nazarene" title="Church of the Nazarene">Church of the Nazarene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness movement</a>)</li> <li>Citichurch Cebu (<a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a>)</li> <li>City of God Celebration Church (<a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a>)</li></ul> </div> <ul><li>Conservative Baptist Association of the Philippines (<a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a>)</li> <li>Convention in Visayas and Mindanao of Southern Baptist Churches (<a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Philippine_Baptist_Churches" title="Convention of Philippine Baptist Churches">Convention of Philippine Baptist Churches</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Day_by_Day_Christian_Ministries" title="Day by Day Christian Ministries">Day by Day Christian Ministries</a> (<a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">Evangelical</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Episcopal Church in the Philippines">Episcopal Church in the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Every_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Every Nation">Every Nation</a> Churches and Ministries (<a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">Evangelical</a>)</li> <li>Grace Christian Church of the Philippines</li> <li>Greenhills Christian Fellowship (Conservative Baptist)</li> <li>Heartland Covenant Church (formerly Jesus Cares Ministries)</li> <li>His Life Ministries (<a href="/wiki/Non-Denominational" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-Denominational">Non-Denominational</a>)</li> <li>His Life City Church (<a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_Evangelica_Metodista_en_las_Islas_Filipinas" class="mw-redirect" title="Iglesia Evangelica Metodista en las Islas Filipinas">Iglesia Evangelica Metodista en las Islas Filipinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_Evangelica_Unida_de_Cristo" class="mw-redirect" title="Iglesia Evangelica Unida de Cristo">Iglesia Evangelica Unida de Cristo</a></li> <li>Jesus Flock Gateway Church (<a href="/wiki/Full_Gospel" title="Full Gospel">Full Gospel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Is_Lord_Church_Worldwide" title="Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide">Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Full_Gospel" title="Full Gospel">Full Gospel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Miracle_Crusade" title="Jesus Miracle Crusade">Jesus Miracle Crusade International Ministry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Full_Gospel" title="Full Gospel">Full Gospel</a>)</li> <li>Jesus the Anointed One Church (<a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Lutheran Church in the Philippines">Lutheran Church in the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a>)</li> <li>Luzon Convention of Southern Baptist Churches (<a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a>)</li> <li>New Life Christian Center (<a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a>)</li> <li>Pentecostal Global Ministries Full Gospel Church (<a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Missionary_Church_of_Christ_(4th_Watch)" title="Pentecostal Missionary Church of Christ (4th Watch)">Pentecostal Missionary Church of Christ (4th Watch)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a>)</li> <li>Philippine Evangelical Holiness Churches</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_General_Council_of_the_Assemblies_of_God" title="Philippines General Council of the Assemblies of God">Philippines General Council of the Assemblies of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_the_Philippines" title="Presbyterian Church of the Philippines">Presbyterian Church of the Philippines</a></li> <li>Redeeming Grace Christian Centre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Salvation_Army" title="The Salvation Army">The Salvation Army</a></li> <li>TEAM Ministries international</li> <li>The Blessed Word International Church (<a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">Evangelical</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_United_Methodist_Church_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="The United Methodist Church in the Philippines">The United Methodist Church</a> (<a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a>)</li> <li>Union Church Manila</li> <li>Union Espiritista Cristiana de Filipinas (established on 1905)<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Church_of_Christ_in_the_Philippines" title="United Church of Christ in the Philippines">United Church of Christ in the Philippines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Congregationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist">Congregationalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Disciples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unitas_Fratrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Unitas Fratrum">United Brethren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a>)</li> <li>United Evangelical Church of the Philippines</li> <li>United Methodist Church<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Christian_Fellowship" class="mw-redirect" title="Victory Christian Fellowship">Victory Christian Fellowship</a> (<a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">Evangelical</a>)</li> <li>Vineyard Christian Fellowship (<a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">Evangelical</a>)</li> <li>Word for the World Christian Fellowship (<a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">Evangelical</a>)</li> <li>Word of Life World Mission Church (<a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a>)</li> <li>Words of Life Christian Ministries</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_the_Philippines" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Philippines">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allan_Jay_Quesada_Manila_Philippines_Temple_20221026_172350.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Allan_Jay_Quesada_Manila_Philippines_Temple_20221026_172350.jpg/220px-Allan_Jay_Quesada_Manila_Philippines_Temple_20221026_172350.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Allan_Jay_Quesada_Manila_Philippines_Temple_20221026_172350.jpg/330px-Allan_Jay_Quesada_Manila_Philippines_Temple_20221026_172350.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Allan_Jay_Quesada_Manila_Philippines_Temple_20221026_172350.jpg/440px-Allan_Jay_Quesada_Manila_Philippines_Temple_20221026_172350.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3925" data-file-height="2944" /></a><figcaption>LDS <a href="/wiki/Manila_Philippines_Temple" title="Manila Philippines Temple">Manila Philippines Temple</a> in 2022</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> (LDS Church) in the Philippines was founded during the Spanish-American War in 1898. Two men from <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> who were members of the United States artillery battery, and who were also <a href="/wiki/Setting_apart" title="Setting apart">set apart</a> as missionaries by the Church before they left the United States, preached while stationed in the Philippines. Missionary work picked up after World War II, and in 1961 the Church was officially registered in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1969, the Church had spread to eight major islands and had the highest number of baptisms of any area in the Church. Membership was 805,209 in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-NewsroomFacts_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewsroomFacts-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A temple was built in 1984 which is located in Manila, and a second temple was completed in Cebu City in 2010. By 2019, four more LDS temples had been announced, they are planned to be built in Urdaneta, Cagayan de Oro, Davao, as well as a second temple in the greater Manila area.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024, a total of 10 temples were either operating, under construction, or announced within the country.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Christians">Other Christians</h3></div> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Student movement</a>, from which <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> later developed, was introduced to the Philippines in 1912, when the president of the <a href="/wiki/Watch_Tower_Bible_and_Tract_Society_of_Pennsylvania" title="Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania">Watch Tower Society</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a>, gave a talk at the former <a href="/wiki/Manila_Grand_Opera_House" title="Manila Grand Opera House">Manila Grand Opera House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1993, a <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a> case involving the Witnesses resulted in the reversal of an earlier 1959 Supreme Court decision and in upholding "the right of children of Jehovah's Witnesses to refrain from saluting the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">flag</a>, reciting the <a href="/wiki/Panatang_Makabayan" class="mw-redirect" title="Panatang Makabayan">pledge of allegiance</a>, and singing <a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">the national anthem</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2021, there were officially 235,736 active members in the Philippines in 3,504 congregations nationwide. Their 2021 observance of the annual <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses_practices#Memorial_of_Christ's_death" title="Jehovah's Witnesses practices">Memorial of Christ's death</a> attracted an attendance of 739,439 in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jesus_Christ_(church)" title="Kingdom of Jesus Christ (church)">The Kingdom of Jesus Christ, the Name Above Every Name</a> was founded by pastor <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Quiboloy" title="Apollo Quiboloy">Apollo C. Quiboloy</a> on September 1, 1985. Quiboloy claims to be the "Appointed" <a href="/wiki/Son_of_God" title="Son of God">Son of God</a>, that salvation is through him, that he is the residence of the <a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">God the Father</a> and that he restores the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a> in the gentile settings.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Pentecostal_Church_International" title="United Pentecostal Church International">United Pentecostal Church International</a> (Oneness) originated in the United States as an offshoot of the Pentecostal movements in the 1920s. The church is a proponent of the belief of modalism to describe God, and is <a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">non-trinitarian</a> in its conception of God.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_Christ_To_God_be_the_Glory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jesus Christ To God be the Glory (page does not exist)">Jesus Christ To God be the Glory</a> (Friends Again) was founded by Luis Ruíz Santos in 1988.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_of_Christ" title="Churches of Christ">Churches of Christ</a> (Churches of Christ 33 AD/the Stone-Campbellites) is a restorationist movement that distinctly believes in a set of steps or ways to attain salvation, among of which is prerequisite <a href="/wiki/Immersion_baptism" title="Immersion baptism">immersion baptism</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Loyal_Singles_for_Jesus_Ministry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Loyal Singles for Jesus Ministry (page does not exist)">Loyal Singles for Jesus Ministry</a>, founded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=EJ_Tingey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EJ Tingey (page does not exist)">EJ Tingey</a> in 2018. He claims that true salvation is achieved by being loyal to God and women.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Jesus_Church" title="True Jesus Church">True Jesus Church</a> a "oneness" movement that started in the People's Republic of China.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jesus_is_Our_Shield_Worldwide_Ministries&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jesus is Our Shield Worldwide Ministries (page does not exist)">Jesus is Our Shield Worldwide Ministries</a> (commonly known as <i>Oras ng Himala</i>, "Hour of Miracle[s]") was founded by Renato D. Carillo, who claims to be the end-times apostle.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Church_of_the_Kingdom_of_God" title="Universal Church of the Kingdom of God">Universal Church of the Kingdom of God</a> (UCKG Help Center) was founded by Edir Macedo in 1977 in Brazil.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a>, founded by <a href="/wiki/Sun_Myung_Moon" title="Sun Myung Moon">Sun Myung Moon</a> in what is today South Korea.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam">Islam</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Islam in the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allan_Jay_Quesada_Grand_Mosque_01_DSC_2332.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Allan_Jay_Quesada_Grand_Mosque_01_DSC_2332.jpg/220px-Allan_Jay_Quesada_Grand_Mosque_01_DSC_2332.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Allan_Jay_Quesada_Grand_Mosque_01_DSC_2332.jpg/330px-Allan_Jay_Quesada_Grand_Mosque_01_DSC_2332.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Allan_Jay_Quesada_Grand_Mosque_01_DSC_2332.jpg/440px-Allan_Jay_Quesada_Grand_Mosque_01_DSC_2332.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5756" data-file-height="3837" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Haji_Hassanal_Bolkiah_Mosque" title="Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mosque">Sultan Haji Hassanal Bolkiah Mosque</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cotabato_City" title="Cotabato City">Cotabato City</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> reached the Philippines in the 14th century with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> traders from the Persian Gulf, Southern India, and their followers from several <a href="/wiki/Sultan#Southeast_&_East_Asia" title="Sultan">sultanate</a> governments in <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>. Islam's predominance reached all the way to the shores of <a href="/wiki/Manila_Bay" title="Manila Bay">Manila Bay</a>, home to several Muslim kingdoms. During the Spanish conquest, Islam had a rapid decline as the predominant monotheistic faith in the Philippines as a result of the introduction of Roman Catholicism by Spanish missionaries and via the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Moro_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moro (ethnic group)">southern Filipino tribes</a> were among the few indigenous Filipino communities that resisted Spanish rule and conversions to Roman Catholicism. The vast majority of <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in Philippines">Muslims in Philippines</a> follow <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi">Shafi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'ari</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a>, with small <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> minorities.<sup id="cite_ref-R_Michael_Feener,_Terenjit_Sevea_144_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-R_Michael_Feener,_Terenjit_Sevea_144-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islam is the oldest recorded <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic</a> religion in the Philippines. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> population of the Philippines in 2020 was 6.98 million (6.4%).<sup id="cite_ref-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="failed-verification-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">However, a 2012 estimate by the <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_on_Muslim_Filipinos" title="National Commission on Muslim Filipinos">National Commission on Muslim Filipinos</a> (NCMF) stated that there were 10.7 million Muslims, or approximately 11 percent of the total population.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material highlighted is not verifiable using the citation(s) presented. (October 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Muslim scholars have observed that difficulties in getting accurate numbers have been compounded in some Muslim areas by the hostility of the inhabitants to government personnel, leading to difficulty in getting accurate data for the Muslim population in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-HOWMANYMUSLIMSHASTHEPHILIPPINES_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HOWMANYMUSLIMSHASTHEPHILIPPINES-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of Muslims live in Mindanao and nearby islands.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_Abrahamic_religions">Other Abrahamic religions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baháʼí_Faith"><span id="Bah.C3.A1.CA.BC.C3.AD_Faith"></span>Baháʼí Faith</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_the_Philippines" title="Baháʼí Faith in the Philippines">Baháʼí Faith in the Philippines</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> in the Philippines started in 1921 with the first Baháʼí first visiting the Philippines that year,<sup id="cite_ref-mirza_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mirza-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by 1944 a Baháʼí <a href="/wiki/Local_Spiritual_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Local Spiritual Assembly">Local Spiritual Assembly</a> was established.<sup id="cite_ref-bpg_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bpg-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1960s, during a period of accelerated growth, the community grew from 200 in 1960 to 1000 by 1962 and 2000 by 1963. In 1964 the National Spiritual Assembly of the Baháʼís of the Philippines was elected and by 1980 there were 64,000 Baháʼís and 45 local assemblies.<sup id="cite_ref-bw18a_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bw18a-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Baháʼís have been active in multi/inter-faith developments. The 2010 <a href="/wiki/World_Christian_Encyclopedia" title="World Christian Encyclopedia">World Christian Encyclopedia</a> estimates the Philippines has the world's sixth largest population of Baháʼís, at just over 275,000.<sup id="cite_ref-ARDA-10_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ARDA-10-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">History of the Jews in the Philippines</a></div> <p>In the 1590s some <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> fleeing from the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> were recorded to have come to the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-jta_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jta-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Metro_Manila" title="Metro Manila">Metro Manila</a> had the largest Jewish community in the Philippines, which consisted of roughly 100 families.<sup id="cite_ref-jta_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jta-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2018<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Philippines&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the Jewish population comprised between 100 and 300 individuals, depending on one's <a href="/wiki/Who_is_a_Jew%3F" title="Who is a Jew?">definition of "Jew"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BJD2018_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BJD2018-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The country's only synagogue, <a href="/wiki/Beit_Yaacov_Synagogue_(Makati)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beit Yaacov Synagogue (Makati)">Beth Yaacov</a>, is located in <a href="/wiki/Makati" title="Makati">Makati</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jta_78-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jta-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are other Jews elsewhere in the country,<sup id="cite_ref-jta_78-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jta-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but these are much fewer and almost all transients,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> either <a href="/wiki/Diplomat" title="Diplomat">diplomats</a> or business envoys, and their existence is almost totally unknown in mainstream society. There are a few <a href="/wiki/Israelis" title="Israelis">Israelis</a> in Manila recruiting caregivers for Israel, some work in call centers, entrepreneurs, and a few other executives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dharmic_religions">Dharmic religions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Buddhism in the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seng_Guan_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/Seng_Guan_Temple.jpg/220px-Seng_Guan_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/Seng_Guan_Temple.jpg/330px-Seng_Guan_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/Seng_Guan_Temple.jpg/440px-Seng_Guan_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seng_Guan_Temple" title="Seng Guan Temple">Seng Guan Temple</a> in Manila</figcaption></figure> <p>No written records exist about the early Buddhism in the Philippines. However, archaeological discoveries and the few scant references in the other nations' historical records can tell about the existence of Buddhism from the 9th century onward in the islands. These records mention the independent states that comprise the Philippines and which show that they were not united as one country in the early days. Archaeological finds include Buddhist artifacts. The style are of Vajrayana influence.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Loanwords with Buddhist context appear in <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">languages of the Philippines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological finds include Buddhist artifacts.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto2_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The style are of <a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> influence.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-camperspoint_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-camperspoint-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Philippines's early states must have become the tributary states of the powerful Buddhist Srivijaya empire that controlled the trade and its sea routes from the 6th century to the 13th century in Southeast Asia. The states's trade contacts with the empire long before or in the 9th century must have served as the conduit for introducing Vajrayana Buddhism to the islands. </p><p>Both Srivijaya empire in Sumatra and Majapahit empire in Java were unknown in history until 1918 when the Ecole Francaise d'Extreme Orient's George Coedes postulated their existence because they had been mentioned in the records of the Chinese Tang and Sung imperial dynasties. Ji Ying, a Chinese monk and scholar, stayed in Sumatra from 687 to 689 on his way to India. He wrote on the Srivijaya's splendour, "Buddhism was flourishing throughout the islands of Southeast Asia. Many of the kings and the chieftains in the islands in the southern seas admire and believe in Buddhism, and their hearts are set on accumulating good action." </p><p>Both empires replaced their early Theravada Buddhist religion with Vajrayana Buddhism in the 7th century.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/2020_Philippine_census" title="2020 Philippine census">2020 Census</a>, there were 39,158 adherents of Buddhism in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion-Table_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion-Table-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, a presenter at the Permanent Mission of the Republic of the Philippines to the United Nations claimed in her speech that 2% of the Philippine population practiced Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Buddhism practice is concentrated among Filipinos of both <a href="/wiki/Filipinos_of_Chinese_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipinos of Chinese descent">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Filipinos_of_Japanese_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipinos of Japanese descent">Japanese</a> descents.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several prominent Buddhist temples in the country like <a href="/wiki/Seng_Guan_Temple" title="Seng Guan Temple">Seng Guan Temple</a> in Manila and <a href="/wiki/Lon_Wa_Buddhist_Temple" title="Lon Wa Buddhist Temple">Lon Wa Buddhist Temple</a> in Mindanao. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_Philippines" title="Hinduism in the Philippines">Hinduism in the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0520jfErmita_Paco_Manila_Romualdez_Apacible_Street_United_Avenuefvf_08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/0520jfErmita_Paco_Manila_Romualdez_Apacible_Street_United_Avenuefvf_08.jpg/220px-0520jfErmita_Paco_Manila_Romualdez_Apacible_Street_United_Avenuefvf_08.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/0520jfErmita_Paco_Manila_Romualdez_Apacible_Street_United_Avenuefvf_08.jpg/330px-0520jfErmita_Paco_Manila_Romualdez_Apacible_Street_United_Avenuefvf_08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/0520jfErmita_Paco_Manila_Romualdez_Apacible_Street_United_Avenuefvf_08.jpg/440px-0520jfErmita_Paco_Manila_Romualdez_Apacible_Street_United_Avenuefvf_08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Hindu temple in Manila</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> Empire and <a href="/wiki/Majapahit_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Majapahit Empire">Majapahit Empire</a> on what is now <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, introduced Hinduism and Buddhism to the islands.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ancient statues of Hindu-Buddhist gods have been found in the Philippines dating as far back as 600 to 1600 years from present.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The archipelagos of Southeast Asia were under the influence of Hindu <a href="/wiki/Tamil_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamil people">Tamil people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarati_people" title="Gujarati people">Gujarati people</a> and Indonesian traders through the ports of Malay-Indonesian islands. Indian religions, possibly an amalgamated version of Hindu-Buddhist arrived in Philippines archipelago in the 1st millennium, through the Indonesian kingdom of Srivijaya followed by <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>. Archeological evidence suggesting exchange of ancient spiritual ideas from India to the Philippines includes the 1.79 kilogram, 21 carat gold Hindu goddess Agusan (sometimes referred to as Golden Tara), found in Mindanao in 1917 after a storm and flood exposed its location. </p><p>Another gold artifact, from the Tabon caves in the island of Palawan, is an image of Garuda, the bird who is the mount of Vishnu. The discovery of sophisticated Hindu imagery and gold artifacts in Tabon caves has been linked to those found from Oc Eo, in the Mekong Delta in Southern Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-atnb_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atnb-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These archaeological evidence suggests an active trade of many specialized goods and gold between India and Philippines and coastal regions of Vietnam and China. Golden jewelry found so far include rings, some surmounted by images of <a href="/wiki/Nandi_(bull)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nandi (bull)">Nandi</a> – the sacred bull, linked chains, inscribed gold sheets, gold plaques decorated with repoussé images of Hindu deities.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today Hinduism is largely confined to the Indian Filipinos and the <a href="/wiki/Expatriate" title="Expatriate">expatriate</a> Indian community. There are temples also for <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, also located in the provinces and in the cities, sometimes located near Hindu temples. The two Paco temples are well known, comprising a Hindu temple and a Sikh temple. </p><p>There are two Hindu temples in Manila city: Hari Ram Temple (Paco) and Saya Aur Devi Mandir Temple (Paco). There is a Hindu temple called "Indian Hindu Temple" in Cebu City, Philippines. There is a Hindu Temple in Baguio, Philippines called "Baguio Hindu Temple". The population of Hindus in the Philippines is 32,711<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Indigenous_religions">Indigenous religions</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Indigenous Philippine folk religions</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">Anito</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deities_of_Philippine_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Deities of Philippine mythology">Deities of Philippine mythology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-colonial_Philippines" title="Religion in pre-colonial Philippines">Religion in pre-colonial Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clouds_near_Mt._Pulag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Clouds_near_Mt._Pulag.jpg/220px-Clouds_near_Mt._Pulag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Clouds_near_Mt._Pulag.jpg/330px-Clouds_near_Mt._Pulag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Clouds_near_Mt._Pulag.jpg/440px-Clouds_near_Mt._Pulag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Pulag" title="Mount Pulag">Mount Pulag</a> is one of the many <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_shrines_and_sacred_grounds" title="Indigenous Philippine shrines and sacred grounds">sacred grounds</a> of adherents of the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Indigenous Philippine folk religions</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Filippine,_provincia_di_agusan,_immagine_hindu,_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio,_xiii_secolo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Filippine%2C_provincia_di_agusan%2C_immagine_hindu%2C_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio%2C_xiii_secolo.jpg/220px-Filippine%2C_provincia_di_agusan%2C_immagine_hindu%2C_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio%2C_xiii_secolo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="354" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Filippine%2C_provincia_di_agusan%2C_immagine_hindu%2C_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio%2C_xiii_secolo.jpg/330px-Filippine%2C_provincia_di_agusan%2C_immagine_hindu%2C_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio%2C_xiii_secolo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Filippine%2C_provincia_di_agusan%2C_immagine_hindu%2C_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio%2C_xiii_secolo.jpg/440px-Filippine%2C_provincia_di_agusan%2C_immagine_hindu%2C_statuetta_in_oro_massiccio%2C_xiii_secolo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2472" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Agusan_image" title="Agusan image">Agusan image</a> statue discovered in <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> and dated circa 900–950 CE.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Indigenous Philippine folk religions</a>, also referred to as Anitism,<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are a diverse group of native religions that have existed in the islands as the people's original faiths. Each possess their own set of belief systems and religious stories and narratives, mostly originating from beliefs held during the pre-Hispanic era, although many are also modern. Some of these beliefs have been influenced by <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and were falsely regarded by the Spanish and American colonizers as "myths" and "superstitions" in an effort to de-legitimize the precolonial beliefs of Filipinos against Filipinos. Today, some of these native beliefs are still held by many Filipinos, both in urban and rural areas. </p><p>These religions tell the story of various narratives originating from various sources, having similarities with Indonesian and Malay religious narratives, as well as Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist, and Christian traditions. Beliefs include the notions of heaven (<i><a href="/wiki/Kaluwalhatian" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaluwalhatian">kaluwalhatian</a></i>, <i>kalangitan</i>, <i>kamurawayan</i>, etc.), hell (<i>kasamaan</i>, <i>sulad</i>, etc.), and the human soul (<i>kaluluwa</i>, <i>kaulolan</i>, etc.). They explain <a href="/wiki/Religious_cosmology" title="Religious cosmology">the nature of the world</a> through the lives and actions of <a href="/wiki/Deities_of_Philippine_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Deities of Philippine mythology">deities (gods, goddesses), heroes, and other beings</a>. The majority of these religious narratives are passed on through oral tradition, and preserved through the aid of community spiritual leaders or <a href="/wiki/Philippine_shamans" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine shamans">shamans</a> (<i>babaylan</i>, <i>katalonan</i>, <i>mumbaki</i>, <i>baglan</i>, <i>machanitu</i>, <i>walian</i>, <i>mangubat</i>, <i>bahasa</i>, etc.) and community elders. </p><p>Today, many ethnic peoples continue to practice and conserve their unique <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religions">indigenous religions</a>, notably in ancestral domains, although foreign and foreign-inspired Hispanic and Arabic religions continue to interfere with their life-ways through conversions, land-grabbing, inter-marriage, and/or land-buying. Various scholarly works have been made regarding Anitism and its many religious aspects, although much of its stories and traditions are still undocumented by the international community.<sup id="cite_ref-asj.upd.edu.ph_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-asj.upd.edu.ph-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto4_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2020 census recorded 0.23% of the population adhering to the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Indigenous Philippine folk religions</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an increase from the previous 2010 census which notes a 0.19% adherence.<sup id="cite_ref-PSA-2015PSY_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSA-2015PSY-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revitalization_attempts">Revitalization attempts</h3></div> <p>In search of a national culture and identity, away from those imposed by Spain during the colonial age, Filipino revolutionaries during the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine revolution">Philippine revolution</a> proposed to revive the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">indigenous Philippine folk religions</a> and make them the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">national religion</a> of the entire country. The <a href="/wiki/Katipunan" title="Katipunan">Katipunan</a> opposed the religious teachings of the Spanish friars, saying that they "obscured rather than explained religious truths." After the revival of the Katipunan during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a>, an idealized form of the folk religions was proposed by some, with the worship of God under the ancient name of <a href="/wiki/Bathala" title="Bathala">Bathala</a>, which applies to all supreme deities under the many ethnic pantheons in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Irreligion">Irreligion</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Philippines" title="Irreligion in the Philippines">Irreligion in the Philippines</a></div> <p>Based on the <a href="/wiki/2020_Philippine_census" title="2020 Philippine census">2020 Census</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority" title="Philippine Statistics Authority">Philippine Statistics Authority</a> reported the number of irreligious at less than 0.1% of the Philippine population.<sup id="cite_ref-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSAGovPH-2020Census-Religion-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Atheists_and_Agnostics_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Atheists and Agnostics Society">Philippine Atheists and Agnostics Society</a> (PATAS) is a nonprofit organization for the public understanding of atheism and agnosticism in the Philippines which educates society, and eliminates myths and misconceptions about atheism and agnosticism.<sup id="cite_ref-PATAS_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PATAS-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2009, <a href="/wiki/Filipino_Freethinkers" title="Filipino Freethinkers">Filipino Freethinkers</a><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was formed. Since 2011, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Atheists_and_Agnostics_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Atheists and Agnostics Society">Philippine Atheists and Agnostics Society</a> has held its OUT Campaigns in Rizal Park and Quezon Memorial Circle. Also it held two feeding programs "Good without Religion" in Bacoor, Cavite.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The society also is a member affiliate and associate of various international atheist organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Atheist_Alliance_International" title="Atheist Alliance International">Atheist Alliance International</a>, Institute for Science and Human Values, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Humanist_and_Ethical_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Humanist and Ethical Union">International Humanist and Ethical Union</a>, as one among secular organizations that promotes free thought and scientific development in the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2015 Philippine Census reported the religion of about 0.02% of the population as "none". </p><p><span class="failed-verification-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">As of 2021, the Philippine Atheists and Agnostics Society is dormant and non-active, following a major internal scandal on finance matters.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material highlighted is not verifiable using the citation(s) presented. (October 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-PSA-2015PSY_102-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSA-2015PSY-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Perception_of_religion_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic">Perception of religion during the COVID-19 pandemic</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Nazarene_devotees_(55288).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Black_Nazarene_devotees_%2855288%29.jpg/220px-Black_Nazarene_devotees_%2855288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Black_Nazarene_devotees_%2855288%29.jpg/330px-Black_Nazarene_devotees_%2855288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Black_Nazarene_devotees_%2855288%29.jpg/440px-Black_Nazarene_devotees_%2855288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Catholic devotees observe <a href="/wiki/Social_distancing" title="Social distancing">social distancing</a> as they attend <a href="/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Mass in the Catholic Church">Mass</a> in front of <a href="/wiki/Quiapo_Church" title="Quiapo Church">Quiapo Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> on July 1, 2022.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to a 2020 survey by the <a href="/wiki/Social_Weather_Stations" title="Social Weather Stations">Social Weather Stations</a> (SWS), there had been a decline in the perception of importance in religion amidst the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. According to the survey, 73 percent of Filipino adults deemed religion as important, which fell by 10 points compared to the pre-pandemic December 2019 survey which stated 83 percent believed religion is important in their lives.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christianity, especially Catholicism, received a significant decline from 84 percent to 71 percent; other Christian denominations, except the Iglesia ni Cristo, fell from 78 percent to 71 percent. Iglesia ni Cristo, meanwhile, increased from 69 percent to 88 percent. In terms of Islam, it fell from 94 percent to 93 percent as "very important", almost receiving no change.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2020 SWS survey stated that Mindanao had a huge number of respondents who viewed religion as important (88 percent), followed by Luzon and Metro Manila (70 percent each), with Visayas being the lowest (64 percent).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_108-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion_and_politics">Religion and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Freedom of religion in the Philippines">Freedom of religion in the Philippines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arroyo_First_Oath.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Arroyo_First_Oath.jpg/220px-Arroyo_First_Oath.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Arroyo_First_Oath.jpg/330px-Arroyo_First_Oath.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Arroyo_First_Oath.jpg/440px-Arroyo_First_Oath.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Sin" title="Jaime Sin">Jaime Sin</a> (center, background) attends President <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" class="mw-redirect" title="First inauguration of Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo's first inauguration</a> following <a href="/wiki/EDSA_II" class="mw-redirect" title="EDSA II">EDSA II</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duterte_Manalo_meet_Iglesia_Ni_Cristo_(vert._cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Duterte_Manalo_meet_Iglesia_Ni_Cristo_%28vert._cropped%29.jpg/220px-Duterte_Manalo_meet_Iglesia_Ni_Cristo_%28vert._cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Duterte_Manalo_meet_Iglesia_Ni_Cristo_%28vert._cropped%29.jpg/330px-Duterte_Manalo_meet_Iglesia_Ni_Cristo_%28vert._cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Duterte_Manalo_meet_Iglesia_Ni_Cristo_%28vert._cropped%29.jpg/440px-Duterte_Manalo_meet_Iglesia_Ni_Cristo_%28vert._cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1225" data-file-height="1575" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Duterte" title="Rodrigo Duterte">Rodrigo Duterte</a> (left) visits Iglesia ni Cristo leader <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Manalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Eduardo Manalo">Eduardo Manalo</a> at the <a href="/wiki/INC_Central_Temple" title="INC Central Temple">INC Central Temple</a> in Quezon City in December 2018.</figcaption></figure> <p>The 1987 Constitution of the Philippines declares: The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable. (Article II, Section 6), and, No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights. (Article III, Section 5). Joaquin Bernas, a Filipino Jesuit specializing in constitutional law, acknowledges that there were complex issues that were brought to court and numerous attempts to use the separation of Church and State against the Catholic Church, but he defends the statement, saying that "the fact that he [Marcos] tried to do it does not deny the validity of the separation of church and state".<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 28, 2004, the Philippines Supreme Court reversed the ruling of a lower court ordering five religious leaders to refrain from endorsing a candidate for elective office.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manila Judge Conception Alarcon-Vergara had ruled that the "head of a religious organization who influences or threatens to punish members could be held liable for coercion and violation of citizen's right to vote freely". The lawsuit filed that "the Church's active participation in partisan politics, using the awesome voting strength of its faithful flock, will enable it to elect men to public office who will in turn be forever beholden to its leaders, enabling them to control the government". </p><p>They claimed that this violates the Philippine constitution's separation of Church and State clause. The named respondents were the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Manila" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Manila">Archbishop of Manila</a> <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinal</a> <a href="/wiki/Luis_Antonio_Tagle" title="Luis Antonio Tagle">Luis Antonio Tagle</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Shaddai_(movement)" title="El Shaddai (movement)">El Shaddai Movement</a> Leader <a href="/wiki/Mike_Velarde" title="Mike Velarde">Mike Velarde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a> Executive Minister <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_V._Manalo" title="Eduardo V. Manalo">Eduardo V. Manalo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Is_Lord_Church_Worldwide" title="Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide">Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Villanueva" title="Eddie Villanueva">Eddie Villanueva</a>. Manalo's Iglesia ni Cristo practices <a href="/wiki/Bloc_voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloc voting">bloc voting</a>. Former Catholic Archbishop Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Jaime_Sin" title="Jaime Sin">Jaime Sin</a> had been instrumental in rallying support for the assumption to power of <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Arroyo" class="mw-redirect" title="Gloria Arroyo">Gloria Arroyo</a>. Velarde supported <a href="/wiki/Fidel_V._Ramos" title="Fidel V. Ramos">Fidel V. Ramos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Estrada" title="Joseph Estrada">Joseph Estrada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Macapagal_Arroyo" title="Gloria Macapagal Arroyo">Gloria Macapagal Arroyo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Benigno_Aquino_III" title="Benigno Aquino III">Benigno Aquino III</a> while Villanueva endorsed <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Ramos" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidel Ramos">Fidel Ramos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jose_De_Venecia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jose De Venecia">Jose De Venecia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Papal_nuncio" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal nuncio">papal nuncio</a> agreed with the decision of the lower court<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the other respondents challenged the decision.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philippines" title="Portal:Philippines">Philippines portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_practices_and_burial_customs_in_the_Philippines" title="Funeral practices and burial customs in the Philippines">Funeral practices and burial customs in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-colonial_Philippines" title="Religion in pre-colonial Philippines">Religion in pre-colonial Philippines</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2020CatholicCharismatic-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2020CatholicCharismatic_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020CatholicCharismatic_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">excluding <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Charismatic Catholicism">Catholic Charismatic</a> numbering 74,096 persons (0.07%)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PSA-PIF2020-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PSA-PIF2020_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSA-PIF2020_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://psa.gov.ph/content/religious-affiliation-philippines-2020-census-population-and-housing">"Religious Affiliation in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing)"</a>. <i>Philippines in Figures</i>. Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Statistics Authority. February 22, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhist-tourism.com/countries/philippines/buddhism-in-philippines.html">the original</a> on August 20, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buddhism+in+Philippines%2C+Guide+to+Philippines+Buddhism%2C+Introduction+to+Philippines+Buddhism%2C+Philippines+Buddhism+Travel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhist-tourism.com%2Fcountries%2Fphilippines%2Fbuddhism-in-philippines.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-globalreligiousfutures.org-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-globalreligiousfutures.org_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/philippines/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010">"Philippines – Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140708193611/http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/philippines/religious_demography#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010">Archived</a> from the original on July 8, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 18,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philippines+%E2%80%93+Pew-Templeton+Global+Religious+Futures+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.globalreligiousfutures.org%2Fcountries%2Fphilippines%2Freligious_demography%23%2F%3Faffiliations_religion_id%3D0%26affiliations_year%3D2010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/punjabi-community-money-lending-philippines-president-rodrigo-duterte-2806212/">"Punjabi Community Involved in Money Lending in Philippines Braces for 'Crackdown' by New President"</a>. May 18, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Punjabi+Community+Involved+in+Money+Lending+in+Philippines+Braces+for+%27Crackdown%27+by+New+President&rft.date=2016-05-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Findia%2Findia-news-india%2Fpunjabi-community-money-lending-philippines-president-rodrigo-duterte-2806212%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111201014811/http://www.angelfire.com/ca6/gurdwaraworld/philippines.html">"2011 Gurdwara Philippines: Sikh Population of the Philippines"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.angelfire.com/ca6/gurdwaraworld/philippines.html">the original</a> on December 1, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2011+Gurdwara+Philippines%3A+Sikh+Population+of+the+Philippines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.angelfire.com%2Fca6%2Fgurdwaraworld%2Fphilippines.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullivantRuse2013" class="citation book cs1">Bullivant, Stephen; Ruse, Michael, eds. (November 21, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=93VoAgAAQBAJ"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Atheism</i></a>. Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">OUP Oxford</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=93VoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA563">563</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-166739-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-166739-8"><bdi>978-0-19-166739-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tAeFipOVx4MC&pg=PA61">61</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-82739-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-82739-3"><bdi>978-1-139-82739-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 18,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Atheism&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006-10-30&rft.isbn=978-1-139-82739-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtAeFipOVx4MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://philchal.org/dawn/nationalsum.asp?usersort=perev_desc">"Philippine Church National Summary"</a>. <i>philchal.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170917213510/http://philchal.org/dawn/nationalsum.asp?usersort=perev_desc">Archived</a> from the original on September 17, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=philchal.org&rft.atitle=Philippine+Church+National+Summary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphilchal.org%2Fdawn%2Fnationalsum.asp%3Fusersort%3Dperev_desc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gordonconwell.edu/shared-content-temp-research/documents/236e0d3b6-d706-4bcf-a892-87a608c59104-18.pdf">"500 years of Protestantism (World Christian Database)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170218145254/http://www.gordonconwell.edu/shared-content-temp-research/documents/236e0d3b6-d706-4bcf-a892-87a608c59104-18.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 18, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=500+years+of+Protestantism+%28World+Christian+Database%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gordonconwell.edu%2Fshared-content-temp-research%2Fdocuments%2F236e0d3b6-d706-4bcf-a892-87a608c59104-18.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=472375&publicationSubCategoryId=205">RP closer to becoming observer-state in Organization of Islamic Conference</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603143753/http://www.philstar.com/Article.aspx?articleId=472375&publicationSubCategoryId=205">Archived</a> June 3, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (May 29, 2009). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Philippine_Star" title="The Philippine Star">The Philippine Star</a></i>. Retrieved 2009-07-10, "Eight million Muslim Filipinos, representing 10 percent of the total Philippine population, ...".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McAmis-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McAmis_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAmis,_Robert_Day2002" class="citation book cs1">McAmis, Robert Day (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=59PnSwurWj8C&pg=PA18"><i>Malay Muslims: The History and Challenge of Resurgent Islam in Southeast Asia</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. pp. 18–24, 53–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4945-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4945-8"><bdi>0-8028-4945-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malay+Muslims%3A+The+History+and+Challenge+of+Resurgent+Islam+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=18-24%2C+53-61&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-8028-4945-8&rft.au=McAmis%2C+Robert+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D59PnSwurWj8C%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-R_Michael_Feener,_Terenjit_Sevea_144-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-R_Michael_Feener,_Terenjit_Sevea_144_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-R_Michael_Feener,_Terenjit_Sevea_144_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR_Michael_FeenerTerenjit_Sevea2009" class="citation book cs1">R Michael Feener; Terenjit Sevea (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2MyHnPaox9MC&pg=PA144"><i>Islamic Connections: Muslim Societies in South and Southeast Asia</i></a>. 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September 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liahona&rft.atitle=News+of+the+Church%3A+New+Temple+Announcement+Answers+Members%27+Prayers&rft.date=2006-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofjesuschrist.org%2Fstudy%2Fliahona%2F2006%2F09%2Fnews-of-the-church%2Fnew-temple-announcement-answers-members-prayers%3Flang%3Deng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewsroomFacts-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NewsroomFacts_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newsroom.churchofjesuschrist.org/facts-and-statistics/country/philippines">"Facts and Statistics – Philippines"</a>. Newsroom – The Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-day Saints<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(August 2024)">bare URL</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">2003 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses, p.154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Awake!</i> January 8, 1994, p.22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chanrobles.com/scdecisions/jurisprudence1993/mar1993/gr_95770_1993.php">G.R. No. 95770 March 1, 1993</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150101063145/http://www.chanrobles.com/scdecisions/jurisprudence1993/mar1993/gr_95770_1993.php">Archived</a> January 1, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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(May 29, 2009).<i><a href="/wiki/The_Philippine_Star" title="The Philippine Star">The Philippine Star</a></i>. Retrieved 2009-07-10, "Eight million Muslim Filipinos, representing 10 percent of the total Philippine population, ...".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mirza-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mirza_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassallAustria2000" class="citation web cs1">Hassall, Graham; Austria, Orwin (January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bahai-library.com/hassall_austria_hossein_touty">"Mirza Hossein R. Touty: First Baháʼí known to have lived in the Philippines"</a>. <i>Essays in Biography</i>. 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Published & distributed by Rex Book Store. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789712319341" title="Special:BookSources/9789712319341"><bdi>9789712319341</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Intent+of+the+1986+Constitution+Writers&rft.pages=86&rft.pub=Published+%26+distributed+by+Rex+Book+Store&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9789712319341&rft.au=Joaquin+G.+Bernas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1pVSGwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTubezaAvendaño2004" class="citation news cs1">Tubeza, Philip C.; Avendaño, Christine O. (May 1, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=flc1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=iSUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1803,21942553">"High court gives gives go-ahead for religious endorsement"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Daily_Inquirer" title="Philippine Daily Inquirer">Philippine Daily Inquirer</a></i>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=flc1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=iSUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1803,21942553">A1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=flc1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=iSUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=1803,21942553">A21</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 9,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philippine+Daily+Inquirer&rft.atitle=High+court+gives+gives+go-ahead+for+religious+endorsement&rft.pages=A1%2C+A21&rft.date=2004-05-01&rft.aulast=Tubeza&rft.aufirst=Philip+C.&rft.au=Avenda%C3%B1o%2C+Christine+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3Dflc1AAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DiSUMAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1803%2C21942553&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligion+in+the+Philippines" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2004/apr2004/159357.htm">Velarde vs Social Justice Society : 159357 : April 28, 2004 : J. Panganiban : En Banc : Decision</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120401210941/http://sc.judiciary.gov.ph/jurisprudence/2004/apr2004/159357.htm">Archived</a> April 1, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Sc.judiciary.gov.ph. Retrieved on March 27, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Z48VAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ogsEAAAAIBAJ&pg=6573,2463633">No role for Church in politics</a>. Manila Standard. June 22, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip C. Tubeza <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=eFU1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=fCUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2904,34794787">Iglesia appeals court ruling infringing on group's belief</a>. Philippine Daily Inquirer. July 20, 2003</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=GVo1AAAAIBAJ&sjid=kyUMAAAAIBAJ&pg=2577,53069">SC ruling sought on sect's vote</a>. Philippine Daily Inquirer. April 1, 2004</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Religion_in_the_Philippines" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Religion in the Philippines">Religion in the Philippines</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism_in_the_Philippines" title="Evangelicalism in the Philippines">Evangelical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptist_Bible_Fellowship_International" title="Baptist Bible Fellowship International">Baptist Bible Fellowship International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastion_of_Truth_Reformed_Churches_in_the_Philippines" title="Bastion of Truth Reformed Churches in the 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<li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Chinese_Baptist_Convention" title="Philippine Chinese Baptist Convention">Philippine Chinese Baptist Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_the_Philippines" title="Presbyterian Church of the Philippines">Presbyterian Church of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_(church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victory (church)">Victory Christian Fellowship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Praise" title="Cathedral of Praise">Cathedral of Praise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Foursquare_Gospel_in_the_Philippines" title="Church of the Foursquare Gospel in the Philippines">Church of the Foursquare Gospel in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Philippines" title="Islam in the Philippines">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Philippines" title="History of the Jews in the Philippines">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Ethnic/Folk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Indigenous Philippine folk religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulahan" title="Pulahan">Pulahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Church" title="Bell Church">Bell Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rizalista_religious_movements" title="Rizalista religious movements">Rizalistas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_Watawat_ng_Lahi" title="Iglesia Watawat ng Lahi">Iglesia Watawat ng 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style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Philippines_topics" title="Template:Philippines topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Philippines_topics" title="Template talk:Philippines topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Philippines_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Philippines topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Philippines_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines" title="History of the Philippines">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_the_Philippines" title="Archaeology of the Philippines">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Economic history of the Philippines">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Military history of the Philippines">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Political history of the Philippines">Political</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Philippine_history" title="Timeline of Philippine history">Chronology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Philippines" title="Prehistory of the Philippines">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(900%E2%80%931565)" title="History of the Philippines (900–1565)">Pre-colonial era</a></li> <li>Colonial era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)" title="History of the Philippines (1565–1898)">Spanish period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1898%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Philippines (1898–1946)">American period</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Japanese occupation</a></li> <li>Postcolonial era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1946%E2%80%931965)" title="History of the Philippines (1946–1965)">Third Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1965%E2%80%931986)" title="History of the Philippines (1965–1986)">Marcos presidency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1986%E2%80%93present)" title="History of the Philippines (1986–present)">Fifth Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Philippines" title="Geography of the Philippines">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bays_of_the_Philippines" title="List of bays of the Philippines">Bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere_reserves_of_the_Philippines" title="Biosphere reserves of the Philippines">Biosphere reserves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_Philippines" title="Borders of the Philippines">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines" title="Climate of the Philippines">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoons_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Typhoons in the Philippines">Typhoons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of earthquakes in the Philippines">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoregions_in_the_Philippines" title="Ecoregions in the Philippines">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_Philippines" title="Extreme points of the Philippines">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_groups_of_the_Philippines" title="Island groups of the Philippines">Island groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_the_Philippines" title="List of islands of the Philippines">islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_the_Philippines" title="List of lakes of the Philippines">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_the_Philippines" title="List of mountains in the Philippines">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_the_Philippines" title="List of protected areas of the Philippines">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_the_Philippines" title="List of national parks of the Philippines">National parks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of Ramsar sites in the Philippines">Ramsar sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_the_Philippines" title="List of rivers of the Philippines">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_volcanoes_in_the_Philippines" title="List of active volcanoes in the Philippines">Volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_the_Philippines" title="Wildlife of the Philippines">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_the_Philippines" title="List of World Heritage Sites in the Philippines">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Philippines" title="Politics of the Philippines">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Philippines" title="Administrative divisions of the Philippines">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Philippines" title="Constitution of the Philippines">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Philippines" title="Elections in the Philippines">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Philippines" title="Foreign relations of the Philippines">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Philippines" title="Human rights in the Philippines">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the Philippines">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_legal_codes" title="Philippine legal codes">Legal codes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_families_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political families in the Philippines">Political families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Philippines" title="List of political parties in the Philippines">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Government" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Philippines" title="Government of the Philippines">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Executive <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_Philippines" title="Cabinet of the Philippines">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cabinets_of_the_Philippines" title="List of cabinets of the Philippines">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_departments_of_the_Philippines" title="Executive departments of the Philippines">Executive departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_of_the_Philippines" title="Office of the President of the Philippines">Executive office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_National_Police" title="Philippine National Police">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Philippines" title="President of the Philippines">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Philippines" title="Congress of the Philippines">Legislative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Philippines" title="Senate of the Philippines">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" title="House of Representatives of the Philippines">House of Representatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_the_Philippines" title="Judiciary of the Philippines">Judicial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Philippines" title="Supreme Court of the Philippines">Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeals_of_the_Philippines" title="Court of Appeals of the Philippines">Court of Appeals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Trial_Court" title="Regional Trial Court">Regional Trial Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Philippines" title="Armed Forces of the Philippines">Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Air_Force" title="Philippine Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Army" title="Philippine Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Navy" title="Philippine Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Marine_Corps" title="Philippine Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Coast_Guard" title="Philippine Coast Guard">Coast Guard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Philippines" title="Economy of the Philippines">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Agriculture in the Philippines">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_the_Philippines" title="Automotive industry in the Philippines">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_process_outsourcing_in_the_Philippines" title="Business process outsourcing in the Philippines">Business process outsourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_in_the_Philippines" title="Census in the Philippines">Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangko_Sentral_ng_Pilipinas" title="Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labor_in_the_Philippines" title="Child labor in the Philippines">Child labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Philippines" title="Energy in the Philippines">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_policy_of_the_Philippines" title="Fiscal policy of the Philippines">Fiscal policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_debt_of_the_Philippines" title="National debt of the Philippines">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_policy_in_the_Philippines" title="Labor policy in the Philippines">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_peso" title="Philippine peso">Peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Philippines" title="Science and technology in the Philippines">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Stock_Exchange" title="Philippine Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_the_Philippines" title="Taxation in the Philippines">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippines" title="Telecommunications in the Philippines">Telecommunications</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_Philippines" title="Telephone numbers in the Philippines">Telephone numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_the_Philippines" title="Tourism in the Philippines">Tourism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_the_Philippines" title="List of tourist attractions in the Philippines">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_the_Philippines" title="Transportation in the Philippines">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Philippines" title="Water supply and sanitation in the Philippines">Water and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZIP_codes_in_the_Philippines" title="ZIP codes in the Philippines">ZIP codes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Philippines" title="Category:Society of the Philippines">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_Philippines" title="Abortion in the Philippines">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Philippines" title="Censorship in the Philippines">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_the_Philippines" title="Corruption in the Philippines">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Philippines" title="Crime in the Philippines">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Philippines" title="Demographics of the Philippines">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divorce_in_the_Philippines" title="Divorce in the Philippines">Divorce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Philippines" title="Education in the Philippines">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_the_Philippines" title="Higher education in the Philippines">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_the_Philippines" title="Environmental issues in the Philippines">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Philippines" title="Climate change in the Philippines">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_the_Philippines" title="Deforestation in the Philippines">Deforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Philippines" title="Ethnic groups in the Philippines">Ethnic groups</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines" title="Indigenous peoples of the Philippines">Indigenous peoples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos" title="Genetic studies on Filipinos">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_the_Philippines" title="Health in the Philippines">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Human trafficking in the Philippines">Human trafficking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_the_Philippines" title="Sex trafficking in the Philippines">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_Philippines" title="Immigration to the Philippines">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_Philippines" title="Income inequality in the Philippines">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_kinship" title="Philippine kinship">Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Philippines" title="Languages of the Philippines">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Filipino_Worker" title="Overseas Filipino Worker">Overseas workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_Philippines" title="Poverty in the Philippines">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_the_Philippines" title="Prostitution in the Philippines">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_of_the_Philippines" title="Refugees of the Philippines">Refugees</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_the_Philippines" title="Sexuality in the Philippines">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_the_Philippines" title="Squatting in the Philippines">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Philippines" title="Women in the Philippines">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinoy" title="Pinoy">Pinoy</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Philippines" title="Architecture of the Philippines">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_the_Philippines" title="Arts in the Philippines">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Philippines" title="Cinema of the Philippines">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Cultural_Properties_of_the_Philippines" title="Lists of Cultural Properties of the Philippines">Cultural properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_the_Philippines" title="Dance in the Philippines">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_and_clothing_in_the_Philippines" title="Fashion and clothing in the Philippines">Fashion and clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_markers_of_the_Philippines" title="Historical markers of the Philippines">Historical markers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Filipino inventions and discoveries">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_literature" title="Philippine literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_Philippines" title="Mass media in the Philippines">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Philippines" title="Music of the Philippines">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_mythology" title="Philippine mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Philippines" title="Names of the Philippines">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_the_Philippines" title="Public holidays in the Philippines">Public holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_the_Philippines" title="List of festivals in the Philippines">Festivals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_psychology" title="Filipino psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_the_Philippines" title="Sports in the Philippines">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_games_in_the_Philippines" title="Traditional games in the Philippines">Traditional games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_values" title="Filipino values">Value system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_the_Philippines" title="National symbols of the Philippines">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lupang_Hinirang" title="Lupang Hinirang">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_eagle" title="Philippine eagle">Bird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Philippines" title="Coat of arms of the Philippines">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Philippines" title="Flag of the Philippines">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasminum_sambac" title="Jasminum sambac">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinctada_maxima" title="Pinctada maxima">Gem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_the_Philippines" title="Great Seal of the Philippines">Great Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maka-Diyos,_Maka-tao,_Makakalikasan_at_Makabansa" title="Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa">Motto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Sign_Language" title="Filipino Sign Language">Sign language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnis" title="Arnis">Sport and martial art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pterocarpus_indicus" title="Pterocarpus indicus">Tree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Philippines" title="Outline of the Philippines">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Philippines" title="Bibliography of the Philippines">Bibliography</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a 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