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<span>Reenactors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reenactors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reenactors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reenactors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Categories_of_reenactors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categories_of_reenactors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Categories of reenactors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Categories_of_reenactors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Farbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Farbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Farbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Farbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mainstream" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mainstream"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Mainstream</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mainstream-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Progressive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Progressive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Progressive</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Progressive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Living_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Living_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Living history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Living_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combat_demonstration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combat_demonstration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Combat demonstration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combat_demonstration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_reenactment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_reenactment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Battle reenactment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_reenactment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tactical_combat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tactical_combat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Tactical combat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tactical_combat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_reenactment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_reenactment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Commercial reenactment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_reenactment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Media support</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Academic reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Academic_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Historical reenactment</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%84" title="تجديد التمثيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تجديد التمثيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B7%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Историческа възстановка – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Историческа възстановка" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsevel_istorel" title="Adsevel istorel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Adsevel istorel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstrucci%C3%B3_hist%C3%B2rica" title="Reconstrucció històrica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reconstrucció històrica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historick%C3%A1_rekonstrukce" title="Historická rekonstrukce – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Historická rekonstrukce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reenactment" title="Reenactment – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Reenactment" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reenactment" title="Reenactment – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reenactment" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajaloo_taaskehastamine" title="Ajaloo taaskehastamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ajaloo taaskehastamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recreaci%C3%B3n_hist%C3%B3rica" title="Recreación histórica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Recreación histórica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_rekonstruado" title="Historia rekonstruado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Historia rekonstruado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birsortze_historiko" title="Birsortze historiko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Birsortze historiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstitution_historique" title="Reconstitution historique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Reconstitution historique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athl%C3%A9iri%C3%BA_staire" title="Athléiriú staire – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Athléiriú staire" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%9D%B8%EC%95%A1%ED%8A%B8%EB%A8%BC%ED%8A%B8" title="리인액트먼트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리인액트먼트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BE%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Պատմական վերակառուցում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պատմական վերակառուցում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstruction_historic" title="Reconstruction historic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Reconstruction historic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rievocazione_storica" title="Rievocazione storica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rievocazione storica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstructio_historica" title="Reconstructio historica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Reconstructio historica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%93stures_cien%C4%ABt%C4%81ju_klubs" title="Vēstures cienītāju klubs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vēstures cienītāju klubs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istorin%C4%97_viduram%C5%BEi%C5%B3_rekonstrukcija" title="Istorinė viduramžių rekonstrukcija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Istorinė viduramžių rekonstrukcija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nelmi_%C3%BAjraj%C3%A1tsz%C3%A1s" title="Történelmi újrajátszás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Történelmi újrajátszás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re-enactment" title="Re-enactment – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Re-enactment" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A8%E3%83%8A%E3%82%AF%E3%83%88" title="リエナクト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リエナクト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reenactment" title="Reenactment – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Reenactment" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rekonstrukcja_historyczna" title="Rekonstrukcja historyczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rekonstrukcja historyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recria%C3%A7%C3%A3o_hist%C3%B3rica" title="Recriação histórica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Recriação histórica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconstituire_istoric%C4%83" title="Reconstituire istorică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Reconstituire istorică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Историческая реконструкция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Историческая реконструкция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historian_el%C3%A4v%C3%B6itt%C3%A4minen" title="Historian elävöittäminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Historian elävöittäminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiskt_%C3%A5terskapande" title="Historiskt återskapande – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Historiskt återskapande" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihi_canland%C4%B1rma" title="Tarihi canlandırma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tarihi canlandırma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Історична реконструкція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історична реконструкція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1i_hi%E1%BB%87n_l%E1%BB%8Bch_s%E1%BB%AD" title="Tái hiện lịch sử – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tái hiện lịch sử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bataille_Waterloo_1815_reconstitution_2011_3.jpg/310px-Bataille_Waterloo_1815_reconstitution_2011_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bataille_Waterloo_1815_reconstitution_2011_3.jpg/465px-Bataille_Waterloo_1815_reconstitution_2011_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bataille_Waterloo_1815_reconstitution_2011_3.jpg/620px-Bataille_Waterloo_1815_reconstitution_2011_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2937" data-file-height="1950" /></a><figcaption>Reenactors in the period <a href="/wiki/Uniform" title="Uniform">uniforms</a> firing <a href="/wiki/Musket" title="Musket">muskets</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo_reenactment" title="Battle of Waterloo reenactment">Battle of Waterloo reenactment</a>, in front of the wood of <a href="/wiki/Hougoumont" title="Hougoumont">Hougoumont</a>, 2011</figcaption></figure><p><b>Historical reenactments </b> (or <b>re-enactment</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Educational_entertainment" title="Educational entertainment">educational or entertainment</a> activity in which mainly amateur hobbyists and history enthusiasts dress in historical uniforms and follow a plan to recreate aspects of a historical event or period. This may be as narrow as a specific moment from a battle, such as a reenactment of <a href="/wiki/Pickett%27s_Charge" title="Pickett's Charge">Pickett's Charge</a> presented during the <a href="/wiki/1913_Gettysburg_reunion" title="1913 Gettysburg reunion">1913 Gettysburg reunion</a>, or as broad as an entire period, such as <a href="/wiki/Regency_reenactment" title="Regency reenactment">Regency reenactment</a>. </p><p>While historical reenactors are generally amateurs, some participants are military <a href="/wiki/Military_personnel" title="Military personnel">personnel</a> or historians. The participants, called <i>reenactors</i>, often research the equipment, uniform, and other gear they will carry or use. Reenactors buy the apparel or items they need from specialty stores or make items themselves. Historical reenactments cover a wide span of history, from as far back as <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Post-classical_history" title="Post-classical history">post-classical</a> era, and the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, to as recent as the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World</a> <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Wars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> era, and even the early 21st century. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reenactment&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corbould_edward_henry_thejoustbetweenthelordofthetournament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Corbould_edward_henry_thejoustbetweenthelordofthetournament.jpg/310px-Corbould_edward_henry_thejoustbetweenthelordofthetournament.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Corbould_edward_henry_thejoustbetweenthelordofthetournament.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="278" /></a><figcaption><i>The joust between the Lord of the Tournament and the Knight of the Red Rose</i>, a <a href="/wiki/Lithograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithograph">lithograph</a> commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Eglinton_Tournament_of_1839" class="mw-redirect" title="Eglinton Tournament of 1839">Eglinton Tournament of 1839</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Activities related to "reenactment" have a long history. The Romans staged recreations of famous battles within their <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatre" title="Amphitheatre">amphitheaters</a> as a form of public <a href="/wiki/Spectacle" title="Spectacle">spectacle</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tournament_(medieval)" title="Tournament (medieval)">tournaments</a> often reenacted historical themes from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> or elsewhere. Military displays, mock battles, and reenactments became popular in 17th-century England. </p><p>In 1638, the first known reenactment was brought to life by Lord James ‘Jimmy’ Dunn of Coniston. A staged battle featuring dozens of costumed performers was enacted in London, and the <a href="/wiki/Roundheads" class="mw-redirect" title="Roundheads">Roundheads</a>, flush from a series of victories during the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">Civil War</a>, reenacted a recent battle at <a href="/wiki/Blackheath,_London" title="Blackheath, London">Blackheath</a> in 1645, despite the ongoing conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-Giles_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giles-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1674, King <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II of England</a> staged a recreation of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Maastricht_(1673)" title="Siege of Maastricht (1673)">siege of Maastricht the previous year</a>, in which his illegitimate son <a href="/wiki/James_Scott,_1st_Duke_of_Monmouth" title="James Scott, 1st Duke of Monmouth">James, Duke of Monmouth</a> had been a key commander.<sup id="cite_ref-Maastrict_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maastrict-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An eighty yard wide fortress with twelve foot thick walls and a moat was constructed near <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a> and garrisoned by 500 men.<sup id="cite_ref-Maastrict_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maastrict-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 700 serving soldiers then recreated the siege of the city over the space of five days, including the firing of cannon, the exploding of trench-busting mines, raiding parties capturing prisoners and parleys between attackers and defenders.<sup id="cite_ref-Maastrict_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maastrict-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reenactment attracted large crowds from London and nearby towns, including noted diarist <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Maastrict_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maastrict-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the nineteenth century, historical reenactments became widespread, reflecting the then intense <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> interest in the <a href="/wiki/Medievalism" title="Medievalism">Middle Ages</a>. Medieval culture was widely admired as an antidote to the modern <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">enlightenment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial age">industrial age</a>. Plays and theatrical works (such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ivanhoe" title="Ivanhoe">Ivanhoe</a></i>, which in 1820 was playing in six different productions in London alone)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perpetuated the romanticism of knights, castles, feasts, and tournaments. The <a href="/wiki/Richard_Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville,_1st_Duke_of_Buckingham_and_Chandos" title="Richard Temple-Nugent-Brydges-Chandos-Grenville, 1st Duke of Buckingham and Chandos">Duke of Buckingham</a> staged naval battles from the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> on the large lake on his estate in 1821 and a reenactment of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> was put on for public viewing at <a href="/wiki/Astley%27s_Amphitheatre" title="Astley's Amphitheatre">Astley's Amphitheatre</a> in 1824.<sup id="cite_ref-Giles_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giles-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historical reenactment came of age with the grand spectacle of the <a href="/wiki/Eglinton_Tournament_of_1839" class="mw-redirect" title="Eglinton Tournament of 1839">Eglinton Tournament of 1839</a>, a reenactment of a <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> <a href="/wiki/Jousting" title="Jousting">joust</a> and revel held in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EglintonT_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EglintonT-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and organized by <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Montgomerie,_13th_Earl_of_Eglinton" title="Archibald Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton">Archibald Montgomerie, 13th Earl of Eglinton</a>. The Tournament was a deliberate act of Romanticism and drew 100,000 spectators. The ground chosen for the tournament was low, almost marshy, with grassy slopes rising on all sides.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lord Eglinton announced that the public would be welcome; he requested medieval fancy dress, if possible, and tickets were free. The pageant itself featured thirteen medieval knights on horseback. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_map_of_the_Eglinton_Tournament_features.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/A_map_of_the_Eglinton_Tournament_features.jpg/220px-A_map_of_the_Eglinton_Tournament_features.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/A_map_of_the_Eglinton_Tournament_features.jpg/330px-A_map_of_the_Eglinton_Tournament_features.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/A_map_of_the_Eglinton_Tournament_features.jpg/440px-A_map_of_the_Eglinton_Tournament_features.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>Layout of the Eglinton Tournament</figcaption></figure> <p>It was held on a meadow at a loop in the <a href="/wiki/River_Irvine" title="River Irvine">Lugton Water</a>. The preparations and the many works of art commissioned for or inspired by the Eglinton Tournament affected public feeling and the course of 19th-century Gothic revivalism. Its ambition carried over to events such as a similar lavish tournament in Brussels in 1905 and presaged the historical reenactments of the present. Features of the tournament were inspired by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Scott" title="Walter Scott">Walter Scott</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/Ivanhoe" title="Ivanhoe">Ivanhoe</a></i>: it was attempting "to be a living reenactment of the literary romances".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Eglinton's own words "I am aware of the manifold deficiencies in its exhibition—more perhaps than those who were not so deeply interested in it; I am aware that it was a very humble imitation of the scenes which my imagination had portrayed, but I have, at least, done something towards the revival of chivalry".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reenactments of battles became more commonplace in the late 19th century, both in Britain and America. Within a year of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a>, survivors of <a href="/wiki/U.S._7th_Cavalry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment">U.S. 7th Cavalry Regiment</a> reenacted the scene of their defeat for the camera as a series of still poses. In 1895, members of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Gloucestershire Engineer Volunteers</a> reenacted their famous <a href="/wiki/Last_stand" title="Last stand">last stand</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rorke%27s_Drift" title="Battle of Rorke's Drift">Rorke's Drift</a>, 18 years earlier. A force of 25 <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British soldiers</a> beat back the attack of 75 <a href="/wiki/Zulu_people" title="Zulu people">Zulus</a> at the Grand Military Fete at the <a href="/wiki/Cheltenham" title="Cheltenham">Cheltenham Winter Gardens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Giles_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giles-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_namur_reenactment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b5/Battle_of_namur_reenactment.jpg/220px-Battle_of_namur_reenactment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b5/Battle_of_namur_reenactment.jpg/330px-Battle_of_namur_reenactment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b5/Battle_of_namur_reenactment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Modern reenactments of historical battles were held at <a href="/wiki/Aldershot#Aldershot_Military_Tattoo" title="Aldershot">Royal Tournament, Aldershot Tattoo</a>. Pictured is the program for the 1934 show, where the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1695)" title="Siege of Namur (1695)">Siege of Namur</a> was recreated.</figcaption></figure> <p>Veterans of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> recreated battles as a way to remember their fallen comrades and to teach others what the war was all about.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Reunion_of_1913" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Reunion of 1913">Great Reunion of 1913</a>, celebrating the 50th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg" title="Battle of Gettysburg">Battle of Gettysburg</a>, was attended by more than 50,000 <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> veterans and included reenactments of elements of the battle, including <a href="/wiki/Pickett%27s_Charge" title="Pickett's Charge">Pickett's Charge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the early twentieth century, historical reenactment became very popular in Russia with reenactments of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854%E2%80%931855)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)">Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)</a> (1906), the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino" title="Battle of Borodino">Battle of Borodino</a> (1812) in <a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St Petersburg">St Petersburg</a> and the <i>Taking of Azov</i> (1696) in <a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a> in 1918. In 1920, the 1917 <i><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Winter_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Storming of the Winter Palace">Storming of the Winter Palace</a></i> was reenacted on the third anniversary of the event. This reenactment inspired the scenes in <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a>'s film <i><a href="/wiki/October:_Ten_Days_That_Shook_the_World" title="October: Ten Days That Shook the World">October: Ten Days That Shook the World</a></i>. </p><p>Large-scale reenactments began to be regularly held at the <a href="/wiki/Aldershot#Aldershot_Military_Tattoo" title="Aldershot">Royal Tournament, Aldershot Tattoo</a> in the 1920s and 30s. A spectacular recreation of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1695)" title="Siege of Namur (1695)">Siege of Namur</a>, a critical military engagement of the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a>, was staged in 1934 as part of a 6-day long show.<sup id="cite_ref-Giles_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giles-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, modern reenacting began during the 1961–1965 <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_Centennial" title="American Civil War Centennial">Civil War Centennial</a> commemorations.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After more than 6,000 reenactors participated in a 125th anniversary event near the original Manassas battlefield, reenacting grew in popularity during the late 1980s and 1990s,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and there are today over a hundred Civil War reenactments held each year throughout the country.<sup id="cite_ref-theoutline.com_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theoutline.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reenactors">Reenactors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reenactment&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reenactors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vikings_at_Clontarf_re-enactment.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Vikings_at_Clontarf_re-enactment.png/220px-Vikings_at_Clontarf_re-enactment.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Vikings_at_Clontarf_re-enactment.png/330px-Vikings_at_Clontarf_re-enactment.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Vikings_at_Clontarf_re-enactment.png/440px-Vikings_at_Clontarf_re-enactment.png 2x" data-file-width="2376" data-file-height="1496" /></a><figcaption>Viking reenactors at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Clontarf" title="Battle of Clontarf">Battle of Clontarf</a> millennium commemoration in <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>Most participants are amateurs who pursue history as a <a href="/wiki/Hobby" title="Hobby">hobby</a>. Participants within this hobby are diverse, ranging in age from young children whose parents bring them along to events, to the elderly. In addition to hobbyists, members of the armed forces and professional historians sometimes participate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Categories_of_reenactors">Categories of reenactors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reenactment&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Categories of reenactors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reenactors are commonly divided (or self-divided) into several broadly defined categories, based on the level of concern for <a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(reenactment)" title="Authenticity (reenactment)">authenticity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dress_Authenticity_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dress_Authenticity-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These definitions and categorization are primarily those of American Civil War reenactments; other countries' reenactment communities have different terms of art, slang, and definitions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Farbs">Farbs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reenactment&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Farbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Costumed_gladiatrix_Roman_period.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Costumed_gladiatrix_Roman_period.jpg/220px-Costumed_gladiatrix_Roman_period.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Costumed_gladiatrix_Roman_period.jpg/330px-Costumed_gladiatrix_Roman_period.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Costumed_gladiatrix_Roman_period.jpg/440px-Costumed_gladiatrix_Roman_period.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1325" data-file-height="1172" /></a><figcaption>A reenactor dressed as a Roman citizen.</figcaption></figure> <p>"Farbs" or "polyester soldiers",<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are reenactors who spend relatively little time and/or money achieving authenticity with regard to uniforms, accessories, or period behavior. Anachronistic clothing, fabrics, fasteners (such as <a href="/wiki/Velcro" title="Velcro">velcro</a>), <a href="/wiki/Headgear" title="Headgear">headwear</a>, footwear, vehicles, and consumables (such as modern cigarettes) are common. </p><p>The origin of the word "farb" (and the derivative adjective "farby") is unknown, though it appears to date to early <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> centennial reenactments in 1960 or 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some think that the word derives from a truncated version of "Far be it from authentic".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An alternative definition is "Far Be it for me to question/criticise",<sup id="cite_ref-Hadden_8_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hadden_8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "Fast And Researchless Buying".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A humorous definition of "farb" is "F.A.R.B: Forget About Research, Baby". Some early reenactors assert the word derives from German <i>Farbe</i>, color, because inauthentic reenactors were over-colorful compared with the dull blues, greys or browns of the real Civil War uniforms that were the principal concern of American reenactors at the time the word was coined.<sup id="cite_ref-Hadden_8_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hadden_8-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Burton K. Kummerow, a member of "The Black Hats, CSA" reenactment group in the early 1960s, he first heard it used as a form of fake German to describe a fellow reenactor. The term was picked up by George Gorman of the 2nd North Carolina at the Centennial Manassas Reenactment in 1961, and has been used by reenactors since.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mainstream">Mainstream</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reenactment&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mainstream"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cw_reenactors.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cw_reenactors.jpg/220px-Cw_reenactors.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cw_reenactors.jpg/330px-Cw_reenactors.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cw_reenactors.jpg/440px-Cw_reenactors.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Mainstream American Civil War reenactors in 1997</figcaption></figure> <p>Mainstream reenactors make an effort to appear authentic, but may come out of character in the absence of an audience. Visible stitches are likely to be sewn in a period-correct manner, but hidden stitches and undergarments may not be period-appropriate. Food consumed before an audience is likely to be generally appropriate to the period, but it may not be seasonally and locally appropriate. Modern items are sometimes used "after hours" or in a hidden fashion.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Progressive"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Progressive">Progressive</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reenactment&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Progressive"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Liberty_Guards_Mess_a_group_of_hardcore_reenactors,_this_is_a_tintype_of_their_Shermans_bummers_portrayl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Liberty_Guards_Mess_a_group_of_hardcore_reenactors%2C_this_is_a_tintype_of_their_Shermans_bummers_portrayl.jpg/220px-The_Liberty_Guards_Mess_a_group_of_hardcore_reenactors%2C_this_is_a_tintype_of_their_Shermans_bummers_portrayl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Liberty_Guards_Mess_a_group_of_hardcore_reenactors%2C_this_is_a_tintype_of_their_Shermans_bummers_portrayl.jpg/330px-The_Liberty_Guards_Mess_a_group_of_hardcore_reenactors%2C_this_is_a_tintype_of_their_Shermans_bummers_portrayl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/The_Liberty_Guards_Mess_a_group_of_hardcore_reenactors%2C_this_is_a_tintype_of_their_Shermans_bummers_portrayl.jpg/440px-The_Liberty_Guards_Mess_a_group_of_hardcore_reenactors%2C_this_is_a_tintype_of_their_Shermans_bummers_portrayl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Tintype" title="Tintype">tintype</a> showing "hardcore" American Civil War reenactors</figcaption></figure> <p>At the other extreme from farbs are "hardcore authentics", or "progressives", as they sometimes prefer to be called;<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> derisively, they are sometimes called "stitch counters", "stitch nazis", or "stitch witches."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The movement is "often misunderstood and sometimes maligned."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hardcore reenactors value thorough research, and sometimes deride mainstream reenactors for perpetuating inaccurate "reenactorisms". They generally seek an "immersive" reenacting experience, trying to live, as much as possible, as someone of the period might have done. This includes eating seasonally and regionally appropriate food, sewing inside seams and undergarments in a period-appropriate manner, and staying in character throughout an event.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The desire for an immersive experience often leads hard-core reenactors to smaller events, or to setting up separate camps at larger events.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Period">Period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reenactment&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_soldiers_with_aquilifer_signifer_centurio_70_aC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Roman_soldiers_with_aquilifer_signifer_centurio_70_aC.jpg/200px-Roman_soldiers_with_aquilifer_signifer_centurio_70_aC.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Roman_soldiers_with_aquilifer_signifer_centurio_70_aC.jpg/300px-Roman_soldiers_with_aquilifer_signifer_centurio_70_aC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Roman_soldiers_with_aquilifer_signifer_centurio_70_aC.jpg/400px-Roman_soldiers_with_aquilifer_signifer_centurio_70_aC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3226" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Reenactment covers wide time spans, as exemplified by this reenactment of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">Roman legion</a> <a href="/wiki/Legio_XV_Apollinaris" title="Legio XV Apollinaris">XV <i>Apollinaris</i></a> in Austria, 2005...</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20120902_Malopolski_Piknik_Lotniczy_rekonstrukcja_9648.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/20120902_Malopolski_Piknik_Lotniczy_rekonstrukcja_9648.jpg/200px-20120902_Malopolski_Piknik_Lotniczy_rekonstrukcja_9648.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/20120902_Malopolski_Piknik_Lotniczy_rekonstrukcja_9648.jpg/300px-20120902_Malopolski_Piknik_Lotniczy_rekonstrukcja_9648.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/20120902_Malopolski_Piknik_Lotniczy_rekonstrukcja_9648.jpg/400px-20120902_Malopolski_Piknik_Lotniczy_rekonstrukcja_9648.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">...and this reenactment of <a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War</a> <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">Coalition</a> forces in <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, 2012.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The period of an event is the range of dates. The period reenacted affects the types of costume, weapons, and armour used. </p><p>Common periods to reenact include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_reenactment" title="Classical reenactment">Classical reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_reenactment" title="Dark Ages reenactment">Dark Ages reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_reenactment" title="Medieval reenactment">Medieval reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_reenactment" title="Renaissance reenactment">Renaissance reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_reenactment" title="Modern reenactment">Modern reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regency_reenactment" title="Regency reenactment">Regency reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckskinning" title="Buckskinning">Fur trade reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_reenactment" title="American Civil War reenactment">American Civil War reenactment</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dress_Authenticity_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dress_Authenticity-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reenactment" class="mw-redirect" title="World War I reenactment">World War I reenactment</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_reenactment" title="World War II reenactment">World War II reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War_reenactment" title="Korean War reenactment">Korean War reenactment</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reenactment&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_reenactment_events" title="List of historical reenactment events">List of historical reenactment events</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Living_history">Living history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reenactment&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Living history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Living_history" title="Living history">Living history</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0628-0006-001,_Interessengemeinschaft_Mandan-Indianer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0628-0006-001%2C_Interessengemeinschaft_Mandan-Indianer.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0628-0006-001%2C_Interessengemeinschaft_Mandan-Indianer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0628-0006-001%2C_Interessengemeinschaft_Mandan-Indianer.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0628-0006-001%2C_Interessengemeinschaft_Mandan-Indianer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0628-0006-001%2C_Interessengemeinschaft_Mandan-Indianer.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J0628-0006-001%2C_Interessengemeinschaft_Mandan-Indianer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption>A living history reenactment of Native American life in <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>, 1970. <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_German_popular_culture" title="Native Americans in German popular culture">Native Americans were romanticized in Germany</a>, making them popular reenactment subjects.</figcaption></figure> <p>The term "living history" describes the performance of bringing history to life for the general public in a manner that in most cases is not following a planned script. Historical presentation includes a continuum from well researched attempts to recreate a known historical event for educational purposes, through representations with theatrical elements, to competitive events for purposes of entertainment. The line between amateur and professional presentations at <a href="/wiki/Living_history_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Living history museum">living history museums</a> can be blurred. While the latter routinely use museum professionals and trained interpreters to help convey the story of history to the public, some museums and historic sites employ living history groups with high standards of authenticity for the same role at special events. </p><p>Living histories are usually meant for education of the public. Such events do not necessarily have a mock battle but instead are aimed at portraying the life, and more importantly the lifestyle, of people of the period. This often includes both military and civilian impressions. Occasionally, storytelling or acting sketches take place to involve or explain the everyday life or military activity to the viewing public. More common are craft and cooking demonstrations, song and leisure activities, and lectures. Combat training or duels can also be encountered even when larger combat demonstrations are not present. </p><p>There are different styles of living history, each with its own fidelity to the past. "Third-person" interpreters take on the dress and work in a particular period style, but do not take on personas of past people; by taking this style, they emphasize to audiences the differences between past and present.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Second-person" interpreters take on historical personae to an extent, engaging audiences to participate in period activities, such as soap-making or churning butter, thus restaging historical episodes with their spectators.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, "First-person" interpreters "feign previous folk 'from outward appearances to innermost beliefs and attitudes,' pretending not to know anything of events past their epoch, and engaging with audiences using antiquated dialects and mannerisms.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> does not allow for battle reenactments (simulated combat with opposing lines and casualties) on NPS property; however, there are exceptions, such as Sayde<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/Schloss_Kaltenberg" title="Schloss Kaltenberg">Schloss Kaltenberg</a> knights tournament.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of combat reenactment groups are battlefield reenactment groups, some of which have become isolated to some degree because of a strong focus on authenticity. The specific German approach of <a href="/wiki/Authenticity_in_art" title="Authenticity in art">authenticity</a> is less about replaying a certain event, but to allow an immersion in a certain era, to catch, in the sense of <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a> the "spiritual message expressed in every monument's and every site's own 'trace' and 'aura<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>", even in the <a href="/wiki/The_Work_of_Art_in_the_Age_of_Mechanical_Reproduction" title="The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction">Age of Mechanical Reproduction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MP_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MP-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historic city festivals and events are quite important to build up local communities and contribute to the self-image of municipalities.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Events in monuments or on historical sites are less about the events related to them but serve as <a href="/wiki/Staffage" title="Staffage">staffage</a> for the immersion experience.<sup id="cite_ref-MP_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MP-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Denmark several <a href="/wiki/Open_air_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Open air museum">open air museums</a> uses living history as a part of their concept. These include <a href="/wiki/Middelaldercentret" title="Middelaldercentret">Middelaldercentret</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Old_Town,_Aarhus" class="mw-redirect" title="The Old Town, Aarhus">The Old Town, Aarhus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frilandsmuseet" title="Frilandsmuseet">Frilandsmuseet</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Combat_demonstration">Combat demonstration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reenactment&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Combat demonstration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mock_Mongolian_battle_at_Khaan_Quest_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mock_Mongolian_battle_at_Khaan_Quest_07.jpg/220px-Mock_Mongolian_battle_at_Khaan_Quest_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mock_Mongolian_battle_at_Khaan_Quest_07.jpg/330px-Mock_Mongolian_battle_at_Khaan_Quest_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Mock_Mongolian_battle_at_Khaan_Quest_07.jpg/440px-Mock_Mongolian_battle_at_Khaan_Quest_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Armed_Forces" title="Mongolian Armed Forces">Mongolian Armed Forces</a> soldiers conducting a <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a>-era combat demonstration during the <a href="/wiki/Military_exercise" title="Military exercise">military exercise</a> <a href="/wiki/Khaan_Quest" title="Khaan Quest">Khaan Quest</a> 2007</figcaption></figure> <p>Combat demonstrations are mock battles put on by reenacting organizations and/or private parties primarily to show the public what combat in the period might have been like. Combat demonstrations are only loosely based on actual battles, if at all, and may simply consist of demonstrations of basic tactics and maneuvering techniques. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_reenactment">Battle reenactment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reenactment&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Battle reenactment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scripted battles are reenactments in the strictest sense; the battles are planned out beforehand so that the companies and regiments make the same actions that were taken in the original battles. The mock battles are often "fought" at or near the original battle ground or at a place very similar to the original. These demonstrations vary widely in size from a few hundred fighters to several thousand, as do the arenas used (getting the right balance can often make or break the spectacle for the public). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tactical_combat">Tactical combat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reenactment&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tactical combat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tactical_event" title="Tactical event">Tactical event</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:190607-N-AC979-0048_(48023248958).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/190607-N-AC979-0048_%2848023248958%29.jpg/220px-190607-N-AC979-0048_%2848023248958%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/190607-N-AC979-0048_%2848023248958%29.jpg/330px-190607-N-AC979-0048_%2848023248958%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/190607-N-AC979-0048_%2848023248958%29.jpg/440px-190607-N-AC979-0048_%2848023248958%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3645" data-file-height="2604" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_SEALs" title="United States Navy SEALs">U.S. Navy SEALs</a> reenacting <a href="/wiki/Underwater_Demolition_Team#Naval_Combat_Demolition_Units" title="Underwater Demolition Team">Naval Combat Demolition Unit</a> operations on <a href="/wiki/Utah_Beach" title="Utah Beach">Utah Beach</a>, 2019</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike battle reenactments, tactical battle events are generally not open to the public. Tactical battle scenarios are games in which both sides come up with strategies and maneuvering tactics to beat their opponents. With no script, a basic set of agreed-upon rules (physical boundaries, time limit, victory conditions, etc.), and on-site judges, tactical battles can be considered a form of <a href="/wiki/Live_action_role-playing_game" title="Live action role-playing game">live action role-playing game</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wargame" title="Wargame">wargame</a>. If firearms are used, any real weapons fire <a href="/wiki/Blank_(cartridge)" title="Blank (cartridge)">blank ammunition</a> (depending on gun control ordinances), though <a href="/wiki/Airsoft_gun" title="Airsoft gun">airsoft guns</a> are becoming more common. </p><p>Tactical reenactment is one of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Creative_Anachronism_activities" title="Society for Creative Anachronism activities">activities</a> done by the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Creative_Anachronism" title="Society for Creative Anachronism">Society for Creative Anachronism</a>, which hosts tournaments using practice (not damaging) versions of medieval and renaissance weapons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_reenactment">Commercial reenactment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reenactment&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Commercial reenactment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_providing_reenactment" title="List of tourist attractions providing reenactment">List of tourist attractions providing reenactment</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Preussische_Soldaten_exerzieren.ogv/220px-seek%3D260-Preussische_Soldaten_exerzieren.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="382" data-mwtitle="Preussische_Soldaten_exerzieren.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Preussische_Soldaten_exerzieren.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Preussische_Soldaten_exerzieren.ogv/Preussische_Soldaten_exerzieren.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Preussische_Soldaten_exerzieren.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="960" data-height="540" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Preussische_Soldaten_exerzieren.ogv/Preussische_Soldaten_exerzieren.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Preussische_Soldaten_exerzieren.ogv/Preussische_Soldaten_exerzieren.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9b/Preussische_Soldaten_exerzieren.ogv/Preussische_Soldaten_exerzieren.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Reenactments of German soldiers <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1912</span>, conducted autumnly at the <a href="/wiki/Roscheider_Hof_Open_Air_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum">Roscheider Hof Open Air Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Konz" title="Konz">Konz</a>, 2012</figcaption></figure> <p>Many castles that offer tours, museums, and other historical tourist attractions employ actors or professional reenactors to add to authentic feel and experience. These reenactors usually recreate part of a specific town, village, or activity within a certain time frame. Commercial reenactment shows are usually choreographed and follow a script. Some locations have set up permanent <a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(reenactment)" title="Authenticity (reenactment)">authentic</a> displays. By their nature, these are usually <a href="/wiki/Living_history" title="Living history">living history</a> presentations, rather than tactical or battle reenactment, although some host larger temporary events. </p><p>In 2008, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte_National_Historical_Park_and_Preserve" title="Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve">Jean Lafitte National Historical Park and Preserve</a> and North Carolina's Tryon Palace staff and buildings provided the period backdrop for early 1800s life depicted in the <i>Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck</i> documentary.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reenactment&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many publications have covered historical reenactment and living history. Prominent among these are the <i>Camp Chase Gazette</i>, <i>Smoke and Fire News,</i> and two different magazines named <i>Living History</i>, and <i>Skirmish Magazine</i>. </p><p><i>The Medieval Soldier</i> by <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Embleton" title="Gerry Embleton">Gerry Embleton</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Howe_(illustrator)" title="John Howe (illustrator)">John Howe</a> (1995) is a popular book on the topic, which has been translated into French and German. It was followed by <i>Medieval Military Costume in Colour Photographs</i>. </p><p>For the Napoleonic period, two books of interest cover life in the military at that time and living history: <i>The Napoleonic Soldier</i> by Stephen E. Maughan (1999) and <i>Marching with Sharpe</i> by B. J. Bluth (2001). Various Napoleonic reenactment groups cover the history of their associated regiments as well as try to describe and illustrate how they approach recreating the period. The goal to be as authentic as is possible has led many serious reenactment societies to set up their own research groups to verify their knowledge of the uniforms, drill and all aspects of the life that they strive to portray. In this way reenactment plays a vital role in bringing history to life, keeping history alive, and in expanding the knowledge and understanding of the period. </p><p>In the UK a number of small publishing houses have been established that particularly publish books about the English Civil War and earlier periods. The largest are Stuart Press (with around 250 volumes in print) and Partizan Press. </p><p>Little has been published about reenactment in the mainstream market, except for press articles. One exception is the book <i>I Believe in Yesterday: My Adventures in Living History</i> by <a href="/wiki/Tim_Moore_(writer)" title="Tim Moore (writer)">Tim Moore</a>, which recounts his experiences trying out different periods of reenactment, the people he meets, and things he learns whilst doing so.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_support">Media support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reenactment&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Media support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Motion picture and television producers often turn to reenactment groups for support; films like <i><a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_(1993_film)" title="Gettysburg (1993 film)">Gettysburg</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-sun_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sun-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Glory_(1989_film)" title="Glory (1989 film)">Glory</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Patriot_(2000_film)" title="The Patriot (2000 film)">The Patriot</a></i>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/Alatriste" title="Alatriste">Alatriste</a></i><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> benefited greatly from the input of reenactors, who arrived on set fully equipped and steeped in knowledge of military procedures, camp life, and tactics. </p><p>In a documentary about the making of the film <i>Gettysburg</i>, actor <a href="/wiki/Sam_Elliott" title="Sam Elliott">Sam Elliott</a>, who portrayed Union General <a href="/wiki/John_Buford" title="John Buford">John Buford</a> in the film, said of reenactors: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I think we're really fortunate to have those people involved. In fact, they couldn't be making this picture without them; there's no question about that. These guys come with their wardrobe, they come with their weaponry. They come with all the accoutrements, but they also come with the stuff in their head and the stuff in their heart.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_reception">Academic reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reenactment&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Academic reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_070426-N-1688B-163_John_Smith,_played_by_Dennis_Farmer,_claims_the_beach_for_England_during_a_re-enactment_ceremony_on_the_400th_anniversary_of_the_First_Landing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/US_Navy_070426-N-1688B-163_John_Smith%2C_played_by_Dennis_Farmer%2C_claims_the_beach_for_England_during_a_re-enactment_ceremony_on_the_400th_anniversary_of_the_First_Landing.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/US_Navy_070426-N-1688B-163_John_Smith%2C_played_by_Dennis_Farmer%2C_claims_the_beach_for_England_during_a_re-enactment_ceremony_on_the_400th_anniversary_of_the_First_Landing.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/US_Navy_070426-N-1688B-163_John_Smith%2C_played_by_Dennis_Farmer%2C_claims_the_beach_for_England_during_a_re-enactment_ceremony_on_the_400th_anniversary_of_the_First_Landing.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>An actor playing <a href="/wiki/John_Smith_(explorer)" title="John Smith (explorer)">John Smith</a> reenacts claiming a beach for <a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Virginia" title="Jamestown, Virginia">Jamestown</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Historians' perspectives on the genre of historical reenactment is mixed. On the one hand, some historians cite reenactment as a way for ordinary people to understand and engage with the narratives about the past in ways that academic history fails to do—namely, that it presents straightforward and entertaining narratives, and allows people to more fully "embody" the past.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than confining the production of historical narratives to academia, some argue that this "history from below" provides an important public service to educating the public about past events, serving to "enliven history for millions who turn a blind or bored eye on monuments and museums."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other historians critique the anachronisms present in reenactment and cite the impossibility of truly retrieving and reproducing the past from the vantage point of the present; "We are not past but present people, with experience, knowledge, feelings, and aims previously unknown," writes Lowenthal, and however impeccably we attempt to bring back the past, everything is filtered through our modern lens and senses.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further, others worry that the focus on historical accuracy in the details, such as dress, obscure the broader historical themes that are critical for audiences to understand; this worry is more acute for certain forms of reenactment, such as American Civil War reenactment, that elicit strong feelings and have real impacts in the present-day world.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By focusing on the accuracy of details, some worry, the discussion of the war's causes, such as the end of slavery, are confined to the margins.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further, under the guise of adhering to the past, some worry, the true, underlying purposes of some reenactments can be obscured; namely, that some reenactors defend not only their prescribed side, but also their side's beliefs: as one reenactor put it, "I do this because I believe in what they believed in<span class="nowrap"> </span>... The real pure hobby is not just looking right; it's thinking right."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to this, some historians call for a more "authentic" approach to presenting the past, wherein the impacts of that representation on present-day society are honestly presented so as not to give an inaccurate picture of the past. "Historical authenticity resides not in fidelity to an alleged past", cautions an anthropologist, but in being honest about how the present represents that past."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reenactment&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20080809_mokotow_44_reenactment_IMG_2511.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/20080809_mokotow_44_reenactment_IMG_2511.jpg/220px-20080809_mokotow_44_reenactment_IMG_2511.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/20080809_mokotow_44_reenactment_IMG_2511.jpg/330px-20080809_mokotow_44_reenactment_IMG_2511.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/20080809_mokotow_44_reenactment_IMG_2511.jpg/440px-20080809_mokotow_44_reenactment_IMG_2511.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> reenactors near a <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Flag of Nazi Germany">flag of Nazi Germany</a> during a reenactment of the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Warsaw uprising">Warsaw uprising</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mokot%C3%B3w" title="Mokotów">Mokotów</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are a number of criticisms made about reenactment. Many point out that the average age of reenactors is generally far higher than the average age of soldiers in most conflicts. Few reenactment units discriminate based on age and physical condition.<sup id="cite_ref-wargames_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wargames-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, reenactors are overwhelmingly white.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In Civil War reenactments, African-American characters, both enslaved and free, are underrepresented.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2013, five black reenactors at the 150th anniversary event at Gettysburg constituted "the largest bloc of black civilians anyone had ever seen at an event whose historical basis was full of black civilians... Astonished spectators stopped them constantly, usually assuming they were portraying enslaved people."<sup id="cite_ref-theoutline.com_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theoutline.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jenny Thompson's book <i>Wargames</i><sup id="cite_ref-wargames_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wargames-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> discusses the "fantasy farb", or tendency of reenactors to gravitate towards "elite" units such as commandos, paratroopers, or <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a> units. This results in under-representation in the reenactment community of what were the most common types of military troops in the period being reenacted. The question has arisen among North American reenactors, but similar issues exist in Europe. For example, in Britain, a high proportion of Napoleonic War reenactors perform as members of the <a href="/wiki/95th_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="95th Rifles">95th Rifles</a> (perhaps due to the popularity of the fictional character of <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sharpe_(fictional_character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Sharpe (fictional character)">Richard Sharpe</a>), and medieval groups have an over-proportion of plate-armoured soldiers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag possibly contains original research. (October 2016)">original research?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some veterans have criticized military reenactment as glorifying "what is literally a human tragedy",<sup id="cite_ref-:0_29-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with one World War II veteran remarking in 1988, "If they knew what a war was like, they'd never play at it."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some feminist critiques of certain kinds of reenactment, such as Civil War reenactment, "builds up a prosthetic symbolic male white body, embedded in an archaic racialized gender system: the clothing and the tools normally intensify male whiteness. Thus, even if the outer appearance of the uniformed female reenactor is flawless, her participation is deemed unacceptable by most male reenactors."<sup id="cite_ref-:2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some reenactments more recently have allowed women to participate as combatants as long as their appearance can pass as male from a specified distance.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reenactors may be accused of being, or actually be, aligned with the political beliefs that some of the reenacted armies fought for, such as <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate South</a>. For example, U.S. politician <a href="/wiki/Rich_Iott" title="Rich Iott">Rich Iott</a><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'s</span> participation in a <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_reenactment" title="World War II reenactment">World War II reenactment</a> in which he was in the group that portrayed the German <a href="/wiki/5th_SS_Panzer_Division_Wiking" title="5th SS Panzer Division Wiking">5th SS Panzer Division Wiking</a> side excited media criticism during his <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_in_Ohio,_2010#District_9" class="mw-redirect" title="United States House of Representatives elections in Ohio, 2010">2010 Congressional campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nazi_uniform_row_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nazi_uniform_row-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar accusations have been made against <a href="/wiki/Igor_Girkin" title="Igor Girkin">Igor Girkin</a>, a Russian reenactor who has led Russian-aligned forces in the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, in the weeks following <a href="/wiki/Unite_the_Right_rally" title="Unite the Right rally">a far-right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia</a> at which a neo-Nazi killed a counterprotester, some reenactors complained about—as one reporter put it—"the co-opting of the [Civil] war by neo-Nazis."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reenactment&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_reenactment_groups" title="List of historical reenactment groups">List of historical reenactment groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action_role-playing_game" title="Live action role-playing game">Live action role-playing game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_physical_training_and_fitness" title="History of physical training and fitness">History of physical training and fitness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MilSim" title="MilSim">MilSim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">Cosplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Woodham" title="Little Woodham">Little Woodham</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reenactment&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Giles-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Giles_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giles_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giles_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giles_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHoward_Giles" class="citation web cs1">Howard Giles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eventplan.co.uk/page29.html">"A Brief History of Re-enactment"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Re-enactment&rft.au=Howard+Giles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eventplan.co.uk%2Fpage29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reenactment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maastrict-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maastrict_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maastrict_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maastrict_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maastrict_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeay2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Keay" title="Anna Keay">Keay, Anna</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.annakeay.co.uk/publications.html"><i>The Last Royal Rebel: The Life and Death of James, Duke of Monmouth</i></a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Books">Bloomsbury Books</a>. pp. 151–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-2782-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-2782-6"><bdi>978-1-4088-2782-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Royal+Rebel%3A+The+Life+and+Death+of+James%2C+Duke+of+Monmouth&rft.place=London&rft.pages=151-3&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4088-2782-6&rft.aulast=Keay&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.annakeay.co.uk%2Fpublications.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reenactment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Anstruther" title="Ian Anstruther">Anstruther, Ian</a> <i>The Knight and the Umbrella: An Account of the Eglinton Tournament, 1839</i>. London: Geoffrey Bles Ltd, 1963. pp. 122–123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EglintonT-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EglintonT_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corbould, Edward. <i>The Eglinton Tournament: Dedicated to the Earl of Eglinton</i>. Pall Mall, England: Hodgson & Graves, 1840.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.georgeglazer.com/archives/prints/genre/eglingtonjoust.html">[1]</a>. p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Anstruther" title="Ian Anstruther">Anstruther, Ian</a> <i>The Knight and the Umbrella: An Account of the Eglinton Tournament, 1839</i>. London: Geoffrey Bles Ltd, 1963. pp. 188–189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watts, Karen, 2009, "The Eglinton Tournament of 1839"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Literary Gazette, 1831:90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadden, Robert Lee. "Reliving the Civil War: A reenactor's handbook". Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books, 1999. p. 4 "Civil War reenacting was done almost from the beginning of the war, as soldiers demonstrated to family and friends their actions during the war, in camp, drill, and battle. Veterans organizations recreated camp life to show their children and others how they lived and to reproduce the camaraderie of shared experience with their fellow veterans."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeiser,_John1998" class="citation web cs1">Heiser, John (September 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/archive/gett/getttour/sidebar/reunion13.htm">"The Great Reunion of 1913"</a>. National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080918074740/http://www.nps.gov/archive/gett/getttour/sidebar/reunion13.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Reunion+of+1913&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=1998-09&rft.au=Heiser%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farchive%2Fgett%2Fgetttour%2Fsidebar%2Freunion13.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reenactment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadden. p. 4 "Without a doubt, Civil War reenactment got its boost during the centennial, which also saw the birth of the <a href="/wiki/North-South_Skirmish_Association" title="North-South Skirmish Association">North-South Skirmish Association</a> (N-SSA)."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadden. p. 6 "In 1986, the first of the 125th Anniversary battles was held near the original battlefield of <a href="/wiki/First_Bull_Run" class="mw-redirect" title="First Bull Run">Manassas</a>. More than anything, this mega-event sparked an interest in the Civil War and reenacting."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theoutline.com-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theoutline.com_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-theoutline.com_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeery2018" class="citation web cs1">Beery, Zoë (28 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theoutline.com/post/3956/cheyney-mcknight-not-your-mommas-history-profile">"Say Goodbye to Your Happy Plantation Narrative"</a>. <i>The Outline</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Outline&rft.atitle=Say+Goodbye+to+Your+Happy+Plantation+Narrative&rft.date=2018-03-28&rft.aulast=Beery&rft.aufirst=Zo%C3%AB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheoutline.com%2Fpost%2F3956%2Fcheyney-mcknight-not-your-mommas-history-profile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reenactment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dress_Authenticity-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dress_Authenticity_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dress_Authenticity_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Strauss. "In the United States, hobby organizations participate in the public reenactment of historical events. The most popular is Civil War reenacting, which can be viewed as a manifestation of the unresolved nature of that war ... Among reenactors, the quest for historical authenticity is considered a core value."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanton. p. 34</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadden pp. 209, 219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadden p. 8. "Ross M. Kimmel states that it was used at the Manassas reenactment in 1961 ... George Gorman and his 2nd North Carolina picked up the term at the First Manassas Reenactment in 1961 and enjoyed using it constantly with condescension and sarcasm directed toward other units."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorwitz1994" class="citation cs2">Horwitz, Tony (1994-06-02), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wesclark.com/jw/hodge.html">"They Don Period's Clothes, Eat Era's Grub and Sneer At Less-Exacting Brethern"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-03</span></span>, <q>Some also refuse to fight beside those whose uniforms and performance art don't measure up: a group derided as "farbs," short-hand for "far-be-it-from-authentic."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=They+Don+Period%27s+Clothes%2C+Eat+Era%27s+Grub+and+Sneer+At+Less-Exacting+Brethern&rft.date=1994-06-02&rft.aulast=Horwitz&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwesclark.com%2Fjw%2Fhodge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reenactment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hadden_8-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hadden_8_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hadden_8_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadden, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wesclark.com/jw/forigin.html">Wesclark.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadden p. 8 <i>Juanita Leisch calls it "Fast And Researchless Buying," and other sources insist it came from the Bicentennial and Revolutionary War groups and means "Fairly Authentic Royal British."</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwidewords.org/weirdwords/ww-far1.htm">Worldwidewords.org</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadden, pp. 219–220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadden p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadden p. 224</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadden, p. 138</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadden p. 138 "Like soldiers of the Civil War, progressives experience the same poor conditions that the original soldiers did, camping without tents and sleeping out exposed to the cold and rain. They spend weekends eating bad and insufficient food, and they practice a steady regimen of work, marching, and drill. They suffer the cold, carrying insufficient clothing and blankets as well as sleeping campaign-style by spooning with each other for warmth."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hadden p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.great-war-assoc.org/">Great War Association-Home</a>. Great-war-assoc.org. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_29-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowenthal2015" class="citation cs2">Lowenthal, David, ed. (2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/past-is-a-foreign-country-revisited/replacing-the-past-restoration-and-reenactment/85D12C84DD94F5010CDFFC5C348101F3">"Replacing the past: restoration and re-enactment"</a>, <i>The Past Is a Foreign Country – Revisited</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 464–496, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9781139024884.017">10.1017/CBO9781139024884.017</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85142-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85142-8"><bdi>978-0-521-85142-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-12-03</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Past+Is+a+Foreign+Country+%E2%80%93+Revisited&rft.atitle=Replacing+the+past%3A+restoration+and+re-enactment&rft.pages=464-496&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9781139024884.017&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85142-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fbooks%2Fpast-is-a-foreign-country-revisited%2Freplacing-the-past-restoration-and-reenactment%2F85D12C84DD94F5010CDFFC5C348101F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reenactment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513165828/http://www.landsknechte-bretten.de/galerie/der-tross-1-tag/">"Der Tross 10–14 Juni 2004"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.landsknechte-bretten.de/galerie/der-tross-1-tag/">the original</a> on 2016-05-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-12-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Der+Tross+10%E2%80%9314+Juni+2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.landsknechte-bretten.de%2Fgalerie%2Fder-tross-1-tag%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reenactment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ritterturnier.de/">Kaltenberg web entry</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MP-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MP_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MP_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Petzet: "In the full richness of their authenticity" – The Test of Authenticity and the New Cult of Monuments, Nara Conference on Authenticity in Relation to the World Heritage 1994.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Benita Luckmann: <i>Bretten, Politik in einer deutschen Kleinstadt</i>. Enke, Stuttgart 1970, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-432-01618-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-432-01618-2">3-432-01618-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.middelaldercentret.dk/Engelsk/themedievaltown.html">The Medieval Town</a>. <a href="/wiki/Middelaldercentret" title="Middelaldercentret">Middelaldercentret</a>. Accessed 9 September 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nautilusproductions.com/projects/mystery-mardi-gras-shipwreck-documentary">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Mystery Mardi Gras Shipwreck" Documentary"</a>. <i>nautilusproductions.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nautilusproductions.com&rft.atitle=%22Mystery+Mardi+Gras+Shipwreck%22+Documentary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnautilusproductions.com%2Fprojects%2Fmystery-mardi-gras-shipwreck-documentary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reenactment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore, Tim (2008). <i>I Believe in Yesterday: My Adventures in Living History</i>. London: Jonathan Cape. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-224-07781-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-224-07781-3">0-224-07781-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sun-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sun_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJubera1993" class="citation cs2">Jubera, Drew (1993-10-09), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/1993/10/09/gettysburg-ted-turner-a-cast-of-thousands-and-the-ghosts-of-the-past/">"Gettysburg: Ted Turner, a cast of thousands and the ghosts of the past"</a>, <i>Baltimore Sun</i>, Tribune Company, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141208214449/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1993-10-09/features/1993282122_1_ted-turner-gettysburg-jeff-daniels">archived</a> from the original on 2014-12-08<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-04-19</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Gettysburg%3A+Ted+Turner%2C+a+cast+of+thousands+and+the+ghosts+of+the+past&rft.date=1993-10-09&rft.aulast=Jubera&rft.aufirst=Drew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2F1993%2F10%2F09%2Fgettysburg-ted-turner-a-cast-of-thousands-and-the-ghosts-of-the-past%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reenactment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afi.com/events/natm/glory.aspx">AFI Night at the Movies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This documentary can be found on the DVD of the film <i>Gettysburg</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgnew2004" class="citation journal cs1">Agnew, Vanessa (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1151&context=criticism">"Introduction: What Is Reenactment?"</a>. <i>Criticism</i>. <b>46</b> (3): 327–339. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcrt.2005.0001">10.1353/crt.2005.0001</a> – via Wayne State University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Criticism&rft.atitle=Introduction%3A+What+Is+Reenactment%3F&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=327-339&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcrt.2005.0001&rft.aulast=Agnew&rft.aufirst=Vanessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.wayne.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1151%26context%3Dcriticism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reenactment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrouillot1997" class="citation book cs1">Trouillot, Michel-Rolph (1997). <i>Silencing the Past</i>. Beacon. p. 148.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silencing+the+Past&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Beacon&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Trouillot&rft.aufirst=Michel-Rolph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reenactment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wargames-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wargames_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wargames_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, Jenny. <i>Wargames: Inside the World of 20th Century Reenactors</i> (Smithsonian Books, Washington, 2004). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58834-128-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-58834-128-3">1-58834-128-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_B._Mitchell,_quoted_in_Brown1988" class="citation news cs1">Joseph B. Mitchell, quoted in Brown, Rita Mae (12 June 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/12/travel/fighting-the-civil-war-anew.html">"Fighting the Civil War Anew"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Will+Civil+War+reenactments+die+out%3F&rft.date=2017-08-25&rft.aulast=Guarino&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fentertainment%2Fmuseums%2Fwill-civil-war-reenactments-die-out%2F2017%2F08%2F25%2Ff43c6bc0-874b-11e7-a50f-e0d4e6ec070a_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reenactment" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reenactment&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllred1996" class="citation journal cs1">Allred, Randal (1996). "Catharsis, Revision, and Re-enactment: Negotiating the Meaning of the American Civil War". <i>Journal of American Culture</i>. <b>19</b> (4): 1–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1542-734X.1996.1904_1.x">10.1111/j.1542-734X.1996.1904_1.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+American+Culture&rft.atitle=Catharsis%2C+Revision%2C+and+Re-enactment%3A+Negotiating+the+Meaning+of+the+American+Civil+War&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1-13&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1542-734X.1996.1904_1.x&rft.aulast=Allred&rft.aufirst=Randal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reenactment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChronis2005" class="citation journal cs1">Chronis, Athinodoros (2005). "Coconstructing heritage at the Gettysburg storyscape". <i>Annals of Tourism Research</i>. <b>32</b> (2): 386–406. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.annals.2004.07.009">10.1016/j.annals.2004.07.009</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Tourism+Research&rft.atitle=Coconstructing+heritage+at+the+Gettysburg+storyscape&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=386-406&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.annals.2004.07.009&rft.aulast=Chronis&rft.aufirst=Athinodoros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reenactment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChronis2008" class="citation journal cs1">Chronis, Athinodoros (2008). "Co-constructing the narrative experience: staging and consuming the American Civil War at Gettysburg". <i>Journal of Marketing Management</i>. <b>24</b> (1): 5–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1362%2F026725708X273894">10.1362/026725708X273894</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145725838">145725838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Marketing+Management&rft.atitle=Co-constructing+the+narrative+experience%3A+staging+and+consuming+the+American+Civil+War+at+Gettysburg&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-27&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1362%2F026725708X273894&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145725838%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chronis&rft.aufirst=Athinodoros&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reenactment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDecker2010" class="citation journal cs1">Decker, Stephanie K. (2010). "Being Period: An Examination of Bridging Discourse in a Historical Reenactment Group". <i>Journal of Contemporary Ethnography</i>. <b>39</b> (3): 273–296. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.1032.9314">10.1.1.1032.9314</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0891241609341541">10.1177/0891241609341541</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145732811">145732811</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+Ethnography&rft.atitle=Being+Period%3A+An+Examination+of+Bridging+Discourse+in+a+Historical+Reenactment+Group&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=273-296&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.1032.9314%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145732811%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0891241609341541&rft.aulast=Decker&rft.aufirst=Stephanie+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reenactment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGapps2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gapps, Stephen (2009). "Mobile monuments: A view of historical reenactment and authenticity from inside the costume cupboard of history". <i>Rethinking History</i>. <b>13</b> (3): 395–409. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13642520903091159">10.1080/13642520903091159</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145195433">145195433</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rethinking+History&rft.atitle=Mobile+monuments%3A+A+view+of+historical+reenactment+and+authenticity+from+inside+the+costume+cupboard+of+history&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=395-409&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13642520903091159&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145195433%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gapps&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reenactment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadden1999" class="citation book cs1">Hadden, Robert Lee (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netlibrary.com/summary.asp?id=42010"><i>Reliving the Civil War: A reenactor's handbook</i></a>. Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reliving+the+Civil+War%3A+A+reenactor%27s+handbook&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+PA&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Hadden&rft.aufirst=Robert+Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netlibrary.com%2Fsummary.asp%3Fid%3D42010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reenactment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1994" class="citation journal cs1">Hall, Dennis (1994). 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National Park Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Great+Reunion+of+1913&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft.date=1998-09&rft.au=Heiser%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farchive%2Fgett%2Fgetttour%2Fsidebar%2Freunion13.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reenactment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Horwitz, Tony. <i>Confederates in the Attic: Dispatches from the Unfinished Civil War</i> (1998), an ethnographic study of re-enactors and groups engaged in remembrance.</li> <li>Saupe, Achim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docupedia.de/zg/Saupe_authentizitaet_v3_en_2016"><i>Authenticity</i></a>, Version: 3, in: Docupedia Zeitgeschichte, 12 April 2016. 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"A Framework for Assessing Military Dress Authenticity in Civil War Reenacting". <i>Clothing and Textiles Research Journal</i>. <b>19</b> (4): 145–157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0887302X0101900401">10.1177/0887302X0101900401</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145093962">145093962</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clothing+and+Textiles+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Framework+for+Assessing+Military+Dress+Authenticity+in+Civil+War+Reenacting&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=145-157&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0887302X0101900401&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145093962%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Strauss&rft.aufirst=Mitchell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reenactment" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeitelman2010" class="citation journal cs1">Teitelman, Emma (2010). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Knights and Their Ladies Fair': Reenacting the Civil War". Bachelor's Thesis, Wesleyan University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%27Knights+and+Their+Ladies+Fair%27%3A+Reenacting+the+Civil+War&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Teitelman&rft.aufirst=Emma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistorical+reenactment" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Historical_reenactment&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reenactments" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Reenactments">Reenactments</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.LivingHistory.co.uk">LivingHistory.co.uk, The UK Online Home of Reenacting and Living History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seamstrue.com/events">seamstrue.com, Historical reenactment events worldwide on a map, with filters for date and type.</a></li></ul> <div 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_reenactment" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Reenactment" title="Template:Reenactment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Reenactment" title="Template talk:Reenactment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Reenactment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Reenactment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_reenactment" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Historical reenactment</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_(reenactment)" title="Authenticity (reenactment)">Authenticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farb_(reenactment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Farb (reenactment)">Farb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Event types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combat_reenactment" title="Combat reenactment">Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_history" title="Living history">Living history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tactical_event" title="Tactical event">Tactical event</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_reenactment" title="Classical reenactment">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Ages_reenactment" title="Dark Ages reenactment">Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_reenactment" title="Medieval reenactment">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_reenactment" title="Renaissance reenactment">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_fair" title="Renaissance fair">fairs</a></li></ul></li> <li>English Civil War</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regency_reenactment" title="Regency reenactment">Regency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckskinning" title="Buckskinning">Fur trade</a></li> <li>Victorian England (<a href="/wiki/Dickens_fair" title="Dickens fair">Dickens fairs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War_reenactment" title="American Civil War reenactment">American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_reenactment" title="Modern reenactment">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reenactment" class="mw-redirect" title="World War I reenactment">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_reenactment" title="World War II reenactment">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_War_reenactment" title="Korean War reenactment">Korean War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fandoms" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fandom" title="Template:Fandom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fandom" title="Template talk:Fandom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fandom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fandom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fandoms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fandom" title="Fandom">Fandoms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genre</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fandom" title="Fantasy fandom">Fantasy fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furry_fandom" title="Furry fandom">Furry fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Science fiction fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaoi_fandom" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaoi fandom">Yaoi fandom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medium-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime_and_manga_fandom" title="Anime and manga fandom">Anime and manga fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliophilia" title="Bibliophilia">Bibliophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinephilia" title="Cinephilia">Cinephilia</a></li> <li>Disney fandom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disney_adult" title="Disney adult">Disney adults</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disneyland_social_club" title="Disneyland social club">Disneyland social club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donaldism" title="Donaldism">Donaldism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamer" title="Gamer">Gamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_fan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports fan">Sports fan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production-specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lego_fandom" title="Lego fandom">AFOL</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Song_of_Ice_and_Fire_fandom" title="A Song of Ice and Fire fandom">A Song of Ice and Fire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatlemania" title="Beatlemania">Beatlemania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadhead" title="Deadhead">Deadhead</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doctor_Who_fandom" title="Doctor Who fandom">Doctor Who</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/EarthBound_fandom" title="EarthBound fandom">EarthBound</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/James_Bond_fandom" title="James Bond fandom">James Bond</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janeite" title="Janeite">Janeite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juggalo" title="Juggalo">Juggalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Jackson_fandom" title="Michael Jackson fandom">Moonwalker</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/My_Little_Pony:_Friendship_Is_Magic_fandom" title="My Little Pony: Friendship Is Magic fandom">MLP: FIM</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MST3K" class="mw-redirect" title="MST3K">MST3K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parrothead" class="mw-redirect" title="Parrothead">Parrothead</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_fandom" title="Sherlock Holmes fandom">Sherlock Holmes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_Star_Wars" title="Cultural impact of Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stargate_fandom" title="Stargate fandom">Stargate</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrek_fandom" title="Shrek fandom">Shrek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swifties" title="Swifties">Swiftie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trekkie" title="Trekkie">Trekkie</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Twilight_fandom" title="Twilight fandom">Twilight</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anorak_(slang)" title="Anorak (slang)">Anorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fan" title="Anti-fan">Anti-fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebrity_worship_syndrome" title="Celebrity worship syndrome">Celebrity worship syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_following" title="Cult following">Cult following</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(person)" title="Fan (person)">Fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fursona" title="Fursona">Furry</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kemon%C4%81" title="Kemonā">Kemonā</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geek" title="Geek">Geek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupie" title="Groupie">Groupie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerd" title="Nerd">Nerd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otaku" title="Otaku">Otaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasaeng_fan" title="Sasaeng fan">Sasaeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_(fan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stan (fan)">Stan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifosi" title="Tifosi">Tifosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultras" title="Ultras">Ultras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waifu" class="mw-redirect" title="Waifu">Waifu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations<br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amateur_press_association" title="Amateur press association">Amateur press association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_club" title="Car club">Car club</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boy_racer" title="Boy racer">Boy racer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cruising_(driving)" title="Cruising (driving)">Cruising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Import_scene" title="Import scene">Import scene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_rod" title="Hot rod">Hot rodding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kustom_Kulture" title="Kustom Kulture">Kustom Kulture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowrider_Club" title="Lowrider Club">Lowrider Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercar_Season" title="Supercar Season">Supercar Season</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosplay" title="Cosplay">Cosplay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_club" title="Fan club">Fan club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_convention" title="Fan convention">Fan convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fandom_names" title="List of fandom names">Fandom names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_club" class="mw-redirect" title="Game club">Game club</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Historical reenactment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_action_role-playing_game" title="Live action role-playing game">Live action role-playing game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_club" title="Motorcycle club">Motorcycle club</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harley_Owners_Group" title="Harley Owners Group">Harley Owners Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Transformative_Works" title="Organization for Transformative Works">Organization for Transformative Works</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railfan" title="Railfan">Railfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Twitter" title="Stan Twitter">Stan Twitter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications<br />and activities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime_music_video" title="Anime music video">Anime music video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autograph_collecting" title="Autograph collecting">Autograph collecting</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doujin" title="Doujin">Doujin</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_music" title="Doujin music"><i>Doujin</i> music</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi" title="Doujinshi">Doujinshi</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_art" title="Fan art">Fan art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_edit" title="Fan edit">Fan edit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_fiction" title="Fan fiction">Fan fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_film" title="Fan film">Fan film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_labor" title="Fan labor">Fan labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_mail" title="Fan mail">Fan mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_rice" title="Fan rice">Fan rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_translation" title="Fan translation">Fan translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanac" title="Fanac">Fanac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_game" title="Fan game">Fan game</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doujin_soft" title="Doujin soft"><i>Doujin</i> soft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_modding" title="Video game modding">Mod</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fansite" title="Fansite">Fansite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_wiki" title="Fan wiki">Fan wiki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fan_wikis" title="List of fan wikis">list</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanspeak" title="Fanspeak">Fanspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanzine" title="Fanzine">Fanzine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">Filk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_person_fiction" title="Real person fiction">Real person fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidding" title="Vidding">Vidding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zine" title="Zine">Zine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fan_convention" title="Fan convention">Conventions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anime_convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Anime convention">Anime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anime_conventions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of anime conventions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book_convention" title="Comic book convention">Comic book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comic_book_conventions" title="List of comic book conventions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doujinshi_convention" title="Doujinshi convention"><i>Doujinshi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furry_convention" title="Furry convention">Furry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaming_convention" title="Gaming convention">Gaming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gaming_conventions" title="List of gaming conventions">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_convention" title="Horror convention">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multigenre_conventions" title="List of multigenre conventions">Multigenre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_professional_wrestling_conventions" title="List of professional wrestling conventions">Professional wrestling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Science fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_conventions" title="List of science fiction conventions">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fan_conventions_by_date_of_founding" title="List of fan conventions by date of founding">by date of establishment</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autograph" title="Autograph">Autograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_loyalty" title="Fan loyalty">Fan loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_service" title="Fan service">Fan service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odagiri_effect" title="Odagiri effect">Odagiri effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_character" title="Original character">Original character</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_(fandom)" title="Shipping (fandom)">Shipping</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_discourse" title="Shipping discourse">Shipping discourse</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Historical_fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Historical_fiction" title="Template:Historical fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Historical_fiction" title="Template talk:Historical fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Historical_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Historical fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Historical_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Historical_fiction" title="Historical fiction">Historical fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiction" title="Fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_fiction_by_time_period" title="List of historical fiction by time period">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_mystery" title="Historical mystery">Historical mystery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_romance" title="Historical romance">Historical romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_saga" title="Family saga">Family saga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_fiction" title="Nautical fiction">Nautical fiction</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pirates_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirates in popular culture">Pirate novel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Performing_arts" title="Performing arts">Performing arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama" title="Historical drama">Historical drama</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_drama_films_and_series_set_in_Near_Eastern_and_Western_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historical drama films and series set in Near Eastern and Western civilization">films</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages_in_film" title="Middle Ages in film">Middle Ages in film</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_films_based_on_Arthurian_legend" class="mw-redirect" title="List of films based on Arthurian legend">Arthurian films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peplum_film_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Peplum film genre">Peplum film genre</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_drama_films_set_in_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical drama films set in Asia">Asian films</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Samurai_cinema" title="Samurai cinema">Samurai cinema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jidaigeki" title="Jidaigeki">Jidaigeki</a> <a href="/wiki/Historical_drama_films_set_in_Asia#Samurai_cinema_and_jidaigeki_films" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical drama films set in Asia">films</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Wuxia_films" title="Category:Wuxia films">Wuxia films</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Wuxia_television_series" title="Category:Wuxia television series">wuxia tv series</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historical_comics" title="Category:Historical comics">Historical comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_(theatrical_genre)" title="History (theatrical genre)">History play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_opera" title="Grand opera">Historical grand opera</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_opera_characters" title="List of historical opera characters">by historical figures</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Historical reenactment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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