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Verbo ausiliare - Wikipedia
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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione <i>Essere</i> o <i>avere</i>?</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Essere_o_avere?-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Passivo_e_ausiliari_in_italiano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passivo_e_ausiliari_in_italiano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Passivo e ausiliari in italiano</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passivo_e_ausiliari_in_italiano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ausiliare_coi_verbi_servili" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ausiliare_coi_verbi_servili"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ausiliare coi verbi servili</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ausiliare_coi_verbi_servili-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Verbo ausiliare</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 44 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulpwerkwoord" title="Hulpwerkwoord - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hulpwerkwoord" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilfsverb" title="Hilfsverb - tedesco svizzero" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Hilfsverb" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="tedesco svizzero" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbo_auxiliar" title="Verbo auxiliar - aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Verbo auxiliar" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb-skoazella%C3%B1" title="Verb-skoazellañ - bretone" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Verb-skoazellañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb_auxiliar" title="Verb auxiliar - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Verb auxiliar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomocn%C3%A9_sloveso" title="Pomocné sloveso - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pomocné sloveso" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%A6lpeudsagnsord" title="Hjælpeudsagnsord - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hjælpeudsagnsord" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilfsverb" title="Hilfsverb - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hilfsverb" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CE%B7%CE%B8%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%81%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Βοηθητικό ρήμα - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βοηθητικό ρήμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Auxiliary verb" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbo_auxiliar" title="Verbo auxiliar - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Verbo auxiliar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abitegus%C3%B5na" title="Abitegusõna - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Abitegusõna" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aditz_laguntzaile" title="Aditz laguntzaile - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aditz laguntzaile" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%84_%DA%A9%D9%85%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="فعل کمکی - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فعل کمکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apuverbi" title="Apuverbi - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Apuverbi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbe_auxiliaire" title="Verbe auxiliaire - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Verbe auxiliaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helptiidwurd" title="Helptiidwurd - frisone occidentale" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Helptiidwurd" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frisone occidentale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briathar_c%C3%BAnta" title="Briathar cúnta - irlandese" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Briathar cúnta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%A2%D7%96%D7%A8" title="פועל עזר - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פועל עזר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seg%C3%A9dige" title="Segédige - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Segédige" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B5" title="Օժանդակ բայ - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օժանդակ բայ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata_kerja_bantu" title="Kata kerja bantu - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kata kerja bantu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%A1lpars%C3%B6gn" title="Hjálparsögn - islandese" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hjálparsögn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A9%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E_(%E8%A8%80%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%A6)" title="助動詞 (言語学) - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="助動詞 (言語学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EB%8F%99%EC%82%AC" title="조동사 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조동사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matoanteny_mpanampy" title="Matoanteny mpanampy - malgascio" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Matoanteny mpanampy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgascio" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Помошен глагол - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Помошен глагол" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulpwerkwoord" title="Hulpwerkwoord - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hulpwerkwoord" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjelpeverb" title="Hjelpeverb - norvegese nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hjelpeverb" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegese nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hjelpeverb" title="Hjelpeverb - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hjelpeverb" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czasownik_posi%C5%82kowy" title="Czasownik posiłkowy - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czasownik posiłkowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbo_auxiliar" title="Verbo auxiliar - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Verbo auxiliar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verb_auxiliar" title="Verb auxiliar - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Verb auxiliar" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Вспомогательный глагол - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вспомогательный глагол" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verbu_Ausiliari" title="Verbu Ausiliari - siciliano" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Verbu Ausiliari" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="siciliano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Auxiliary verb" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pomo%C5%BEni_glagol" title="Pomožni glagol - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pomožni glagol" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folja_ndihm%C3%ABse" title="Folja ndihmëse - albanese" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Folja ndihmëse" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%A4lpverb" title="Hjälpverb - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hjälpverb" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitenzi_kikuu_kisaidizi" title="Kitenzi kikuu kisaidizi - swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitenzi kikuu kisaidizi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%88" title="துணைவினை - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="துணைவினை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Auxiliary verb" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A9%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" title="助動詞 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="助動詞" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="cinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A9%E5%8B%95%E8%A9%9E" title="助動詞 - cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="助動詞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Strumenti pagine"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspetto"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Reindirizzamento da <strong><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verbi_ausiliari&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbi ausiliari">Verbi ausiliari</a></strong>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><p>Un <b>verbo ausiliare</b> (dal <a href="/wiki/Lingua_latina" title="Lingua latina">latino</a> <i>verbum auxiliare</i>) è un verbo utilizzato in combinazione ad un altro per dare un particolare significato della forma verbale. Questo è evidente, in italiano, nella formazione di tempi composti come il <a href="/wiki/Passato_prossimo" title="Passato prossimo">passato prossimo</a> o il <a href="/wiki/Trapassato_prossimo" title="Trapassato prossimo">trapassato prossimo</a>: </p> <ul><li><i>ho fatto</i></li> <li><i>ero andato.</i></li></ul> <p>Si tratta delle forme dei verbi <i>fare</i> ed <i>andare</i>; questi sono coniugati con l'ausilio dei verbi <i>avere (ho fatto)</i> ed <i>essere (ero andato)</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Generalità"><span id="Generalit.C3.A0"></span>Generalità</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verbo_ausiliare&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Generalità" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verbo_ausiliare&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Generalità"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tra verbi ausiliari e non ausiliari non esiste una netta demarcazione. Esistono infatti forme di transizione ed in quanto segue, si riportano alcuni esempi: </p> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Lingua_portoghese" title="Lingua portoghese">portoghese</a> si utilizza il verbo <i>ter</i> (tenere) nella forma attiva dei tempi composti (per esempio <i>tenho ido = sono andato</i>). Si tratta dunque di un ausiliare a tutti gli effetti.</li> <li>Il verbo <i>werden</i> nella <a href="/wiki/Lingua_tedesca" title="Lingua tedesca">lingua tedesca</a> è ampiamente usato per la formazione del condizionale, del futuro e del passivo: si tratta di un ausiliare nel senso stretto della parola.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Lingua_inglese" title="Lingua inglese">inglese</a>, alcune costruzioni rette da verbi come <i>go to</i> e <i>be used to</i> servono alla formazione di alcune perifrasi speciali e quindi i verbi vengono considerati come quasi-ausiliari: <i>I'm going to write this letter</i> (sto per scrivere questa lettera); <i>I'm not used to doing so</i> (non uso fare così).</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Lingua_francese" title="Lingua francese">francese</a>, il primo verbo <i>faire</i> in <i>faire faire quelque chose</i> (far fare qualcosa) è considerato come semi-ausiliare<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Essere_o_avere?"><span id="Essere_o_avere.3F"></span><i>Essere</i> o <i>avere</i>?</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verbo_ausiliare&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Essere o avere?" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verbo_ausiliare&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Essere o avere?"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130657691">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .vedi-anche{font-size:95%}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139142988">.mw-parser-output .hatnote-content{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em .5em}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{padding-left:.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{padding-right:8px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{height:auto;width:16px}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new{color:#d73333}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Coniugazione_del_passato_prossimo" class="mw-redirect" title="Coniugazione del passato prossimo">Coniugazione del passato prossimo</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Diverse lingue come lo <a href="/wiki/Lingua_spagnola" title="Lingua spagnola">spagnolo</a>, l'inglese o il <a href="/wiki/Lingua_napoletana" title="Lingua napoletana">napoletano</a> preferiscono utilizzare soltanto il verbo <i>avere</i> per la formazione dei tempi composti simili al <a href="/wiki/Passato_prossimo" title="Passato prossimo">passato prossimo</a>. </p><p>Essenzialmente sono considerati come ausiliari in <a href="/wiki/Lingua_italiana" title="Lingua italiana">italiano</a> i verbi <i>essere</i> ed <i>avere</i>. Il primo è usato anche per la costruzione del <a href="/wiki/Passivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Passivo">passivo</a> (<i>la torta è stata mangiata</i>) e per la formazione dei tempi composti al riflessivo (<i>mi sono alzato</i>). </p><p>La scelta dell'ausiliare tra <i>avere</i> ed <i>essere</i> per la formazione della forma attiva dei tempi composti italiani è una questione ampiamente discussa nella grammatica dell'italiano. Se la grammatica tradizionale ha potuto spiegare in maniera convincente che un <a href="/wiki/Transitivit%C3%A0_(linguistica)" title="Transitività (linguistica)">verbo transitivo</a> è coniugato con <i>avere</i>, la questione della scelta dell'ausiliare per i <a href="/wiki/Verbo_intransitivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbo intransitivo">verbi intransitivi</a> è controversa, il che ha portato alcuni grammatici a stilare delle liste con la relativa indicazione dell'ausiliare da scegliere: <i>io ho camminato</i>, ma <i>io sono partito</i> (vedi sezione collegamenti esterni). </p><p>Lo stesso dilemma si pone nella grammatica del tedesco e del francese, che come l'italiano utilizzano <i>essere</i> o <i>avere</i> per la formazione del passato composto (mentre lo spagnolo e l'inglese, appunto, utilizzano un unico ausiliare). La scelta tra i due verbi segue criteri molto simili in italiano, francese e tedesco, laddove nel caso dei verbi di movimento si tende a preferire <i>essere</i>. In un confronto con il francese e il tedesco, l'italiano si distingue per un uso più generoso di quest'ultimo ausiliare; si riportano qui alcuni verbi tra i più frequenti: <i>Il viaggio <span style="text-decoration: underline">è</span> durato cinque giorni; il volo <span style="text-decoration: underline">è</span> costato troppo; i soldi <span style="text-decoration: underline">sono</span> bastati; mi <span style="text-decoration: underline">sei</span> mancata; l'albergo mi <span style="text-decoration: underline">è</span> piaciuto.</i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passivo_e_ausiliari_in_italiano">Passivo e ausiliari in italiano</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verbo_ausiliare&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Passivo e ausiliari in italiano" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verbo_ausiliare&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Passivo e ausiliari in italiano"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Essere</i> e <i>avere</i> non sono gli unici verbi usati come ausiliari della lingua italiana. È utilizzato anche il verbo <i>venire</i> al posto di <i>essere</i> nella forma passiva dei tempi semplici, per esempio <i>viene chiamato</i> al posto di <i>è chiamato</i>. Il verbo <i>andare</i>, combinato al passivo, indica una necessità: <i>il direttore va chiamato</i> equivale a <i>il direttore deve essere chiamato</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ausiliare_coi_verbi_servili">Ausiliare coi verbi servili</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verbo_ausiliare&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Ausiliare coi verbi servili" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verbo_ausiliare&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Ausiliare coi verbi servili"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Qualche perplessità può nascere nella scelta dell'ausiliare coi <a href="/wiki/Verbi_servili" class="mw-redirect" title="Verbi servili">verbi servili</a> (ma più in generale in tutti i casi verbi che reggano direttamente un <a href="/wiki/Infinito_(modo)" title="Infinito (modo)">infinito</a>) nella composizione dei tempi composti; in generale è consigliato usare l'ausiliare proprio del verbo retto (negli esempi <span style="text-decoration: underline">sottolineato</span>), ma sviscerando la casistica emerge un quadro normativo decisamente più complesso e allo stesso tempo più elastico di quanto non sembri: </p> <ul><li>Se il verbo retto è <i>essere</i>, l'ausiliare prescritto dalle grammatiche maggiori e dall'<a href="/wiki/Accademia_della_Crusca" title="Accademia della Crusca">Accademia della Crusca</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> è sempre <i>avere</i>: <i>ha voluto <span style="text-decoration: underline">essere</span></i> (va però segnalato che alcune grammatiche minori e scolastiche ammettono pure l'ausiliare <i>essere</i>).</li> <li>Se il verbo retto è un <i><a href="/wiki/Transitivit%C3%A0_(linguistica)" title="Transitività (linguistica)">transitivo</a></i> non pronominale (vedi sotto), l'ausiliare è sempre <i>avere</i> (<i>avrebbe voluto <span style="text-decoration: underline">amare</span></i>) anche con la <a href="/wiki/Diatesi_passiva" title="Diatesi passiva">diatesi passiva</a> (<i>avrebbe voluto essere <span style="text-decoration: underline">amato</span></i>).</li> <li>Se il verbo retto è un <i><a href="/wiki/Intransitivit%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Intransitività">intransitivo</a></i> non pronominale, l'ausiliare è quello richiesto dal verbo retto (<i>ho potuto <span style="text-decoration: underline">parlare</span></i>; <i>sono potuto <span style="text-decoration: underline">entrare</span></i>), ma l'ausiliare <i>essere</i>, se non preceduto da un <a href="/wiki/Pronome_atono" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronome atono">pronome atono</a>, può essere sostituito da <i>avere </i> (<i>ho potuto <span style="text-decoration: underline">entrare</span></i>) (in questi casi, anticamente, l'ausiliare <i>avere</i> era utilizzato per porre l'accento sull'aspetto modale del verbo servile; <i>essere</i>, invece, sul senso proprio del verbo retto; oggi, però, tali sfumature non sono più avvertite). Se però il verbo può essere usato sia come <i>transitivo</i> che come <i>intransitivo</i> con differenze di significato, anche lievi, l'ausiliare sarà per forza sempre <i>avere</i> nel primo caso, <i>essere</i> nel secondo.</li> <li>Nei casi precedenti, se il verbo non pronominale è accompagnato da <a href="/wiki/Pronome_atono" class="mw-redirect" title="Pronome atono">pronome atono</a>: <ul><li>se il pronome è <i>proclitico</i> (anteposto al servile), l'ausiliare è quello richiesto dal verbo retto (<i>lo avrebbe voluto <span style="text-decoration: underline">amare</span></i>; <i>gli ho potuto <span style="text-decoration: underline">parlare</span></i>; <i>ci sono potuto <span style="text-decoration: underline">entrare</span></i>)</li> <li>se il pronome è <i>enclitico</i> (unito all'infinito), quando l'ausiliare è <i>essere</i> può essere sostituito da <i>avere</i> (<i>sono potuto <span style="text-decoration: underline">entrarci</span></i>; <i>ho potuto <span style="text-decoration: underline">entrarci</span></i>).</li></ul></li> <li>Quando il verbo è <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verbo_pronominale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Verbo pronominale (la pagina non esiste)">pronominale</a></i>: <ul><li>se il pronome è <i>proclitico</i>, l'ausiliare è sempre <i>essere</i> (<i>si sarebbero potuti <span style="text-decoration: underline">amare</span></i>)</li> <li>se il pronome è <i>enclitico</i>, l'ausiliare è sempre <i>avere</i> (<i>avrebbero potuto <span style="text-decoration: underline">amarsi</span></i>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verbo_ausiliare&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verbo_ausiliare&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">modifica di verbo ausiliare(sezione)dia 27/05/11 quinta-feira</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accademiadellacrusca.it/it/lingua-italiana/consulenza-linguistica/domande-risposte/ausiliare-verbi-servili">Ausiliare con i verbi servili</a></i></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verbo_ausiliare&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verbo_ausiliare&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Passato_prossimo#Coniugazione_del_passato_prossimo" title="Passato prossimo">Coniugazione del passato prossimo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verbo_ausiliare&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verbo_ausiliare&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Auxiliary verbs"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Auxiliary_verbs?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Auxiliary_verbs?uselang=it">verbo ausiliare</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verbo_ausiliare&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Verbo_ausiliare&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Essere o avere?</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scudit.net/mdwausiliare.htm">Scudit</a>, ev. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manuscritto.it/ausiliare.html">Manuscritto</a>.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Nuovo_soggettario" title="Nuovo soggettario">Thesaurus BNCF</a> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=5885">5885</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-grow: 1"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#FAFAFA}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{background-color:#202122;border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#282929}}</style><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal128-kanagram.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Linguistica"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Crystal128-kanagram.svg/25px-Crystal128-kanagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Crystal128-kanagram.svg/38px-Crystal128-kanagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Crystal128-kanagram.svg/50px-Crystal128-kanagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Linguistica" title="Portale:Linguistica">Portale Linguistica</a></b>: accedi alle voci di Wikipedia che trattano di linguistica</div></div></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.eqiad.main‐7c479b968‐x4s8f Cached time: 20241117124113 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.118 seconds Real time usage: 0.168 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1248/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 4357/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 346/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 9/100 Expensive parser function count: 2/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 3315/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.075/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1677797/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 139.324 1 -total 26.12% 36.392 1 Template:Vedi_anche 26.09% 36.355 1 Template:Controllo_di_autorità 25.94% 36.141 1 Template:Interprogetto 20.13% 28.043 1 Template:Portale 10.21% 14.219 1 Template:Icona_argomento --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key itwiki:pcache:idhash:1461936-0!canonical and timestamp 20241117124113 and revision id 140028315. 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