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class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>4A</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-4A-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 4A subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-4A-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Production_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Molecular sieve</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul%C3%AAre_sif" title="Molekulêre sif – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Molekulêre sif" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AE%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="منخل جزيئي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منخل جزيئي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Малекулярныя сіты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Малекулярныя сіты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam%C3%ADs_molecular" title="Tamís molecular – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tamís molecular" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekularsieb" title="Molekularsieb – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Molekularsieb" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamiz_molecular" title="Tamiz molecular – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tamiz molecular" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C" title="غربال مولکولی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="غربال مولکولی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamis_mol%C3%A9culaire" title="Tamis moléculaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tamis moléculaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saringan_molekuler" title="Saringan molekuler – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Saringan molekuler" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setacci_molecolari" title="Setacci molecolari – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Setacci molecolari" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מסננת מולקולרית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מסננת מולקולרית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleculaire_zeef" title="Moleculaire zeef – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Moleculaire zeef" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%AF%A9" title="分子篩 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="分子篩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%86%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ماليکولي ننوونی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ماليکولي ننوونی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sita_molekularne" title="Sita molekularne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Sita molekularne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peneira_molecular" title="Peneira molecular – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Peneira molecular" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Молекулярные сита – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Молекулярные сита" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekyyliseula" title="Molekyyliseula – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Molekyyliseula" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekylsikt" title="Molekylsikt – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Molekylsikt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Молекулярне сито – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Молекулярне сито" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A0ng_ph%C3%A2n_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Sàng phân tử – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sàng phân tử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%AD%9B" title="分子筛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="分子筛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q910229#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > 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decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/LTA_%28cropped%29.png/330px-LTA_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/LTA_%28cropped%29.png/440px-LTA_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1477" data-file-height="1490" /></a><figcaption>Typical molecular sieves are of the LTA type. They feature sodium aluminosilicates cages (sodium not shown) that have high affinity for water.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MSN_vials.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/MSN_vials.JPG/220px-MSN_vials.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/MSN_vials.JPG/330px-MSN_vials.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/MSN_vials.JPG/440px-MSN_vials.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Vials of <a href="/wiki/Mesoporous_silica" title="Mesoporous silica">mesoporous silica</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>molecular sieve</b> is a material with <a href="/wiki/Pore_(material)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pore (material)">pores</a> (molecule-sized holes) of uniform size which link the interior of the solid to its exterior. These materials embody the <b>molecular sieve effect</b>: "With respect to porous solids, the surface associated with pores communicating with the outside space may be called the internal surface. Because the accessibility of pores may depend on the size of the fluid molecules, the extent of the internal surface may depend on the size of the molecules comprising the fluid, and may be different for the various components of a fluid mixture."<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specification for the pores is that they not only communicate from the exterior to the interior, but the pores are uniform in size. Many kinds of materials exhibit some molecular sieves, but zeolites dominate the field. Zeolites are almost always aluminosilicates, or variants where some or all of the Si or Al centers are replaced by similarly charged elements.<sup id="cite_ref-Kresge_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kresge-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sieving_process">Sieving process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_sieve&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Sieving process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The diameters of the pores that comprise molecular sieves are similar in size to small molecules. Large molecules cannot enter or be <a href="/wiki/Adsorption" title="Adsorption">adsorbed</a>, while smaller molecules can. As a mixture of molecules migrates through the stationary bed of porous, semi-solid substance referred to as a sieve (or matrix), the components of the highest molecular weight (which are unable to pass into the molecular pores) leave the bed first, followed by successively smaller molecules. Most of molecular sieves are <a href="/wiki/Aluminosilicate" title="Aluminosilicate">aluminosilicates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zeolites" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeolites">zeolites</a>) with Si/Al molar ratio less than 2, but there are also examples of <a href="/wiki/Activated_charcoal" class="mw-redirect" title="Activated charcoal">activated charcoal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silica_gel" title="Silica gel">silica gel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kresge_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kresge-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The pore diameter of a molecular sieve is measured in <a href="/wiki/Angstroms" class="mw-redirect" title="Angstroms">ångströms</a> (Å) or <a href="/wiki/Nanometres" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanometres">nanometres</a> (nm). According to <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> notation, <a href="/wiki/Microporous_material" title="Microporous material">microporous materials</a> have pore diameters of less than 2 nm (20 Å) and <a href="/wiki/Macropore" title="Macropore">macroporous materials</a> have pore diameters of greater than 50 nm (500 Å); the <a href="/wiki/Mesoporous_material" title="Mesoporous material">mesoporous</a> category thus lies in the middle with pore diameters between 2 and 50 nm (20–500 Å).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> The sieving properties of molecular sieves are classified as </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microporous_material" title="Microporous material">microporous</a> (3-10 Å pores) including zeolite A, LTA, and FAU. Some clays, <a href="/wiki/Active_carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Active carbon">active carbon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Porous_glass" title="Porous glass">porous glass</a> meet this criterion.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoporous_material" title="Mesoporous material">mesoporous materials</a> (<2 nm pores)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macroporous_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroporous material">macroporous materials</a> (2–50 nm pores), e.g., in the form of <a href="/wiki/Silicon_dioxide" title="Silicon dioxide">Silicon dioxide</a> (used to make <a href="/wiki/Silica_gel" title="Silica gel">silica gel</a>): 24 Å (2.4 nm)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_sieve&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some molecular sieves are used in <a href="/wiki/Size-exclusion_chromatography" title="Size-exclusion chromatography">size-exclusion chromatography</a>, a separation technique that sorts molecules based on their size. </p><p>Another important use is as a <a href="/wiki/Desiccant" title="Desiccant">desiccant</a>. They are often utilized in the <a href="/wiki/Petrochemical" title="Petrochemical">petrochemical</a> industry for drying gas streams. For example, in the liquid natural gas (LNG) industry, the water content of the gas needs to be reduced to less than 1 <a href="/wiki/Parts-per_notation" title="Parts-per notation">ppmv</a> to prevent blockages caused by ice or <a href="/wiki/Methane_clathrate" title="Methane clathrate">methane clathrate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laboratory_use">Laboratory use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_sieve&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Laboratory use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the laboratory, molecular sieves are used to dry solvent. "Sieves" have proven to be superior to traditional drying techniques, which often employ aggressive <a href="/wiki/Desiccant" title="Desiccant">desiccants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JOC_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JOC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the term zeolites, molecular sieves are used for a wide range of catalytic applications. They catalyze <a href="/wiki/Isomerisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Isomerisation">isomerisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alkylation" title="Alkylation">alkylation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epoxidation" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoxidation">epoxidation</a>, and are used in large scale industrial processes, including <a href="/wiki/Hydrocracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrocracking">hydrocracking</a> and fluid catalytic <a href="/wiki/Cracking_(chemistry)" title="Cracking (chemistry)">cracking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They are also used in the filtration of air supplies for breathing apparatus, for example those used by <a href="/wiki/Scuba_diving" title="Scuba diving">scuba divers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Firefighters" class="mw-redirect" title="Firefighters">firefighters</a>. In such applications, air is supplied by an <a href="/wiki/Air_compressor" title="Air compressor">air compressor</a> and is passed through a cartridge filter which, depending on the application, is filled with molecular sieve and/or <a href="/wiki/Activated_carbon" title="Activated carbon">activated carbon</a>, finally being used to charge breathing air tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such filtration can remove particulates and compressor exhaust products from the breathing air supply. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FDA_approval">FDA approval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_sieve&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: FDA approval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The U.S. FDA has as of April 1, 2012, approved <a href="/wiki/Sodium_aluminosilicate" title="Sodium aluminosilicate">sodium aluminosilicate</a> for direct contact with consumable items under 21 CFR 182.2727.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to this approval the European Union had used molecular sieves with pharmaceuticals and independent testing suggested that molecular sieves meet all government requirements but the industry had been unwilling to fund the expensive testing required for government approval.<sup id="cite_ref-desiccantpacks.net/molecular-sieve/_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desiccantpacks.net/molecular-sieve/-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regeneration">Regeneration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_sieve&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Regeneration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Methods for regeneration of molecular sieves include pressure change (as in oxygen concentrators), heating and purging with a carrier gas (as when used in <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">ethanol</a> dehydration), or heating under high vacuum. Regeneration temperatures range from 175 °C (350 °F) to 315 °C (600 °F) depending on molecular sieve type.<sup id="cite_ref-sig_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sig-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Silica_gel#Regeneration" title="Silica gel">silica gel can be regenerated</a> by heating it in a regular oven to 120 °C (250 °F) for two hours. However, some types of silica gel will "pop" when exposed to enough water. This is caused by breakage of the silica spheres when contacting the water.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adsorption_capabilities">Adsorption capabilities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_sieve&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Adsorption capabilities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Alias</th> <th>Pore diameter (<a href="/wiki/%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" class="mw-redirect" title="Ångström">Ångström</a>)</th> <th>Bulk density (g/mL)</th> <th>Adsorbed water (<a href="/wiki/W/w" class="mw-redirect" title="W/w">% w/w</a>)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Attrition_test" title="Attrition test">Attrition or abrasion, W</a> (% w/w)</th> <th>Usage<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>3A</td> <td>A-3, K-A</td> <td>3</td> <td>0.60–0.68</td> <td>19–20</td> <td>0.3–0.6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Desiccation" title="Desiccation">Desiccation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_cracking" class="mw-redirect" title="Petroleum cracking">petroleum cracking</a> gas and alkenes, selective adsorption of H<sub>2</sub>O in <a href="/wiki/Insulated_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulated glass">insulated glass (IG)</a> and polyurethane, drying of <a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">ethanol fuel</a> for blending with gasoline. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4A</td> <td>A-4, Na-A</td> <td>4</td> <td>0.60–0.65</td> <td>20–21</td> <td>0.3–0.6</td> <td>Adsorption of water in <a href="/wiki/Sodium_aluminosilicate" title="Sodium aluminosilicate">sodium aluminosilicate</a> which is FDA approved (see <a href="#FDA_approval">below</a>) used as molecular sieve in medical containers to keep contents dry and as <a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">food additive</a> having <a href="/wiki/E-number" class="mw-redirect" title="E-number">E-number</a> E-554 (anti-caking agent); Preferred for static dehydration in closed liquid or gas systems, e.g., in packaging of drugs, electric components and perishable chemicals; water scavenging in printing and plastics systems and drying saturated hydrocarbon streams. Adsorbed species include SO<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>S, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>, and C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>. Generally considered a universal drying agent in polar and nonpolar media;<sup id="cite_ref-sig_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sig-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> separation of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkenes">alkenes</a>, adsorption of water in non-nitrogen sensitive <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethane</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5A-DW</td> <td></td> <td>5</td> <td>0.45–0.50</td> <td>21–22</td> <td>0.3–0.6</td> <td>Degreasing and pour point depression of <a href="/wiki/Aviation" title="Aviation">aviation</a> <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel</a>, and alkenes separation </td></tr> <tr> <td>5A small oxygen-enriched</td> <td></td> <td>5</td> <td>0.4–0.8</td> <td>≥23</td> <td></td> <td>Specially designed for medical or healthy oxygen generator<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5A</td> <td>A-5, Ca-A</td> <td>5</td> <td>0.60–0.65</td> <td>20–21</td> <td>0.3–0.5</td> <td>Desiccation and purification of air; <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Desulfurization" title="Desulfurization">desulfurization</a> of natural gas and <a href="/wiki/Liquid_petroleum_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid petroleum gas">liquid petroleum gas</a>; <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> production by <a href="/wiki/Pressure_swing_adsorption" title="Pressure swing adsorption">pressure swing adsorption</a> process </td></tr> <tr> <td>10X</td> <td>F-9, Ca-X</td> <td>8</td> <td>0.50–0.60</td> <td>23–24</td> <td>0.3–0.6</td> <td>High-efficient sorption, used in desiccation, decarburization, desulfurization of gas and liquids and separation of <a href="/wiki/Aromatic_hydrocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic hydrocarbon">aromatic hydrocarbon</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13X</td> <td>F-9, Na-X</td> <td>10</td> <td>0.55–0.65</td> <td>23–24</td> <td>0.3–0.5</td> <td>Desiccation, desulfurization and purification of petroleum gas and natural gas </td></tr> <tr> <td>13X-AS</td> <td></td> <td>10</td> <td>0.55–0.65</td> <td>23–24</td> <td>0.3–0.5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Decarburization" title="Decarburization">Decarburization</a> and desiccation in the air separation industry, separation of nitrogen from oxygen in oxygen concentrators </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cu-13X</td> <td>Cu-X</td> <td>10</td> <td>0.50–0.60</td> <td>23–24</td> <td>0.3–0.5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gas_sweetening" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas sweetening">Sweetening</a> (removal of <a href="/wiki/Thiol" title="Thiol">thiols</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Aviation_fuel" title="Aviation fuel">aviation fuel</a> and corresponding <a href="/wiki/Liquid_hydrocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid hydrocarbon">liquid hydrocarbons</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="3A">3A</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_sieve&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 3A"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Approximate chemical formula: ((K<sub>2</sub>O)<sub><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">2</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span></sub> (Na<sub>2</sub>O)<sub><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span></sub>) • Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>• 2 SiO<sub>2</sub> • 9/2 H<sub>2</sub>O</li> <li>Silica-alumina ratio: SiO<sub>2</sub>/ Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>≈2</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production">Production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_sieve&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>3A molecular sieves are produced by cation exchange of <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> for <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> in 4A molecular sieves (See below) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage">Usage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_sieve&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>3A molecular sieves do not adsorb molecules with diameters are larger than 3 Å. The characteristics of these molecular sieves include fast adsorption speed, frequent regeneration ability, good crushing resistance and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pollution_resistance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pollution resistance (page does not exist)">pollution resistance</a>. These features can improve both the efficiency and lifetime of the sieve. 3A molecular sieves are the necessary desiccant in petroleum and chemical industries for refining oil, polymerization, and chemical gas-liquid depth drying. </p><p>3A molecular sieves are used to dry a range of materials, such as <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, air, <a href="/wiki/Refrigerant" title="Refrigerant">refrigerants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unsaturated_hydrocarbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsaturated hydrocarbons">unsaturated hydrocarbons</a>. The latter include cracking gas, <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propylene" title="Propylene">propylene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Butadiene" title="Butadiene">butadiene</a>. 3A molecular sieves are stored at room temperature, with a relative humidity not more than 90%. They are sealed under reduced pressure, being kept away from water, acids and alkalis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="4A">4A</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_sieve&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 4A"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chemical formula: Na<sub>2</sub>O•Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>•2SiO<sub>2</sub>•9/2H<sub>2</sub>O</li> <li>Silicon-aluminium ratio: 1:1 (SiO<sub>2</sub>/ Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>≈2)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Production_2">Production</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_sieve&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For the production of 4A sieve, typically aqueous solutions of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_silicate" title="Sodium silicate">sodium silicate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sodium_aluminate" title="Sodium aluminate">sodium aluminate</a> are combined at 80 °C. The product is "activated" by "heating" at 400 °C<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 4A sieves serve as the precursor to 3A and 5A sieves through <a href="/wiki/Cation_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation exchange">cation exchange</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> for <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> (for 3A) or <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> (for 5A)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_sieve&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main use of zeolitic molecular sieves is in laundry detergents. In 2001, an estimated 1200 kilotons of zeolite A were produced for this purpose, which entails <a href="/wiki/Water_softening" title="Water softening">water softening</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kresge_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kresge-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>4A molecular sieves are widely used to dry laboratory solvents.<sup id="cite_ref-JOC_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JOC-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can absorb water and other species with a critical diameter less than 4 Å such as NH<sub>3</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>S, SO<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>5</sub>OH, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>, and C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:4A_sieves.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/4A_sieves.JPG/170px-4A_sieves.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/4A_sieves.JPG/255px-4A_sieves.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/4A_sieves.JPG/340px-4A_sieves.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1632" /></a><figcaption>Bottle of 4A molecular sieves</figcaption></figure> <p>Some molecular sieves are used to assist detergents as they can produce demineralized water through <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> ion exchange, remove and prevent the deposition of dirt. They are widely used to replace <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>. The 4A molecular sieve plays a major role to replace sodium tripolyphosphate as detergent auxiliary in order to mitigate the environmental impact of the detergent. It also can be used as a <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</a> forming agent and in <a href="/wiki/Toothpaste" title="Toothpaste">toothpaste</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_purposes">Other purposes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_sieve&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other purposes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>The <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Metallurgical industry">metallurgical industry</a>: separating agent, separation, extraction of brine potassium, <a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a>, etc.</li> <li>Petrochemical industry, <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Desiccant" title="Desiccant">desiccant</a>, adsorbent</li> <li>Agriculture: <a href="/wiki/Soil_conditioner" title="Soil conditioner">soil conditioner</a></li> <li>Medicine: load silver <a href="/wiki/Zeolite" title="Zeolite">zeolite</a> antibacterial agent.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Morphology_of_molecular_sieves">Morphology of molecular sieves</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_sieve&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Morphology of molecular sieves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Molecular sieves are available in diverse shape and sizes. Spherical beads have advantage over other shapes as they offer lower pressure drop and are mechanically robust. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_sieve&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lime_(mineral)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lime (mineral)">Lime (mineral)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeolite" title="Zeolite">Zeolite</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molecular_sieve&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldbook.iupac.org/terms/view/M03998">"Molecular Sieve Effect"</a>. <i>IUPAC GoldBook</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IUPAC+GoldBook&rft.atitle=Molecular+Sieve+Effect&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgoldbook.iupac.org%2Fterms%2Fview%2FM03998&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolecular+sieve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kresge-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kresge_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kresge_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kresge_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKresgeDhingra2004" class="citation book cs1">Kresge, Charles T.; Dhingra, Sandeep S. (2004). "Molecular Sieves". <i>Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0471238961.1315120511210812.a01.pub2">10.1002/0471238961.1315120511210812.a01.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-48494-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-48494-3"><bdi>978-0-471-48494-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Molecular+Sieves&rft.btitle=Kirk-Othmer+Encyclopedia+of+Chemical+Technology&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F0471238961.1315120511210812.a01.pub2&rft.isbn=978-0-471-48494-3&rft.aulast=Kresge&rft.aufirst=Charles+T.&rft.au=Dhingra%2C+Sandeep+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolecular+sieve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMazurPřechČejka2019" class="citation book cs1">Mazur, Michal; Přech, Jan; Čejka, Jiří (2019). "Zeolites and Other Micro- and Mesoporous Molecular Sieves". <i>Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology</i>. pp. 1–36. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F0471238961.zeolcejk.a01.pub2">10.1002/0471238961.zeolcejk.a01.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-48494-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-48494-3"><bdi>978-0-471-48494-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Zeolites+and+Other+Micro-+and+Mesoporous+Molecular+Sieves&rft.btitle=Kirk-Othmer+Encyclopedia+of+Chemical+Technology&rft.pages=1-36&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F0471238961.zeolcejk.a01.pub2&rft.isbn=978-0-471-48494-3&rft.aulast=Mazur&rft.aufirst=Michal&rft.au=P%C5%99ech%2C+Jan&rft.au=%C4%8Cejka%2C+Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolecular+sieve" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2003" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Alan P. 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