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</li> <li id="toc-Tables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Tables </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elements_with_no_primordial_isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elements_with_no_primordial_isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Elements with no primordial isotopes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elements_with_no_primordial_isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a>. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (July 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Isotopes_and_half-life.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Isotopes_and_half-life.svg/300px-Isotopes_and_half-life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Isotopes_and_half-life.svg/450px-Isotopes_and_half-life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Isotopes_and_half-life.svg/600px-Isotopes_and_half-life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">Isotope</a> half-lives. The darker more stable isotope region departs from the line of protons (Z) = neutrons (N), as the element number Z becomes larger.</figcaption></figure> This is a list of <a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical elements">chemical elements</a> by the stability of their <a href="/wiki/Isotopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotopes">isotopes</a>. Of the first 82 elements in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>, 80 have <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> considered to be stable.<a href="#cite_note-nuclidetable-1">[1]</a> Overall, there are 251 known stable isotopes in total. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">Atomic nuclei</a> consist of <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>, which attract each other through the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_force" title="Nuclear force">nuclear force</a>, while protons repel each other via the <a href="/wiki/Electric_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric force">electric force</a> due to their positive <a href="/wiki/Charge_(physics)" title="Charge (physics)">charge</a>. These two forces compete, leading to some combinations of neutrons and protons being more stable than others. Neutrons stabilize the nucleus, because they attract protons, which helps offset the electrical repulsion between protons. As a result, as the number of protons increases, an increasing <a href="/wiki/Neutron%E2%80%93proton_ratio" title="Neutron–proton ratio">ratio of neutrons to protons</a> is needed to form a stable nucleus; if too many or too few neutrons are present with regard to the optimum ratio, the nucleus becomes unstable and subject to certain types of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_decay" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear decay">nuclear decay</a>. Unstable <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> decay through various <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay pathways</a>, most commonly <a href="/wiki/Alpha_decay" title="Alpha decay">alpha decay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beta_decay" title="Beta decay">beta decay</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Electron_capture" title="Electron capture">electron capture</a>. Many rare types of decay, such as <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_fission" title="Spontaneous fission">spontaneous fission</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cluster_decay" title="Cluster decay">cluster decay</a>, are known. (See <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">Radioactive decay</a> for details.)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Of the first 82 elements in the <a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">periodic table</a>, 80 have <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> considered to be stable.<a href="#cite_note-nuclidetable-1">[1]</a> The 83rd element, bismuth, was traditionally regarded as having the heaviest stable isotope, <a href="/wiki/Bismuth-209" title="Bismuth-209">bismuth-209</a>, but in 2003 researchers in <a href="/wiki/Orsay" title="Orsay">Orsay</a>, France, measured the <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bismuth-209" title="Bismuth-209">209 Bi </a> to be 1.9×1019 years.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">Technetium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">promethium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">atomic numbers</a> 43 and 61, respectively<a href="#cite_note-Note1-4">[a]</a>) and all the elements with an atomic number over 82 only have isotopes that are known to decompose through <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a>. No undiscovered elements are expected to be stable; therefore, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> is considered the heaviest stable element. However, it is possible that some isotopes that are now considered stable will be revealed to decay with extremely long half-lives (as with <a href="/wiki/Bismuth-209" title="Bismuth-209">209 Bi </a>). This list depicts what is agreed upon by the consensus of the scientific community as of 2023.<a href="#cite_note-nuclidetable-1">[1]</a> For each of the 80 stable elements, the number of the stable isotopes is given. Only 90 isotopes are expected to be perfectly stable, and an additional 161 are energetically unstable,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] but have never been observed to decay. Thus, 251 isotopes (<a href="/wiki/Nuclide" title="Nuclide">nuclides</a>) are <a href="/wiki/Stable_nuclide" title="Stable nuclide">stable</a> by definition (including tantalum-180m, for which no decay has yet been observed). Those that may in the future be found to be radioactive are expected to have half-lives longer than 1022 years (for example, xenon-134).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In April 2019 it was announced that the half-life of xenon-124 had been measured to 1.8 × 1022 years. This is the longest half-life directly measured for any unstable isotope;<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> only the half-life of tellurium-128 is longer.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Of the chemical elements, only 1 element (<a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>) has 10 such stable isotopes, 5 have 7 stable isotopes, 7 have 6 stable isotopes, 11 have 5 stable isotopes, 9 have 4 stable isotopes, 5 have 3 stable isotopes, 16 have 2 stable isotopes, and 26 have 1 stable isotope.<a href="#cite_note-nuclidetable-1">[1]</a> Additionally, about 31 nuclides of the naturally occurring elements have unstable isotopes with a half-life larger than the age of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a> (~109 years or more).<a href="#cite_note-Note2-6">[b]</a> An additional four nuclides have half-lives longer than 100 million years, which is far less than the age of the Solar System, but long enough for some of them to have survived. These 35 radioactive naturally occurring nuclides comprise the radioactive <a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial nuclides</a>. The total number of primordial nuclides is then 251 (the stable nuclides) plus the 35 radioactive primordial nuclides, for a total of 286 primordial nuclides. This number is subject to change if new shorter-lived primordials are identified on Earth.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] One of the primordial nuclides is <a href="/wiki/Tantalum-180m" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantalum-180m">tantalum-180m</a>, which is predicted to have a half-life in excess of 1015 years, but has never been observed to decay. The even-longer half-life of 2.2 × 1024 years of <a href="/wiki/Tellurium-128" class="mw-redirect" title="Tellurium-128">tellurium-128</a> was measured by a unique method of detecting its radiogenic daughter <a href="/wiki/Xenon-128" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenon-128">xenon-128</a> and is the longest known experimentally measured half-life.<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> Another notable example is the only naturally occurring isotope of bismuth, <a href="/wiki/Bismuth-209" title="Bismuth-209">bismuth-209</a>, which has been predicted to be unstable with a very long half-life, but has been observed to decay. Because of their long half-lives, such isotopes are still found on Earth in various quantities, and together with the stable isotopes they are called <a href="/wiki/Primordial_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Primordial element">primordial isotopes</a>. All the primordial isotopes are given in order of their decreasing <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">abundance on Earth</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Note3-8">[c]</a> For a list of primordial nuclides in order of half-life, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclides" title="List of nuclides">List of nuclides</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] 118 <a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical elements">chemical elements</a> are known to exist. All elements to element 94 are found in nature, and the remainder of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_by_their_discovery" class="mw-redirect" title="List of chemical elements by their discovery">discovered elements</a> are artificially produced, with isotopes all known to be highly <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_isotope" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive isotope">radioactive</a> with relatively short half-lives (see below). The elements in this list are ordered according to the lifetime of their most stable isotope.<a href="#cite_note-nuclidetable-1">[1]</a> Of these, three elements (<a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>) are primordial because they have half-lives long enough to still be found on the Earth,<a href="#cite_note-Note4-9">[d]</a> while all the others are produced either by <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a> or are <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_element" title="Synthetic element">synthesized</a> in laboratories and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactors</a>. Only 13 of the 38 known-but-unstable elements have isotopes with a half-life of at least 100 years. Every known isotope of the remaining 25 elements is highly radioactive; these are used in academic research and sometimes in industry and medicine.<a href="#cite_note-Note5-10">[e]</a> Some of the heavier elements in the periodic table may be revealed to have yet-undiscovered isotopes with longer lifetimes than those listed here.<a href="#cite_note-Note6-11">[f]</a> About 338 nuclides are found naturally on Earth. These comprise 251 stable isotopes, and with the addition of the 35 long-lived radioisotopes with half-lives longer than 100 million years, a total of 286 <a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial nuclides</a>, as noted above. The nuclides found naturally comprise not only the 286 primordials, but also include about 52 more short-lived isotopes (defined by a half-life less than 100 million years, too short to have survived from the formation of the Earth) that are daughters of primordial isotopes (such as <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a> from <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>); or else are made by energetic natural processes, such as <a href="/wiki/Carbon-14" title="Carbon-14">carbon-14</a> made from atmospheric nitrogen by bombardment from <a href="/wiki/Cosmic_ray" title="Cosmic ray">cosmic rays</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elements_by_number_of_primordial_isotopes">Elements by number of primordial isotopes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Elements by number of primordial isotopes">edit</a>]</div> An <a href="/wiki/Even_and_odd_atomic_nuclei" title="Even and odd atomic nuclei">even number of protons or neutrons</a> is more stable (higher <a href="/wiki/Binding_energy" title="Binding energy">binding energy</a>) because of <a href="/wiki/Semi-empirical_mass_formula#Pairing_term" title="Semi-empirical mass formula">pairing effects</a>, so even–even <a href="/wiki/Nuclide" title="Nuclide">nuclides</a> are much more stable than odd–odd. One effect is that there are few stable odd–odd nuclides: in fact only five are stable, with another four having half-lives longer than a billion years.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Another effect is to prevent beta decay of many even–even nuclides into another even–even nuclide of the same mass number but lower energy, because decay proceeding one step at a time would have to pass through an odd–odd nuclide of higher energy. (<a href="/wiki/Double_beta_decay" title="Double beta decay">Double beta decay</a> directly from even–even to even–even, skipping over an odd-odd nuclide, is only occasionally possible, and is a process so strongly hindered that it has a <a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">half-life</a> greater than a billion times the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_the_universe" title="Age of the universe">age of the universe</a>.) This makes for a larger number of stable even–even nuclides, <a href="/wiki/Beta-decay_stable_isobars" title="Beta-decay stable isobars">up to three for some mass numbers</a>, and up to seven for some atomic (proton) numbers and at least four for all stable even-Z elements beyond <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> (except <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Since a nucleus with an odd number of protons is relatively less stable, odd-numbered elements tend to have fewer stable isotopes. Of the 26 "<a href="/wiki/Monoisotopic_element" title="Monoisotopic element">monoisotopic</a>" elements that have only a single stable isotope, all but one have an odd atomic number—the single exception being <a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a>. In addition, no odd-numbered element has more than two stable isotopes, while every even-numbered element with stable isotopes, except for helium, beryllium, and carbon, has at least three. Only a single odd-numbered element, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>, has three primordial isotopes; none have more than three.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tables">Tables</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tables">edit</a>]</div> The following tables give the elements with <a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">primordial nuclides</a>, which means that the element may still be identified on Earth from natural sources, having been present since the Earth was formed out of the solar nebula. Thus, none are shorter-lived daughters of longer-lived parental primordials. Two nuclides which have half-lives long enough to be primordial, but have not yet been conclusively observed as such (244Pu and 146Sm), have been excluded.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The tables of elements are sorted in order of decreasing number of nuclides associated with each element. (For a list sorted entirely in terms of half-lives of nuclides, with mixing of elements, see <a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclides" title="List of nuclides">List of nuclides</a>.) Stable and unstable (marked decays) nuclides are given, with symbols for unstable (radioactive) nuclides in italics. Note that the sorting does not quite give the elements purely in order of stable nuclides, since some elements have a larger number of long-lived unstable nuclides, which place them ahead of elements with a larger number of stable nuclides. By convention, nuclides are counted as "stable" if they have never been observed to decay by experiment or from observation of decay products (extremely long-lived nuclides unstable only in theory, such as tantalum-180m, are counted as stable).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The first table is for <a href="/wiki/Even_and_odd_atomic_nuclei" title="Even and odd atomic nuclei">even-atomic numbered</a> elements, which tend to have far more primordial nuclides, due to the stability conferred by proton-proton pairing. A second separate table is given for odd-atomic numbered elements, which tend to have far fewer stable and long-lived (primordial) unstable nuclides.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div style="float: left; margin: 5px;"> <table class="sortable wikitable" align="top" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Primordial isotopes (in order of decreasing abundance on Earth<a href="#cite_note-Note3-8">[c]</a>) of even-Z elements </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Z </th> <th>Element </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Stable_nuclide" title="Stable nuclide">Stable</a> <a href="#cite_note-nuclidetable-1">[1]</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Primordial_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Primordial element">Decays</a> <a href="#cite_note-Note2-6">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-nuclidetable-1">[1]</a> </th> <th class="unsortable" colspan="10">unstable in bold<a href="#cite_note-Note2-6">[b]</a><div style="background:pink">odd <a href="/wiki/Neutron_number" title="Neutron number">neutron number</a> in pink</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td>50</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_tin" title="Isotopes of tin">10</a></td> <td>— </td> <td>120 Sn </td> <td>118 Sn </td> <td>116 Sn </td> <td bgcolor="pink">119 Sn </td> <td bgcolor="pink">117 Sn </td> <td>124 Sn </td> <td>122 Sn </td> <td>112 Sn </td> <td>114 Sn </td> <td bgcolor="pink">115 Sn </td></tr> <tr> <td>54</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xenon" title="Xenon">xenon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_xenon" title="Isotopes of xenon">7</a></td> <td>2 </td> <td>132 Xe </td> <td bgcolor="pink">129 Xe </td> <td bgcolor="pink">131 Xe </td> <td>134 Xe </td> <td>136 Xe </td> <td>130 Xe </td> <td>128 Xe </td> <td>124 Xe </td> <td>126 Xe </td></tr> <tr> <td>48</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadmium" title="Cadmium">cadmium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_cadmium" title="Isotopes of cadmium">6</a></td> <td>2 </td> <td>114 Cd </td> <td>112 Cd </td> <td bgcolor="pink">111 Cd </td> <td>110 Cd </td> <td bgcolor="pink">113 Cd </td> <td>116 Cd </td> <td>106 Cd </td> <td>108 Cd </td></tr> <tr> <td>52</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tellurium" title="Tellurium">tellurium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_tellurium" title="Isotopes of tellurium">6</a></td> <td>2 </td> <td>130 Te </td> <td>128 Te </td> <td>126 Te </td> <td bgcolor="pink">125 Te </td> <td>124 Te </td> <td>122 Te </td> <td bgcolor="pink">123 Te </td> <td>120 Te </td></tr> <tr> <td>44</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium" title="Ruthenium">ruthenium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_ruthenium" title="Isotopes of ruthenium">7</a></td> <td>— </td> <td>102 Ru </td> <td>104 Ru </td> <td bgcolor="pink">101 Ru </td> <td bgcolor="pink">99 Ru </td> <td>100 Ru </td> <td>96 Ru </td> <td>98 Ru </td></tr> <tr> <td>66</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dysprosium" title="Dysprosium">dysprosium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_dysprosium" title="Isotopes of dysprosium">7</a></td> <td>— </td> <td>164 Dy </td> <td>162 Dy </td> <td bgcolor="pink">163 Dy </td> <td bgcolor="pink">161 Dy </td> <td>160 Dy </td> <td>158 Dy </td> <td>156 Dy </td></tr> <tr> <td>70</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">ytterbium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_ytterbium" title="Isotopes of ytterbium">7</a></td> <td>— </td> <td>174 Yb </td> <td>172 Yb </td> <td bgcolor="pink">173 Yb </td> <td bgcolor="pink">171 Yb </td> <td>176 Yb </td> <td>170 Yb </td> <td>168 Yb </td></tr> <tr> <td>80</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mercury_(element)" title="Mercury (element)">mercury</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_mercury" title="Isotopes of mercury">7</a></td> <td>— </td> <td>202 Hg </td> <td>200 Hg </td> <td bgcolor="pink">199 Hg </td> <td bgcolor="pink">201 Hg </td> <td>198 Hg </td> <td>204 Hg </td> <td>196 Hg </td></tr> <tr> <td>42</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Molybdenum" title="Molybdenum">molybdenum</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_molybdenum" title="Isotopes of molybdenum">6</a></td> <td>1 </td> <td>98 Mo </td> <td>96 Mo </td> <td bgcolor="pink">95 Mo </td> <td>92 Mo </td> <td>100 Mo </td> <td bgcolor="pink">97 Mo </td> <td>94 Mo </td></tr> <tr> <td>56</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barium" title="Barium">barium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_barium" title="Isotopes of barium">6</a></td> <td>1 </td> <td>138 Ba </td> <td bgcolor="pink">137 Ba </td> <td>136 Ba </td> <td bgcolor="pink">135 Ba </td> <td>134 Ba </td> <td>132 Ba </td> <td>130 Ba </td></tr> <tr> <td>64</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_gadolinium" title="Isotopes of gadolinium">6</a></td> <td>1 </td> <td>158 Gd </td> <td>160 Gd </td> <td>156 Gd </td> <td bgcolor="pink">157 Gd </td> <td bgcolor="pink">155 Gd </td> <td>154 Gd </td> <td>152 Gd </td></tr> <tr> <td>60</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neodymium" title="Neodymium">neodymium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_neodymium" title="Isotopes of neodymium">5</a></td> <td>2 </td> <td>142 Nd </td> <td>144 Nd </td> <td>146 Nd </td> <td bgcolor="pink">143 Nd </td> <td bgcolor="pink">145 Nd </td> <td>148 Nd </td> <td>150 Nd </td></tr> <tr> <td>62</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Samarium" title="Samarium">samarium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_samarium" title="Isotopes of samarium">5</a></td> <td>2 </td> <td>152 Sm </td> <td>154 Sm </td> <td bgcolor="pink">147 Sm </td> <td bgcolor="pink">149 Sm </td> <td>148 Sm </td> <td>150 Sm </td> <td>144 Sm </td></tr> <tr> <td>76</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Osmium" title="Osmium">osmium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_osmium" title="Isotopes of osmium">5</a></td> <td>2 </td> <td>192 Os </td> <td>190 Os </td> <td bgcolor="pink">189 Os </td> <td>188 Os </td> <td bgcolor="pink">187 Os </td> <td>186 Os </td> <td>184 Os </td></tr> <tr> <td>46</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palladium" title="Palladium">palladium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_palladium" title="Isotopes of palladium">6</a></td> <td>— </td> <td>106 Pd </td> <td>108 Pd </td> <td bgcolor="pink">105 Pd </td> <td>110 Pd </td> <td>104 Pd </td> <td>102 Pd </td></tr> <tr> <td>68</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erbium" title="Erbium">erbium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_erbium" title="Isotopes of erbium">6</a></td> <td>— </td> <td>166 Er </td> <td>168 Er </td> <td bgcolor="pink">167 Er </td> <td>170 Er </td> <td>164 Er </td> <td>162 Er </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_calcium" title="Isotopes of calcium">5</a></td> <td>1 </td> <td>40 Ca </td> <td>44 Ca </td> <td>42 Ca </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Calcium-48" title="Calcium-48">48 Ca </a></td> <td bgcolor="pink">43 Ca </td> <td>46 Ca </td></tr> <tr> <td>34</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Selenium" title="Selenium">selenium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_selenium" title="Isotopes of selenium">5</a></td> <td>1 </td> <td>80 Se </td> <td>78 Se </td> <td>76 Se </td> <td>82 Se </td> <td bgcolor="pink">77 Se </td> <td>74 Se </td></tr> <tr> <td>36</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Krypton" title="Krypton">krypton</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_krypton" title="Isotopes of krypton">5</a></td> <td>1 </td> <td>84 Kr </td> <td>86 Kr </td> <td>82 Kr </td> <td bgcolor="pink">83 Kr </td> <td>80 Kr </td> <td>78 Kr </td></tr> <tr> <td>72</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hafnium" title="Hafnium">hafnium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_hafnium" title="Isotopes of hafnium">5</a></td> <td>1 </td> <td>180 Hf </td> <td>178 Hf </td> <td bgcolor="pink">177 Hf </td> <td bgcolor="pink">179 Hf </td> <td>176 Hf </td> <td>174 Hf </td></tr> <tr> <td>78</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Platinum" title="Platinum">platinum</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_platinum" title="Isotopes of platinum">5</a></td> <td>1 </td> <td bgcolor="pink">195 Pt </td> <td>194 Pt </td> <td>196 Pt </td> <td>198 Pt </td> <td>192 Pt </td> <td>190 Pt </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titanium" title="Titanium">titanium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_titanium" title="Isotopes of titanium">5</a></td> <td>— </td> <td>48 Ti </td> <td>46 Ti </td> <td bgcolor="pink">47 Ti </td> <td bgcolor="pink">49 Ti </td> <td>50 Ti </td></tr> <tr> <td>28</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_nickel" title="Isotopes of nickel">5</a></td> <td>— </td> <td>58 Ni </td> <td>60 Ni </td> <td>62 Ni </td> <td bgcolor="pink">61 Ni </td> <td>64 Ni </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_zinc" title="Isotopes of zinc">5</a></td> <td>— </td> <td>64 Zn </td> <td>66 Zn </td> <td>68 Zn </td> <td bgcolor="pink">67 Zn </td> <td>70 Zn </td></tr> <tr> <td>32</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_germanium" title="Isotopes of germanium">4</a></td> <td>1 </td> <td>74 Ge </td> <td>72 Ge </td> <td>70 Ge </td> <td bgcolor="pink">73 Ge </td> <td>76 Ge </td></tr> <tr> <td>40</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zirconium" title="Zirconium">zirconium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_zirconium" title="Isotopes of zirconium">4</a></td> <td>1 </td> <td>90 Zr </td> <td>94 Zr </td> <td>92 Zr </td> <td bgcolor="pink">91 Zr </td> <td>96 Zr </td></tr> <tr> <td>74</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_tungsten" title="Isotopes of tungsten">4</a></td> <td>1 </td> <td>184 W </td> <td>186 W </td> <td>182 W </td> <td bgcolor="pink">183 W </td> <td>180 W </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_sulfur" title="Isotopes of sulfur">4</a></td> <td>— </td> <td>32 S </td> <td>34 S </td> <td bgcolor="pink">33 S </td> <td>36 S </td></tr> <tr> <td>24</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_chromium" title="Isotopes of chromium">4</a></td> <td>— </td> <td>52 Cr </td> <td bgcolor="pink">53 Cr </td> <td>50 Cr </td> <td>54 Cr </td></tr> <tr> <td>26</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_iron" title="Isotopes of iron">4</a></td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron-56" title="Iron-56">56 Fe </a></td> <td>54 Fe </td> <td bgcolor="pink">57 Fe </td> <td>58 Fe </td></tr> <tr> <td>38</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_strontium" title="Isotopes of strontium">4</a></td> <td>— </td> <td>88 Sr </td> <td>86 Sr </td> <td bgcolor="pink">87 Sr </td> <td>84 Sr </td></tr> <tr> <td>58</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cerium" title="Cerium">cerium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_cerium" title="Isotopes of cerium">4</a></td> <td>— </td> <td>140 Ce </td> <td>142 Ce </td> <td>138 Ce </td> <td>136 Ce </td></tr> <tr> <td>82</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_lead" title="Isotopes of lead">4</a></td> <td>— </td> <td>208 Pb </td> <td>206 Pb </td> <td bgcolor="pink">207 Pb </td> <td>204 Pb </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_oxygen" title="Isotopes of oxygen">3</a></td> <td>— </td> <td>16 O </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oxygen-18" title="Oxygen-18">18 O </a></td> <td bgcolor="pink">17 O </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neon" title="Neon">neon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_neon" title="Isotopes of neon">3</a></td> <td>— </td> <td>20 Ne </td> <td>22 Ne </td> <td bgcolor="pink">21 Ne </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_magnesium" title="Isotopes of magnesium">3</a></td> <td>— </td> <td>24 Mg </td> <td>26 Mg </td> <td bgcolor="pink">25 Mg </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silicon" title="Silicon">silicon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_silicon" title="Isotopes of silicon">3</a></td> <td>— </td> <td>28 Si </td> <td bgcolor="pink">29 Si </td> <td>30 Si </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_argon" title="Isotopes of argon">3</a></td> <td>— </td> <td>40 Ar </td> <td>36 Ar </td> <td>38 Ar </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_helium" title="Isotopes of helium">2</a></td> <td>—</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helium-4" title="Helium-4">4 He </a></td> <td bgcolor="pink"><a href="/wiki/Helium-3" title="Helium-3">3 He </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_carbon" title="Isotopes of carbon">2</a></td> <td>— </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carbon-12" title="Carbon-12">12 C </a></td> <td bgcolor="pink"><a href="/wiki/Carbon-13" title="Carbon-13">13 C </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>92</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_uranium" title="Isotopes of uranium">0</a></td> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Uranium-238" title="Uranium-238">238 U </a><a href="#cite_note-Note4-9">[d]</a></td> <td bgcolor="pink"><a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">235 U </a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beryllium" title="Beryllium">beryllium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_beryllium" title="Isotopes of beryllium">1</a></td> <td>—</td> <td bgcolor="pink">9 Be </td></tr> <tr> <td>90</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thorium" title="Thorium">thorium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_thorium" title="Isotopes of thorium">0</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>232 Th <a href="#cite_note-Note4-9">[d]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="float: left; margin: 5px;"> <table class="sortable wikitable" align="top" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Primordial isotopes of odd-Z elements </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Z </th> <th>Element </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Stable_nuclide" title="Stable nuclide">Stab</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Primordial_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Primordial element">Dec</a> </th> <th class="unsortable" colspan="3">unstable: bold<div style="background:pink">odd <a href="/wiki/Neutron_number" title="Neutron number">N</a> in pink</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_potassium" title="Isotopes of potassium">2</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>39 K </td> <td>41 K </td> <td bgcolor="pink">40 K </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_hydrogen" title="Isotopes of hydrogen">2</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>1 H </td> <td bgcolor="pink">2 H </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lithium" title="Lithium">lithium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_lithium" title="Isotopes of lithium">2</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>7 Li </td> <td bgcolor="pink">6 Li </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_boron" title="Isotopes of boron">2</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>11 B </td> <td bgcolor="pink">10 B </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_nitrogen" title="Isotopes of nitrogen">2</a></td> <td>—</td> <td bgcolor="pink">14 N </td> <td>15 N </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_chlorine" title="Isotopes of chlorine">2</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>35 Cl </td> <td>37 Cl </td></tr> <tr> <td>29</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_copper" title="Isotopes of copper">2</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>63 Cu </td> <td>65 Cu </td></tr> <tr> <td>31</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gallium" title="Gallium">gallium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_gallium" title="Isotopes of gallium">2</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>69 Ga </td> <td>71 Ga </td></tr> <tr> <td>35</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bromine" title="Bromine">bromine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_bromine" title="Isotopes of bromine">2</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>79 Br </td> <td>81 Br </td></tr> <tr> <td>47</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_silver" title="Isotopes of silver">2</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>107 Ag </td> <td>109 Ag </td></tr> <tr> <td>51</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_antimony" title="Isotopes of antimony">2</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>121 Sb </td> <td>123 Sb </td></tr> <tr> <td>73</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tantalum" title="Tantalum">tantalum</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_tantalum" title="Isotopes of tantalum">2</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>181 Ta </td> <td bgcolor="pink">180m Ta </td></tr> <tr> <td>77</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iridium" title="Iridium">iridium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_iridium" title="Isotopes of iridium">2</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>193 Ir </td> <td>191 Ir </td></tr> <tr> <td>81</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thallium" title="Thallium">thallium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_thallium" title="Isotopes of thallium">2</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>205 Tl </td> <td>203 Tl </td></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">vanadium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_vanadium" title="Isotopes of vanadium">1</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>51 V </td> <td bgcolor="pink">50 V </td></tr> <tr> <td>37</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rubidium" title="Rubidium">rubidium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_rubidium" title="Isotopes of rubidium">1</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>85 Rb </td> <td>87 Rb </td></tr> <tr> <td>49</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Indium" title="Indium">indium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_indium" title="Isotopes of indium">1</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>115 In </td> <td>113 In </td></tr> <tr> <td>57</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lanthanum" title="Lanthanum">lanthanum</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_lanthanum" title="Isotopes of lanthanum">1</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>139 La </td> <td bgcolor="pink">138 La </td></tr> <tr> <td>63</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europium" title="Europium">europium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_europium" title="Isotopes of europium">1</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>153 Eu </td> <td>151 Eu </td></tr> <tr> <td>71</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">lutetium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_lutetium" title="Isotopes of lutetium">1</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>175 Lu </td> <td bgcolor="pink">176 Lu </td></tr> <tr> <td>75</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhenium" title="Rhenium">rhenium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_rhenium" title="Isotopes of rhenium">1</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>187 Re </td> <td>185 Re </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fluorine" title="Fluorine">fluorine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_fluorine" title="Isotopes of fluorine">1</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>19 F </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_sodium" title="Isotopes of sodium">1</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>23 Na </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_aluminium" title="Isotopes of aluminium">1</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>27 Al </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_phosphorus" title="Isotopes of phosphorus">1</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>31 P </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scandium" title="Scandium">scandium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_scandium" title="Isotopes of scandium">1</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>45 Sc </td></tr> <tr> <td>25</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_manganese" title="Isotopes of manganese">1</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>55 Mn </td></tr> <tr> <td>27</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_cobalt" title="Isotopes of cobalt">1</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>59 Co </td></tr> <tr> <td>33</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arsenic" title="Arsenic">arsenic</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_arsenic" title="Isotopes of arsenic">1</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>75 As </td></tr> <tr> <td>39</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yttrium" title="Yttrium">yttrium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_yttrium" title="Isotopes of yttrium">1</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>89 Y </td></tr> <tr> <td>41</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_niobium" title="Isotopes of niobium">1</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>93 Nb </td></tr> <tr> <td>45</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhodium" title="Rhodium">rhodium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_rhodium" title="Isotopes of rhodium">1</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>103 Rh </td></tr> <tr> <td>53</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_iodine" title="Isotopes of iodine">1</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>127 I </td></tr> <tr> <td>55</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caesium" title="Caesium">caesium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_caesium" title="Isotopes of caesium">1</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>133 Cs </td></tr> <tr> <td>59</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Praseodymium" title="Praseodymium">praseodymium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_praseodymium" title="Isotopes of praseodymium">1</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>141 Pr </td></tr> <tr> <td>65</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terbium" title="Terbium">terbium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_terbium" title="Isotopes of terbium">1</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>159 Tb </td></tr> <tr> <td>67</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Holmium" title="Holmium">holmium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_holmium" title="Isotopes of holmium">1</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>165 Ho </td></tr> <tr> <td>69</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thulium" title="Thulium">thulium</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_thulium" title="Isotopes of thulium">1</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>169 Tm </td></tr> <tr> <td>79</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_gold" title="Isotopes of gold">1</a></td> <td>—</td> <td>197 Au </td></tr> <tr> <td>83</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_bismuth" title="Isotopes of bismuth">0</a></td> <td>1</td> <td>209 Bi </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elements_with_no_primordial_isotopes">Elements with no primordial isotopes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Elements with no primordial isotopes">edit</a>]</div> <div style="float: left; margin: 5px;"> <table class="wikitable sortable" align="top" style="text-align:center"> <caption>No primordial isotopes Longest-lived isotope > 1 day </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Z</a> </th> <th>Element </th> <th class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">t1⁄2</a><a href="#cite_note-Note7-12">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-nuclidetable-1">[1]</a> </th> <th class="unsortable">Longest- lived isotope </th></tr> <tr> <td>94</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a></td> <td>8.08×107 <a href="/wiki/Year#Symbols_y_and_yr" title="Year">yr</a></td> <td>244 Pu </td></tr> <tr> <td>96</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Curium" title="Curium">curium</a></td> <td>1.56×107 yr</td> <td>247 Cm </td></tr> <tr> <td>43</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">technetium</a></td> <td>4.21×106 yr</td> <td>97 Tc <a href="#cite_note-Note1-4">[a]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>93</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a></td> <td>2.14×106 yr</td> <td>237 Np </td></tr> <tr> <td>91</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Protactinium" title="Protactinium">protactinium</a></td> <td>32,760 yr</td> <td>231 Pa </td></tr> <tr> <td>95</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Americium" title="Americium">americium</a></td> <td>7,370 yr</td> <td>243 Am </td></tr> <tr> <td>88</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a></td> <td>1,600 yr</td> <td>226 Ra </td></tr> <tr> <td>97</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Berkelium" title="Berkelium">berkelium</a></td> <td>1,380 yr</td> <td>247 Bk </td></tr> <tr> <td>98</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Californium" title="Californium">californium</a></td> <td>900 yr</td> <td>251 Cf </td></tr> <tr> <td>84</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Polonium" title="Polonium">polonium</a></td> <td>125 yr</td> <td>209 Po </td></tr> <tr> <td>89</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Actinium" title="Actinium">actinium</a></td> <td>21.772 yr</td> <td>227 Ac </td></tr> <tr> <td>61</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Promethium" title="Promethium">promethium</a></td> <td>17.7 yr</td> <td>145 Pm <a href="#cite_note-Note1-4">[a]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>99</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">einsteinium</a></td> <td>1.293 yr</td> <td>252 Es <a href="#cite_note-Note6-11">[f]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">fermium</a></td> <td>100.5 <a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">d</a></td> <td>257 Fm <a href="#cite_note-Note6-11">[f]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>101</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">mendelevium</a></td> <td>51.3 d</td> <td>258 Md <a href="#cite_note-Note6-11">[f]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>86</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a></td> <td>3.823 d</td> <td>222 Rn </td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="float: left; margin: 5px;"> <table class="wikitable sortable" align="top" style="text-align:center"> <caption>No primordial isotopes Longest-lived isotope < 1 day </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Atomic_number" title="Atomic number">Z</a> </th> <th>Element </th> <th class="unsortable"><a href="/wiki/Half-life" title="Half-life">t1⁄2</a><a href="#cite_note-Note7-12">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-nuclidetable-1">[1]</a> </th> <th class="unsortable">Longest- lived isotope </th></tr> <tr> <td>105</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">dubnium</a></td> <td>16 <a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">h</a></td> <td>268 Db <a href="#cite_note-Note6-11">[f]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>103</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">lawrencium</a></td> <td>11 h</td> <td>266 Lr <a href="#cite_note-Note6-11">[f]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>85</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">astatine</a></td> <td>8.1 h</td> <td>210 At </td></tr> <tr> <td>102</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">nobelium</a></td> <td>58 <a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">min</a></td> <td>259 No <a href="#cite_note-Note6-11">[f]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>104</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">rutherfordium</a></td> <td>48 min</td> <td>267 Rf <a href="#cite_note-Note6-11">[f]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>87</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Francium" title="Francium">francium</a></td> <td>22 min</td> <td>223 Fr </td></tr> <tr> <td>106</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">seaborgium</a></td> <td>14 min</td> <td>269 Sg <a href="#cite_note-Note6-11">[f]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>107</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">bohrium</a></td> <td>2.4 min</td> <td>270 Bh <a href="#cite_note-Note6-11">[f]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>111</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">roentgenium</a></td> <td>1.7 min</td> <td>282 Rg <a href="#cite_note-Note6-11">[f]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>112</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">copernicium</a></td> <td>28 <a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">s</a></td> <td>285 Cn <a href="#cite_note-Note6-11">[f]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>108</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">hassium</a></td> <td>16 s</td> <td>269 Hs <a href="#cite_note-Note6-11">[f]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>110</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">darmstadtium</a></td> <td>12.7 s</td> <td>281 Ds <a href="#cite_note-Note6-11">[f]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>113</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nihonium" title="Nihonium">nihonium</a></td> <td>9.5 s</td> <td>286 Nh <a href="#cite_note-Note6-11">[f]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>109</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">meitnerium</a></td> <td>4.5 s</td> <td>278 Mt <a href="#cite_note-Note6-11">[f]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>114</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">flerovium</a></td> <td>1.9 s</td> <td>289 Fl <a href="#cite_note-Note6-11">[f]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>115</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moscovium" title="Moscovium">moscovium</a></td> <td>650 <a href="/wiki/Millisecond" title="Millisecond">ms</a></td> <td>290 Mc <a href="#cite_note-Note6-11">[f]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>116</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Livermorium" title="Livermorium">livermorium</a></td> <td>57 ms</td> <td>293 Lv <a href="#cite_note-Note6-11">[f]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>117</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tennessine" title="Tennessine">tennessine</a></td> <td>51 ms</td> <td>294 Ts <a href="#cite_note-Note6-11">[f]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>118</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oganesson" title="Oganesson">oganesson</a></td> <td>690 <a href="/wiki/Microsecond" title="Microsecond">μs</a></td> <td>294 Og <a href="#cite_note-Note6-11">[f]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Periodic_Table_Radioactivity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Periodic_Table_Radioactivity.svg/450px-Periodic_Table_Radioactivity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="386" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Periodic_Table_Radioactivity.svg/675px-Periodic_Table_Radioactivity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Periodic_Table_Radioactivity.svg/900px-Periodic_Table_Radioactivity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Periodic table with elements colored according to the half-life of their most stable isotope. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Elements which contain at least one stable isotope.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Slightly radioactive elements: the most stable isotope is very long-lived, with a half-life of over two million years.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Radioactive elements: the most stable isotope has half-life between 800 and 34,000 years.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Significantly radioactive elements: the most stable isotope has half-life between one day and 130 years.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Highly radioactive elements: the most stable isotope has half-life between several minutes and one day.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Extremely radioactive elements: the most stable known isotope has half-life less than several minutes.</div></figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Island_of_stability" title="Island of stability">Island of stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotope#Nuclear_properties_and_stability" title="Isotope">Isotope § Nuclear properties and stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclides" title="List of nuclides">List of nuclides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radioactive_nuclides_by_half-life" title="List of radioactive nuclides by half-life">List of radioactive nuclides by half-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primordial_nuclide" title="Primordial nuclide">Primordial nuclide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stable_nuclide" title="Stable nuclide">Stable nuclide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stable_isotope_ratio" title="Stable isotope ratio">Stable isotope ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_nuclides" title="Table of nuclides">Table of nuclides</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Note1-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Note1_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Note1_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Note1_4-2">c</a> See <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_technetium#Stability_of_technetium_isotopes" title="Isotopes of technetium">Stability of technetium isotopes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isotopes_of_promethium#Stability_of_promethium_isotopes" title="Isotopes of promethium">Stability of promethium isotopes</a> for a detailed discussion as to why technetium and promethium have no stable isotopes. </li> <li id="cite_note-Note2-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Note2_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Note2_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Note2_6-2">c</a> Isotopes that have a half-life of more than about 108 yr may still be found on Earth, but only those with half-lives above 7×108 yr (as of 235U) are found in appreciable quantities. The present list neglects a few isotopes with half-lives about 108 yr because they have been measured in tiny quantities on Earth. <a href="/wiki/Uranium-234" title="Uranium-234">Uranium-234</a> with its half-life of 246,000 yr and natural isotopic abundance 0.0055% is a special case: it is a decay product of <a href="/wiki/Uranium-238" title="Uranium-238">uranium-238</a> rather than a primordial nuclide. </li> <li id="cite_note-Note3-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Note3_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Note3_8-1">b</a> There are unstable isotopes with extremely long half-lives that are also found on Earth, and some of them are even more abundant than all the stable isotopes of a given element (for example, beta-active 187Re is twice as abundant as stable 185Re). Also, a bigger natural abundance of an isotope just implies that its formation was favored by the <a href="/wiki/Stellar_nucleosynthesis" title="Stellar nucleosynthesis">stellar nucleosynthesis</a> process that produced the matter now constituting the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> (and, of course, the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>) (see also <a href="/wiki/Formation_and_evolution_of_the_Solar_System" title="Formation and evolution of the Solar System">Formation and evolution of the Solar System</a>). In the case of <a href="/wiki/Argon" title="Argon">argon</a> the cosmically rarer 40 Ar dominates on Earth over 36 Ar as argon is too volatile to have been retained in the early proto-atmosphere of Earth while 40 Ar is a decay product of long-lived and non-volatile <a href="/wiki/Potassium-40" title="Potassium-40">40 K</a>. Most argon in Earth's atmosphere is a product of potassium-40 decay. Most argon in the universe is not. At the present time 0.012% (120 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">ppm</a>) of potassium on Earth is 40 K. Taking the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Earth" title="Age of Earth">age of Earth</a> and the half life of 40 K (~1.25 billion years), this ratio was approximately an order of magnitude higher when the planet first formed. About 10.72% of that since-decayed 40 K produced 40 Ar, the rest having decayed to 40 Ca. </li> <li id="cite_note-Note4-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Note4_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Note4_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Note4_9-2">c</a> While <a href="/wiki/Bismuth" title="Bismuth">bismuth</a> has only one primordial isotope, uranium has three isotopes that are found in nature in significant amounts (<a href="/wiki/Uranium-238" title="Uranium-238">238 U </a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">235 U </a>, and <a href="/wiki/Uranium-234" title="Uranium-234">234 U </a>; the first two are primordial, while 234U is radiogenic), and thorium has two (primordial <a href="/wiki/Thorium-232" title="Thorium-232">232 Th </a> and radiogenic <a href="/wiki/Thorium-230" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorium-230">230 Th </a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-Note5-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Note5_10-0">^</a> See many different industrial and medical applications of radioactive elements in <a href="/wiki/Radionuclide" title="Radionuclide">Radionuclide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_medicine" title="Nuclear medicine">Nuclear medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_beta_emitters" title="Common beta emitters">Common beta emitters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commonly_used_gamma-emitting_isotopes" title="Commonly used gamma-emitting isotopes">Commonly used gamma-emitting isotopes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluorine-18" title="Fluorine-18">Fluorine-18</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cobalt-60" title="Cobalt-60">Cobalt-60</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strontium-90" title="Strontium-90">Strontium-90</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technetium-99m" title="Technetium-99m">Technetium-99m</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iodine-123" title="Iodine-123">Iodine-123</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iodine-124" class="mw-redirect" title="Iodine-124">Iodine-124</a>, <a href="/wiki/Promethium-147" class="mw-redirect" title="Promethium-147">Promethium-147</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iridium-192" title="Iridium-192">Iridium-192</a>, etc. </li> <li id="cite_note-Note6-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Note6_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Note6_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Note6_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Note6_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Note6_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Note6_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Note6_11-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Note6_11-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Note6_11-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Note6_11-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Note6_11-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Note6_11-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Note6_11-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Note6_11-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Note6_11-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Note6_11-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Note6_11-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Note6_11-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Note6_11-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Note6_11-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Note6_11-20">u</a> For elements with a higher atomic number than californium (with Z>98), there might exist <a href="/wiki/Island_of_stability" title="Island of stability">undiscovered isotopes that are more stable than the known ones</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Note7-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Note7_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Note7_12-1">b</a> Legend: yr=<a href="/wiki/Annum" class="mw-redirect" title="Annum">year</a>, d=<a href="/wiki/Day" title="Day">day</a>, h=<a href="/wiki/Hour" title="Hour">hour</a>, min=<a href="/wiki/Minute" title="Minute">minute</a>, s=<a href="/wiki/Second" title="Second">second</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nuclidetable-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nuclidetable_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nuclidetable_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nuclidetable_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nuclidetable_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nuclidetable_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nuclidetable_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nuclidetable_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nuclidetable_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nuclidetable_1-8">i</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSonzogni,_Alejandro" class="citation web cs1">Sonzogni, Alejandro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nndc.bnl.gov/nudat2/">"Interactive Chart of Nuclides"</a>. National Nuclear Data Center: Brookhaven National Laboratory. Retrieved 2019-08-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interactive+Chart+of+Nuclides&rft.place=National+Nuclear+Data+Center&rft.pub=Brookhaven+National+Laboratory&rft.au=Sonzogni%2C+Alejandro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nndc.bnl.gov%2Fnudat2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+elements+by+stability+of+isotopes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcillacNoël_CoronGérard_DambierJacques_Leblanc2003" class="citation journal cs1">Marcillac, Pierre de; Noël Coron; Gérard Dambier; Jacques Leblanc & Jean-Pierre Moalic (2003). "Experimental detection of α-particles from the radioactive decay of natural bismuth". Nature. 422 (6934): 876–878. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003Natur.422..876D">2003Natur.422..876D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature01541">10.1038/nature01541</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12712201">12712201</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4415582">4415582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Experimental+detection+of+%CE%B1-particles+from+the+radioactive+decay+of+natural+bismuth&rft.volume=422&rft.issue=6934&rft.pages=876-878&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature01541&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4415582%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12712201&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003Natur.422..876D&rft.aulast=Marcillac&rft.aufirst=Pierre+de&rft.au=No%C3%ABl+Coron&rft.au=G%C3%A9rard+Dambier&rft.au=Jacques+Leblanc&rft.au=Jean-Pierre+Moalic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+elements+by+stability+of+isotopes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumé2003" class="citation news cs1">Dumé, Belle (2003-04-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physicsworld.com/a/bismuth-breaks-half-life-record-for-alpha-decay/">"Bismuth breaks half-life record for alpha decay"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Physics" title="Institute of Physics">Institute of Physics</a> Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bismuth+breaks+half-life+record+for+alpha+decay&rft.date=2003-04-23&rft.aulast=Dum%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Belle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysicsworld.com%2Fa%2Fbismuth-breaks-half-life-record-for-alpha-decay%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+elements+by+stability+of+isotopes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel" class="citation web cs1">Siegel, Ethan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/startswithabang/2019/04/24/dark-matter-search-discovers-a-spectacular-bonus-the-longest-lived-unstable-element-ever/">"Dark Matter Search Discovers A Spectacular Bonus: The Longest-Lived Unstable Element Ever"</a>. Forbes. Retrieved 2019-04-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=Dark+Matter+Search+Discovers+A+Spectacular+Bonus%3A+The+Longest-Lived+Unstable+Element+Ever&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Ethan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fsites%2Fstartswithabang%2F2019%2F04%2F24%2Fdark-matter-search-discovers-a-spectacular-bonus-the-longest-lived-unstable-element-ever%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+elements+by+stability+of+isotopes" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110928143717/http://presolar.wustl.edu/work/noblegas.html">"Noble Gas Research"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://presolar.wustl.edu/work/noblegas.html">the original</a> on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2013-01-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Noble+Gas+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpresolar.wustl.edu%2Fwork%2Fnoblegas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+elements+by+stability+of+isotopes" class="Z3988"> Novel Gas Research. 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class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Periodic table forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_periodic_tables" title="Types of periodic tables">Alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">Extended periodic table</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Names_for_sets_of_chemical_elements" title="Names for sets of chemical elements">Sets of elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By periodic table structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2 (Alkaline earth metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13 (Triels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14 (Tetrels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15 (Pnictogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16 (Chalcogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17 (Halogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18 (Noble gases)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">8+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Aufbau_model" title="Extended periodic table">Aufbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Fricke" title="Extended periodic table">Fricke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Pyykkö" title="Extended periodic table">Pyykkö</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Blocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_metals,_metalloids_and_nonmetals" title="Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals">metallicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">Lanthanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">Post-transition metals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">Metalloids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_metalloids" title="Lists of metalloids">Lists of metalloids by source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals" title="Dividing line between metals and nonmetals">Dividing line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal">Nonmetals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">Noble gases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Other sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">Platinum-group metals (PGM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">Rare-earth elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory_metals" title="Refractory metals">Refractory metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">Coinage metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">Noble metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_element" title="Heavy metal element">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">Native metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">Transuranium elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">Superheavy elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_actinide" title="Major actinide">Major actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">Minor actinides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements" title="List of chemical elements">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By: <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">Abundance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">in humans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_atomic_properties" title="List of elements by atomic properties">Atomic properties</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nuclear stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">Symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element#Properties" title="Chemical element">Properties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aqueous_ions_by_element" title="List of aqueous ions by element">Aqueous chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="Periodic table (crystal structure)">Crystal structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(electron_configurations)" title="Periodic table (electron configurations)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_symbol" title="Term symbol">Term symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Data pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Abundances of the elements (data page)">Abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Atomic radii of the elements (data page)">Atomic radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Boiling points of the elements (data page)">Boiling point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Critical points of the elements (data page)">Critical point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Densities of the elements (data page)">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_properties_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Elastic properties of the elements (data page)">Elasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)">Electrical resistivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)" title="Electron affinity (data page)">Electron affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_configurations_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electron configurations of the elements (data page)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electronegativities of the elements (data page)">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Hardnesses of the elements (data page)">Hardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_capacities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heat capacities of the elements (data page)">Heat capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_fusion_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of fusion of the elements (data page)">Heat of fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_vaporization_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)">Heat of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Ionization energies of the elements (data page)">Ionization energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">Melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeds_of_sound_of_the_elements" title="Speeds of sound of the elements">Speed of sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)">Thermal conductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansivities_of_the_elements" title="Thermal expansivities of the elements">Thermal expansion coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressures_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)">Vapor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">Element discoveries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev#Periodic_table" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">1871 table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">1869 predictions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_chemical_elements" title="Naming of chemical elements">Naming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies" title="List of chemical element name etymologies">etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies" title="List of chemical element naming controversies">controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_places" title="List of chemical elements named after places">for places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">for people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_in_East_Asian_languages" title="Chemical elements in East Asian languages">in East Asian languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic element name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivial_name" title="Trivial name">Trivial name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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