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<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <title>October 1997 | Scientific American</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/issue/sa/1997/10-01/"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#fff"/> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"/> <link rel="image_src" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/94BBF00D-3596-4CAC-A17CC0FFAAC583AC_source.jpg"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.scientificamerican.com/issue/sa/1997/10-01/"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/94BBF00D-3596-4CAC-A17CC0FFAAC583AC_source.jpg?w=1200"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/94BBF00D-3596-4CAC-A17CC0FFAAC583AC_source.jpg?w=1200"/> <meta name="description" content=""Transportation's Perennial Problems", "The Past and Future of Global Mobility", "13 Vehicles that went Nowhere" and more"/> <meta property="og:description" content=""Transportation's Perennial Problems", "The Past and Future of Global Mobility", "13 Vehicles that went Nowhere" and more"/> <meta property="og:type" content="website"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="October 1997"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content=""Transportation's Perennial Problems", "The Past and Future of Global Mobility", "13 Vehicles that went Nowhere" and more"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Scientific American"/> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@sciam"/> <meta name="twitter:domain" content="scientificamerican.com"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"PublicationIssue","@id":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/issue/sa/1997/10-01/","datePublished":"1997-10-01","description":"October 1997","hasPart":[{"@type":"Article","about":"","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"John Rennie","url":"www.scientificamerican.com/author/john-rennie/"}],"datePublished":"1997-10-01T00:00:00-04:00","headline":"The Way to Go","image":null},{"@type":"Article","about":"","author":[],"datePublished":"1997-10-01T00:00:00-04:00","headline":"Letters to the Editors, October 1997","image":null},{"@type":"Article","about":"Articles from the Scientific American archive","author":[],"datePublished":"1997-10-01T00:00:00-04:00","headline":"50, 100 and 150 Years Ago: Synthetic Quartz, Arctic Research and Thermal Telescope","image":null},{"@type":"Article","about":"Tissue engineering comes into its own","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Gary Stix","url":"www.scientificamerican.com/author/gary-stix/"}],"datePublished":"1997-10-01T00:00:00-04:00","headline":"Growing a New Field","image":null},{"@type":"Article","about":"Can wallabies replace the lab rat?","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Dan Drollette","url":"www.scientificamerican.com/author/dan-drollette/"}],"datePublished":"1997-10-01T00:00:00-04:00","headline":"The Next Hop","image":null},{"@type":"Article","about":"","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Kristin Leutwyler","url":"www.scientificamerican.com/author/kristin-leutwyler/"}],"datePublished":"1997-10-01T00:00:00-04:00","headline":"In Brief, October 1997","image":null},{"@type":"Article","about":"A new way to identify the inhabitants of an ecosystem","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Marguerite Holloway","url":"www.scientificamerican.com/author/marguerite-holloway/"}],"datePublished":"1997-10-01T00:00:00-04:00","headline":"Field and Stream","image":null},{"@type":"Article","about":"A scientific wager reveals details about how proteins fold","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Sasha Nemecek","url":"www.scientificamerican.com/author/sasha-nemecek/"}],"datePublished":"1997-10-01T00:00:00-04:00","headline":"Gotta Know when to Fold 'em","image":null},{"@type":"Article","about":"Reflections on science truth in an asbestos trial","author":[{"@type":"Person","name":"Corey S. 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srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/94BBF00D-3596-4CAC-A17CC0FFAAC583AC_source.jpg?w=400 400w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/94BBF00D-3596-4CAC-A17CC0FFAAC583AC_source.jpg?w=600 600w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/94BBF00D-3596-4CAC-A17CC0FFAAC583AC_source.jpg?w=900 900w" sizes="300px" width="300"/></div><div class="issue__detail__info-PytSq"><div class="issue__detail__meta-cIUoE"><h1>Scientific American Magazine</h1></div><div class="issue__heading-gBfnb"><h2><time dateTime="1997-10-01">October 1997</time></h2></div><small><span>Volume 277</span>, <span>Issue 4</span></small><div class="download__access-pNuvp"><p>You are currently logged out. Please sign in to download the issue PDF.</p><button class="button-Nws5y button__primary-WTBGh">Sign In</button></div><div class="issueArchiveArticleList-p9KXT"><div class="issueArchiveArticleList-p9KXT"><h2 class="listHeading-TIGph">Features</h2><article class="article-4xs14"><h4 class="articleTitle-e093r">Transportation's Perennial Problems</h4><section><div class="dek-5E7-A"><p></p></div><p class="authors-G71Hd">W. Wayt Gibbs</p></section></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h4 class="articleTitle-e093r">The Past and Future of Global Mobility</h4><section><div class="dek-5E7-A"><p><i>With growing wealth, people everywhere travel farther and faster. That trend inevitably brings a shift in the dominant transportation technologies</i></p></div><p class="authors-G71Hd">Andreas Schafer, David Victor</p></section></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h4 class="articleTitle-e093r">13 Vehicles that went Nowhere</h4><section><div class="dek-5E7-A"><p></p></div><p class="authors-G71Hd">John Rennie</p></section></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h4 class="articleTitle-e093r">Hybrid Electric Vehicles</h4><section><div class="dek-5E7-A"><p><i>They will reduce pollution and conserve petroleum. But will people buy them, even if the vehicles have astounding fuel efficiency?</i></p></div><p class="authors-G71Hd">Victor Wouk</p></section></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h4 class="articleTitle-e093r">Flywheels in Hybrid Vehicles</h4><section><div class="dek-5E7-A"><p><i>A rapidly spinning flywheel combines with a gas-turbine engine to power a novel hybrid electric vehicle</i></p></div><p class="authors-G71Hd">Deborah R. Castleman, Harold A. Rosen</p></section></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h4 class="articleTitle-e093r">Automated Highways</h4><section><div class="dek-5E7-A"><p><i>Cars that drive themselves in tight formation might alleviate the congestion now plaguing urban freeways</i></p></div><p class="authors-G71Hd">James H. Rillings</p></section></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h4 class="articleTitle-e093r">Unjamming Traffic with Computers</h4><section><div class="dek-5E7-A"><p><i>Insights gleaned from realistic simulations are already moving from computer screens to asphalt</i></p></div><p class="authors-G71Hd">Kenneth R. Howard</p></section></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h4 class="articleTitle-e093r">Now that Travel can be Virtual, will Congestion Virtually Disappear?</h4><section><div class="dek-5E7-A"><p></p></div><p class="authors-G71Hd">Patricia L. Mokhtarian</p></section></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h4 class="articleTitle-e093r">Speed versus Need</h4><section><div class="dek-5E7-A"><p></p></div><p class="authors-G71Hd">Kristin Leutwyler</p></section></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h4 class="articleTitle-e093r">How High-Speed Trains Make Tracks</h4><section><div class="dek-5E7-A"><p><i>In Europe and Japan, train manufacturers are gearing up to achieve ultrafast speeds routinely, without relying on levitation</i></p></div><p class="authors-G71Hd">Jean-Claude Raoul</p></section></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h4 class="articleTitle-e093r">Fast Trains: Why the U.S. Lags</h4><section><div class="dek-5E7-A"><p><i>The reasons are more political than technological</i></p></div><p class="authors-G71Hd">Anthony Perl, James A. Dunn Jr.</p></section></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h4 class="articleTitle-e093r">Maglev: Racing to Oblivion?</h4><section><div class="dek-5E7-A"><p></p></div><p class="authors-G71Hd">Gary Stix</p></section></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h4 class="articleTitle-e093r">Straight up into the Blue</h4><section><div class="dek-5E7-A"><p><i>Tiltrotors, which take off like a helicopter but fly like an airplane, will soon make their military debut. Can civilian applications be far behind?</i></p></div><p class="authors-G71Hd">Hans Mark</p></section></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h4 class="articleTitle-e093r">The Lure of Icarus</h4><section><div class="dek-5E7-A"><p><i>With new designs and materials, human-powered fliers challenge the distance record</i></p></div><p class="authors-G71Hd">Shawn Carlson</p></section></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h4 class="articleTitle-e093r">A Simpler Ride into Space</h4><section><div class="dek-5E7-A"><p><i>Technological advances may allow rockets of the next century to operate much as aircraft do today. That change might cut the cost of reaching orbit by 10-fold</i></p></div><p class="authors-G71Hd">T. K. Mattingly</p></section></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h4 class="articleTitle-e093r">Faster Ships for the Future</h4><section><div class="dek-5E7-A"><p><i>New designs for oceangoing freighter may soon double their speeds</i></p></div><p class="authors-G71Hd">David L. Giles</p></section></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h4 class="articleTitle-e093r">Microsubs go to Sea</h4><section><div class="dek-5E7-A"><p><i>Small, maneuverable, self-contained</i>--<i>these tiny submersibles may someday take a human to the bottom of the sea</i></p></div><p class="authors-G71Hd">Graham S. Hawkes</p></section></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h4 class="articleTitle-e093r">Elevators on the Move</h4><section><div class="dek-5E7-A"><p><i>Elevator technology is taking off in new directions, including sideways</i></p></div><p class="authors-G71Hd">Miriam Lacob</p></section></article></div><div class="issueArchiveArticleList-p9KXT"><h2 class="listHeading-TIGph">Departments</h2><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">The Way to Go</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">Letters to the Editors, October 1997</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">50, 100 and 150 Years Ago: Synthetic Quartz, Arctic Research and Thermal Telescope</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">Growing a New Field</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">The Next Hop</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">In Brief, October 1997</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">Field and Stream</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">Gotta Know when to Fold 'em</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">Science in Court</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">What are they Thinking?</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">Matter Over Mind</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">He Shoots, He Scars</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">Gombe's Famous Primate</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">Change in the Wind</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">Heavy Metal Meets its Match</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">Charging to Market</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">A Sense of Synesthesia</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">Master of your Domain</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">Recording the Sounds of Life</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">Two-Way Jigsaw Puzzles</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">Queer Science Indeed</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">Air-Cooled</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">The Buck Stops Here</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">Clean Genes</h2></article><article class="article-4xs14"><h2 class="departmentsArticleTitle-4XlrA">Fish Ladders--Working Knowledge</h2></article></div></div></div></div></div></div></main><footer class="footer-VfsmT"><div class="footerContainer-pfbjC"><h2 class="footerMainText-wQ3og">Expand Your World with Science</h2></div><div class="footerFlexContainer-XKe5g footerContainer-pfbjC"><div class="footerLinks-m1THn"><p class="footerText-PzHcy">Learn and share the most exciting discoveries, innovations and ideas shaping our world today.</p><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/getsciam/">Subscribe</a><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/newsletter-signup/">Sign up for our 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