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Foundation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cistercian_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cistercian_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Cistercian reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cistercian_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Charter_of_Charity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charter_of_Charity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1.1 Charter of Charity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charter_of_Charity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-No_vow_of_silence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No_vow_of_silence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1.2 No vow of silence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-No_vow_of_silence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 International expansion </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_expansion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International expansion subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Austria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Britain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Ireland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Iberian_Peninsula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Iberian_Peninsula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 The Iberian Peninsula </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Iberian_Peninsula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_with_popes_and_kings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_with_popes_and_kings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Influence with popes and kings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_with_popes_and_kings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_and_attempted_reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_attempted_reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Decline and attempted reforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_attempted_reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Order_during_the_Protestant_Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Order_during_the_Protestant_Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 The Order during the Protestant Reformation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Order_during_the_Protestant_Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_Reformation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_Reformation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 After the Reformation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Influence </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Influence subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Engineering_and_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Engineering_and_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Engineering and construction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Engineering_and_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture,_technology,_and_commerce" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture,_technology,_and_commerce"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Agriculture, technology, and commerce </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture,_technology,_and_commerce-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Theology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cistercians_today" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cistercians_today"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Cistercians today </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cistercians_today-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cistercians today subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cistercians_today-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cistercian_nuns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cistercian_nuns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Cistercian nuns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cistercian_nuns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Cistercians</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" > 62 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisterci%C3%ABnsers" title="Cisterciënsers – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Cisterciënsers" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zisterzienser" title="Zisterzienser – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Zisterzienser" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="سيسترسية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيسترسية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orden_de_Cistels" title="Orden de Cistels – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Orden de Cistels" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_del_C%C3%ADster" title="Orde del Císter – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Orde del Císter" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Цыстэрцыянцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цыстэрцыянцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Цыстэрцыяны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цыстэрцыяны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Цистерциански орден – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Цистерциански орден" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistersianed" title="Sistersianed – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Sistersianed" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_del_Cister" title="Orde del Cister – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Orde del Cister" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisterci%C3%A1ck%C3%BD_%C5%99%C3%A1d" title="Cisterciácký řád – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cisterciácký řád" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdd_y_Sistersiaid" title="Urdd y Sistersiaid – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Urdd y Sistersiaid" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercienserordenen" title="Cistercienserordenen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Cistercienserordenen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zisterzienser" title="Zisterzienser – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zisterzienser" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsistertslaste_ordu" title="Tsistertslaste ordu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tsistertslaste ordu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%9A%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Τάγμα των Κιστερκιανών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τάγμα των Κιστερκιανών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orden_del_C%C3%ADster" title="Orden del Císter – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Orden del Císter" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercianoj" title="Cistercianoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Cistercianoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zistertar" title="Zistertar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zistertar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B3%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="سیسترسی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیسترسی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordre_cistercien" title="Ordre cistercien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ordre cistercien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistersjinzers" title="Sistersjinzers – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sistersjinzers" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cist%C3%A9irsigh" title="Cistéirsigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cistéirsigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kistershee" title="Kistershee – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Kistershee" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_do_C%C3%ADster" title="Orde do Císter – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Orde do Císter" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%ED%86%A0%ED%9A%8C" title="시토회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시토회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisterciti" title="Cisterciti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Cisterciti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistersien" title="Sistersien – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistersien" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordine_cistercense" title="Ordine cistercense – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ordine cistercense" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D" title="נזירים ציסטרציאנים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נזירים ציסטרציאנים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ცისტერციანელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცისტერციანელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasistersi" title="Wasistersi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wasistersi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordo_Cisterciensis" title="Ordo Cisterciensis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ordo Cisterciensis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercie%C5%A1u_ordenis" title="Cisterciešu ordenis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Cisterciešu ordenis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zisterzienser" title="Zisterzienser – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Zisterzienser" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisterci%C3%ABnzers" title="Cisterciënzers – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Cisterciënzers" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciszterciek" title="Ciszterciek – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ciszterciek" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fikambanana_Sistersianina" title="Fikambanana Sistersianina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fikambanana Sistersianina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%87" title="رهبنه سيسترسيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="رهبنه سيسترسيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisterci%C3%ABnzers" title="Cisterciënzers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cisterciënzers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%88%E3%83%BC%E4%BC%9A" title="シトー会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シトー会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercienserordenen" title="Cistercienserordenen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Cistercienserordenen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisterciensarordenen" title="Cisterciensarordenen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Cisterciensarordenen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystersi" title="Cystersi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cystersi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordem_de_Cister" title="Ordem de Cister – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ordem de Cister" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinul_cistercian" title="Ordinul cistercian – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ordinul cistercian" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Цистерцианцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цистерцианцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercensos" title="Cistercensos – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Cistercensos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Cistercians" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercian" title="Cistercian – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cistercian" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisterci%C3%A1nsky_r%C3%A1d" title="Cisterciánsky rád – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cisterciánsky rád" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercijani" title="Cistercijani – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Cistercijani" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Цистерцити – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Цистерцити" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisterciti" title="Cisterciti – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cisterciti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisterssil%C3%A4iset" title="Sisterssiläiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sisterssiläiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cisterciensorden" title="Cisterciensorden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cisterciensorden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99" title="คณะซิสเตอร์เชียน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คณะซิสเตอร์เชียน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistersiyenler" title="Sistersiyenler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sistersiyenler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96" title="Цистерціанці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цистерціанці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92rdane_Cistercense" title="Òrdane Cistercense – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Òrdane Cistercense" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B2ng_Xit%C3%B4" title="Dòng Xitô – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dòng Xitô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%99%E7%AC%83%E4%BC%9A" title="熙笃会 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="熙笃会" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q166861#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistercian&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian">Cistercian</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Catholic religious order</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the religious order also sometimes known as the Cistercians of the Common Observance. For the order founded in La Trappe Abbey and also known as the Cistercians of the Strict Observance, see <a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"White Monks" redirects here. For the White Friars, see <a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a>. For the White Canons, see <a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Order of Cistercians</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="la">(Sacer) Ordo Cisterciensis</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Cistercian_Order.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Cistercian_Order.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Cistercian_Order.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Cistercian_Order.svg/225px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Cistercian_Order.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Cistercian_Order.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Cistercian_Order.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="751" data-file-height="897" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Coat of arms</a> of the Cistercians</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">OCist or SOCist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">1098; 926 years ago (1098)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a>; <a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Molesme" title="Robert of Molesme">Robert of Molesme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harding" title="Stephen Harding">Stephen Harding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alberic_of_C%C3%AEteaux" title="Alberic of Cîteaux">Alberic of Cîteaux</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded at</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%AEteaux_Abbey" title="Cîteaux Abbey">Cîteaux Abbey</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_religious_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic religious order">Catholic religious order</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">Piazza del Tempio di Diana, 14 <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Abbot General</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mauro-Giuseppe_Lepori" title="Mauro-Giuseppe Lepori">Mauro-Giuseppe Lepori</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent organization</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocist.org/">www.ocist.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernhard_von_Clairvaux_(Initiale-B).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c8/Bernhard_von_Clairvaux_%28Initiale-B%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="250" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>St. <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a>, one of the most influential early Cistercians, seen here depicted in a <a href="/wiki/Historiated_initial" class="mw-redirect" title="Historiated initial">historiated initial</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vietnamese_Cistercians.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Vietnamese_Cistercians.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="150" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a> Cistercian monks standing in a <a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">cloister</a> and wearing their <a href="/wiki/Religious_habit" title="Religious habit">religious habits</a></figcaption></figure> The Cistercians (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/sɪˈstɜːrʃənz/</a>), officially the Order of Cistercians (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: (Sacer) Ordo Cisterciensis, abbreviated as OCist or SOCist), are a <a href="/wiki/Catholic_religious_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic religious order">Catholic religious order</a> of <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nuns</a> that branched off from the <a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a> and follow the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Benedict" title="Rule of Saint Benedict">Rule of Saint Benedict</a>, as well as the contributions of the highly-influential <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Rule" title="Latin Rule">Latin Rule</a>. They are also known as Bernardines, after Saint Bernard, or as White Monks, in reference to the colour of their <a href="/wiki/Cowl" title="Cowl">cowl</a>, as opposed to the black cowl worn by Benedictines. The term Cistercian derives from Cistercium, the Latin name for the locale of Cîteaux, near <a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a> in eastern France. It was here that a group of Benedictine monks from the monastery of <a href="/wiki/Molesme_Abbey" title="Molesme Abbey">Molesme</a> founded <a href="/wiki/C%C3%AEteaux_Abbey" title="Cîteaux Abbey">Cîteaux Abbey</a> in 1098. The first three abbots were <a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Molesme" title="Robert of Molesme">Robert of Molesme</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberic_of_C%C3%AEteaux" title="Alberic of Cîteaux">Alberic of Cîteaux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harding" title="Stephen Harding">Stephen Harding</a>. Bernard helped launch a new era when he entered the monastery in the early 1110s with 30 companions. By the end of the 12th century, the order had spread throughout most of Europe. The keynote of Cistercian life was a return to literal observance of the Benedictine Rule. The reform-minded monks tried to live monastic life as they thought it had been in <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict</a>'s time; at various points they went beyond it in austerity. They returned to manual labour, especially agricultural work in the fields. The Cistercians made major contributions to culture and technology: <a href="/wiki/Cistercian_architecture" title="Cistercian architecture">Cistercian architecture</a> has been recognized as a notable form of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_architecture" title="Medieval architecture">medieval architecture</a>, and the Cistercians were the main force of technological diffusion in fields such as agriculture and <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">hydraulic engineering</a>. Over the centuries, education and scholarship came to dominate the life of many monasteries. A reform movement seeking a simpler lifestyle began in 17th-century France at <a href="/wiki/La_Trappe_Abbey" title="La Trappe Abbey">La Trappe Abbey</a>, and became known as the <a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a>. They were eventually consolidated in 1892 into a new order called the Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance, abbreviated as OCSO. The Cistercians who remained within the Order of Cistercians are called the Cistercians of the Common Observance (OCist). <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_early_expansion">Origins and early expansion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistercians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and early expansion">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation">Foundation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistercians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Foundation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stephen_Harding.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Stephen_Harding.jpg/220px-Stephen_Harding.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="389" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Stephen_Harding.jpg/330px-Stephen_Harding.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Stephen_Harding.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>An illumination of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harding" title="Stephen Harding">Stephen Harding</a> (right) presenting a model of his church to the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Virgin_Mary_(Roman_Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Virgin Mary (Roman Catholic)">Blessed Virgin Mary</a> (Municipal Library, Dijon). Cîteaux, c. 1125. At this period Cistercian illumination was the most advanced in France, but within 25 years it was abandoned altogether under the influence of Bernard of Clairvaux.</figcaption></figure> In 1098, a <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Benedict">Benedictine</a> <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_of_Molesme" title="Robert of Molesme">Robert of Molesme</a>, left <a href="/wiki/Molesme_Abbey" title="Molesme Abbey">Molesme Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundy (region)">Burgundy</a> with around 20 supporters, who felt that the <a href="/wiki/Cluniac" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluniac">Cluniac</a> communities had abandoned the rigours and simplicity of the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_St._Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule of St. Benedict">Rule of St. Benedict</a>. Chief among Robert's followers included <a href="/wiki/Alberic_of_C%C3%AEteaux" title="Alberic of Cîteaux">Alberic</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit</a> from the nearby forest of Colan, and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harding" title="Stephen Harding">Stephen Harding</a>, a young monk from England.<a href="#cite_note-Read94-1">[1]</a> Stephen had experienced the monastic traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldolese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vallombrosians" title="Vallombrosians">Vallombrosians</a> before joining Molesme Abbey.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> On 21 March 1098, Robert's small group acquired a plot of <a href="/wiki/Marshland" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshland">marshland</a> just south of <a href="/wiki/Dijon" title="Dijon">Dijon</a> called <a href="/wiki/C%C3%AEteaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Cîteaux">Cîteaux</a> (Latin: "Cistercium". Cisteaux means reeds in <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a>), given to them expressly for the purpose of founding their Novum Monasterium.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> During the first year, the monks set about constructing malodging areas and farming the lands of Cîteaux, making use of a nearby chapel for <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a>. In Robert's absence from Molesme, however, the abbey had gone into decline, and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Urban_II" title="Pope Urban II">Pope Urban II</a>, a former Cluniac monk, ordered him to return.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The remaining monks of Cîteaux elected Alberic as their abbot, under whose leadership the abbey would find its grounding. Robert had been the idealist of the order, and Alberic was their builder. Upon assuming the role of abbot, Alberic moved the site of the fledgling community near a brook a short distance away from the original site. Alberic discontinued the use of Benedictine black garments in the abbey and clothed the monks in white habits of undyed wool.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Alberic forged an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Burgundy">Dukes of Burgundy</a>, working out a deal with <a href="/wiki/Duke" title="Duke">Duke</a> <a href="/wiki/Odo_I_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Odo I of Burgundy">Odo I of Burgundy</a> concerning the donation of a vineyard (<a href="/wiki/Meursault" title="Meursault">Meursault</a>) as well as materials for building the abbey church, which was consecrated on 16 November 1106 by the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Chalon_sur_Sa%C3%B4ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Chalon sur Saône">Bishop of Chalon sur Saône</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> On 26 January 1108, Alberic died and was succeeded by Stephen Harding, the man responsible for carrying the order into its crucial phase. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cistercian_reform">Cistercian reform</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistercians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cistercian reform">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S%C3%A3o_Bento_e_S%C3%A3o_Bernardo_(1542)_-_Diogo_de_Contreiras.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/S%C3%A3o_Bento_e_S%C3%A3o_Bernardo_%281542%29_-_Diogo_de_Contreiras.png/220px-S%C3%A3o_Bento_e_S%C3%A3o_Bernardo_%281542%29_-_Diogo_de_Contreiras.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/S%C3%A3o_Bento_e_S%C3%A3o_Bernardo_%281542%29_-_Diogo_de_Contreiras.png/330px-S%C3%A3o_Bento_e_S%C3%A3o_Bernardo_%281542%29_-_Diogo_de_Contreiras.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/S%C3%A3o_Bento_e_S%C3%A3o_Bernardo_%281542%29_-_Diogo_de_Contreiras.png/440px-S%C3%A3o_Bento_e_S%C3%A3o_Bernardo_%281542%29_-_Diogo_de_Contreiras.png 2x" data-file-width="2432" data-file-height="3775" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Saint Benedict</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Saint Bernard</a> (1542), by <a href="/wiki/Diogo_de_Contreiras" title="Diogo de Contreiras">Diogo de Contreiras</a>. Saint Bernard is depicted in the white cowl of the Cistercians.</figcaption></figure> Harding framed the original version of the Cistercian constitution, soon to be called the <a href="/wiki/Carta_Caritatis" title="Carta Caritatis">Carta Caritatis</a> (Charter of Charity). Although it was revised on several occasions to meet contemporary needs, from the outset it emphasised a simple life of work, love, prayer and self-denial. The Cistercians soon came to distinguish themselves from Benedictines by wearing white or grey <a href="/wiki/Tunic" title="Tunic">tunics</a> instead of black; white habits are common for reform movements.<a href="#cite_note-Hollister209-7">[7]</a> Much of Cistercian reform took place against the rivalry with the famous Benedictine abbey of Cluny, where wealth and excess were said to have set in.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Harding acquired land for the abbey to develop to ensure its survival and ethic. As to grants of land, the order would normally accept only undeveloped land, which the monks then developed by their own labour. For this they developed over time a very large component of uneducated lay brothers known as conversi.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> In some cases, the order accepted developed land and relocated the <a href="/wiki/Serf" class="mw-redirect" title="Serf">serfs</a> elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-Hollister209-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Charter_of_Charity">Charter of Charity</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistercians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Charter of Charity">edit</a>]</div> The outlines of the Cistercian reform were adumbrated by Alberic, but it received its final form in the <a href="/wiki/Carta_Caritatis" title="Carta Caritatis">Carta caritatis</a> (Charter of Charity), which was the defining guide on how the reform was to be lived.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> This document governed the relations between the various houses of the Cistercian order, and exercised a great influence also upon the future course of western <a href="/wiki/Monachism" class="mw-redirect" title="Monachism">monachism</a>. From one point of view, it may be regarded as a compromise between the primitive Benedictine system, in which each abbey was autonomous and isolated, and the centralization of <a href="/wiki/Cluny_Abbey" title="Cluny Abbey">Cluny</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1911394-12">[12]</a> The Cistercians maintained the independence of individual houses: each abbey had its own abbot, elected by its own monks, and its own property and finances administered without outside interference. On the other hand, all the abbeys were subjected to the <a href="/wiki/General_Chapter" class="mw-redirect" title="General Chapter">General Chapter</a>, the constitutional body which exercised vigilance over the order. Made up of all the abbots, the General Chapter met annually in mid-September at <a href="/wiki/C%C3%AEteaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Cîteaux">Cîteaux</a>. Attendance was compulsory, with the abbot of Cîteaux presiding.<a href="#cite_note-Watt52-13">[13]</a> He was to enforce conformity to Cîteaux in all details of monastic observance, liturgy, and customs. Cîteaux was always to be the model to which all the other houses had to conform.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="No_vow_of_silence">No vow of silence</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistercians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: No vow of silence">edit</a>]</div> Cistercian monks and nuns have a reputation of cultivating solitude and silence; the great monastics have explained silence as "the language of liberation, enlightenment, or union with God."<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Some observers deduced, incorrectly, that Cistercians take a vow of silence.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Watching over one's tongue is, however, a general theme in the Rule of St. Benedict and never required a <a href="/wiki/Vow_of_silence" title="Vow of silence">vow of silence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_expansion">International expansion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistercians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: International expansion">edit</a>]</div> In the year of 1113, a charismatic young Burgundinian nobleman named <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard</a> arrived at Cîteaux with 35 of his relatives and friends to join the monastery.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> As Bernard's fame grew, the Cistercian movement grew with it.<a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[19]</a> A supremely eloquent, strong-willed mystic, Bernard was to become the most admired churchman of his age. In 1115, <a href="/wiki/Hugh,_Count_of_Champagne" title="Hugh, Count of Champagne">Count Hugh of Champagne</a> gave a tract of wild, afforested land known as a refuge for robbers, forty miles east of <a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a>, to the order. Bernard, 25 years old at the time, led twelve other monks there, and they founded the <a href="/wiki/Clairvaux_Abbey" title="Clairvaux Abbey">Abbey of Clairvaux</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Read93-95-20">[20]</a> The abbey soon attracted zealous young men. At this point, Cîteaux had four daughter houses: <a href="/wiki/Pontigny_Abbey" title="Pontigny Abbey">Pontigny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morimond_Abbey" title="Morimond Abbey">Morimond</a>, La Ferté and Clairvaux. In the 1130s and 1140s, the Cistercians expanded into "an order of immense size" by incorporating independent religious communities. <a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistercians&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> The most foundations made by any Cistercian monastery came from Clairvaux.<a href="#cite_note-:0-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistercians&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Austria">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Rein_Abbey,_Austria" title="Rein Abbey, Austria">Rein Abbey</a> was founded in 1129 from <a href="/wiki/Ebrach_Abbey" title="Ebrach Abbey">Ebrach Abbey</a> in Bavaria, which had been founded from <a href="/wiki/Morimond_Abbey" title="Morimond Abbey">Morimond Abbey</a> in France.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In 1129 Margrave <a href="/wiki/Leopold_the_Strong" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopold the Strong">Leopold the Strong</a> of <a href="/wiki/March_of_Styria" title="March of Styria">Styria</a> granted the Bavarian monks an area of land just north of what is today the provincial capital <a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a>, where they founded <a href="/wiki/Rein_Abbey,_Austria" title="Rein Abbey, Austria">Rein Abbey</a>. At the time, it was the 38th Cistercian monastery founded; as of 2024, it is the oldest surviving Cistercian house in the world.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In 1133, <a href="/wiki/Heiligenkreuz_Abbey" title="Heiligenkreuz Abbey">Heiligenkreuz Abbey</a> was founded near Vienna by <a href="/wiki/Morimond_Abbey" title="Morimond Abbey">Morimond</a> monks;<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> it is (as of 2024) the largest men's abbey in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Britain">Britain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistercians&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Britain">edit</a>]</div> The order entrusted the oversight of the English, Welsh and (intermittently) Irish abbeys to two or more abbots-commissary, thereby abrogating the famous Cistercian system of filiation: not the mother abbeys, but the abbots-commisary had full powers of visitation. This variation on the original vertical descent of authority produced "a system of centralized national control" much closer to that of the <a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a> or <a href="/wiki/Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">mendicants</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The first Cistercian house to be established in Britain, a monastery at <a href="/wiki/Waverley_Abbey" title="Waverley Abbey">Waverley Abbey</a>, Surrey, was founded by William Gifford, Bishop of Winchester in 1128. It was founded with 12 monks and an abbot from <a href="/wiki/L%27Aum%C3%B4ne_Abbey" title="L'Aumône Abbey">L'Aumône Abbey</a>, in the South of France. By 1187 there were 70 monks and 120 lay brothers in residence.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tintern_Abbey-inside-2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Tintern_Abbey-inside-2004.jpg/220px-Tintern_Abbey-inside-2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Tintern_Abbey-inside-2004.jpg/330px-Tintern_Abbey-inside-2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Tintern_Abbey-inside-2004.jpg/440px-Tintern_Abbey-inside-2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Tintern Abbey, founded in 1131</figcaption></figure> Thirteen Cistercian monasteries, all in remote locations, were founded in Wales between 1131 and 1226. The first of these was <a href="/wiki/Tintern_Abbey" title="Tintern Abbey">Tintern Abbey</a>, which was sited in a remote river valley, and depended largely on its agricultural and pastoral activities for survival.<a href="#cite_note-Dykes76-29">[29]</a> Other abbeys, such as at <a href="/wiki/Neath_Abbey" title="Neath Abbey">Neath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strata_Florida_Abbey" title="Strata Florida Abbey">Strata Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aberconwy_Abbey" title="Aberconwy Abbey">Conwy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valle_Crucis_Abbey" title="Valle Crucis Abbey">Valle Crucis</a> became among the most hallowed names in the history of religion in medieval Wales.<a href="#cite_note-Roderick164-30">[30]</a> Their austere discipline seemed to echo the ideals of the <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Christianity" title="Celtic Christianity">Celtic saints</a>, and the emphasis on pastoral farming fit well into the Welsh stock-rearing economy.<a href="#cite_note-Roderick164-30">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MelroseAbbey01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/MelroseAbbey01.jpg/220px-MelroseAbbey01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/MelroseAbbey01.jpg/330px-MelroseAbbey01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/MelroseAbbey01.jpg/440px-MelroseAbbey01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of <a href="/wiki/Melrose_Abbey" title="Melrose Abbey">Melrose Abbey</a>, mother house of the Cistercians in Scotland</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rievaulx_Abbey" title="Rievaulx Abbey">Rievaulx Abbey</a> was founded from Clairvaux in 1131, on a small, isolated property donated by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Espec" title="Walter Espec">Walter Espec</a>, with the support of <a href="/wiki/Thurstan" title="Thurstan">Thurstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_York" title="Archbishop of York">Archbishop of York</a>. By 1143, three hundred monks had entered Rievaulx, including the famous <a href="/wiki/Ailred_of_Rievaulx" class="mw-redirect" title="Ailred of Rievaulx">St Ælred</a>. It was from Rievaulx that a foundation was made at <a href="/wiki/Melrose_Abbey" title="Melrose Abbey">Melrose</a>, which became the earliest Cistercian monastery in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. Located in <a href="/wiki/Roxburghshire" title="Roxburghshire">Roxburghshire</a>, it was built in 1136 by King <a href="/wiki/David_I_of_Scotland" title="David I of Scotland">David I of Scotland</a>, and completed in less than ten years.<a href="#cite_note-NA-Melrose-31">[31]</a> Another important offshoot of Rievaulx was <a href="/wiki/Revesby_Abbey" title="Revesby Abbey">Revesby Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NewAdvent-32">[32]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fountains_Abbey" title="Fountains Abbey">Fountains Abbey</a> was founded in 1132 by discontented Benedictine monks from <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Abbey,_York" title="St Mary's Abbey, York">St. Mary's Abbey, York</a>, who desired a return to the austere Rule of St Benedict. After many struggles and great hardships, St Bernard agreed to send a monk from Clairvaux to instruct them, and in the end they prospered. Already by 1152, Fountains had many offshoots, including <a href="/wiki/Newminster_Abbey" title="Newminster Abbey">Newminster Abbey</a> (1137) and <a href="/wiki/Meaux_Abbey" title="Meaux Abbey">Meaux Abbey</a> (1151).<a href="#cite_note-NewAdvent-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistercians&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ireland">edit</a>]</div> In the spring of 1140, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Malachy" title="Saint Malachy">Saint Malachy</a>, the archbishop of Armagh, visited Clairvaux, becoming a personal friend of Abbot Bernard and an admirer of Cistercian life. He left four of his companions to be trained as Cistercians, and returned to Ireland to introduce Cistercian monasticism there.<a href="#cite_note-Watt20-33">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mellifont_Abbey" title="Mellifont Abbey">Mellifont Abbey</a> was founded in <a href="/wiki/County_Louth" title="County Louth">County Louth</a> in 1142 and from it daughter houses of <a href="/wiki/Bective_Abbey" title="Bective Abbey">Bective Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Meath" title="County Meath">County Meath</a> (1147), <a href="/wiki/Inislounaght_Abbey" title="Inislounaght Abbey">Inislounaght Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Tipperary" title="County Tipperary">County Tipperary</a> (1147–1148), Baltinglass in <a href="/wiki/County_Wicklow" title="County Wicklow">County Wicklow</a> (1148), <a href="/wiki/Monasteranenagh_Abbey" title="Monasteranenagh Abbey">Monasteranenagh</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Limerick" title="County Limerick">County Limerick</a> (1148), Kilbeggan in <a href="/wiki/County_Westmeath" title="County Westmeath">County Westmeath</a> (1150) and <a href="/wiki/Boyle_Abbey" title="Boyle Abbey">Boyle Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Roscommon" title="County Roscommon">County Roscommon</a> (1161).<a href="#cite_note-Watt21-34">[34]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman invasion of Ireland">Anglo-Norman invasion of Ireland</a> in the 1170s, the English improved the standing of the Cistercian Order in Ireland with nine foundations: <a href="/wiki/Dunbrody_Abbey" title="Dunbrody Abbey">Dunbrody Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inch_Abbey" title="Inch Abbey">Inch Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grey_Abbey,_Down" title="Grey Abbey, Down">Grey Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comber" title="Comber">Comber Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duiske_Abbey" title="Duiske Abbey">Duiske Abbey</a>, Abington, <a href="/wiki/Abbeylara" title="Abbeylara">Abbeylara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tracton" title="Tracton">Tracton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> This last abbey was founded in 1225 from <a href="/wiki/Whitland_Abbey" title="Whitland Abbey">Whitland Abbey</a> in Wales, and at least in its earliest years, its monks were <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh-speaking</a>. By this time, another ten abbeys had been founded by Irishmen since the invasion, bringing the total number of Cistercian houses in Ireland to 31. This was almost half the number of those in England, but it was about thrice the number in each of Scotland and Wales.<a href="#cite_note-Watt50-36">[36]</a> Most of these monasteries enjoyed either noble, episcopal or royal patronage. In 1269, the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Cashel" title="Archbishop of Cashel">Archbishop of Cashel</a> joined the order and established a Cistercian house at the foot of the <a href="/wiki/Rock_of_Cashel" title="Rock of Cashel">Rock of Cashel</a> in 1272.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Similarly, the Irish-establishment of <a href="/wiki/Abbeyknockmoy" title="Abbeyknockmoy">Abbeyknockmoy</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Galway" title="County Galway">County Galway</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Connacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Connacht">King of Connacht</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cathal_Crobhdearg_Ua_Conchobair" title="Cathal Crobhdearg Ua Conchobair">Cathal Crobhdearg Ua Conchobair</a>, who died a Cistercian monk and was buried there in 1224.<a href="#cite_note-Doran53-38">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbaye_de_savigny_9.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Abbaye_de_savigny_9.JPG/220px-Abbaye_de_savigny_9.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Abbaye_de_savigny_9.JPG/330px-Abbaye_de_savigny_9.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Abbaye_de_savigny_9.JPG/440px-Abbaye_de_savigny_9.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Savigny" title="Congregation of Savigny">houses affiliated</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Savigny" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Savigny">Abbey of Savigny</a> merged with the Cistercian Order.</figcaption></figure> By 1152, there were 54 Cistercian monasteries in England, few of which had been founded directly from the Continent.<a href="#cite_note-NewAdvent-32">[32]</a> Overall, there were 333 Cistercian abbeys in Europe, so many that a halt was put to this expansion.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Nearly half of these houses had been founded, directly or indirectly, from Clairvaux, so great was St Bernard's influence and prestige. He later came popularly to be regarded as the founder of the Cistercians, who have often been called Bernardines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1911394-12">[12]</a> Bernard died in 1153, one month after his pupil Eugene III.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Iberian_Peninsula">The Iberian Peninsula</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistercians&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The Iberian Peninsula">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B%C3%A9lap%C3%A1tfalvai_ciszterci_kolostor,_Nagyboldogasszony-templom,_Okt_31.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/B%C3%A9lap%C3%A1tfalvai_ciszterci_kolostor%2C_Nagyboldogasszony-templom%2C_Okt_31.jpg/220px-B%C3%A9lap%C3%A1tfalvai_ciszterci_kolostor%2C_Nagyboldogasszony-templom%2C_Okt_31.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/B%C3%A9lap%C3%A1tfalvai_ciszterci_kolostor%2C_Nagyboldogasszony-templom%2C_Okt_31.jpg/330px-B%C3%A9lap%C3%A1tfalvai_ciszterci_kolostor%2C_Nagyboldogasszony-templom%2C_Okt_31.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/B%C3%A9lap%C3%A1tfalvai_ciszterci_kolostor%2C_Nagyboldogasszony-templom%2C_Okt_31.jpg/440px-B%C3%A9lap%C3%A1tfalvai_ciszterci_kolostor%2C_Nagyboldogasszony-templom%2C_Okt_31.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Cistercian abbey in <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9lap%C3%A1tfalva" title="Bélapátfalva">Bélapátfalva</a>, Hungary</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosteiro_de_Alcoba%C3%A7a_(Portugal)_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mosteiro_de_Alcoba%C3%A7a_%28Portugal%29_2.jpg/220px-Mosteiro_de_Alcoba%C3%A7a_%28Portugal%29_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mosteiro_de_Alcoba%C3%A7a_%28Portugal%29_2.jpg/330px-Mosteiro_de_Alcoba%C3%A7a_%28Portugal%29_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Mosteiro_de_Alcoba%C3%A7a_%28Portugal%29_2.jpg/440px-Mosteiro_de_Alcoba%C3%A7a_%28Portugal%29_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="935" /></a><figcaption>The royal <a href="/wiki/Alcoba%C3%A7a_Monastery" title="Alcobaça Monastery">Alcobaça Monastery</a>, founded in Portugal in 1153</figcaption></figure> In 1153, the first King of Portugal, <a href="/wiki/D._Afonso_Henriques" class="mw-redirect" title="D. Afonso Henriques">D. Afonso Henriques</a> (Afonso, I), founded <a href="/wiki/Alcoba%C3%A7a_Monastery" title="Alcobaça Monastery">Alcobaça Monastery</a>. The original church was replaced by the present construction from 1178. The abbey's church was consecrated in 1223. Two further building phases followed in order to complete the nave, leading to the final consecration of the medieval church building in 1252.<a href="#cite_note-Toman98-41">[41]</a> As a consequence of the wars between the Christians and Moors on the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a>, the Cistercians established a <a href="/wiki/Military_order_(society)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military order (society)">military branch</a> of the order in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> in 1157: the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Calatrava" title="Order of Calatrava">Order of Calatrava</a>. Membership of the Cistercian Order had included a large number of men from knightly families, and when King <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_VII_of_Le%C3%B3n_and_Castile" title="Alfonso VII of León and Castile">Alfonso VII</a> began looking for a <a href="/wiki/Military_order_(society)" class="mw-redirect" title="Military order (society)">military order</a> to defend the <a href="/wiki/Calatrava_la_Vieja" title="Calatrava la Vieja">Calatrava</a>, which had been recovered from the Moors a decade before, the Cistercian Abbot Raymond of <a href="/wiki/Fitero" title="Fitero">Fitero</a> offered his help. Lay brothers were to be employed as "soldiers of the Cross" to defend Calatrava. The initial successes of the new order in the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Reconquista" title="Reconquista">Reconquista</a> were convincing, and the arrangement was approved by the General Chapter at Cîteaux and successive popes; the Knights of Calatrava were given a definitive rule in 1187, modeled upon the Cistercian rule for lay brothers, which included the evangelical counsels of <a href="/wiki/Poverty,_chastity,_and_obedience" class="mw-redirect" title="Poverty, chastity, and obedience">poverty, chastity, and obedience</a>; specific rules of silence; abstinence on four days a week; the recitation of a fixed number of <a href="/wiki/Pater_Noster" class="mw-redirect" title="Pater Noster">Pater Nosters</a> daily; to sleep in their <a href="/wiki/Armour" title="Armour">armour</a>; and to wear, as their full dress, the Cistercian white mantle with the scarlet cross fleurdelisée.<a href="#cite_note-Calatrava-42">[42]</a> Calatrava was not subject to Cîteaux, but to Fitero's mother-house, the <a href="/wiki/Morimond_Abbey" title="Morimond Abbey">Abbey of Morimond</a> in Burgundy. By the end of the 13th century, the knights had become a major autonomous power within the Castilian state, subject only to Morimond and the pope. They had abundant resources of men and wealth, lands and castles scattered along the borders of Castile, and feudal lordship over thousands of peasants and vassals. On more than one occasion, the Order of Calatrava brought to the field a force of 1200 to 2000 knights – considerable in medieval terms. Over time, as the Reconquista neared completion, the canonical bond between Calatrava and Morimond relaxed more and more, and the knights of the order became virtually secularized, finally undergoing dissolution in the 18th–19th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Calatrava-42">[42]</a> The first Cistercian abbey in Bohemia was founded in <a href="/wiki/Sedlec_Abbey" title="Sedlec Abbey">Sedlec</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kutn%C3%A1_Hora" title="Kutná Hora">Kutná Hora</a> in 1142. In the late 13th century and early 14th century, the Cistercian order played an essential role in the politics and diplomacy of the late <a href="/wiki/P%C5%99emyslid" class="mw-redirect" title="Přemyslid">Přemyslid</a> and early Luxembourg state, as reflected in the <a href="/wiki/Czech_literature" title="Czech literature">Chronicon Aulae Regiae</a>. This chronicle was written by Otto and Peter of <a href="/wiki/Zittau" title="Zittau">Zittau</a>, abbots of the <a href="/wiki/Zbraslav" title="Zbraslav">Zbraslav</a> abbey (Latin: Aula Regia, "Royal Hall"), founded in 1292 by the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Bohemia">King of Bohemia</a> and <a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wenceslas_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenceslas II">Wenceslas II</a>. The order also played the main role in the early <a href="/wiki/Gothic_art" title="Gothic art">Gothic art</a> of Bohemia; one of the outstanding pieces of <a href="/wiki/Cistercian_architecture" title="Cistercian architecture">Cistercian architecture</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Alt-neu_Shul" class="mw-redirect" title="Alt-neu Shul">Alt-neu Shul</a>, Prague. The first abbey in the present day Romania was founded on 1179, at <a href="/wiki/Egres_Abbey" title="Egres Abbey">Igris (Egres)</a>, and the second on 1204, the <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2r%C8%9Ba_Monastery" title="Cârța Monastery">Cârța Monastery</a>. By the end of the 13th century, the Cistercian houses numbered 500.<a href="#cite_note-OSCOFAQ1-43">[43]</a> In this period, the monks performed pastoral tasks in and outside of the monastery and began preaching and teaching, even though their movement originally forbade schools and parishes.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> At the order's height in the 15th century, it would have nearly 750 houses. It often happened that the number of lay brothers became excessive and out of proportion to the resources of the monasteries, there being sometimes as many as 200, or even 300, in a single abbey. On the other hand, in some countries, the system of lay brothers in course of time worked itself out; thus in England by the close of the 14th century it had shrunk to relatively small proportions, and in the 15th century the regimen of the English Cistercian houses tended to approximate more and more to that of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Benedict">Black Monks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1911394-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_with_popes_and_kings">Influence with popes and kings</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistercians&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Influence with popes and kings">edit</a>]</div> Cistercian influence more than kept pace with the material expansion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1911393-45">[45]</a> St. Bernard had become mentor to popes and kings, and in 1145, King <a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII</a>'s brother, <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_France_(1121%E2%80%931175)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry of France (1121–1175)">Henry of France</a>, entered Clairvaux.<a href="#cite_note-Read118-46">[46]</a> That same year, Bernard saw one of his monks elected pope as <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III" title="Pope Eugene III">Pope Eugene III</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Eugene was an Italian of humble background, who had first been drawn to monasticism at Clairvaux by the magnetism of Bernard. At the time of his election, he was <a href="/wiki/Tre_Fontane_Abbey" title="Tre Fontane Abbey">Abbot of Saints Vincenzo and Anastasio</a> outside Rome.<a href="#cite_note-Read117-48">[48]</a> A considerable reinforcement to the Order was the merger of the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Savigny" title="Congregation of Savigny">Savigniac houses</a> with the Cistercians, at the insistence of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_III" title="Pope Eugene III">Eugene III</a>. Thirteen English abbeys, of which the most famous were <a href="/wiki/Furness_Abbey" title="Furness Abbey">Furness Abbey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jervaulx_Abbey" title="Jervaulx Abbey">Jervaulx Abbey</a>, thus adopted the Cistercian formula.<a href="#cite_note-NewAdvent-32">[32]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, the two Savigniac houses of Erenagh and St Mary's became Cistercian.<a href="#cite_note-Watt21-34">[34]</a> It was in the latter case that medieval Dublin acquired a Cistercian monastery in the very unusual suburban location of <a href="/wiki/Oxmantown" title="Oxmantown">Oxmantown</a>, with its own private harbour called The Pill.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decline_and_attempted_reforms">Decline and attempted reforms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistercians&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Decline and attempted reforms">edit</a>]</div> For a hundred years, until the first quarter of the 13th century, the Cistercians supplanted Cluny as the most powerful order and the chief religious influence in western Europe. But then in turn their influence began to wane, as the initiative passed to the <a href="/wiki/Mendicant_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendicant order">mendicant orders</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1911394-12">[12]</a> in Ireland,<a href="#cite_note-Lalor200-50">[50]</a> Wales<a href="#cite_note-Roderick164-30">[30]</a> and elsewhere. Relaxations were gradually introduced into Cistercian life with regard to diet and simplicity of life. Also, they began accepting the traditional sources of income that monks in comparable orders used: like rents, tolls, and benefices. The agricultural operations were blessed by success. Wealth and splendour characterized the monasteries, so that by 1300, the standard of living in most abbeys was comparable, if not higher, than the standards middling nobles enjoyed.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Two important papal bulls tried to introduce reforms: Clement IV's <a href="/wiki/Parvus_fons" title="Parvus fons">Parvus fons</a> and Benedict XII's <a href="/wiki/Fulgens_sicut_stella_matutina" title="Fulgens sicut stella matutina">Fulgens sicut stella matutina</a>. The General Chapter continued to battle against abuses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1911394-12">[12]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mellifont_Abbey_lavabo_County_Louth_Ireland.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mellifont_Abbey_lavabo_County_Louth_Ireland.JPG/220px-Mellifont_Abbey_lavabo_County_Louth_Ireland.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mellifont_Abbey_lavabo_County_Louth_Ireland.JPG/330px-Mellifont_Abbey_lavabo_County_Louth_Ireland.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Mellifont_Abbey_lavabo_County_Louth_Ireland.JPG/440px-Mellifont_Abbey_lavabo_County_Louth_Ireland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The now-ruined <a href="/wiki/Mellifont_Abbey" title="Mellifont Abbey">Mellifont Abbey</a>, the centre of medieval Irish Cistercian monasticism and of the "Mellifont rebellion"</figcaption></figure> In Ireland, the information on the Cistercian Order after the Anglo-Norman invasion gives a rather gloomy impression.<a href="#cite_note-Richter154-52">[52]</a> Absenteeism among Irish abbots at the General Chapter became a persistent and much criticised problem in the 13th century, and escalated into the conspiratio Mellifontis, a "rebellion" by the abbeys of the Mellifont filiation. <a href="/wiki/Visitor" title="Visitor">Visitors</a> were appointed to reform Mellifont on account of the multa enormia that had arisen there, but in 1217 the abbot refused their admission and had lay brothers bar the abbey gates. There was also trouble at Jerpoint, and alarmingly, the abbots of Baltinglass, Killenny, Kilbeggan and Bective supported the actions of the "revolt".<a href="#cite_note-Watt53-53">[53]</a> In 1228, the General Chapter sent the <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Abbey" title="Stanley Abbey">Abbot of Stanley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_of_Lexington" title="Stephen of Lexington">Stephen of Lexington</a>, on a well-documented visitation to reform the Irish houses.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> A graduate of both <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Paris</a>, and a future Abbot of Clairvaux (to be appointed in 1243), Stephen was one of the outstanding figures in 13th-century Cistercian history, having founded the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_des_Bernardins" title="Collège des Bernardins">College of St. Bernard</a> in Paris in 1244.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> He found his life threatened as a result of the Irish visitations: his representatives were attacked and his party harassed, while the three key houses of Mellifont, Suir and Maigue had been fortified by monks to hold out against him.<a href="#cite_note-Watt56-56">[56]</a> However, with the help of his assistants, the core of obedient Irish monks and the aid of both English and Irish secular powers, he was able to envisage the reconstruction of the Cistercian province in Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> Stephen dissolved the Mellifont filiation altogether, and subjected 15 monasteries to houses outside Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-Richter154-52">[52]</a> In breadth and depth, his instructions constituted a radical reform programme: "They were intended to put an end to abuses, restore the full observance of the Cistercian way of life, safeguard monastic properties, initiate a regime of benign paternalism to train a new generation of religious, isolate trouble-makers and institute an effective visitation system."<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The arrangement lasted almost half a century, and in 1274, the filiation of Mellifont was reconstituted.<a href="#cite_note-Richter155-59">[59]</a> In Germany the Cistercians were instrumental in the spread of Christianity east of the Elbe. They developed grants of territories of 180,000 acres where they would drain land, build monasteries and plan villages. Many towns near Berlin owe their origins to this order, including <a href="/wiki/Heiligengrabe" title="Heiligengrabe">Heiligengrabe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chorin" title="Chorin">Chorin</a>; its <a href="/wiki/Chorin_Abbey" title="Chorin Abbey">Chorin Abbey</a> was the first brick-built monastery in the area.<a href="#cite_note-Alexandra_Richie_A_History_of_Berlin-60">[60]</a> By this time, however, "the Cistercian order as a whole had experienced a gradual decline and its central organisation was noticeably weakened."<a href="#cite_note-Richter155-59">[59]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benedikt_XII1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Benedikt_XII1.png" decoding="async" width="142" height="183" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="183" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XII" title="Pope Benedict XII">Pope Benedict XII</a></figcaption></figure> In 1335, the French cardinal Jacques Fournier, a Cistercian monk, was elected and consecrated <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XII" title="Pope Benedict XII">Pope Benedict XII</a>. He was devoted to reducing the culture of <a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">nepotism</a> at the Vatican. He promulgated a series of regulations to restore the spirit of reform in the Cistercian Order.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> By the 15th century, however, the Cistercians had fallen on dark days. The General Chapter lost virtually all its power to enforce its decrees, and the strength of the order which derived from this uniformity declined. Wars, amon them the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, and a lack of leadership did damage. Many of the monasteries were controlled by dynasties who appointed their relatives to leadership positions, and pocketed the abbeys' profits. The system of placing abbeys <a href="/wiki/In_commendam" title="In commendam">in commendam</a> was widespread and led to the spiritual and material decline of many abbeys.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Order_during_the_Protestant_Reformation">The Order during the Protestant Reformation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistercians&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The Order during the Protestant Reformation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbey_Church_at_Rievaulx.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Abbey_Church_at_Rievaulx.jpg/220px-Abbey_Church_at_Rievaulx.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Abbey_Church_at_Rievaulx.jpg/330px-Abbey_Church_at_Rievaulx.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Abbey_Church_at_Rievaulx.jpg/440px-Abbey_Church_at_Rievaulx.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rievaulx_Abbey" title="Rievaulx Abbey">Rievaulx Abbey</a>, confiscated by <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> along with its <a href="/wiki/Blast_furnace" title="Blast furnace">blast furnace</a> at <a href="/wiki/Laskill" title="Laskill">Laskill</a></figcaption></figure> Germany became the scene of violence and destabilization following <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>'s efforts to gain independence from the Vatican. Many abbeys lost scores of monks, as these left religious life in order to marry. Monastic property was confiscated by nobles who saw an opportunity to proift from the chaos. During the <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a> saw the confiscation of evey single monastery in that country, a disaster not only for the Cistercians. Some historians believe that the suppression of the English monasteries may have stamped out an industrial revolution.<a href="#cite_note-Woods-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_the_Reformation">After the Reformation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistercians&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: After the Reformation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ansicht_des_Zisterzienserstiftes_Lilienfeld.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ansicht_des_Zisterzienserstiftes_Lilienfeld.jpg/250px-Ansicht_des_Zisterzienserstiftes_Lilienfeld.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ansicht_des_Zisterzienserstiftes_Lilienfeld.jpg/375px-Ansicht_des_Zisterzienserstiftes_Lilienfeld.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Ansicht_des_Zisterzienserstiftes_Lilienfeld.jpg/500px-Ansicht_des_Zisterzienserstiftes_Lilienfeld.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4102" data-file-height="2911" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/wiki/Lilienfeld_Abbey" title="Lilienfeld Abbey">Lilienfeld Cistercian Abbey</a>, 1747</figcaption></figure> The reformed <a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Feuillants" title="Congregation of the Feuillants">Congregation of the Feuillants</a> spread widely in France and Italy in the 16th century. The French congregation of Sept-Fontaines (1654) also deserves mention. In 1663 <a href="/wiki/Armand_Jean_le_Bouthillier_de_Ranc%C3%A9" title="Armand Jean le Bouthillier de Rancé">Jean de Rancé</a> reformed La Trappe (see <a href="/wiki/Trappist" class="mw-redirect" title="Trappist">Trappists</a>).<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> In the 17th century another great effort at a general reform was made, promoted by the pope and the king of France; the general chapter elected <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Richelieu" title="Cardinal Richelieu">Richelieu</a> to be (commendatory) abbot of Cîteaux, thinking he would protect them from the threatened reform. In this they were disappointed, for he threw himself wholly on the side of reform. A formidable battle ensued, making it clear that Italian and Central European abbeys did not want to go the way of the Trappists. Civic politics also played a role in the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, the ecclesiastical policy of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor">Emperor Joseph II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, and the revolutions of the 18th century almost wholly destroyed the Cistercians. But some survived, and from the beginning of the last half of the 19th century there was a considerable recovery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1911394-12">[12]</a> In 1892, the Trappists left the Cistercians and founded a new order, named the Order of Cistercians of the Strict Observance.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The Cistercians that remained within the original order thus came to be known as the "Common Observance".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1911394-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence">Influence</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistercians&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Influence">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistercians&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Veruela_-_Iglesia_abacial_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Veruela_-_Vista_desde_el_pie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Veruela_-_Iglesia_abacial_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Veruela_-_Vista_desde_el_pie.jpg/220px-Veruela_-_Iglesia_abacial_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Veruela_-_Vista_desde_el_pie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Veruela_-_Iglesia_abacial_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Veruela_-_Vista_desde_el_pie.jpg/330px-Veruela_-_Iglesia_abacial_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Veruela_-_Vista_desde_el_pie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Veruela_-_Iglesia_abacial_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Veruela_-_Vista_desde_el_pie.jpg/440px-Veruela_-_Iglesia_abacial_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Veruela_-_Vista_desde_el_pie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1224" /></a><figcaption>The "pure", unadorned style of Cistercian architecture at the 12th century <a href="/wiki/Royal_Monastery_of_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Veruela" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Monastery of Santa María de Veruela">Royal Monastery of Santa María de Veruela</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cistercian_architecture" title="Cistercian architecture">Cistercian architecture</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Cistercian_architecture" title="Cistercian architecture">Cistercian architecture</a> has made an important contribution to European civilisation. Cistercian foundations were primarily constructed in <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_architecture" title="Romanesque architecture">Romanesque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic architecture</a> during the Middle Ages; although later abbeys were also constructed in <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kloster_arnsburg_zisterzienser_klosterkirche_aufriss_langhaus_dehio_1888.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kloster_arnsburg_zisterzienser_klosterkirche_aufriss_langhaus_dehio_1888.jpg/220px-Kloster_arnsburg_zisterzienser_klosterkirche_aufriss_langhaus_dehio_1888.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kloster_arnsburg_zisterzienser_klosterkirche_aufriss_langhaus_dehio_1888.jpg/330px-Kloster_arnsburg_zisterzienser_klosterkirche_aufriss_langhaus_dehio_1888.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kloster_arnsburg_zisterzienser_klosterkirche_aufriss_langhaus_dehio_1888.jpg/440px-Kloster_arnsburg_zisterzienser_klosterkirche_aufriss_langhaus_dehio_1888.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="825" /></a><figcaption>Cistercian architecture was applied based on rational principles.</figcaption></figure> St. Bernard saw church decoration as a distraction from piety, and the builders of the Cistercian monasteries had to adopt a style that observed the numerous rules inspired by his austere aesthetics. However, the order itself was receptive to the technical improvements of Gothic principles of construction and played an important role in its spread across Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Toman10-67">[67]</a> Cistercian architecture embodied the ideals of the order, and was in theory at least utilitarian and without ornamentation.<a href="#cite_note-Lalor1-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> The same "rational, integrated scheme" was used across Europe to meet the largely homogeneous needs of the order.<a href="#cite_note-Lalor1-68">[68]</a> Various buildings, including the chapter-house to the east and the dormitories above, were grouped around a <a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">cloister</a>, and were sometimes linked to the transept of the church itself by a night stair.<a href="#cite_note-Lalor1-68">[68]</a> Usually Cistercian churches were cruciform, with a short <a href="/wiki/Presbytery_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbytery (architecture)">presbytery</a> to meet the liturgical needs of the brethren, small chapels in the <a href="/wiki/Transept" title="Transept">transepts</a> for private prayer, and an aisled <a href="/wiki/Nave" title="Nave">nave</a> that was divided roughly in the middle by a screen to separate the monks from the lay brothers.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Engineering_and_construction">Engineering and construction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistercians&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Engineering and construction">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dehio_191_Fontenay.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Dehio_191_Fontenay.png/170px-Dehio_191_Fontenay.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Dehio_191_Fontenay.png/255px-Dehio_191_Fontenay.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Dehio_191_Fontenay.png/340px-Dehio_191_Fontenay.png 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="1904" /></a><figcaption>Plan of the church of <a href="/wiki/Abbaye_de_Fontenay" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbaye de Fontenay">Abbaye de Fontenay</a></figcaption></figure> The building projects of the Church in the <a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a> showed that the era encourage colossal architecture, with vast amounts of stone being quarried; the same was true of the Cistercian projects.<a href="#cite_note-Cathedrals33-71">[71]</a> Foigny Abbey was 98 metres (322 ft) long, and Vaucelles Abbey was 132 metres (433 ft) long.<a href="#cite_note-Cathedrals33-71">[71]</a> Monastic buildings came to be constructed entirely of stone, right down to the most humble of buildings. In the 12th and 13th centuries, even Cistercian barns consisted had stone exteriors.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The Cistercians acquired a reputation as masters in administering ecclesial construction projects.<a href="#cite_note-Cathedrals50-73">[73]</a> St. Bernard's own brother, <a href="/wiki/Achard" title="Achard">Achard</a>, is known to have supervised the construction of many abbeys, such as <a href="/wiki/Himmerod_Abbey" title="Himmerod Abbey">Himmerod Abbey</a> in the Rhineland.<a href="#cite_note-Cathedrals50-73">[73]</a> On one occasion the abbot of La Trinité at <a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%B4me" title="Vendôme">Vendôme</a> loaned a monk named John to the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Le_Mans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Le Mans">Bishop of Le Mans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hildebert_de_Lavardin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hildebert de Lavardin">Hildebert de Lavardin</a>, for the building of a cathedral; after the project was completed, John refused to return to his monastery.<a href="#cite_note-Cathedrals50-73">[73]</a> However, the monks did not construct their edifices alone. As early as 1133, St. Bernard was hiring workers to help the monks erect new buildings at Clairvaux.<a href="#cite_note-Cathedrals101-74">[74]</a> An illustration from the 16th century shows monks working alongside other craftsmen at <a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nau_Abbey_(Odenwald)" title="Schönau Abbey (Odenwald)">Schönau Abbey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cathedrals101-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legacy">Legacy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistercians&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fountains_Abbey,_Yorkshire,_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Fountains_Abbey%2C_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/220px-Fountains_Abbey%2C_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Fountains_Abbey%2C_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/330px-Fountains_Abbey%2C_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Fountains_Abbey%2C_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg/440px-Fountains_Abbey%2C_Yorkshire%2C_UK_-_Diliff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6062" data-file-height="4407" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fountains_Abbey" title="Fountains Abbey">Fountains Abbey</a></figcaption></figure> The Cistercian abbeys of <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Fontenay" title="Abbey of Fontenay">Fontenay</a> in France,<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO165-75">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fountains_Abbey" title="Fountains Abbey">Fountains</a> in England,<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO373-76">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Alcoba%C3%A7a" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of Alcobaça">Alcobaça</a> in Portugal,<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO505-77">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Poblet_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Poblet Monastery">Poblet</a> in Spain<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO518-78">[78]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maulbronn_Abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Maulbronn Abbey">Maulbronn</a> in Germany are today recognised as <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Sites" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Sites">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO546-79">[79]</a> The abbeys of France and England are fine examples of Romanesque and Gothic architecture. The architecture of Fontenay has been described as "an excellent illustration of the ideal of self-sufficiency" practised by the earliest Cistercian communities.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO165-75">[75]</a> The abbeys of 12th century England were stark and undecorated – a dramatic contrast with the elaborate churches of the wealthier Benedictine houses – yet to even the Cistercian ruins, such as in Fountains and <a href="/wiki/Tintern_Abbey" title="Tintern Abbey">Tinturn Abbey</a>, attracted many tourists, pilgrims and poets.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In the purity of architectural style, the beauty of materials and the care with which the Alcobaça Monastery was built,<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO505-77">[77]</a> Portugal possesses one of the most outstanding and best preserved examples of Early Gothic.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Poblet Monastery, one of the largest in Spain, is considered similarly impressive for its austerity, majesty, and the fortified royal residence within.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO518-78">[78]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VaulxDeCernay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/VaulxDeCernay.jpg/220px-VaulxDeCernay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/VaulxDeCernay.jpg/330px-VaulxDeCernay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/VaulxDeCernay.jpg/440px-VaulxDeCernay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6198" data-file-height="1914" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vaux-de-Cernay_Abbey" title="Vaux-de-Cernay Abbey">Vaux-de-Cernay Abbey</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yvelines" title="Yvelines">Yvelines</a>, France</figcaption></figure> The fortified Maulbronn Abbey in Germany is considered "the most complete and best-preserved medieval monastic complex north of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>".<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO546-79">[79]</a> The Transitional Gothic style of its church had a major influence in the spread of Gothic architecture over much of northern and central Europe, and the abbey's elaborate network of drains, irrigation canals and reservoirs has since been recognised as having "exceptional" cultural interest.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO546-79">[79]</a> In Poland, the former Cistercian monastery of <a href="/wiki/Pelplin" title="Pelplin">Pelplin Cathedral</a> is an important example of <a href="/wiki/Brick_Gothic" title="Brick Gothic">Brick Gothic</a>. <a href="/wiki/W%C4%85chock_Abbey" title="Wąchock Abbey">Wąchock Abbey</a> is one of the most valuable examples of Polish Romanesque architecture.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> The largest Cistercian complex, the <a href="/wiki/Abbatia_Lubensis_abbey" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbatia Lubensis abbey">Abbatia Lubensis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lubi%C4%85%C5%BC" title="Lubiąż">Lubiąż</a>, Poland), is a masterpiece of <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">baroque architecture</a> and the second largest Christian architectural complex in the world.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Art">Art</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistercians&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Art">edit</a>]</div> The mother house of the order, Cîteaux, had developed an advanced style of painting in <a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">illuminated manuscripts</a> during the first decades of the 12th century. However, as Bernard of Clairvaux's influence increased, decoration gradually diminished in Cistercian manuscripts. He had a strong aversion to the extensive use of imagery. Decorations were finally banned altogether in the order. Any wall paintings that may have existed were presumably destroyed. <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">Crucifixes</a> were allowed, and later some painting and decoration crept back in.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Bernard criticized abbey churches for their "immoderate length, their superfluous breadth, the costly polishings, the curious carvings and paintings which attract the worshipper's gaze and hinder his attention." He loathed the fantastical, often deformed beasts used in medievial church decoration. Weaker monks would be tempted "to spend the whole day in wondering at these things rather than in meditating the law of God."<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tumulo_de_D._Pedro_I_55c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tumulo_de_D._Pedro_I_55c.jpg/220px-Tumulo_de_D._Pedro_I_55c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tumulo_de_D._Pedro_I_55c.jpg/330px-Tumulo_de_D._Pedro_I_55c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tumulo_de_D._Pedro_I_55c.jpg/440px-Tumulo_de_D._Pedro_I_55c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3384" data-file-height="2256" /></a><figcaption>The highly elaborate 14th-century tomb of <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_of_Portugal" title="Peter I of Portugal">Peter I of Portugal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alcoba%C3%A7a_Monastery" title="Alcobaça Monastery">Alcobaça</a></figcaption></figure> Nonetheless, many Cistercian abbey churches housed the tombs of royal or noble patrons, and these were often elaborately carved and painted. Notable dynastic burial places were Alcobaça for the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Portugal">Kings of Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_C%C3%AEteaux" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbey of Cîteaux">Cîteaux</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Dukes_of_Burgundy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukes of Burgundy">Dukes of Burgundy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poblet_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Poblet Monastery">Poblet</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Aragon">Kings of Aragon</a>. Corcomroe in Ireland contains one of only two surviving examples of Gaelic royal <a href="/wiki/Effigy" title="Effigy">effigies</a> from 13th and 14th century Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-Doran48-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agriculture,_technology,_and_commerce">Agriculture, technology, and commerce</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistercians&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Agriculture, technology, and commerce">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%B6rg_Breu_d._%C3%84._002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/J%C3%B6rg_Breu_d._%C3%84._002.jpg/220px-J%C3%B6rg_Breu_d._%C3%84._002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/J%C3%B6rg_Breu_d._%C3%84._002.jpg/330px-J%C3%B6rg_Breu_d._%C3%84._002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/J%C3%B6rg_Breu_d._%C3%84._002.jpg/440px-J%C3%B6rg_Breu_d._%C3%84._002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="1544" /></a><figcaption>Cistercians at work in a detail from the Life of St. <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a>, illustrated by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Breu_the_Elder" title="Jörg Breu the Elder">Jörg Breu the Elder</a> (1500)</figcaption></figure> Successful farmers, the white monks introduced and propagated many improvements in medieval agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> They developed an organised system for selling produce, cattle and horses, and notably contributed to commercial progress in Western Europe.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> To the wool and cloth trade, which was especially fostered by the Cistercians, England was largely indebted for the beginnings of her commercial prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-NewAdvent-32">[32]</a> From the beginning, the monks used a system of <a href="/wiki/Lay_brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay brothers">lay brothers</a> and employees to operate their farms; monks and priests were busy with their liturgical and sacramental duties. The lay brothers formed a body of men who lived alongside of the choir monks, but separate from them, not taking part in the canonical office, but having their own fixed round of prayer and religious exercises. They were not ordained, nor did they have a voice in the monks' chapter.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cistercian_numerals.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cistercian_numerals.svg/220px-Cistercian_numerals.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cistercian_numerals.svg/330px-Cistercian_numerals.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Cistercian_numerals.svg/440px-Cistercian_numerals.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="126" /></a><figcaption>Numbers written with <a href="/wiki/Cistercian_numerals" title="Cistercian numerals">Cistercian numerals</a>.</figcaption></figure> One Cistercian monk claims that, until the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a>, most of the technological advances in Europe were made in the monasteries.<a href="#cite_note-SpringBankBaedekerSFChron-90">[90]</a> According to the medievalist Jean Gimpel, their high level of industrial technology facilitated the diffusion of new techniques: "Every monastery had a model factory, often as large as the church and only several feet away, and waterpower drove the machinery of the various industries located on its floor."<a href="#cite_note-Gimpel-91">[91]</a> Waterpower was used for crushing wheat, sieving flour, fulling cloth and tanning – a technological achievement in use in practically all of the order's monasteries.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> The monks used their own <a href="/wiki/Cistercian_numerals" title="Cistercian numerals">numbering system</a>, which could express all the numbers from 0 to 9999 in a single sign.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Braine_le_Chateau,Belgium,moulin_banal.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Braine_le_Chateau%2CBelgium%2Cmoulin_banal.JPG/220px-Braine_le_Chateau%2CBelgium%2Cmoulin_banal.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Braine_le_Chateau%2CBelgium%2Cmoulin_banal.JPG/330px-Braine_le_Chateau%2CBelgium%2Cmoulin_banal.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Braine_le_Chateau%2CBelgium%2Cmoulin_banal.JPG/440px-Braine_le_Chateau%2CBelgium%2Cmoulin_banal.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The Cistercians helped facilitate the spread of waterwheel technology.</figcaption></figure> The Cistercian order was innovative in developing techniques of <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydraulic engineering</a> for monasteries established in remote valleys.<a href="#cite_note-Toman10-67">[67]</a> In Spain, one of the earliest surviving Cistercian houses, the <a href="/wiki/Real_Monasterio_de_Nuestra_Senora_de_Rueda" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Rueda">Real Monasterio de Nuestra Senora de Rueda</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aragon" title="Aragon">Aragon</a>, is a good example of such early hydraulic engineering, using a large <a href="/wiki/Waterwheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterwheel">waterwheel</a> for power and an elaborate water circulation system for <a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">central heating</a>. The Cistercians are known to have been skilled <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">metallurgists</a>, and knowledge of their technological advances was transmitted by the order.<a href="#cite_note-Woods34-94">[94]</a> Iron ore deposits were often donated to the monks along with forges to extract the iron, and within time surpluses were being offered for sale. The Cistercians became the leading iron producers in <a href="/wiki/Champagne_(province)" title="Champagne (province)">Champagne</a>, from the mid-13th century to the 17th century, also using the phosphate-rich slag from their furnaces as an agricultural fertiliser.<a href="#cite_note-Gimpel68-95">[95]</a> The forge at Fontenay abbey, for instance, is not on the margins of the abbey grounds, but within the monastic enclosure itself. Cistercian innovations may have shaped the very course of Gothic architecture.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theology">Theology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistercians&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Theology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbaye_d%27Acey_30.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Abbaye_d%27Acey_30.jpg/220px-Abbaye_d%27Acey_30.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Abbaye_d%27Acey_30.jpg/330px-Abbaye_d%27Acey_30.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Abbaye_d%27Acey_30.jpg/440px-Abbaye_d%27Acey_30.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Liturgical celebration in the Cistercian <a href="/wiki/Acey_Abbey" title="Acey Abbey">Abbey of Acey</a> in France</figcaption></figure> By far the most influential of the early Cistercians was <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a>. He attracted vocations, served as a papal envoy, and attracted international attention to the movement: he was "one of the most influential churchmen of his time."<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Bernard was an ascetic and intellectual, which he demonstrated in his sermons on <a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Grace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">Free will</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Song_of_Songs" title="Song of Songs">Song of Songs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Read118-46">[46]</a> He was quick to recognise heretical ideas, and in 1141 and 1145 respectively, he accused the celebrated scholastic theologian <a href="/wiki/Peter_Abelard" title="Peter Abelard">Peter Abelard</a> and the popular preacher <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Lausanne" title="Henry of Lausanne">Henry of Lausanne</a> of heresy.<a href="#cite_note-Read118-46">[46]</a> He was also charged with the task of promulgating Pope Eugene's bull, <a href="/wiki/Quantum_praedecessores" title="Quantum praedecessores">Quantum praedecessores</a>, and his eloquence in preaching the <a href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">Second Crusade</a> recruited many to the cause.<a href="#cite_note-Read119-98">[98]</a> Although Bernard's De laude novae militiae was in favour of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Read180-99">[99]</a> the English Cistercian Abbot <a href="/wiki/Isaac_of_Stella" title="Isaac of Stella">Isaac of Stella</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Poitiers" title="Poitiers">Poitiers</a>, preached against the very same group as a "new monstrosity".<a href="#cite_note-Read180-99">[99]</a> In the course of the 12th and 13th centuries, many Cistercian authors wrote on spiritual topics.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The "four evangelists" of the movement are: Bernard, <a href="/wiki/William_of_St-Thierry" title="William of St-Thierry">William of Saint Thierry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aelred_of_Rievaulx" title="Aelred of Rievaulx">Aelred of Rievaulx</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guerric_of_Igny" title="Guerric of Igny">Guerric of Igny</a>. Besides Bernard, the others were only re-discovered in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cistercians_today">Cistercians today</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistercians&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Cistercians today">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauro-giuseppe-lepori-varese-2015-03-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mauro-giuseppe-lepori-varese-2015-03-02.jpg/220px-Mauro-giuseppe-lepori-varese-2015-03-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mauro-giuseppe-lepori-varese-2015-03-02.jpg/330px-Mauro-giuseppe-lepori-varese-2015-03-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Mauro-giuseppe-lepori-varese-2015-03-02.jpg/440px-Mauro-giuseppe-lepori-varese-2015-03-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2739" data-file-height="2545" /></a><figcaption>Mauro-Giuseppe Lepori, Abbot General since 2010</figcaption></figure> Many Cistercian monasteries make produce goods such as cheese, bread, and craft products. In the United States, some abbeys support themselves through agriculture, forestry and real estate. European Trappist monasteries are known for their beer.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cistercian_nuns">Cistercian nuns</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistercians&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cistercian nuns">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cistercian_nuns" title="Cistercian nuns">Cistercian nuns</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soeurodilerieunette.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Soeurodilerieunette.jpeg/220px-Soeurodilerieunette.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="382" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Soeurodilerieunette.jpeg/330px-Soeurodilerieunette.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Soeurodilerieunette.jpeg/440px-Soeurodilerieunette.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="1143" /></a><figcaption>Prioress of Rieunette priory in France.</figcaption></figure> The first community of <a href="/wiki/Cistercian_nuns" title="Cistercian nuns">Cistercian nuns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tart_Abbey" title="Tart Abbey">Tart</a>, was founded 1125 in the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Langres" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Langres">Diocese of Langres</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> Their number rose so quickly in the course of the next century that the historian and cardinal <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Vitry" title="Jacques de Vitry">Jacques de Vitry</a> wrote: "Cistercian nunneries multiplied like stars in the sky."<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> At their most populous point, there may have been over 900 women's monasteries, but not all were officially integrated into the order. One of the best known of Cistercian women's communities was the Abbey of <a href="/wiki/Port-Royal-des-Champs" title="Port-Royal-des-Champs">Port-Royal</a>, associated with the <a href="/wiki/Jansenism" title="Jansenism">Jansenist controversy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In Spain and France, a number of Cistercian <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">abbesses</a> had extraordinary privileges.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistercians&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cistercian_monasteries" title="List of Cistercian monasteries">List of Cistercian monasteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_sign_languages" title="Monastic sign languages">Monastic sign languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercian_numerals" title="Cistercian numerals">Cistercian numerals</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistercians&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Read94-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Read94_1-0">^</a> Read, p 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/stephen-harding-st">"Stephen Harding, St. | Encyclopedia.com"</a>. www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 21 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encyclopedia.com&rft.atitle=Stephen+Harding%2C+St.+%7C+Encyclopedia.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.encyclopedia.com%2Freligion%2Fencyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps%2Fstephen-harding-st&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Tobin, pp 29, 33, 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Read, pp 94–95 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03780c.htm">Gildas, Marie. "Cistercians." The Catholic Encyclopedia</a> Vol. 3. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 21 January 2020<img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Tobin, pp 37–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hollister209-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hollister209_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hollister209_7-1">b</a> Hollister, p 209 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Lekai, Ideals and Reality, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> Hollister, p 209–10 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181230/http://users.skynet.be/scourmont/script/docprim/car_car/lat/carta_car_som.htm">"Latin text"</a>. Users.skynet.be. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.skynet.be/scourmont/script/docprim/car_car/lat/carta_car_som.htm">the original</a> on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latin+text&rft.pub=Users.skynet.be&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.skynet.be%2Fscourmont%2Fscript%2Fdocprim%2Fcar_car%2Flat%2Fcarta_car_som.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Paul_Migne" title="Jacques Paul Migne">Migne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patrologia_Latina" title="Patrologia Latina">Patrol. Lat.</a> clxvi. 1377 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1911394-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1911394_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1911394_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1911394_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1911394_12-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1911394_12-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1911394_12-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1911394_12-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFButler1911">Butler 1911</a>, p. 394. </li> <li id="cite_note-Watt52-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Watt52_13-0">^</a> Watt, p 52 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/F._A._Gasquet" class="mw-redirect" title="F. A. Gasquet">F. A. Gasquet</a>, Sketch of Monastic Constitutional History, pp. xxxv–xxxviii, prefixed to English trans. Of Montalembert's Monks of the West, ed. 1895 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeahan1982" class="citation journal cs1">Teahan, John F. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1462940">"Solitude: A Central Motif in Thomas Merton's Life and Writings"</a>. Journal of the American Academy of Religion. 50 (4): 521–538. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7189">0002-7189</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Academy+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Solitude%3A+A+Central+Motif+in+Thomas+Merton%27s+Life+and+Writings&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=521-538&rft.date=1982&rft.issn=0002-7189&rft.aulast=Teahan&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1462940&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFermor2011" class="citation book cs1">Fermor, Patrick Leigh (9 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Time_to_Keep_Silence/cpPLWihINaoC?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=cistercian+%22vow+of+silence%22&pg=PA93&printsec=frontcover">A Time to Keep Silence</a>. New York Review of Books. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-521-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59017-521-7"><bdi>978-1-59017-521-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Time+to+Keep+Silence&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.date=2011-11-09&rft.isbn=978-1-59017-521-7&rft.aulast=Fermor&rft.aufirst=Patrick+Leigh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FA_Time_to_Keep_Silence%2FcpPLWihINaoC%3Fhl%3Dde%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3Dcistercian%2B%2522vow%2Bof%2Bsilence%2522%26pg%3DPA93%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHastingsSelbieGray1922" class="citation book cs1">Hastings, James; Selbie, John Alexander; Gray, Louis Herbert (1922). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/Encyclopaedia_of_Religion_and_Ethics/Ef2yrHAWUiAC?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=cistercian+%22vow+of+silence%22&pg=PA650&printsec=frontcover">Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics</a>. Vol. 12. Scribner. p. 650.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Religion+and+Ethics&rft.pages=650&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Hastings&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Selbie%2C+John+Alexander&rft.au=Gray%2C+Louis+Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%2Fedition%2FEncyclopaedia_of_Religion_and_Ethics%2FEf2yrHAWUiAC%3Fhl%3Dde%26gbpv%3D1%26dq%3Dcistercian%2B%2522vow%2Bof%2Bsilence%2522%26pg%3DPA650%26printsec%3Dfrontcover&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Lekai, Ideals and Reality, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoldsworth2012" class="citation cs2">Holdsworth, Christopher (22 November 2012), Birkedal Bruun, Mette (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CCO9780511735899A024/type/book_part">"Bernard of Clairvaux: his first and greatest miracle was himself"</a>, The Cambridge Companion to the Cistercian Order (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 173–185, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcco9780511735899.017">10.1017/cco9780511735899.017</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00131-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00131-2"><bdi>978-1-107-00131-2</bdi></a>, retrieved 3 November 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Cistercian+Order&rft.atitle=Bernard+of+Clairvaux%3A+his+first+and+greatest+miracle+was+himself&rft.pages=173-185&rft.date=2012-11-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcco9780511735899.017&rft.isbn=978-1-107-00131-2&rft.aulast=Holdsworth&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FCCO9780511735899A024%2Ftype%2Fbook_part&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Read93-95-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Read93-95_20-0">^</a> Read, p 93, 95 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerman2010" class="citation book cs1">Berman, Constance Hoffman (3 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Cistercian_Evolution/FWIu1Yk8W-EC?hl=de&gbpv=1&dq=cistercian+expansion&pg=PA95&printsec=frontcover">The Cistercian Evolution: The Invention of a Religious Order in Twelfth-Century Europe</a>. 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Retrieved 17 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.katholisch.at&rft.atitle=Ordensgemeinschaften+im+Portrait%3A+Stift+Rein&rft.au=katholisch.at&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.katholisch.at%2Fsite%2Fkirche%2Fsr%2Forden%2Fordenimportrait%2Farticle%2F122474.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Lutter, M-C. (2012). Locus horroris et vastae solitudinis? Zisterzienser und Zisterzienserinnen in und um Wien. Historisches Jahrbuch, 132, pp. 141-176. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRios2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rios, Loreto (9 March 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omnesmag.com/de/nachrichten/phanomen-abtei-heiligkreuz/#">"Das "Phänomen" des Stiftes Heiligenkreuz"</a>. Omnes (in German). Retrieved 17 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Omnes&rft.atitle=Das+%22Ph%C3%A4nomen%22+des+Stiftes+Heiligenkreuz&rft.date=2024-03-09&rft.aulast=Rios&rft.aufirst=Loreto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omnesmag.com%2Fde%2Fnachrichten%2Fphanomen-abtei-heiligkreuz%2F%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnowles1979" class="citation book cs1">Knowles, David (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/9780511560668/type/book">The Religious Orders in England</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511560668.004">10.1017/cbo9780511560668.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29568-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-29568-0"><bdi>978-0-521-29568-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religious+Orders+in+England&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511560668.004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-29568-0&rft.aulast=Knowles&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2F9780511560668%2Ftype%2Fbook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1929" class="citation journal cs1">Graham, Rose (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/553036">"The Great Schism and the English Monasteries of the Cistercian Order"</a>. The English Historical Review. 44 (175): 373–387. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-8266">0013-8266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Great+Schism+and+the+English+Monasteries+of+the+Cistercian+Order&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=175&rft.pages=373-387&rft.date=1929&rft.issn=0013-8266&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=Rose&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F553036&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dykes76-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Dykes76_29-0">^</a> Dykes, pp 76–78 </li> <li id="cite_note-Roderick164-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Roderick164_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roderick164_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Roderick164_30-2">c</a> Roderick, p 164 </li> <li id="cite_note-NA-Melrose-31"><a href="#cite_ref-NA-Melrose_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Barrett1911" class="citation web cs1">Michael Barrett (1 October 1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/10170a.htm">"Abbey of Melrose"</a>. Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Abbey+of+Melrose&rft.pub=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1911-10-01&rft.au=Michael+Barrett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F10170a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewAdvent-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NewAdvent_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewAdvent_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewAdvent_32-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewAdvent_32-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewAdvent_32-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbert_Thurston" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbert Thurston. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/16025b.htm">"Cistercians in the British Isles"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. NewAdvent.org. Retrieved 18 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cistercians+in+the+British+Isles&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=NewAdvent.org&rft.au=Herbert+Thurston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F16025b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watt20-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Watt20_33-0">^</a> Watt, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-Watt21-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watt21_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watt21_34-1">b</a> Watt, p 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Watt, pp 49–50 </li> <li id="cite_note-Watt50-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Watt50_36-0">^</a> Watt, p 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Watt, p 115 </li> <li id="cite_note-Doran53-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Doran53_38-0">^</a> Doran, p 53 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Logan, p 139 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Read, p 126 </li> <li id="cite_note-Toman98-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Toman98_41-0">^</a> Toman, p 98 </li> <li id="cite_note-Calatrava-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Calatrava_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Calatrava_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Moeller1908" class="citation web cs1">Charles Moeller (1 November 1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03149d.htm">"Military Order of Calatrava"</a>. Catholic Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Military+Order+of+Calatrava&rft.pub=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1908-11-01&rft.au=Charles+Moeller&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F03149d.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OSCOFAQ1-43"><a href="#cite_ref-OSCOFAQ1_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917223746/http://www.ocso.org/HTM/net/faq-eng.htm">"Cistercian Order of the Strict Observance (Trappists): Frequently Asked Questions"</a>. Ocso.org. 8 December 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocso.org/HTM/net/faq-eng.htm#come">the original</a> on 17 September 2009. Retrieved 18 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cistercian+Order+of+the+Strict+Observance+%28Trappists%29%3A+Frequently+Asked+Questions&rft.pub=Ocso.org&rft.date=2003-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ocso.org%2FHTM%2Fnet%2Ffaq-eng.htm%23come&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamroziak2024" class="citation book cs1">Jamroziak, Emilia (2024). "Cistercians and the Care of Souls from the Twelfth to the Early Sixteenth Century". In Ōnuki, Toshio; Melville, Gert; Akae, Yūichi; Takeda, Kazuhisa (eds.). Pastoral care and monasticism in Latin christianity and Japanese buddhism (ca. 800-1650). Vita regularis Abhandlungen. Münster: LIT. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-15497-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-15497-2"><bdi>978-3-643-15497-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cistercians+and+the+Care+of+Souls+from+the+Twelfth+to+the+Early+Sixteenth+Century&rft.btitle=Pastoral+care+and+monasticism+in+Latin+christianity+and+Japanese+buddhism+%28ca.+800-1650%29&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster&rft.series=Vita+regularis+Abhandlungen&rft.pub=LIT&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-3-643-15497-2&rft.aulast=Jamroziak&rft.aufirst=Emilia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler1911393-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler1911393_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFButler1911">Butler 1911</a>, p. 393. </li> <li id="cite_note-Read118-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Read118_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Read118_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Read118_46-2">c</a> Read, p 118 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Read, pp 117–118 </li> <li id="cite_note-Read117-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Read117_48-0">^</a> Read, p. 117 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Clarke, pp 42–43 </li> <li id="cite_note-Lalor200-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Lalor200_50-0">^</a> Lalor, p 200 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaritz1985" class="citation book cs1">Jaritz, Gerhard (1985). "The Standard of Living in German and Austrian Cistercian Monasteries of the Late Middle Ages". In Elder, E. Rozanne (ed.). Goad and Nail. Studies in medieval Cistercian history. Kalamazoo, Michigan: Cistercian Publications. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87907-984-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87907-984-0"><bdi>978-0-87907-984-0</bdi></a>. <q>A study [Watzl 1978] done for the Lower-Austrian abbey of Heiligenkreuz demonstrates that in the first half of the fifteenth century, no fewer than 201-207 days of the year saw extra food.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Standard+of+Living+in+German+and+Austrian+Cistercian+Monasteries+of+the+Late+Middle+Ages&rft.btitle=Goad+and+Nail&rft.place=Kalamazoo%2C+Michigan&rft.series=Studies+in+medieval+Cistercian+history&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Cistercian+Publications&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-87907-984-0&rft.aulast=Jaritz&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richter154-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richter154_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richter154_52-1">b</a> Richter, p 154 </li> <li id="cite_note-Watt53-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Watt53_53-0">^</a> Watt, p. 53 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Watt, p. 55 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMertonGrimesMerton2019" class="citation book cs1">Merton, Thomas; Grimes, William R.; Merton, Thomas (2019). O'Connell, Patrick F. (ed.). Medieval Cistercian history. Initiation into the monastic tradition / Thomas Merton. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87907-043-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87907-043-4"><bdi>978-0-87907-043-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Cistercian+history&rft.place=Collegeville%2C+Minnesota&rft.series=Initiation+into+the+monastic+tradition+%2F+Thomas+Merton&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-87907-043-4&rft.aulast=Merton&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Grimes%2C+William+R.&rft.au=Merton%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watt56-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Watt56_56-0">^</a> Watt, p. 56 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Watt, pp. 56–57 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Watt, p. 59 </li> <li id="cite_note-Richter155-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richter155_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richter155_59-1">b</a> Richter, p. 155 </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexandra_Richie_A_History_of_Berlin-60"><a href="#cite_ref-Alexandra_Richie_A_History_of_Berlin_60-0">^</a> Richie, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiedemann2020" class="citation journal cs1">Wiedemann, Benedict G E (28 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/ehr/article/135/573/464/5848761">"Pope Benedict XII (1334–1342): The Guardian of Orthodoxy, ed. Irene Bueno"</a>. 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Present-day landscapes still preserve various traces of their economic activities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Stable+isotope+analysis+in+soil+prospection%26%2332%3B%26%2391%3Bsic%26%2393%3B+reveals+the+type+of+historic+land%E2%80%91use+under+contemporary+temperate+forests+in+Europe&rft.volume=14&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11208554%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-024-63563-1&rft.aulast=Janovsk%C3%BD&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11208554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman_Berman2012" class="citation cs2">Hoffman Berman, Constance (22 November 2012), Birkedal Bruun, Mette (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CCO9780511735899A019/type/book_part">"Agriculture and economies"</a>, The Cambridge Companion to the Cistercian Order (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 112–124, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcco9780511735899.012">10.1017/cco9780511735899.012</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00131-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00131-2"><bdi>978-1-107-00131-2</bdi></a>, retrieved 3 November 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Cistercian+Order&rft.atitle=Agriculture+and+economies&rft.pages=112-124&rft.date=2012-11-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcco9780511735899.012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-00131-2&rft.aulast=Hoffman+Berman&rft.aufirst=Constance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FCCO9780511735899A019%2Ftype%2Fbook_part&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrance2012" class="citation book cs1">France, James (2012). Separate but equal: Cistercian lay brothers, 1120-1350. Cistercian studies series. Trappist, Ky. : Collegeville, Minn: Cistercian Publications ; Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87907-246-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87907-246-9"><bdi>978-0-87907-246-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Separate+but+equal%3A+Cistercian+lay+brothers%2C+1120-1350&rft.place=Trappist%2C+Ky.+%3A+Collegeville%2C+Minn&rft.series=Cistercian+studies+series&rft.pub=Cistercian+Publications+%3B+Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-87907-246-9&rft.aulast=France&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SpringBankBaedekerSFChron-90"><a href="#cite_ref-SpringBankBaedekerSFChron_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRob_Baedeker2008" class="citation web cs1">Rob Baedeker (24 March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/g/a/2008/03/24/moneytales.DTL&hw=lasermonks&sn=001&sc=1000">"Good Works: Monks build multimillion-dollar business and give the money away"</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a>. Retrieved 7 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Good+Works%3A+Monks+build+multimillion-dollar+business+and+give+the+money+away&rft.date=2008-03-24&rft.au=Rob+Baedeker&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ff%3D%2Fg%2Fa%2F2008%2F03%2F24%2Fmoneytales.DTL%26hw%3Dlasermonks%26sn%3D001%26sc%3D1000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gimpel-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Gimpel_91-0">^</a> Gimpel, p 67. Cited by Woods. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Woods, p 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2001" class="citation book cs1">King, David A. (2001). <a href="/wiki/The_Ciphers_of_the_Monks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Ciphers of the Monks">The Ciphers of the Monks: a forgotten number-notation of the Middle Ages</a>. Stuttgart: F. Steiner. pp. 16, 29, 34, 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-07640-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-07640-9"><bdi>3-515-07640-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48254993">48254993</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ciphers+of+the+Monks%3A+a+forgotten+number-notation+of+the+Middle+Ages&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=16%2C+29%2C+34%2C+41&rft.pub=F.+Steiner&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48254993&rft.isbn=3-515-07640-9&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woods34-94"><a href="#cite_ref-Woods34_94-0">^</a> Woods, pp 34–35 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gimpel68-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Gimpel68_95-0">^</a> Gimpel, p 68; cited by Woods, p 35 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Erlande-Brandenburg, pp 116–117 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2024" class="citation web cs1">Meyer, John Richard (12 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Bernard-of-Clairvaux">"Saint Bernard of Clairvaux"</a>. Britannica.com. Retrieved 17 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica.com&rft.atitle=Saint+Bernard+of+Clairvaux&rft.date=2024-10-12&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=John+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FSaint-Bernard-of-Clairvaux&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Read119-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Read119_98-0">^</a> Read, p. 119 </li> <li id="cite_note-Read180-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Read180_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Read180_99-1">b</a> Read, p. 180 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElder2012" class="citation cs2">Elder, E. Rozanne (22 November 2012), Birkedal Bruun, Mette (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CCO9780511735899A026/type/book_part">"Early Cistercian writers"</a>, The Cambridge Companion to the Cistercian Order (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. 199–217, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcco9780511735899.019">10.1017/cco9780511735899.019</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00131-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-00131-2"><bdi>978-1-107-00131-2</bdi></a>, retrieved 4 June 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+the+Cistercian+Order&rft.atitle=Early+Cistercian+writers&rft.pages=199-217&rft.date=2012-11-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcco9780511735899.019&rft.isbn=978-1-107-00131-2&rft.aulast=Elder&rft.aufirst=E.+Rozanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FCCO9780511735899A026%2Ftype%2Fbook_part&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGinn1977" class="citation book cs1">McGinn, Bernard (1977). "Introduction". In McGinn, Bernard (ed.). Three treatises on man: a Cistercian anthropology. Cistercian fathers series. Kalamazoo, Mich: Cistercian Publications. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87907-024-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87907-024-3"><bdi>978-0-87907-024-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Three+treatises+on+man%3A+a+Cistercian+anthropology&rft.place=Kalamazoo%2C+Mich&rft.series=Cistercian+fathers+series&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Cistercian+Publications&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-87907-024-3&rft.aulast=McGinn&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastle2023" class="citation news cs1">Castle, Stephen (11 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/07/11/world/europe/england-trappist-beer.html">"At This Brewery, Blessings Are as Important as Barley and Hops"</a>. The New York Times. <q>There are just a dozen Trappist breweries worldwide, most in Belgium and the Netherlands.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=At+This+Brewery%2C+Blessings+Are+as+Important+as+Barley+and+Hops&rft.date=2023-07-11&rft.aulast=Castle&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F07%2F11%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fengland-trappist-beer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerthier2001" class="citation book cs1">Berthier, Karine (2001). "De la campagne à la ville, du XIIe au XVIIe siècle : Notre-Dame de Tart". In Montulet-Henneau, Marie-Elisabeth (ed.). Cîteaux et les femmes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782907150996" title="Special:BookSources/9782907150996"><bdi>9782907150996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=De+la+campagne+%C3%A0+la+ville%2C+du+XIIe+au+XVIIe+si%C3%A8cle+%3A+Notre-Dame+de+Tart&rft.btitle=C%C3%AEteaux+et+les+femmes&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9782907150996&rft.aulast=Berthier&rft.aufirst=Karine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Quoted in Lekai, Ideals and Reality, p. 349. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorberg2012" class="citation journal cs1">Norberg, Kathryn (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23428020">"Review of Feminism, Absolutism, and Jansenism: Louis XIV and the Port-Royal Nuns"</a>. The American Historical Review. 117 (4): 1303–1304. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fahr%2F117.4.1303">10.1093/ahr/117.4.1303</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-8762">0002-8762</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23428020">23428020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Review+of+Feminism%2C+Absolutism%2C+and+Jansenism%3A+Louis+XIV+and+the+Port-Royal+Nuns&rft.volume=117&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1303-1304&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=0002-8762&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23428020%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fahr%2F117.4.1303&rft.aulast=Norberg&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23428020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Ghislain Baury, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3550063/Emules_puis_sujettes_de_lordre_cistercien._Les_cisterciennes_de_Castille_et_dailleurs_face_au_Chapitre_General_aux_XIIe_et_XIIIe_siecles">"Emules puis sujettes de l'ordre cistercien. Les cisterciennes de Castille et d'ailleurs face au Chapitre Général aux XIIe et XIIIe siècles"</a>, Cîteaux: Commentarii cistercienses, t. 52, fasc. 1–2, 2001, p. 27–60. Ghislain Baury, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3549380/Les_religieuses_de_Castille._Patronage_aristocratique_et_ordre_cistercien_XIIe-XIIIe_siecles">Les religieuses de Castille. Patronage aristocratique et ordre cistercien, XIIe-XIIIe siècles</a>, Rennes, Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEscrivá_de_BalaguerBlancoMartín2016" class="citation book cs1">Escrivá de Balaguer, José María; Blanco, María; Martín, María del Mar (2016). La abadesa de Las Huelgas. Obras completas de San Josemaría Serie I, Obras publicadas. Madrid: Ediciones Rialp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-321-4687-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-321-4687-9"><bdi>978-84-321-4687-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+abadesa+de+Las+Huelgas&rft.place=Madrid&rft.series=Obras+completas+de+San+Josemar%C3%ADa+Serie+I%2C+Obras+publicadas&rft.pub=Ediciones+Rialp&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-84-321-4687-9&rft.aulast=Escriv%C3%A1+de+Balaguer&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Mar%C3%ADa&rft.au=Blanco%2C+Mar%C3%ADa&rft.au=Mart%C3%ADn%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+del+Mar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistercians&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Cuthbert_Butler" title="Edward Cuthbert Butler">Butler, Edward Cuthbert</a> (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cistercians" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Cistercians">Cistercians</a>". In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 393–395.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cistercians&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=393-395&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Edward+Cuthbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke,_Howard_B.Dent,_SarahJohnson,_Ruth2002" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Howard B.; Dent, Sarah; Johnson, Ruth (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dubliniastoryofm0000clar">Dublinia: The Story of Medieval Dublin</a>. Dublin: O'Brien. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86278-785-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86278-785-1"><bdi>978-0-86278-785-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dublinia%3A+The+Story+of+Medieval+Dublin&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pub=O%27Brien&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-86278-785-1&rft.au=Clarke%2C+Howard+B.&rft.au=Dent%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdubliniastoryofm0000clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Reginald_Dodwell" title="Charles Reginald Dodwell">Dodwell, C.R.</a>; The Pictorial arts of the West, 800–1200, (1993), Yale UP, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-06493-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-06493-4">0-300-06493-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoran,_LindaLyttleton,_James2008" class="citation book cs1">Doran, Linda; Lyttleton, James, eds. (2008). Lordship in Medieval Ireland: Image and reality (Hardback, illustrated ed.). Four Courts Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84682-041-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84682-041-0"><bdi>978-1-84682-041-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lordship+in+Medieval+Ireland%3A+Image+and+reality&rft.edition=Hardback%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=Four+Courts+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84682-041-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDykes,_D.W.1980" class="citation book cs1">Dykes, D.W. (1980). <a href="/wiki/Alan_Sorrell" title="Alan Sorrell">Alan Sorrell: Early Wales Re-created</a>. National Museum of Wales. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7200-0228-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7200-0228-7"><bdi>978-0-7200-0228-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alan+Sorrell%3A+Early+Wales+Re-created&rft.pub=National+Museum+of+Wales&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-7200-0228-7&rft.au=Dykes%2C+D.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gimpel, Jean, The Medieval Machine: The Industrial Revolution of the Middle Ages New York, Penguin, (1976) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollister1992" class="citation book cs1">Hollister, C. Warren (1992) [1966]. The Making of England, 55 BC to 1399. Volume I of A History of England, edited by Lacey Baldwin Smith (6th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_MA" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington, MA">Lexington, MA</a>: D.C. Heath. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-669-24457-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-669-24457-1"><bdi>978-0-669-24457-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+England%2C+55+BC+to+1399&rft.place=Lexington%2C+MA&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=D.C.+Heath.&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-669-24457-1&rft.aulast=Hollister&rft.aufirst=C.+Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lekai, Louis (1977). The Cistercians: Ideals and Reality. The Kent State University Press, 1977. ISBN 978-0-873-38201-4.</li> <li>Logan, F. Donald, A History of the Church in the Middle Ages. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichter2005" class="citation book cs1">Richter, Michael (2005). Medieval Ireland: the enduring tradition (Revised, illustrated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Gill_%26_Macmillan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gill & Macmillan">Gill & Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-3293-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-3293-5"><bdi>978-0-7171-3293-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Ireland%3A+the+enduring+tradition&rft.edition=Revised%2C+illustrated&rft.pub=Gill+%26+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7171-3293-5&rft.aulast=Richter&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rudolph, Conrad, "The 'Principal Founders' and the Early Artistic Legislation of Cîteaux", Studies in Cistercian Art and Architecture 3, Cistercian Studies Series 89 (1987) 1–45</li> <li>Rudolph, Conrad, Violence and Daily Life: Reading, Art, and Polemics in the Cîteaux Moralia in Job (1997) [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>]</li> <li>Tobin, Stephen. The Cistercians: Monks and Monasteries in Europe. The Herbert Press, LTD (1995). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-871569-80-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-871569-80-X">1-871569-80-X</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToman,_Rolf2007" class="citation book cs1">Toman, Rolf, ed. (2007). The Art of Gothic: Architecture, Sculpture, Painting. photography by Achim Bednorz. <a href="/wiki/Tandem_Verlag_GmbH" class="mw-redirect" title="Tandem Verlag GmbH">Tandem Verlag GmbH</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-4676-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-4676-3"><bdi>978-3-8331-4676-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Gothic%3A+Architecture%2C+Sculpture%2C+Painting&rft.pub=Tandem+Verlag+GmbH&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-8331-4676-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACistercians" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Watt, John, The Church in Medieval Ireland. University College Dublin Press; 2nd Rev. ed. (1998). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-900621-10-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-900621-10-6">978-1-900621-10-6</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cistercians&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cistercian_Order" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cistercian Order">Cistercian Order</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Collected_Works_of_Mahatma_Gandhi/Volume_I/1895_Description_of_Cistercians_Vegetarion_Missionaries" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Collected Works of Mahatma Gandhi/Volume I/1895 Description of Cistercians Vegetarion Missionaries">Mahatma Gandhi's 1895 Description of Cistercians Vegetarion Missionaries</a></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ocist.org">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cistercensi.org/">Website on Cistercian Order, Architecture and History (Italian)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03780c.htm">Newadvent.org</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cistercium.blogspot.com/">EUCist News, a blog about current Cistercian research in English and German</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.skynet.be/scourmont/script/docprim/car_car/lat/carta_car_som.htm">Carta Caritatis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303181230/http://users.skynet.be/scourmont/script/docprim/car_car/lat/carta_car_som.htm">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Latin)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/cistercian/">Center for Cistercian and Monastic Studies</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/cultural-routes/the-european-route-of-cistercian-abbeys">European route of Cistercian abbeys</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_religious_institutes" title="Template:Catholic religious institutes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_religious_institutes" title="Template talk:Catholic religious institutes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_religious_institutes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic religious institutes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_religious_institutes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">Catholic religious institutes</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Male and female</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexians" title="Alexians">Alexians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a> (AA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Augustinian_Recollects" title="Order of Augustinian Recollects">Augustinian Recollects</a> (OAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilian_Aleppian_Order" title="Basilian Aleppian Order">Basilian Aleppians</a> (BA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilian_Chouerite_Order_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist" title="Basilian Chouerite Order of Saint John the Baptist">Basilian Chouerites</a> (BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a> (OSB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgettines" title="Bridgettines">Bridgettines</a> (OSsS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canossians" title="Canossians">Canossians</a> (FDCC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a> (OCarm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a> (OCart)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cistercians</a> (OCist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Sion" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Sion">Congregation of Our Lady of Sion</a> (NDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Sacred_Hearts_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary">Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary</a> (SSCC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discalced_Carmelites" title="Discalced Carmelites">Discalced Carmelites</a> (OCD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> (OP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> (OFM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_the_Incarnate_Word" title="Institute of the Incarnate Word">Institute of the Incarnate Word</a> (IVE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a> (O de M)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_Charity" title="Missionaries of Charity">Missionaries of Charity</a> (MC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_St._Charles_Borromeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo">Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo</a> (CS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_Family_of_Bethlehem,_of_the_Assumption_of_the_Virgin_and_of_Saint_Bruno" title="Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno">Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a> (OPraem)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants_of_Charity" title="Servants of Charity">Servants of Charity</a> (SC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servite Order</a> (OSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Atonement" title="Society of the Atonement">Society of the Atonement</a> (SA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_Regular_of_Saint_Francis_of_Penance" title="Third Order Regular of Saint Francis of Penance">TOR Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a> (OCSO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarian Order</a> (OSST)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Vatican City"><img alt="Coat of arms of Vatican City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/75px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Vatican City</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Male</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerics_Regular_Minor" title="Clerics Regular Minor">Adorno Fathers</a> (CRM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertine_Brothers" title="Albertine Brothers">Albertine Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a> (OSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabites" title="Barnabites">Barnabites</a> (B)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_St._Basil" title="Congregation of St. Basil">Basilians</a> (CSB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Mercy_of_Our_Lady_of_Perpetual_Help" title="Brothers of Mercy of Our Lady of Perpetual Help">Brothers of Our Lady of Mercy</a> (FDM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a> (MI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John_Cantius_Church_(Chicago)" title="St. John Cantius Church (Chicago)">Canons Regular of Saint John Cantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchins</a> (OFM Cap)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Christian_Brothers" title="Congregation of Christian Brothers">Christian Brothers (Irish)</a> (CFC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregatio_Discipulorum_Domini" title="Congregatio Discipulorum Domini">Congregatio Discipulorum Domini</a> (CDD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CICM_Missionaries" title="CICM Missionaries">Immaculate Heart of Mary</a> (CICM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament">Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament</a> (SSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claretians" title="Claretians">Claretians</a> (CMF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Saint_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux">Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux</a> (CST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Conventual" title="Order of Friars Minor Conventual">Conventual Franciscans</a> (OFM Conv)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a> (OSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_La_Salle_Brothers" title="De La Salle Brothers">De La Salle Brothers</a> (FSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discalced_Augustinians" title="Discalced Augustinians">Discalced Augustinians</a> (OAD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Friars_of_the_Renewal" title="Franciscan Friars of the Renewal">Franciscan Friars of the Renewal</a> (CFR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Missionaries_of_the_Eternal_Word" title="Franciscan Missionaries of the Eternal Word">Franciscan Missionaries of the Eternal Word</a> (MFVA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montfort_Brothers_of_St._Gabriel" title="Montfort Brothers of St. Gabriel">Gabrielites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Holy_Cross" title="Congregation of Holy Cross">Holy Cross</a> (CSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Congregation of the Holy Spirit">Holy Ghost Fathers</a> (CSSp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephites_(Maryland)" title="Josephites (Maryland)">Josephites</a> (SSJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries of Christ</a> (LC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Little Brothers of Jesus">Little Brothers of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Marian_Fathers_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Congregation of Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception">Marians of the Immaculate Conception</a> (MIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Society of Jesus (Jesuits)</a> (SJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Marianists)" title="Society of Mary (Marianists)">Society of Mary (Marianists)</a> (SM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Marists)" title="Society of Mary (Marists)">Society of Mary (Marists)</a> (SM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Divine_Word" title="Society of the Divine Word">Society of the Divine Word</a> (SVD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Edmund" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Saint Edmund">Society of Saint Edmund</a> (SSE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marist_Brothers" title="Marist Brothers">Marist Brothers</a> (FMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekhitarists" title="Mekhitarists">Mechitarists</a> (CAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comboni_Missionaries_of_the_Heart_of_Jesus" title="Comboni Missionaries of the Heart of Jesus">Comboni Missionaries of the Heart of Jesus</a> (MCCI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_La_Salette" title="Missionaries of La Salette">Missionaries of La Salette</a> (MS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_St._Francis_de_Sales" title="Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales">Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales</a> (MSFS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Poor" title="Missionaries of the Poor">Missionaries of the Poor</a> (MOP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Missionaries of the Sacred Heart">Missionaries of the Sacred Heart</a> (MSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Sacred_Hearts_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Missionaries of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary">Missionaries of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Oblates_of_Mary_Immaculate" title="Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate">Oblates of Mary Immaculate</a> (OMI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblates_of_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Oblates of the Virgin Mary">Oblates of the Virgin Mary</a> (OMV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblates_of_St._Francis_de_Sales" title="Oblates of St. Francis de Sales">Oblates of St. Francis de Sales</a> (OSFS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor" title="Order of Friars Minor">Order of Friars Minor</a> (OFM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionists" title="Passionists">Passionists</a> (CP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Paul_the_First_Hermit" title="Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit">Pauline Fathers</a> (OSPPE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptorists" title="Redemptorists">Redemptorists</a> (CSsR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogationists" title="Rogationists">Rogationists of the Heart of Jesus</a> (RCJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Brothers of the Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salesians_of_Don_Bosco" title="Salesians of Don Bosco">Salesians</a> (SDB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Servants of Jesus and Mary">Servants of Jesus and Mary</a> (SJM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Most_Holy_Redeemer" title="Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer">Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer</a> (FSSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xaverian_Brothers" title="Xaverian Brothers">Xaverian Brothers</a> (CFX)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Female</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adorers_of_the_Blood_of_Christ" title="Adorers of the Blood of Christ">Adorers of the Blood of Christ</a> (ASC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Apostolic_Carmel" title="Sisters of the Apostolic Carmel">Apostolic Carmel</a> (AC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilian_Aleppian_Sisters" title="Basilian Aleppian Sisters">Basilian Aleppian Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilian_Chouerite_Sisters" title="Basilian Chouerite Sisters">Basilian Chouerite Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigidine_Sisters" title="Brigidine Sisters">Brigidines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Congregation of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Congregation of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a> (CSIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Sisters_of_Saint_Teresa" title="Carmelite Sisters of Saint Teresa">Carmelite Sisters of Saint Teresa</a> (CSST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Hospitaller_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Franciscan Hospitaller Sisters of the Immaculate Conception">Congregation of the Franciscan Hospitaller Sisters of the Immaculate Conception</a> (FHIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Divine_Love" title="Daughters of Divine Love">Daughters of Divine Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Mary_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Daughters of Mary of the Immaculate Conception">Daughters of Mary of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_Holy_Heart_of_Mary" title="Daughters of the Holy Heart of Mary">Daughters of the Holy Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithful_Companions_of_Jesus" title="Faithful Companions of Jesus">Faithful Companions of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felician_Sisters" title="Felician Sisters">Felicians</a> (CSSF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Teachers_Filippini" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Teachers Filippini">Filippini Sisters</a> (MPF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handmaids_of_the_Heart_of_Jesus" title="Handmaids of the Heart of Jesus">Handmaids of the Heart of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handmaids_of_the_Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus" title="Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus">Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Jesus_(Spain)" title="Daughters of Jesus (Spain)">Hijas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_Adoration_Sisters" title="Holy Spirit Adoration Sisters">Holy Spirit Adoration Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Loreto" title="Sisters of Loreto">Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sisters_Disciples_of_the_Lamb" title="Little Sisters Disciples of the Lamb">Little Sisters Disciples of the Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sisters_of_Jesus" title="Little Sisters of Jesus">Little Sisters of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sisters_of_the_Poor" title="Little Sisters of the Poor">Little Sisters of the Poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_the_Gospel_Community" title="Living the Gospel Community">Living the Gospel Community</a> (LGC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovers_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Lovers of the Holy Cross">Lovers of the Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianites_of_Holy_Cross" title="Marianites of Holy Cross">Marianites of Holy Cross</a> (MSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryknoll_Sisters_of_St._Dominic" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryknoll Sisters of St. Dominic">Maryknoll Sisters</a> (MM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God">Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God</a> (SMIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a> (ICM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart">Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus" title="Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus">Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus</a> (MSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate_Sisters_of_Providence" title="Oblate Sisters of Providence">Oblate Sisters of Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblates_of_Jesus_the_Priest" title="Oblates of Jesus the Priest">Oblates of Jesus the Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate_Sisters_of_the_Virgin_Mary_of_Fatima" title="Oblate Sisters of the Virgin Mary of Fatima">Oblate Sisters of the Virgin Mary of Fatima</a> (OMVF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity" title="Order of Our Lady of Charity">Order of Our Lady of Charity</a> (ODNC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Poor Clares</a> (OSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clare_Missionaries_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Poor Clare Missionaries of the Blessed Sacrament">Poor Clare Missionaries of the Blessed Sacrament</a> (MC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Society of the Sacred Heart">Religious of the Sacred Heart of Jesus</a> (RSCJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_of_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Religious of the Virgin Mary">Religious of the Virgin Mary</a> (RVM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants_of_St._Joseph" title="Servants of St. Joseph">Servants of St. Joseph</a> (SSJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament">Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity" title="Sisters of Charity">Sisters of Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity_of_Saints_Bartolomea_Capitanio_and_Vincenza_Gerosa_(SCCG)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisters of Charity of Saints Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa (SCCG)">Sisters of Charity of Saints Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa (SCCG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Christian_Doctrine_of_Nancy" title="Sisters of Christian Doctrine of Nancy">Sisters of Christian Doctrine of Nancy</a> (DC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Cross_and_Passion" title="Sisters of the Cross and Passion">Sisters of the Cross and Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Destitute" title="Sisters of the Destitute">Sisters of the Destitute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Sisters of the Good Shepherd</a> (RGS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Holy_Cross" title="Sisters of Holy Cross">Sisters of Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Sisters of the Holy Cross">Sisters of the Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Holy_Family_(Louisiana)" title="Sisters of the Holy Family (Louisiana)">Sisters of the Holy Family-Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Holy_Names_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary">Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Congregation of the Immaculate Conception">Sisters of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters,_Servants_of_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Life" title="Sisters of Life">Sisters of Life</a> (SV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Mercy" title="Sisters of Mercy">Sisters of Mercy</a> (RSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Providence_of_Saint_Mary-of-the-Woods" title="Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods">Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Sisters of the Sacred Heart">Sisters of the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Third_Order_of_St._Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis">Sisters of Saint Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_St._Joseph" title="Sisters of St. Joseph">Sisters of Saint Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sisters_of_St._Joseph_of_Peace" title="The Sisters of St. Joseph of Peace">The Sisters of St. Joseph of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_St_Joseph_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart">Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart</a> (RSJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Saint_Paul_of_Chartres" title="Sisters of Saint Paul of Chartres">Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres</a> (SPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Helpers_of_the_Holy_Souls" title="Society of the Helpers of the Holy Souls">Society of the Helpers of the Holy Souls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Social_Service" title="Sisters of Social Service">Sisters of Social Service</a> (sss)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Servants of the Blessed Sacrament">Servants of the Blessed Sacrament</a> (SSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursulines" title="Ursulines">Ursulines</a> (OSU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_Our_Lady_of_Africa" title="Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Africa">White Sisters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Catholic laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166861#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166861#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166861#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122877426">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/133609618">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/554661/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1008453-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81025943">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11866718c">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11866718c">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01024648">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2002148860&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114257&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph119243&CON_LNG=ENG">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/nl024r96050wpsl">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007259602805171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058616164706706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026416115">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/011712">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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