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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albatross"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Albatross</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albatross-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea_turtles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea_turtles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Sea turtles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea_turtles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fishing_gear" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fishing_gear"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Fishing gear</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fishing_gear-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitigation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitigation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mitigation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mitigation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mitigation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mitigation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bycatch_reduction_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bycatch_reduction_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bycatch reduction devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bycatch_reduction_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turtle_excluder_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turtle_excluder_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Turtle excluder devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turtle_excluder_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conservation_engineering_of_trawl_nets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conservation_engineering_of_trawl_nets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Conservation engineering of trawl nets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conservation_engineering_of_trawl_nets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-No_discards_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#No_discards_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>No discards policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-No_discards_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seabirds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seabirds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Seabirds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seabirds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_to_discarding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_to_discarding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Alternative to discarding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_to_discarding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-fisheries_bycatch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-fisheries_bycatch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Non-fisheries bycatch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-fisheries_bycatch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bycatch</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%AF_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6%D9%8A" title="صيد عرضي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صيد عرضي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captura_access%C3%B2ria" title="Captura accessòria – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Captura accessòria" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vedlej%C5%A1%C3%AD_%C3%BAlovek" title="Vedlejší úlovek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vedlejší úlovek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beifang_(Fischerei)" title="Beifang (Fischerei) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Beifang (Fischerei)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%80%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Παρεμπίπτουσα αλιεία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παρεμπίπτουσα αλιεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captura_accesoria" title="Captura accesoria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Captura accesoria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldona_kaptado" title="Aldona kaptado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aldona kaptado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="صید جانبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صید جانبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prise_accessoire" title="Prise accessoire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prise accessoire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%BC%ED%9A%8D" title="혼획 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="혼획" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA-%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC" title="उप-पकड़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उप-पकड़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikan_rucah" title="Ikan rucah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ikan rucah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bycatch" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bijvangst" title="Bijvangst – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bijvangst" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E7%8D%B2" title="混獲 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="混獲" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bifangst" title="Bifangst – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bifangst" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przy%C5%82%C3%B3w" title="Przyłów – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przyłów" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_acompanhante" title="Fauna acompanhante – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fauna acompanhante" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Прилов – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прилов" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bycatch" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivusaalis" title="Sivusaalis – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sivusaalis" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bif%C3%A5ngst" title="Bifångst – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bifångst" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2" title="Прилов – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прилов" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%96%E6%8D%95%E6%92%88" title="意外捕撈 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="意外捕撈" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%BC%E6%8D%95" title="兼捕 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="兼捕" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Fish or other marine species caught unintentionally</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carcharhinus_isodon_in_net.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Shark entangled in a net on board a fishing vessel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Carcharhinus_isodon_in_net.JPG/250px-Carcharhinus_isodon_in_net.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Carcharhinus_isodon_in_net.JPG/330px-Carcharhinus_isodon_in_net.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Carcharhinus_isodon_in_net.JPG/500px-Carcharhinus_isodon_in_net.JPG 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="556" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Finetooth_shark" title="Finetooth shark">finetooth shark</a> (<i>Carcharhinus isodon</i>) caught as bycatch by a fishing vessel</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Bycatch</b> (or <b>by-catch</b>), in the <a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">fishing industry</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> or other marine species that is caught unintentionally while fishing for specific species or sizes of wildlife. Bycatch is either the wrong species, the wrong sex, or is undersized or <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_(organism)" title="Juvenile (organism)">juveniles</a> of the target species. The term "bycatch" is also sometimes used for untargeted catch in other forms of animal harvesting or collecting. Non-<a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">marine</a> species (<a href="/wiki/Freshwater_fish" title="Freshwater fish">freshwater fish</a> not <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_fish" title="Saltwater fish">saltwater fish</a>) that are caught (either intentionally or unintentionally) but regarded as generally "undesirable" are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Rough_fish" title="Rough fish">rough fish</a> (mainly US) or <a href="/wiki/Coarse_fishing" title="Coarse fishing">coarse fish</a> (mainly UK). </p><p>In 1997, the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD) defined bycatch as "total fishing <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality</a>, excluding that accounted directly by the retained catch of target species".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bycatch contributes to fishery decline and is a mechanism of <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a> for unintentional catch.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The average annual bycatch rate of <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">pinnipeds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">cetaceans</a> in the US from 1990 to 1999 was estimated at 6215 animals with a <a href="/wiki/Standard_error" title="Standard error">standard error</a> of 448.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bycatch issues originated with the "mortality of dolphins in tuna nets in the 1960s".<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are at least four different ways the word "bycatch" is used in fisheries:<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Catch which is retained and sold but which is not the target species for the fishery <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Species/sizes/sexes of fish which <a href="/wiki/Fisherman" title="Fisherman">fishers</a> discard<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Non-target fish, whether retained and sold or discarded<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Unwanted <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrate</a> species, such as <a href="/wiki/Echinoderm" title="Echinoderm">echinoderms</a> and non-commercial <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a>, and various vulnerable species groups, including seabirds, sea turtles, marine mammals and elasmobranchs (sharks and their relatives).</li></ul> <p>Additionally, the term "deliberate bycatch" is used to refer to bycatch as a source of <a href="/wiki/Illegal_wildlife_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Illegal wildlife trade">illegal wildlife trade</a> (IWT) in several areas throughout the world.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are several tools to estimate bycatch limits—the maximum number of animals that could be sustainably removed from a population impacted by bycatch. These include the 'potential biological removal' (PBR) and the 'sustainable anthropogenic mortality in stochastic environments' (SAMSE), which incorporates <a href="/wiki/Stochastic" title="Stochastic">stochastic</a> factors to determine sustainable limits to bycatch and other human-caused mortality of wildlife.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bycatch&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recreational_fishing">Recreational fishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bycatch&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Recreational fishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Given the popularity of recreational fishing throughout the world, a small local study in the US in 2013 suggested that discards may be an important unmonitored source of fish mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shrimp_trawling">Shrimp trawling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bycatch&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Shrimp trawling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of boat moving forward at sea. On each side, the boat has one pole pointing away from boat with nets attached" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg/220px-Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg/330px-Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg/440px-Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="1172" /></a><figcaption>Double-rigged shrimp <a href="/wiki/Fishing_trawler" title="Fishing trawler">trawler</a> hauling in <a href="/wiki/Fishing_net" title="Fishing net">nets</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrimp_bycatch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of hundreds of dead fish lying on ship deck" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Shrimp_bycatch.jpg/220px-Shrimp_bycatch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Shrimp_bycatch.jpg/330px-Shrimp_bycatch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Shrimp_bycatch.jpg/440px-Shrimp_bycatch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1776" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">Shrimp</a> bycatch</figcaption></figure> <p>The highest rates of <a href="/wiki/Incidental_catch" title="Incidental catch">incidental catch</a> of non-target species are associated with tropical <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a> <a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">trawling</a>. In 1997, the <a href="/wiki/FAO" class="mw-redirect" title="FAO">Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations</a> (FAO) documented the estimated bycatch and <a href="/wiki/Discards" title="Discards">discard</a> levels from shrimp fisheries around the world. They found discard rates (bycatch to catch ratios) as high as 20:1 with a world average of 5.7:1.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shrimp trawl fisheries catch two percent of the world total catch of all fish by weight, but produce more than one-third of the world total bycatch. US shrimp trawlers produce bycatch ratios between 3:1 (3 bycatch:1 shrimp) and 15:1 (15 bycatch:1 shrimp).<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">Trawl nets</a> in general, and shrimp trawls in particular, have been identified as sources of mortality for <a href="/wiki/Cetacea" title="Cetacea">cetacean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Finfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Finfish">finfish</a> species.<sup id="cite_ref-SAFMC_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAFMC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When bycatch is discarded (returned to the sea), it is often dead or dying.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tropical shrimp trawlers often make trips of several months without coming to port. A typical haul may last four hours after which the net is pulled in. Just before it is pulled on board the net is washed by zigzagging at full speed. The contents are then dumped on deck and are sorted. An average of 5.7:1 means that for every <a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kilogram</a> of shrimp there are 5.7 kg of bycatch. In tropical inshore waters the bycatch usually consists of small fish. The shrimps are frozen and stored on board; the bycatch is discarded.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent sampling in the South Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Sicyonia_brevirostris" title="Sicyonia brevirostris">rock shrimp</a> fishery found 166 species of finfish, 37 <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustacean</a> species, and 29 other species of <a href="/wiki/Invertebrate" title="Invertebrate">invertebrate</a> among the bycatch in the trawls.<sup id="cite_ref-SAFMC_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAFMC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another sampling of the same fishery over a two-year period found that rock shrimp amounted to only 10% of total catch weight. Iridescent swimming crab, dusky flounder, inshore <a href="/wiki/Lizardfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Lizardfish">lizardfish</a>, spot, <a href="/wiki/Crangon_crangon" title="Crangon crangon">brown shrimp</a>, longspine swimming crabs, and other bycatch made up the rest.<sup id="cite_ref-SAFMC_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAFMC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the use of <a href="/wiki/Bycatch_reduction_device" title="Bycatch reduction device">bycatch reduction devices</a>, the shrimp fishery in the Gulf of Mexico removes about 25–45 million <a href="/wiki/Lutjanus" title="Lutjanus">red snapper</a> annually as bycatch, nearly one-half the amount taken in recreational and commercial snapper fisheries.<sup id="cite_ref-GMFMC_(2006)_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMFMC_(2006)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cetacean">Cetacean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bycatch&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cetacean"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cetacean_bycatch" title="Cetacean bycatch">Cetacean bycatch</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frazer%C2%B4s_dolphin_group.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Frazer%C2%B4s_dolphin_group.jpg/220px-Frazer%C2%B4s_dolphin_group.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Frazer%C2%B4s_dolphin_group.jpg/330px-Frazer%C2%B4s_dolphin_group.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Frazer%C2%B4s_dolphin_group.jpg/440px-Frazer%C2%B4s_dolphin_group.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Group of <a href="/wiki/Cetacean_bycatch#Spinner_and_Fraser's_dolphins" title="Cetacean bycatch">Fraser's dolphins</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Cetacean" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetacean">Cetaceans</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Porpoise" title="Porpoise">porpoises</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whales</a>, can be seriously affected by entanglement in <a href="/wiki/Fishing_net" title="Fishing net">fishing nets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fishing_line" title="Fishing line">lines</a>, or direct capture by <a href="/wiki/Fish_hook" title="Fish hook">hooks</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">trawl nets</a>. Cetacean bycatch is increasing in intensity and frequency.<sup id="cite_ref-Demaster_(2001)_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demaster_(2001)-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some fisheries, cetaceans are captured as bycatch but then retained because of their value as <a href="/wiki/Whale_meat" title="Whale meat">food</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bait_fish" title="Bait fish">bait</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Read_(2006)_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Read_(2006)-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this fashion, cetaceans can become a target of fisheries. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entangled_porpoise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Entangled_porpoise.jpg/220px-Entangled_porpoise.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Entangled_porpoise.jpg/330px-Entangled_porpoise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Entangled_porpoise.jpg/440px-Entangled_porpoise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Dall%27s_porpoise" title="Dall's porpoise">Dall's porpoise</a> caught in a fishing net</figcaption></figure> <p>One example of bycatch is dolphins caught in <a href="/wiki/Tuna" title="Tuna">tuna</a> nets. As dolphins are <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> and do not have <a href="/wiki/Gill" title="Gill">gills</a>, they may drown while stuck in nets underwater. This bycatch issue has been one of the reasons of the growing <a href="/wiki/Ecolabel" title="Ecolabel">ecolabelling</a> industry, where fish producers mark their packagings with disclaimers such as "dolphin friendly" to reassure buyers. However, "dolphin friendly" does not mean that dolphins were not killed in the production of a particular tin of tuna, but that the fleet which caught the tuna did not <i>specifically</i> target a feeding <a href="/wiki/Dolphin#Social_behavior" title="Dolphin">pod</a> of dolphins, but relied on other methods to spot tuna schools.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The bycatch of the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_seal" title="Caspian seal">Caspian seal</a> may be recognized as one of the biggest entanglements of pinnipeds as bycatch in the world <sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albatross">Albatross</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bycatch&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Albatross"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Longline_fishing" title="Longline fishing">Longline fishing</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albatross_hook.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of bird struggling to fly away" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Albatross_hook.jpg/220px-Albatross_hook.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Albatross_hook.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="149" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Black-browed_albatross" title="Black-browed albatross">Black-browed albatross</a> hooked on a long-line</figcaption></figure> <p>Of the 22 <a href="/wiki/Albatross" title="Albatross">albatross</a> species recognised by IUCN on their <a href="/wiki/IUCN_Red_List" title="IUCN Red List">Red List</a>, 15 are <a href="/wiki/Threatened_species" title="Threatened species">threatened with extinction</a>, six species are considered as <a href="/wiki/Near-threatened_species" title="Near-threatened species">Near Threatened</a>, and only one of <a href="/wiki/Least-concern_species" title="Least-concern species">Least Concern</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two species, the <a href="/wiki/Tristan_albatross" title="Tristan albatross">Tristan albatross</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Waved_albatross" title="Waved albatross">waved albatross</a>, are considered as <a href="/wiki/Critically_Endangered" class="mw-redirect" title="Critically Endangered">Critically Endangered</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the main threats is commercial <a href="/wiki/Longline_fishing" title="Longline fishing">longline fishing</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because albatrosses and other <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a> which readily feed on <a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">offal</a> are attracted to the set bait, after which they become hooked on the lines and drown. An estimated 100,000 albatross per year are killed in this fashion. Unregulated <a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">pirate fisheries</a> exacerbate the problem. </p><p>A research study examined the impact of illegal <a href="/wiki/Longline_fishing" title="Longline fishing">longline fishing</a> vessels on albatrosses, by using <a href="/wiki/Environmental_criminology" title="Environmental criminology">environmental criminology</a> as a guiding theoretical framework.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The results indicated that potentially illegal longline fishing activities are highly concentrated in areas of illegally-caught fish species, and the risk to bycatch albatrosses is significantly higher in areas where these illegal longline fishing vessels operate.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These findings provide strong grounding that illegal longline fishing poses a particularly serious threat to the survival of <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a>. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea_turtles">Sea turtles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bycatch&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sea turtles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loggerhead_Sea_Turtle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sea turtle swimming near a diverse group of fish." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Loggerhead_Sea_Turtle.jpg/250px-Loggerhead_Sea_Turtle.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Loggerhead_Sea_Turtle.jpg/330px-Loggerhead_Sea_Turtle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Loggerhead_Sea_Turtle.jpg/500px-Loggerhead_Sea_Turtle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtle" title="Loggerhead sea turtle">Loggerhead sea turtle</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">Sea turtles</a>, already critically endangered, have been killed in large numbers in shrimp trawl nets. Estimates indicate that thousands of <a href="/wiki/Kemp%27s_ridley_sea_turtle" title="Kemp's ridley sea turtle">Kemp's ridley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtle" title="Loggerhead sea turtle">loggerhead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_sea_turtle" title="Green sea turtle">green</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leatherback_sea_turtle" title="Leatherback sea turtle">leatherback sea turtles</a> are caught in shrimp trawl fisheries in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> and the US <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a> annually<sup id="cite_ref-Epperly_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epperly-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The speed and length of the trawl method is significant because, "for a tow duration of less than 10 minutes, the mortality rate for sea turtles is less than one percent, whereas for tows greater than sixty minutes the mortality rate rapidly increases to fifty to one hundred percent".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sea turtles can sometimes escape from the trawls. In the Gulf of Mexico, the Kemp's ridley turtles recorded most interactions, followed in order by loggerhead, green, and leatherback sea turtles. In the US Atlantic, the interactions were greatest for loggerheads, followed in order by Kemp's ridley, leatherback, and green sea turtles.<sup id="cite_ref-Epperly_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epperly-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fishing_gear">Fishing gear</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bycatch&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fishing gear"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bycatch is inevitable wherever there is fishing. The incidental catch is not limited to only fish species: dolphins, sea turtles, and seabirds are also victims of bycatch. Longlines, trawls and <a href="/wiki/Seine_fishing" title="Seine fishing">purse seine</a> nets are driving factors in the endangerment of no fewer than fifteen shark species. Bycatch may also affect reproduction of populations as juveniles are also victims of bycatch. Bycatch happens most commonly with the use of <a href="/wiki/Gillnetting" title="Gillnetting">gillnetting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longline_fishing" title="Longline fishing">longlines</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Bottom_trawling" title="Bottom trawling">bottom trawling</a>. Longlines with bait hook attachments can potentially reach lengths of dozens of kilometres, and, along with gill nets in the water and bottom trawls sweeping the sea floor, can catch essentially everything in their path.<sup id="cite_ref-seafoodwatch.org_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seafoodwatch.org-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are thousands of kilometres of nets and lines cast into the world's oceans daily. This modern fish gear is robust and invisible to the eye, making it efficient at catching fish and bycatching everything that happens to be in the way.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hook-and-line fishing could limit bycatch to a certain extent as the non-target animals can be released back to the ocean fairly quickly.<sup id="cite_ref-seafoodwatch.org_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seafoodwatch.org-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mitigation">Mitigation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bycatch&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mitigation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Turtle_excluder_device_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Turtle_excluder_device_2.png/250px-Turtle_excluder_device_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Turtle_excluder_device_2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Turtle_excluder_device" title="Turtle excluder device">turtle excluder device</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Concern about bycatch has led fishers and scientists to seek ways of reducing unwanted catch.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are two main approaches. </p><p>One approach is to ban fishing in areas where bycatch is unacceptably high. Such area closures can be permanent, seasonal, or for a specific period when a bycatch problem is registered. Temporary area closures are common in some bottom trawl fisheries where undersized fish or non-target species are caught unpredictably. In some cases fishers are required to relocate when a bycatch problem occurs. </p><p>The other approach is alternative <a href="/wiki/Fishing_net" title="Fishing net">fishing gear</a>. A technically simple solution is to use nets with a larger mesh size, allowing smaller species and smaller individuals to escape. However, this usually requires replacing the existing gear. In some cases, it is possible to modify gear. <a href="/wiki/Bycatch_reduction_device" title="Bycatch reduction device">Bycatch reduction devices</a> (BRDs) and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nordmore_grate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nordmore grate (page does not exist)">Nordmore grate</a> are net modifications that help fish escape from shrimp nets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bycatch_reduction_devices">Bycatch reduction devices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bycatch&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bycatch reduction devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>BRDs allow many commercial finfish species to escape. The US government has approved BRDs that reduce finfish bycatch by 30%. <a href="/wiki/Spanish_mackerel" title="Spanish mackerel">Spanish mackerel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Weakfish" class="mw-redirect" title="Weakfish">weakfish</a> bycatch in the South Atlantic was reduced by 40%.<sup id="cite_ref-SAFMC_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAFMC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, recent surveys suggest BRDs may be less effective than previously thought.<sup id="cite_ref-GMFMC_(2006)_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMFMC_(2006)-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A rock shrimp fishery off Florida found the devices failed to exclude 166 species of fish, 37 crustacean species, and 29 species of other invertebrates.<sup id="cite_ref-SAFMC_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAFMC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A pulsed electric field-based <a href="/wiki/Shark#Conservation" title="Shark">shark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Batoidea#Conservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Batoidea">ray</a> bycatch mitigation device, SharkGuard, was reported by 2022 study to have reduced bycatch of blue shark by 91% and of stingrays by 71% with commercial fishing gear in a French longline tuna fishery in the Mediterranean.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turtle_excluder_devices">Turtle excluder devices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bycatch&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Turtle excluder devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1978, the <a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">National Marine Fisheries Service</a> (NMFS) started to develop <a href="/wiki/Turtle_excluder_device" title="Turtle excluder device">turtle excluder devices</a> (TED). A TED uses a grid which deflects turtles and other big animals, so they exit from the trawl net through an opening above the grid. US shrimp trawlers and foreign fleets which market shrimp in the US are required to use TEDs. Not all nations enforce the use of TEDs. </p><p>For the most part, when they are used, TEDs have been successful reducing sea turtle bycatch.<sup id="cite_ref-SAFMC_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAFMC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GMFMC_(2005)_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GMFMC_(2005)-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, they are not completely effective, and some turtles are still captured.<sup id="cite_ref-SAFMC_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAFMC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Epperly_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epperly-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> NMFS certifies TED designs if they are 97% effective. In heavily trawled areas, the same sea turtle may pass repeatedly through TEDs.<sup id="cite_ref-Epperly_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epperly-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent studies indicate recapture rates of 20% or more, but it is not clear how many turtles survive the escape process.<sup id="cite_ref-Epperly_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epperly-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conservation_engineering_of_trawl_nets">Conservation engineering of trawl nets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bycatch&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Conservation engineering of trawl nets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The size selectivity of trawl nets is controlled by the size of the net openings, especially in the "cod end". The larger the openings, the more easily small fish can escape. The development and testing of modifications to fishing gear to improve selectivity and decrease impact is called "conservation engineering". </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seabirds_longlinersm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of hundreds of seabirds on water surface around boat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Seabirds_longlinersm.jpg/250px-Seabirds_longlinersm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Seabirds_longlinersm.jpg/330px-Seabirds_longlinersm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Seabirds_longlinersm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">Seabirds</a> chase longline <a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">fishing vessel</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Longline_fishing" title="Longline fishing">Longline fishing</a> is controversial in some areas because of bycatch. Mitigation methods have been successfully implemented in some fisheries. These include: </p> <ul><li>weights to sink the lines quickly</li> <li>streamer lines to scare birds away from baited hooks while deploying the lines</li> <li>setting lines only at night with minimal ship lighting (to avoid attracting birds)</li> <li>limiting fishing seasons to the southern winter (when most seabirds are not feeding young)</li> <li>not discharging offal while setting lines.</li></ul> <p>However, gear modifications do not eliminate bycatch of many species. In March 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaiʻi</a> longline swordfish fishing season was closed due to excessive <a href="/wiki/Loggerhead_sea_turtle" title="Loggerhead sea turtle">loggerhead sea turtle</a> bycatch after being open only a few months, despite using modified <a href="/wiki/Circle_hook" title="Circle hook">circle hooks</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bycatch_-_tori_lines_(streamer_lines).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bycatch_-_tori_lines_%28streamer_lines%29.svg/250px-Bycatch_-_tori_lines_%28streamer_lines%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bycatch_-_tori_lines_%28streamer_lines%29.svg/330px-Bycatch_-_tori_lines_%28streamer_lines%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Bycatch_-_tori_lines_%28streamer_lines%29.svg/500px-Bycatch_-_tori_lines_%28streamer_lines%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4734" data-file-height="2367" /></a><figcaption>One of the mitigation methods is using streamer lines (in orange).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="No_discards_policy">No discards policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bycatch&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: No discards policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One solution that Norway came up with to reduce bycatch is to adopt a 'no discards' policy. This means that the fishermen must keep everything they catch.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This policy has helped to "encourage bycatch research", which, in turn has helped "encourage behavioral changes in fishers" and "reduce the waste of life" as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seabirds">Seabirds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bycatch&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Seabirds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Seabirds get entangled in longlines by flocking around vessels, this eventually leads to drowning because they try to catch baits on the hooks. Fisheries had been using "streamer lines" as a cost effective solution to mitigate this type of bycatch, and it has dramatically reduced seabird mortality. These streamer lines have bright colors and are made of polyester rope, they are positioned alongside the longlines on both sides. Their bright colors and constantly flapping of water frightens the seabirds and they fly away before reaching the baited hooks. A successful example would be the use of streamer lines in Alaskan <a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">groundfish</a> longline fisheries, as the deaths of seabirds declined by about 70% after the deployment of these lines.<sup id="cite_ref-seafoodwatch.org_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seafoodwatch.org-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_to_discarding">Alternative to discarding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bycatch&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Alternative to discarding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some fisheries retain bycatch, rather than throwing the fish back into the ocean. Sometimes bycatch is sorted and sold as food,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially in Asia, Africa and Latin America, where cost of labour is cheaper. Bycatch can also be sold in frozen bags as "assorted seafood" or "seafood medley" at cheaper prices. Bycatch can be converted into <a href="/wiki/Fish_hydrolysate" title="Fish hydrolysate">fish hydrolysate</a> (ground up fish carcasses) for use as a soil amendment in <a href="/wiki/Organic_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic agriculture">organic agriculture</a> or it can be used as an ingredient in <a href="/wiki/Fish_meal" title="Fish meal">fish meal</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> bycatch is sometimes used as a raw material for fish sauce production. Bycatch is also commonly de-boned, de-shelled, ground and blended into <a href="/wiki/Fish_paste" title="Fish paste">fish paste</a> or moulded into fish cakes (<a href="/wiki/Surimi" title="Surimi">surimi</a>) and sold either fresh (for domestic use) or frozen (for export). This is commonly the case in Asia or by Asian fisheries. Sometimes bycatch is sold to <a href="/wiki/Fish_farms" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish farms">fish farms</a> to feed farmed fish, especially in Asia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Non-fisheries_bycatch">Non-fisheries bycatch</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bycatch&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Non-fisheries bycatch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "bycatch" is used also in contexts other than fisheries. Examples are <a href="/wiki/Insect_collecting" title="Insect collecting">insect collecting</a> with <a href="/wiki/Pitfall_trap" title="Pitfall trap">pitfall traps</a> or <a href="/wiki/Flight_interception_trap" title="Flight interception trap">flight interception traps</a> for either financial, controlling or scientific purposes (where the bycatch may either be small vertebrates<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or untargeted insects) and control of introduced vertebrates which have become pest species like the <a href="/wiki/Muskrat" title="Muskrat">muskrat</a> in Europe (where the bycatch in <a href="/wiki/Trapping" title="Trapping">traps</a> may be <a href="/wiki/European_mink" title="European mink">European minks</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Waterfowl" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfowl">waterfowl</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bycatch&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community-supported_fishery#Environmental_stewardship" title="Community-supported fishery">Environmental stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discards" title="Discards">Discards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetacean_bycatch" title="Cetacean bycatch">Cetacean bycatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_issues" title="List of environmental issues">List of environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_turtle_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrimp turtle case">Shrimp turtle case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_net" title="Ghost net">Ghost net</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bycatch&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">OECD (1997) Towards sustainable fisheries: economic aspects of the management of living marine resources. OECD Paris.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Michael Hogan. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://editors.eol.org/eoearth/wiki/Overfishing"><i>Overfishing</i>. Encyclopedia of Earth. National Council for Science and the Environment</a>. eds. Sidney Draggan and C. Cleveland. Washington DC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReadDrinkerNorthridge2006" class="citation journal cs1">Read, Andrew J.; Drinker, Phebe; Northridge, Simon (February 2006). 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marine+Policy&rft.atitle=The+%22Discard+Ban+Package%22%3A+Experiences+in+efforts+to+improve+the+exploitation+patterns+in+Norwegian+fisheries&rft.volume=54&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2015-04-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11250%2F273853&rft.issn=0308-597X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.marpol.2014.09.025&rft.aulast=Gullestad&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Blom%2C+G.&rft.au=Bakke%2C+G.&rft.au=Bogstad%2C+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0308597X14002589&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABycatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Engelhardt, Elizabeth, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://southernspaces.org/2011/oyster-any-other-name">"An Oyster by Any Other Name"</a>, <i>Southern Spaces</i>, 18 April 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Bycatch, ethics and pitfall traps". <i>Journal of Insect Conservation</i>. <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>3. 1999. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1017191920328">10.1023/A:1017191920328</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:264021128">264021128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Insect+Conservation&rft.atitle=Bycatch%2C+ethics+and+pitfall+traps&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1017191920328&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A264021128%23id-name%3DS2CID&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABycatch" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kranz A, Polednik L and Gotea V (2001) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://php.scripts.psu.edu/users/v/x/vxg901/publ/ddiannals2001_124-129.pdf">Conservation of the European Mink (<i>Mustella lutreila</i>) in the Danube Delta</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929032133/http://php.scripts.psu.edu/users/v/x/vxg901/publ/ddiannals2001_124-129.pdf#">Archived</a> 2011-09-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Background information and project plan. <i>Scientific Annals of the Danube Delta Institute for Research and Development</i>, Tulcea, 2000–2001.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bycatch&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>FAO (2009) <i>Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries</i>, Number 1: Fishing operations, supplement 2 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol14/iss2/art32/figure6.html">Best practices to reduce incidental catch of seabirds in capture fisheries</a> Rome. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-5-106423-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-5-106423-8">978-92-5-106423-8</a>.</li> <li>FAO (1997) <i>A STUDY OF THE OPTIONS FOR UTILIZATION OF BYCATCH AND DISCARDS FROM MARINE CAPTURE FISHERIES</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/w6602e/w6602E00.htm">A STUDY OF THE OPTIONS FOR UTILIZATION...</a></li> <li>Karp WA, Desfosse LL and Brooke SG (2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/by_catch/bycatch_nationalreport.htm">U.S. National Bycatch Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180111230505/http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/by_catch/bycatch_nationalreport.htm">Archived</a> 2018-01-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Technical Memo NMFS-F/SPO-117E.</li> <li>SAFMC (1998) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080524170342/http://www.safmc.net/Default.aspx?tabid=80"><i>Final Habitat Plan for the South Atlantic Region</i></a> Essential Fish Habitat Requirements for Fishery. Management Plans of the South Atlantic Fishery Management Council. The Shrimp Fishery Management Plan (FMP), the Red Drum FMP, the Snapper Grouper FMP, the Coastal Migratory Pelagics FMP, the Golden Crab FMP, the Spiny Lobster FMP, the Coral, Coral Reefs, and Live/Hard Bottom Habitat FMP, the Sargassum Habitat FMP, and the Calico Scallop FMP.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091108113942/http://www.blueoceaninstitute.org/seafood/species/157.html">U.S. Shrimp (South Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico)</a> – Blue Ocean Institute. Retrieved 22 March 2008.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bycatch&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xuoria">Mitigating Adverse Ecological impacts of open oceanfisheries – European project MADE (28 minute film)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110213102350/http://ocean.si.edu/ocean-portal-generated-tags/bycatch">Bycatch – Smithsonian Ocean Portal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bmis-bycatch.org">Bycatch Management Information System – mitigation techniques, species ID & safe handling, regulations, curated literature</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130702080537/http://www.lenfestocean.org/sites/default/files/lenfest_rfmo_rs_final_aa.pdf">Lenfest Ocean Program publication on regional governance of bycatch in tuna fisheries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100923231245/http://bycatch.env.duke.edu/">Project GLOBAL: Global Bycatch Assessment of Long-Lived Species project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oceana.org/our-campaigns/bycatch/campaign">Oceana facts about bycatch/dirty fishing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/3/w6602e/w6602e00.htm">FAO document on bycatch and discard</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060619193118/http://oceans.greenpeace.org/en/our-oceans/bycatch">Greenpeace facts about bycatch</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.akmarine.org">Alaska Marine Conservation Council</a></li> <li>Johnson, Douglas H; Shaffer, Terry L and Gould, Patrick J (1990) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100529211656/http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/birds/icatch/index.htm"><i>Incidental Catch of Marine Birds in the North Pacific High Seas Driftnet Fisheries</i></a> <a href="/wiki/U.S._Geological_Survey" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Geological Survey">U.S. Geological Survey</a>.</li> <li>Valdemarsen, John W <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070718075239/http://www.oceansatlas.org/world_fisheries_and_aquaculture/html/issues/ecosys/selectgear/incidental_catch.htm"><i>Incidental catch of seabirds in longline fisheries</i></a> UN Atlas of the Oceans: Fishery Technology Service.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fisheries_science_and_wild_fisheries26" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">wild fisheries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries<br />science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Population_dynamics_of_fisheries" title="Population dynamics of fisheries">Population dynamics of fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shifting_baseline" title="Shifting baseline">Shifting baseline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_stocks" title="Fish stocks">Fish stock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_mortality" title="Fish mortality">Fish mortality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condition_index_in_fish" title="Condition index in fish">Condition index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_assessment" title="Stock assessment">Stock assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_measurement" title="Fish measurement">Fish measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_weight_in_fish" title="Standard weight in fish">Standard weight in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_counter" title="Fish counter">Fish counter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_storage_tag" title="Data storage tag">Data storage tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_per_unit_effort" title="Catch per unit effort">Catch per unit effort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otolith_microchemical_analysis" title="Otolith microchemical analysis">Otolith microchemical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(ecology)" title="Biomass (ecology)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_acoustics" title="Fisheries acoustics">Fisheries acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_tag" title="Acoustic tag">Acoustic tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coded_wire_tag" title="Coded wire tag">Coded wire tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIS_and_aquatic_science" title="GIS and aquatic science">GIS and aquatic science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-up_satellite_archival_tag" title="Pop-up satellite archival tag">Pop-up satellite archival tag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EcoSCOPE" title="EcoSCOPE">EcoSCOPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_class_structure" title="Age class structure">Age class structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_level" title="Trophic level">Trophic level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophic_cascade" title="Trophic cascade">Trophic cascades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrographic_containment" title="Hydrographic containment">Hydrographic containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match/mismatch" title="Match/mismatch">Match/mismatch hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_fisheries" title="Climate change and fisheries">Climate change and fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">Marine biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioeconomics_(fisheries)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bioeconomics (fisheries)">Bioeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EconMult" title="EconMult">EconMult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecopath" title="Ecopath">Ecopath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FishBase" title="FishBase">FishBase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Census_of_Marine_Life" title="Census of Marine Life">Census of Marine Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSTM/Jason-2" title="OSTM/Jason-2">OSTM/Jason-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fisheries_databases" title="Category:Fisheries databases">Fisheries databases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fisheries_and_aquaculture_research_institutes" title="Category:Fisheries and aquaculture research institutes">Institutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science#Notable_contributors" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries scientists</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg/250px-Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg/330px-Great_Barracuda_off_the_Netherland_Antilles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild<br />fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_fisheries" title="Ocean fisheries">Ocean fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity of fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef_fish" title="Coral reef fish">Coral reef fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demersal_fish" title="Demersal fish">Demersal fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">Forage fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">Pelagic fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_life_history" title="Eel life history">Eel fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp#Kelp_in_history_and_culture" title="Kelp">Kelp fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eel_ladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Eel ladder">Eel ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_ladder" title="Fish ladder">Fish ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_screen" title="Fish screen">Fish screen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_migration" title="Fish migration">Migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_run" title="Salmon run">Salmon run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardine_run" title="Sardine run">Sardine run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoaling_and_schooling" title="Shoaling and schooling">Shoaling and schooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine habitat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_snow" title="Marine snow">Marine snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">Water column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">Upwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Current" title="Humboldt Current">Humboldt current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algal_bloom" title="Algal bloom">Algal blooms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">Dead zones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_kill" title="Fish kill">Fish kill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fisheries_law,_management,_sustainability_and_conservation26" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">Fisheries law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">management</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">sustainability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">conservation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_law" title="Fisheries law">Fisheries law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive economic zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Fish_Stocks_Agreement" title="United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement">United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_Convention" title="Fisheries Convention">Fisheries Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnuson%E2%80%93Stevens_Fishery_Conservation_and_Management_Act" title="Magnuson–Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act">Magnuson–Stevens Act</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg/250px-Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg/330px-Yellowfin_tuna_nurp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="1106" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_monitoring_control_and_surveillance" title="Fisheries monitoring control and surveillance">Monitoring control and surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vessel_monitoring_system" title="Vessel monitoring system">Vessel monitoring system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishery_Resources_Monitoring_System" title="Fishery Resources Monitoring System">Fishery Resources Monitoring System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_reporting" title="Catch reporting">Catch reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_observer" title="Fisheries observer">Fisheries observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_share" title="Catch share">Catch share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_fishing_quota" title="Individual fishing quota">Individual fishing quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_landing_size" title="Minimum landing size">Minimum landing size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse_fishing" title="Pulse fishing">Pulse fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slot_limit" title="Slot limit">Slot limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Fisheries_Policy" title="Common Fisheries Policy">EU Common Fisheries Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Fishery_MLS" title="European Fishery MLS">EU MLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Fisheries_Control_Agency" title="European Fisheries Control Agency">European Fisheries Control Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Marine_Fisheries_Service" title="National Marine Fisheries Service">National Marine Fisheries Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_fishery_body" title="Regional fishery body">Regional fishery body</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_fishery_management_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional fishery management organisation">Regional fishery management organisation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Sustainability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximum_sustainable_yield" title="Maximum sustainable yield">Maximum sustainable yield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_commercially_important_fish_species" title="List of commercially important fish species">List of commercially important fish species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_seafood" title="Sustainable seafood">Sustainable seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_fishing" title="Environmental impact of fishing">Environmental impact of fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_down_the_food_web" title="Fishing down the food web">Fishing down the food web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_fishing_practices" title="Destructive fishing practices">Destructive fishing practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Marine_Animal_Populations" title="Future of Marine Animal Populations">Future of Marine Animal Populations</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Sunken_Billions" title="The Sunken Billions">The Sunken Billions</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_the_Line_(book)" title="The End of the Line (book)">The End of the Line</a></i></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bycatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discards" title="Discards">Discards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incidental_catch" title="Incidental catch">Incidental catch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetacean_bycatch" title="Cetacean bycatch">Cetacean bycatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_excluder_device" title="Turtle excluder device">Turtle excluder device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp-Turtle_Case" title="Shrimp-Turtle Case"><i>Shrimp-Turtle</i> case</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Conservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine protected area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_reserve" title="Marine reserve">Marine reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation" title="Marine conservation">Marine conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_conservation_activism" title="Marine conservation activism">Marine conservation activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_conservation" title="Salmon conservation">Salmon conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_nurse_shark_conservation" title="Grey nurse shark conservation">Grey nurse shark conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_sanctuary" title="Shark sanctuary">Shark sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Environmental_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="European Environmental Agency">European Environmental Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service" title="United States Fish and Wildlife Service">U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Advocacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FishAct" title="FishAct">FishAct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Stewardship_Council" title="Marine Stewardship Council">Marine Stewardship Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_Stewardship_Council" title="Aquaculture Stewardship Council">Aquaculture Stewardship Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend_of_the_Sea" title="Friend of the Sea">Friend of the Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SeaChoice" title="SeaChoice">SeaChoice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood_Watch" title="Seafood Watch">Seafood Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Conservancy" title="Ocean Conservancy">Ocean Conservancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Outcomes" title="Ocean Outcomes">Ocean Outcomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceana_(non-profit_group)" title="Oceana (non-profit group)">Oceana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Save_Our_Seas_Foundation" title="Save Our Seas Foundation">Save Our Seas Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Around_Us_(organization)" title="Sea Around Us (organization)">Sea Around Us</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldFish" title="WorldFish">WorldFish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defying_Ocean%27s_End" title="Defying Ocean's End">Defying Ocean's End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hotspot_Ecosystem_Research_and_Man%27s_Impact_On_European_Seas" title="Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas">HERMIONE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PROFISH" title="PROFISH">PROFISH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Seafood_Sustainability_Foundation" title="International Seafood Sustainability Foundation">International Seafood Sustainability Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Shepherd_Conservation_Society" title="Sea Shepherd Conservation Society">Sea Shepherd Conservation Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CalCOFI" title="CalCOFI">CalCOFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_slaughter" title="Fish slaughter">Fish slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_in_fish" title="Mercury in fish">Mercury in fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_culling" title="Shark culling">Shark culling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_finning" title="Shark finning">Shark finning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_sharks" title="List of threatened sharks">Threatened sharks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_threatened_rays" title="List of threatened rays">Threatened rays</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_fishing" title="Outline of fishing">Outline of fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_fishing_articles" title="Index of fishing articles">Index of fishing articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_fishery_terms" title="Glossary of fishery terms">Glossary of fishery terms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fishing_industry_topics23" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fishing_industry_topics" title="Template:Fishing industry topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fishing_industry_topics" title="Template talk:Fishing industry topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fishing_industry_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fishing industry topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fishing_industry_topics23" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Fishing industry topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Wild_fisheries23" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">Fishing industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquarium_fishery" title="Aquarium fishery">Aquarium fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artisanal_fishing" title="Artisanal fishing">Artisanal fishing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bycatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declawing_of_crabs" title="Declawing of crabs">Declawing of crabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_slaughter" title="Fish slaughter">Fish slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harvested_aquatic_animals_by_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="List of harvested aquatic animals by weight">List of harvested aquatic animals by weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">Trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair_trawling" title="Pair trawling">Pair trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwater_trawling" title="Midwater trawling">Midwater trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_trawling" title="Bottom trawling">Bottom trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seine_fishing" title="Seine fishing">Seining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillnetting" title="Gillnetting">Gillnetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longline_fishing" title="Longline fishing">Longlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolling_(fishing)" title="Trolling (fishing)">Trolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_dredge" title="Fishing dredge">Dredging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">Fishing vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_trap" title="Fish trap">Fish trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puretic_power_block" title="Puretic power block">Power block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_finning" title="Shark finning">Shark finning</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RV_Celtic_Explorer,_Galway_Bay,_Ireland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg/140px-RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg/210px-RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg/280px-RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1023" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">Fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Bank" title="Agulhas Bank">Agulhas Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing by country">Fishing by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_fishing_in_Africa" title="Illegal fishing in Africa">Illegal fishing in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_fisheries" title="Ocean fisheries">Ocean fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_fish_production" class="mw-redirect" title="World fish production">World fish production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_the_North_Sea" title="Fishing in the North Sea">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Aquaculture_and_farmed_fisheries23" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">farmed fisheries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture engineering">Aquaculture engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaponics" title="Aquaponics">Aquaponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_Aquaculture_Practices_(BAP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP)">Best practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_alloys_in_aquaculture" title="Copper alloys in aquaculture">Copper alloys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_and_aquaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal energy and aquaculture">Geothermal energy and aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_saline_aquaculture" title="Inland saline aquaculture">Inland saline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_multi-trophic_aquaculture" title="Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture">Integrated multi-trophic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariculture" title="Mariculture">Mariculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobials_in_aquaculture" title="Antimicrobials in aquaculture">Antimicrobials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_aquaculture" title="Offshore aquaculture">Offshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_aquaculture" title="Organic aquaculture">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceway_(aquaculture)" title="Raceway (aquaculture)">Raceway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recirculating_aquaculture_system" title="Recirculating aquaculture system">Recirculating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broodstock" title="Broodstock">Broodstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_cobia" title="Aquaculture of cobia">Cobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fish_feed" title="Commercial fish feed">Fish feed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_hatchery" title="Fish hatchery">Fish hatchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_stocking" title="Fish stocking">Fish stocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawning_bed" title="Spawning bed">Spawning bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailwater" title="Tailwater">Tailwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fish_Hatchery_System" title="National Fish Hatchery System">US hatcheries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Algaculture" title="Algaculture">Algaculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_giant_kelp" title="Aquaculture of giant kelp">Giant kelp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_microalgae_in_hatcheries" title="Culture of microalgae in hatcheries">Microalgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microalgal_bacterial_flocs" title="Microalgal bacterial flocs">Microalgal bacterial flocs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photobioreactor" title="Photobioreactor">Photobioreactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceway_pond" title="Raceway pond">Raceway pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Other species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_brine_shrimp" title="Aquaculture of brine shrimp">Brine shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_aquaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral aquaculture">Coral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_prawn_farming" title="Freshwater prawn farming">Freshwater prawns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoduck_aquaculture" title="Geoduck aquaculture">Geoduck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirudiculture" title="Hirudiculture">Hirudiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_shrimp_farming" title="Marine shrimp farming">Marine shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_aquaculture" title="Octopus aquaculture">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop_aquaculture" title="Scallop aquaculture">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_sea_cucumbers" title="Aquaculture of sea cucumbers">Sea cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_sponge_aquaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea sponge aquaculture">Sea sponges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_farming" title="Turtle farming">Turtles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Australia" title="Aquaculture in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Canada" title="Aquaculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Chile" title="Aquaculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China" title="Aquaculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Aquaculture in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Fiji" title="Aquaculture in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Indonesia" title="Aquaculture in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Kiribati" title="Aquaculture in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Madagascar" title="Aquaculture in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Aquaculture in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Nauru" title="Aquaculture in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_New_Zealand" title="Aquaculture in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Palau" title="Aquaculture in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Aquaculture in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Aquaculture in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Samoa" title="Aquaculture in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_South_Africa" title="Aquaculture in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_South_Korea" title="Aquaculture in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Timor-Leste" title="Aquaculture in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Tonga" title="Aquaculture in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Tuvalu" title="Aquaculture in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aquaculture in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Alaska" title="Aquaculture in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hawaiian_aquaculture" title="Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Maine" title="Aquaculture in Maine">Maine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Vanuatu" title="Aquaculture in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Seafood_processing_and_marketing23" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Seafood processing and marketing</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Seafood processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Fish processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_factory" title="Fish factory">Fish factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_ship" title="Factory ship">Factory ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_preservation" title="Fish preservation">Fish preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slurry_ice" title="Slurry ice">Slurry ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_fish" title="Dried fish">Dried fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filleted_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Filleted fish">Filleted fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbing" title="Gibbing">Gibbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_cannery" title="Salmon cannery">Salmon cannery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salted_fish" title="Salted fish">Salted fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_fish" title="Smoked fish">Smoked fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipper" title="Kipper">Kippers</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg/140px-Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg/210px-Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg/280px-Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Seafood products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish (food)">Fish as food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_products" title="Fish products">Fish products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_emulsion" title="Fish emulsion">Fish emulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_meal" title="Fish meal">Fish meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_hydrolysate" title="Fish hydrolysate">Fish hydrolysate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Fish oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_protein_powder" title="Fish protein powder">Fish protein powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">Fish sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravlax" title="Gravlax">Gravlax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1karl" title="Hákarl">Hákarl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lox" title="Lox">Lox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutefisk" title="Lutefisk">Lutefisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakfisk" title="Rakfisk">Rakfisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">Roe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottarga" title="Bottarga">Bottarga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">Caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoran" title="Eoran">Eoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_caviar" title="Red caviar">Red caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock_roe" title="Pollock roe">Pollock roe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobiko" title="Tobiko">Tobiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasumi" title="Karasumi">Karasumi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_paste" title="Shrimp paste">Shrimp paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surimi" title="Surimi">Surimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surstr%C3%B6mming" title="Surströmming">Surströmming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Seafood marketing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_marketing" title="Fish marketing">Fish marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_fish_trade" title="Live fish trade">Live fish trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_marketing" title="Shrimp marketing">Shrimp marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasse-mar%C3%A9e" title="Chasse-marée">Chasse-marée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishmonger" title="Fishmonger">Fishmonger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishwife" title="Fishwife">Fishwife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Fishmongers" title="Worshipful Company of Fishmongers">Worshipful Company of Fishmongers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fish_market" title="Fish market">Fish markets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billingsgate_Fish_Market" title="Billingsgate Fish Market">Billingsgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busan_Cooperative_Fish_Market" title="Busan Cooperative Fish Market">Busan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Market" title="English Market">English (Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_Fish_Market" title="Fulton Fish Market">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garak_Market" title="Garak Market">Garak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Fish_Auction" title="Honolulu Fish Auction">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanan_Seafood_Wholesale_Market" title="Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market">Huanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagiroad_Dry_Fish_Market" title="Jagiroad Dry Fish Market">Jagiroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagalchi_Market" title="Jagalchi Market">Jagalchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Nueva_Viga_Market" title="La Nueva Viga Market">La Nueva Viga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Avenue_Fish_Market" title="Maine Avenue Fish Market">Maine Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muara_Angke" title="Muara Angke">Muara Angke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott_fish_market" title="Nouakchott fish market">Nouakchott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noryangjin_Fisheries_Wholesale_Market" title="Noryangjin Fisheries Wholesale Market">Noryangjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oluwo_fish_market" title="Oluwo fish market">Oluwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasil_Fish_Market" title="Pasil Fish Market">Pasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhead_Fish_Market" title="Peterhead Fish Market">Peterhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_Place_Fish_Market" title="Pike Place Fish Market">Pike Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Fish_Market" title="Sydney Fish Market">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scania_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Scania Market">Scania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipei_Fish_Market" title="Taipei Fish Market">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyosu_Market" title="Toyosu Market">Toyosu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukiji_fish_market" title="Tsukiji fish market">Tsukiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulsan_Wholesale_Agricultural_and_Fish_Market" title="Ulsan Wholesale Agricultural and Fish Market">Ulsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfront_Market" title="Waterfront Market">Waterfront (Dubai)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/843205/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4425153-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Bycatches (Fisheries)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh93006120">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/01234788">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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