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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Garden enclosed in high walls</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Walled_garden_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Walled garden (disambiguation)">Walled garden (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edzell_garden.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Edzell_garden.JPG/220px-Edzell_garden.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Edzell_garden.JPG/330px-Edzell_garden.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Edzell_garden.JPG/440px-Edzell_garden.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The walled garden of <a href="/wiki/Edzell_Castle" title="Edzell Castle">Edzell Castle</a>, Scotland, survives from the early seventeenth century.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>walled garden</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">garden</a> enclosed by high <a href="/wiki/Wall" title="Wall">walls</a>, especially when this is done for horticultural rather than security purposes, although originally all gardens may have been enclosed for protection from animal or human intruders. In <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climates</a>, especially colder areas, such as <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, the essential function of the walling of a garden is to shelter the garden from <a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">wind</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frost" title="Frost">frost</a>, though it may also serve a decorative purpose. <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_garden" title="Kitchen garden">Kitchen gardens</a> were very often walled, which segregated them socially, allowing the gardeners, who were usually expected to vanish from the "pleasure gardens" when the occupants of the house were likely to be about, to continue their work. The walls, which were sometimes heated, also carried fruit trees trained as <a href="/wiki/Espalier" title="Espalier">espaliers</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Lover_and_Dame_Oyseuse_outside_a_walled_garden_-_Roman_de_la_Rose_(c.1490-1500),_f.12v_-_BL_Harley_MS_4425_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/The_Lover_and_Dame_Oyseuse_outside_a_walled_garden_-_Roman_de_la_Rose_%28c.1490-1500%29%2C_f.12v_-_BL_Harley_MS_4425_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-The_Lover_and_Dame_Oyseuse_outside_a_walled_garden_-_Roman_de_la_Rose_%28c.1490-1500%29%2C_f.12v_-_BL_Harley_MS_4425_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/The_Lover_and_Dame_Oyseuse_outside_a_walled_garden_-_Roman_de_la_Rose_%28c.1490-1500%29%2C_f.12v_-_BL_Harley_MS_4425_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-The_Lover_and_Dame_Oyseuse_outside_a_walled_garden_-_Roman_de_la_Rose_%28c.1490-1500%29%2C_f.12v_-_BL_Harley_MS_4425_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/The_Lover_and_Dame_Oyseuse_outside_a_walled_garden_-_Roman_de_la_Rose_%28c.1490-1500%29%2C_f.12v_-_BL_Harley_MS_4425_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-The_Lover_and_Dame_Oyseuse_outside_a_walled_garden_-_Roman_de_la_Rose_%28c.1490-1500%29%2C_f.12v_-_BL_Harley_MS_4425_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="1093" /></a><figcaption>Detail of miniature, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1490s</span>, showing a garden walled all round, with internal fencing of various kinds. The stone walls are unrealistically low for artistic convenience.</figcaption></figure> <p>Historically, and still in many parts of the world, nearly all urban houses with any private outside space have high walls for security, and any small garden was thus walled by default. The same was true of many rural houses and other buildings, for example religious ones. In palaces and most country houses, the whole plot, including even a very large garden, was also walled or at least fenced, sometimes with (much more expensive) metal railings along those parts of the boundary giving the best views to show off the splendour of the residence, as at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a> and many others. In some cases there was originally a fence or hedging, but a wall was added later when funds allowed. In particular, hiring local labour to build a wall was considered a praiseworthy method of <a href="/wiki/Famine_relief" title="Famine relief">famine relief</a> for the rich, and many walls round the grounds of country houses in the British Isles date to the <a href="/wiki/European_Potato_Failure" class="mw-redirect" title="European Potato Failure">famine years of the 1840s</a>. </p><p>The horticultural, and also social, advantages of a walled garden meant that kitchen gardens often form or formed a walled compand within a larger walled compound. Sometimes this was for the security of the plants; in the 1630s the royal <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical garden</a> of France (now the <a href="/wiki/Jardin_des_plantes" title="Jardin des plantes">Jardin des plantes</a>), itself walled all round, had an inner walled-off <a href="/wiki/Tulip" title="Tulip">tulip</a> garden, as the bulbs were valuable and prone to thefts.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">Metaphorically</a>, "walled garden" may be used in many contexts (often pejoratively) to indicate a space, usually not a literal physical location, which is or is seen as closed to outsiders. One example is the <a href="/wiki/Closed_platform" title="Closed platform">closed platform</a> in computing. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation_of_microclimates">Creation of microclimates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walled_garden&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Creation of microclimates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meister_des_Frankfurter_Paradiesg%C3%A4rtleins_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Meister_des_Frankfurter_Paradiesg%C3%A4rtleins_001.jpg/220px-Meister_des_Frankfurter_Paradiesg%C3%A4rtleins_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Meister_des_Frankfurter_Paradiesg%C3%A4rtleins_001.jpg/330px-Meister_des_Frankfurter_Paradiesg%C3%A4rtleins_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Meister_des_Frankfurter_Paradiesg%C3%A4rtleins_001.jpg/440px-Meister_des_Frankfurter_Paradiesg%C3%A4rtleins_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1576" /></a><figcaption>15th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Hortus_conclusus" title="Hortus conclusus">Hortus conclusus</a></i>, with the <a href="/wiki/Virgin_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="Virgin Mary">Virgin Mary</a> reading, imagined by the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Rhenish_Master" title="Upper Rhenish Master">Upper Rhenish Master</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The shelter provided by enclosing walls can raise the <a href="/wiki/Ambient_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambient temperature">ambient temperature</a> within a garden by several degrees, creating a <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimate</a> that permits plants to be grown that would not survive in the unmodified local <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Most walls are constructed from <a href="/wiki/Masonry" title="Masonry">stone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">brick</a>, which absorb and retain solar heat and then slowly release it, raising the temperature against the wall, allowing <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">peaches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nectarine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nectarine">nectarines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a> to be grown as <a href="/wiki/Espalier" title="Espalier">espaliers</a> against <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy#Agriculture_and_horticulture" title="Solar energy">south-facing walls</a> as far north as southeast <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The ability of a well-designed walled garden to create widely varying stable environments is illustrated by this description of the rock garden in the <a href="/wiki/Jardin_des_Plantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Jardin des Plantes">Jardin des Plantes</a> in Paris' <a href="/wiki/5%C3%A8me_arrondissement,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="5ème arrondissement, Paris">5ème arrondissement</a>, where over 2,000 species from a variety of climate zones ranging from mountainous to Mediterranean are grown within a few acres: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The garden is protected from sudden changes in weather conditions and from harsh winds, thanks to its hollowed out terraces and the big trees .... The gardeners make the most of the northern or southern exposures and the permanently shady areas of this little, sheltered valley. Within just a few metres, temperatures can range from 15 to 20 degrees C, what one would call a micro-climate!<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heated_walls">Heated walls</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walled_garden&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Heated walls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eglinton_walled_garden_heat_control.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Eglinton_walled_garden_heat_control.JPG/170px-Eglinton_walled_garden_heat_control.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Eglinton_walled_garden_heat_control.JPG/255px-Eglinton_walled_garden_heat_control.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Eglinton_walled_garden_heat_control.JPG/340px-Eglinton_walled_garden_heat_control.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption>Movable blocks to control the movement of hot air in the heated wall at <a href="/wiki/Eglinton_Country_Park" title="Eglinton Country Park">Eglinton Country Park</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A number of walled gardens in Britain have a <b>hot wall</b> or <b>fruit wall</b>, a hollow wall with a central cavity, or openings in the wall on the side facing towards the garden, so that fires could be lit inside the wall to provide additional heat to protect the fruit growing against the wall. Heat would escape into the garden through these openings, and the smoke from the fires would be directed upwards through <a href="/wiki/Chimney" title="Chimney">chimneys</a> or <a href="/wiki/Flue" title="Flue">flues</a>. This kind of hollow wall is found at <a href="/wiki/Croxteth_Hall" title="Croxteth Hall">Croxteth Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a> (England), and <a href="/wiki/Eglinton_Country_Park" title="Eglinton Country Park">Eglinton Country Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dunmore_Pineapple" title="Dunmore Pineapple">Dunmore House</a>, both in Scotland. At <a href="/wiki/Croome_Court" title="Croome Court">Croome Court</a> an 18th-century cavity wall had a number of small furnaces to supply gentle heat (see below). In the 1800s, such walls were lined with pipes and connected to a boiler, as at <a href="/wiki/Bank_Hall" title="Bank Hall">Bank Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bretherton" title="Bretherton">Bretherton</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walled_garden&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional design of a walled garden, split into four quarters separated by paths, and a <a href="/wiki/Wellhead" title="Wellhead">wellhead</a> or <a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">pool</a> at the centre, dates back to the very earliest gardens of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>. The <i><a href="/wiki/Hortus_conclusus" title="Hortus conclusus">hortus conclusus</a></i> or "enclosed garden" of High Medieval Europe was more typically enclosed by <a href="/wiki/Hedge_(barrier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedge (barrier)">hedges</a> or fencing, or the arcades of a <a href="/wiki/Cloister" title="Cloister">cloister</a>; though some protection from weather and effective protection from straying animals was afforded, these were not specifically walled gardens. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kitchen_gardens">Kitchen gardens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walled_garden&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Kitchen gardens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United Kingdom, many <a href="/wiki/Country_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Country house">country houses</a> had walled <a href="/wiki/Kitchen_garden" title="Kitchen garden">kitchen gardens</a> which were distinct from decorative gardens. One acre of a kitchen garden was expected to provide enough produce to feed twelve people, and these gardens ranged in size from one acre up to twenty or thirty acres depending on the size of the household.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest gardens served extremely large households, for example, the royal kitchen garden at Windsor was built for Queen Victoria in 1844 and initially occupied twenty two acres, but was enlarged to thirty one acres to supply the growing household.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kitchen gardens received their greatest elaboration in the second half of the nineteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these labor-intensive gardens fell into disuse in the twentieth century, but some have been revived as decorative gardens, and others used to produce fruits, vegetables or flowers. </p><p>Susan Campbell, in a book devoted to walled kitchen gardens, mentions several factors which contribute to how productive a kitchen garden is. Productivity depended upon the suitability of the situation, and successful gardens depended on the availability of water, manure, heat, wall space, storage space, workrooms, and most importantly, a dedicated team of gardeners.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walled_garden&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>British examples of walled gardens can be found at <a href="/wiki/Alnwick_Castle" title="Alnwick Castle">Alnwick Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castle_Bromwich_Hall_Gardens" title="Castle Bromwich Hall Gardens">Castle Bromwich Hall Gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fulham_Palace" title="Fulham Palace">Fulham Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goodnestone_Park" title="Goodnestone Park">Goodnestone Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luton_Hoo" title="Luton Hoo">Luton Hoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osborne_House" title="Osborne House">Osborne House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polesden_Lacey" title="Polesden Lacey">Polesden Lacey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shugborough_Hall" title="Shugborough Hall">Shugborough Hall</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trengwainton_Garden" title="Trengwainton Garden">Trengwainton Garden</a> in England; <a href="/wiki/Bodysgallen_Hall" title="Bodysgallen Hall">Bodysgallen Hall</a> (Wales); <a href="/wiki/Edzell_Castle" title="Edzell Castle">Edzell Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muchalls_Castle" title="Muchalls Castle">Muchalls Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myres_Castle" title="Myres Castle">Myres Castle</a> (Scotland). </p><p>The walled kitchen garden at <a href="/wiki/Croome_Court" title="Croome Court">Croome Court</a>, Worcestershire is reputedly the largest 18th-century walled kitchen garden in Europe. It is in private ownership and has been restored by the current owners. In about 1806, a 13 ft (4.0 m) high free-standing east–west hot wall was built, slightly off-centre, serviced by five furnaces; this is historically significant as it is one of the first such structures to be built.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The walled kitchen garden at <a href="/wiki/Chilton_Foliat" title="Chilton Foliat">Chilton Foliat</a>, Wiltshire, was the subject of the 1987 television documentary series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Victorian_Kitchen_Garden" title="The Victorian Kitchen Garden">The Victorian Kitchen Garden</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Psyche_Opening_the_Door_into_Cupid%27s_Garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Psyche_Opening_the_Door_into_Cupid%27s_Garden.jpg/170px-Psyche_Opening_the_Door_into_Cupid%27s_Garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Psyche_Opening_the_Door_into_Cupid%27s_Garden.jpg/255px-Psyche_Opening_the_Door_into_Cupid%27s_Garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Psyche_Opening_the_Door_into_Cupid%27s_Garden.jpg/340px-Psyche_Opening_the_Door_into_Cupid%27s_Garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="377" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i>Psyche Opening the Door into Cupid's Garden</i>, by John William Waterhouse</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walled_garden&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the story of <a href="/wiki/Susanna_and_the_Elders" class="mw-redirect" title="Susanna and the Elders">Susanna and the Elders</a>, a walled garden is the scene of both an alleged tryst and an attempted rape.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of the walls, the community is unable to determine which actually occurred. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/John_William_Waterhouse" title="John William Waterhouse">John William Waterhouse</a>'s interpretation of the myth of <a href="/wiki/Cupid_and_Psyche" title="Cupid and Psyche">Cupid and Psyche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psyche_(mythology)" title="Psyche (mythology)">Psyche</a> lived in <a href="/wiki/Cupid" title="Cupid">Cupid</a>'s walled garden. </p><p>Much of the storyline of <a href="/wiki/Frances_Hodgson_Burnett" title="Frances Hodgson Burnett">Frances Hodgson Burnett</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_story" class="mw-redirect" title="Children's story">children's story</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Garden" title="The Secret Garden">The Secret Garden</a></i> revolves around a walled garden which has been locked for ten years. The author was inspired by <a href="/wiki/Great_Maytham_Hall" title="Great Maytham Hall">Great Maytham Hall</a> in Kent.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"<a href="/wiki/Rappaccini%27s_Daughter" title="Rappaccini's Daughter">Rappaccini's Daughter</a>", a short story by <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Hawthorne" title="Nathaniel Hawthorne">Nathaniel Hawthorne</a>, takes place almost entirely within the confines of a walled garden in which Beatrice, the lovely daughter of a mad scientist, lives alongside gorgeous but lethal flowers.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Enchantment" title="The Last Enchantment">The Last Enchantment</a></i>, the third book in Mary Stewart's novels of the Arthurian legend, Merlin constructs a heated wall for his garden at Applegarth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walled_garden&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Walled_gardens" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Walled gardens">Walled gardens</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/32px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/48px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg/64px-France_Loiret_La_Bussiere_Potager_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3294" data-file-height="2227" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Gardening" title="Portal:Gardening">Gardening portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_types" title="List of garden types">List of garden types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Season_extension" title="Season extension">Season extension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hortus_conclusus" title="Hortus conclusus">Hortus conclusus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walled_garden&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Penelope_Hobhouse" title="Penelope Hobhouse">Hobhouse, Penelope</a>, <i>Plants in Garden History</i>, 124-125, 2004, Pavilion Books, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1862056609" title="Special:BookSources/1862056609">1862056609</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rodolphe Trouilleux, <i>Unexplored Paris</i>. Paris: Parigramme, 1996, 2009, p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Susan Campbell, <i>Walled Kitchen Gardens.</i> Oxford: Shire Publications, 2013 (1998), p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Susan Campbell, <i>Walled Kitchen Gardens.</i> Oxford: Shire Publications, 2013 (1998), p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Susan Campbell, <i>A History of Kitchen Gardening</i>; Jennifer Davies, <i>The Victorian Garden</i> (1987, based on a BBC series)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTovey2011" class="citation cs2">Tovey, Jill (Archivist for the Croome Estate Trust) (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.croomewalledgardens.com/a-brief-history/"><i>A Summary of the History of Croome Walled Garden</i></a>, Friends of Croome Park</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Summary+of+the+History+of+Croome+Walled+Garden&rft.pub=Friends+of+Croome+Park&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Tovey&rft.aufirst=Jill+%28Archivist+for+the+Croome+Estate+Trust%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.croomewalledgardens.com%2Fa-brief-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalled+garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistoric_England1349527" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Historic_England" title="Historic England">Historic England</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://HistoricEngland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1349527?section=official-list-entry">"Garden Wall to Walled Garden to East of Croome Court and Gardener's Cottage in NW Corner (1349527)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England" title="National Heritage List for England">National Heritage List for England</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Heritage+List+for+England&rft.atitle=Garden+Wall+to+Walled+Garden+to+East+of+Croome+Court+and+Gardener%27s+Cottage+in+NW+Corner+%281349527%29&rft.au=Historic+England&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2FHistoricEngland.org.uk%2Flisting%2Fthe-list%2Flist-entry%2F1349527%3Fsection%3Dofficial-list-entry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalled+garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adele Reinhartz, "Better Homes and Gardens: Women and Domestic Space in the Books of Judith and Susanna", Stephen G. Wilson and Michel Desjardins, ed., <i>Text and artifact in the religions of Mediterranean Antiquity,</i> 2000, Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 325-339, p. p. 334.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ngs.org.uk/great-maytham-hall-kent-the-most-famous-garden-in-literature/">"Great Maytham Hall, Kent: the most famous garden in literature"</a>. <i>National Garden Scheme</i>. 2020-05-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Garden+Scheme&rft.atitle=Great+Maytham+Hall%2C+Kent%3A+the+most+famous+garden+in+literature&rft.date=2020-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fngs.org.uk%2Fgreat-maytham-hall-kent-the-most-famous-garden-in-literature%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWalled+garden" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lesley Ginsberg, “The Birth-Mark,” “Rappaccini’s Daughter,” and the Ecogothic", - Dawn Keetley and Matthew Wynn Sivils. ed., <i>Ecogothic in Nineteenth-Century American Literature</i>, Routledge, 2017, 114-133, p. 115.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walled_garden&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yX_ukPc0ggMC&q=Walled+garden">Walled Kitchen Gardens - Susan Campbell - Google Books</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LxmM_rZ4axgC&dq=Walled+garden&pg=PA40">The Elements of Organic Gardening: Highgrove, Clarence House, Birkhall - HRH Charles Prince of Wales, Stephanie Donaldson - Google Books</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pax_eOq8Q0oC&dq=Walled+garden&pg=PA12">Garden Plants for Scotland - Kenneth N. E. Cox, Raoul Curtis Machin - Google Books</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PVZfx3Y6o5IC&dq=Walled+garden&pg=PA69">The Roman Frontier in Central Jordan: Final Report on the Limes Arabicus ... - S. Thomas Parker - Google Books</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sxoM9JdrEqIC&dq=Walled+garden&pg=PA55">Heaven - Randy C. Alcorn - Google Books</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7xsGVONPs9gC&dq=Walled+garden&pg=PT347">The Hidden Places Of Ireland - David Gerrard - Google Books</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u3LHZcWYfusC&dq=Walled+garden&pg=PA241">Georgina Campbell's Ireland for Garden Lovers - Georgina Campbell, Marianne Heron - Google Books</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output 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gardens">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cactus_garden" title="Cactus garden">Cactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_garden" title="Colonial Revival garden">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Color garden">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_garden" title="Communal garden">Communal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garden_square" title="Garden square">Garden square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_garden" title="Container garden">Container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_garden" title="Cottage garden">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_garden" title="Dutch garden">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian garden">East Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_garden" title="Lingnan 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garden">landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_the_French_Renaissance" title="Gardens of the French Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_yard" title="Front yard">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_garden" title="German garden">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gardens">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">Greenhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_garden_(cultivation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanging garden (cultivation)">Hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_garden" title="Italian Renaissance garden">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_garden" title="Keyhole garden">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_garden" title="Kitchen garden">Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knot_garden" title="Knot garden">Knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_garden" title="Market garden">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_garden" title="Mary garden">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_garden" title="Medieval garden">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_garden" title="Monastic garden">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekarangan" title="Pekarangan">Indonesian home garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%81gh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bāgh (garden)">Bāgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physic_garden" title="Physic garden">Physic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure_garden" title="Pleasure garden">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie#Prairie_garden" title="Prairie">Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_garden" title="Pollinator garden">Pollinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_garden" title="Rock garden">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_gardens" title="Roman gardens">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_garden" title="Roof garden">Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_garden" title="Rose garden">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_garden" title="Sacred garden">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_garden" title="School garden">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening_in_Scotland" title="Gardening in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_garden" title="Sensory garden">Sensory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_garden" title="Shade garden">Shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_garden" title="Shakespeare garden">Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrubbery" title="Shrubbery">Shrubbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_garden" title="Spanish garden">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_garden" title="Tea garden">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_garden" title="Therapeutic garden">Therapeutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_garden" title="Trial garden">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_garden" title="Tropical garden">Tropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_garden" title="Victory garden">Victory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Walled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_garden" title="Wildlife garden">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_garden" title="Winter garden">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">stock-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saikei" title="Saikei">Saikei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_planting" title="Companion planting">Companion planting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">Crop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_crops_and_livestock_products" title="List of most valuable crops and livestock products">most valuable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutting_(plant)" title="Cutting (plant)">Cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticultural_flora" title="Horticultural flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Taiwan" title="Floriculture in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCgelkultur" title="Hügelkultur">Hügelkultur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Fruticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">Genetically modified tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroculture">Hydroculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_horticulture" title="Indigenous horticulture">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping">Intercropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olericulture" title="Olericulture">Olericulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttings_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuttings (plant)">cuttings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flowering" title="Free-flowering">free-flowering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_propagation" title="Plant propagation">propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought_tolerance" title="Drought tolerance">drought tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)" title="Hardiness (plants)">hardiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postharvest_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Postharvest physiology">Postharvest physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roguing" title="Roguing">Roguing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_horticulture" title="Tropical horticulture">Tropical</a></li> <li>Urban <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_horticulture" title="Urban horticulture">horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_horticulture" title="Organic horticulture">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">Grafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_organic_gardening_and_farming" title="Outline of organic gardening and farming">List of organic gardening and farming topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_organic_agriculture" title="Vegan organic agriculture">Vegan organic agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plant protection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fungicide" title="Fungicide">Fungicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbicide" title="Herbicide">Herbicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_pesticide_articles" title="Index of pesticide articles">Index of pesticide articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fungicides" title="List of fungicides">List of fungicides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_insecticides" title="List of insecticides">List of insecticides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesticide" title="Pesticide">Pesticide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_disease_forecasting" title="Plant disease forecasting">Plant disease forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">Pruning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weed_control" title="Weed control">Weed control</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquamog" title="Aquamog">Aquamog weed remover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_orchard" title="Community orchard">Community orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_features" title="List of garden features">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floral_design" title="Floral design">Floral design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floristry" title="Floristry">Floristry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikebana" title="Ikebana">Ikebana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">Groundskeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_centre" title="Garden centre">Garden centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tourism" title="Garden tourism">Garden tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens" title="List of gardens">List of gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_plants" title="Lists of plants">Lists of plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial" title="Perennial">Perennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_collecting" title="Plant collecting">Plant collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turf_management" title="Turf management">Turf management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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